RELATIONAL DATABASE STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS ENGINEERING

USING CLASS DIAGRAM AND ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Lukman Hakim M. Sukrisno Mardiyanto

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Bandung Instittute of Technology Bandung Instittute of Technology
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
23515045@std.stei.itb.ac.id sukrisno@informatika.org

Abstract— Software system plays an important role especially as XMI file. The pre-processing module parses XMI file based
for processing large amounts of data. Currently, the operation of on certain tags according to the object want to build
a data is mostly done on the application layer, so the DBMS only
serves to store data processing results. Data processing on the CIM layer will be used to define entity entities and
DBMS layer will result in better performance, as it is closer to processes that exist in the database schema, at this layer, detail
the physical data. Application of constraints as well as data of how a process will be run has not been defined. The diagram
access rights at the DBMS level will apply consistently to the used in the CIM layer is the class diagram.
system as a whole so as to maintain data integrity. In this
The PIM layer will be used to build an activity diagram
research, UML-based approach is proposed to map the structure
and operation in a domain model into the structure and object that contains a detailed representation of an operation in
operation of relational database. A software will be built using a a class diagram. PSM layer will be to define rules for
driven architecture model (MDA) to automate the transforming the model that has been generated on the PIM
transformation from UML to SQL script. Class diagrams that layer. In this research, the model generated from the PIM layer
describe the domain structure of the model will be mapped into will be transformed into a MySQL script.
the table structure on the relational database, while the Activity
diagram that describes the behavioral aspects of a domain model I. RELATED WORK
will be mapped into procedure and function. It is expected that
this research can simplify the process of database schema
development, increase data processing speed and maintain data Various works in the field of UML to relational data modeling
integrity. have been conducted during the last few years using various
techniques. However, almost all of the previous research focus
Keywords; UML Diagram, Model Driven Architecture, on static schema; none of them discuss about operations at
Relational database , Code Generator database layer.
INTRODUCTION Pavkovic and Brdjanin [1] discuss a method for forward
engineering of SQLite database. This research proposed an
Software is built to provide an interface that allows users to approach based on the standart UML Notation for conceptual
perform operations into the database system. So there must be
modelling and for representation of the target relational
compatibility between software design and database design.
database schema.
The current software is mostly built using an object-oriented
programming language modeled using UML diagrams, but on Yang [2] proposed a database modeling method on Enterprise
the other hand the DBMS used is a relational model. The Management Information System (MIS) using UML diagrams.
operation of a data is mostly done on the application layer so This research discusses how to model the database structure,
that the DBMS only serves to store the data processing results. especially how to manage the complexity of relationships
According to Andersuu and Mircea [4], data processing on the between tables. This research does not discuss how to map
DBMS layer will result in better performance, as it is closer to operations on a database.
the physical data. Chih-Min Lo and Hsiu-Yen Hung [3] proposed adding
additional notation to UML diagrams to model the structure
This research proposed the use of DBMS, not only to store and retrieval of data in the database. The addition of new
the results of data processing, but also to handle the operation
notation to the UML diagram causes this approach not
of the data, as well as to control the operation of a data. It can
be done by building a software to transform UML diagrams necessarily acceptable to all parties. This research uses
into scripts that can run on the DBMS. sequence diagrams to model operations on the database.
Though sequnce diagram is more appropriate used to model
This research uses Model Driven Architecture (MDA) interaction between object, not detail of an operation
which consists of 3 layers: Computational Independent Model
(CIM), Platform Independent Model (PIM) and Platform
Specific Model (PSM) with input of XMI file that representing
UML diagram. UML modelling is done using papyrus
extension on Eclipse IDE. The modeling results are then stored
 II. UML DIAGRAM METAMODEL UMLComponent

The Mapping of UML Diagram required a metamodel that

represents the UML diagram structure. Figure shows the
UMLComponent metamodel. This model can be derived for ActionNode ControlNode
class diagrams and activity diagrams. -actionType : ActionType -controlNodeType
-body : String

UMLComponent UMLRelation

-xmiId:String -sourceId:String <<Enumeration>> <<Enumeration>>

-visibility:Visibility -targetId:String
-setereotype: String -soruceRole:String ActionType ControlType
-relations: HashMap<String, Relation> -targetRole:String
-Action_State -Initial_Node
-Signal_Send_State -Final_Flow_Node
-Signal_Accept_State -Decision_Node
-Merge_Node
<<Enumeration>>
Visibility Figure 3 Activity metamodel
-public
-private
-protected III. MAPPING OF OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPT TO RELATIONAL
MODEL
Figure 1. UML metamodel
A. Inheritance Mapping
Figure2 shows the structure of UMLClassDiagram that In this research, only concrete classes will be mapped into
used to represent a class diagram, this class is a derivative of tables, therefore there is no association between tables. The
the UMLComponent class advantages of this method are efficient in storage.
In the simple class diagram , the attribute will be mapped into
UMLComponent columns in the database table. However, in the class diagram
that has inheritance, the parent class attribute will be added to
the mapping result table of the child class.
As an example of Figure 4 the Karyawan class is an instance
UMLClassDiagram of the class of Orang, therefore the employee class mapping
-operations : ArrayList <Operation> table will contain columns derived from the class attribute of
-attributes : ArrayList<attribute>
-isAbstract : boolean the person.

UMLAttribute UMLOperation

Figure 2. UML metamodel

Activity diagrams are used to model the details of an

operation in a class diagram. Notation in the activity diagram is
divided into two parts: nodes and edges. The node consists of Figure 4. Inheritance example
two actions node and control node. Action node is used to .
execute the statement contained in its body, while the control B. Association and Compositoan Mapping
node is used to set the order of execution node. Control node
consists of several types of initial node, decision node, merge Associations will be mapped to relationships between tables,
node and final node. Figure 3 shows a metamodel that eg class A associated with class B, then the resulting table is
describes the structure of the Action node and Control Node, table A which has columns referring to one of the columns in
both of them are derivative of UMLComponent. class B. Figure 5 shows an example of association relation.
 Activity diagram mapping is started by convert decision node
to action node. A deep-first search will be performed to find a
pair of decision node and merge node that indicate a decision
node block. That block will be convert to action node with IF-
ELSE code written in its body as shown in figure 8 .

Action A

Create tabel Karyawan

(
False
NIP String, Tgl_mulai_tugas Date, NIK String, Nama
String, Tgl_lahir Date,idKomputer String A<5
True
PRIMARY KEY ( NIP),
CONSTRAINT _x70MAAhjEeiyAN4OFXww6w
SET B = False
FOREIGN KEY (
idKomputer) REFERENCES Komputer (idKomputer) ) C<5
True

SET B = True SET B = False

Figure 5. Association mapping result

Compositionswill be also mapped to table relationships. there

is an additional constraint ON DELETE CASCADE ON
UPDATE CASCADE to maintain reference integrity.

Action B

Figure 7. Nested decision block

Mapping process will be continued to remaining decision-

merge node pair. Mapping process will be ended when all of
decision-merge node pair have been convert to action node as
Create tabel Karyawan
shown in figure
(
NIP String, Tgl_mulai_tugas Date, NIK String, Nama
String, Tgl_lahir Date,idKomputer String
Action A
PRIMARY KEY ( NIP),
CONSTRAINT _x70MAAhjEeiyAN4OFXww6w
FOREIGN KEY (
idKomputer) REFERENCES Komputer )ON DELETE False
CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
A<5
True

Figure 6. Association mapping result

IF C < 5 THEN
SET B=True
ELSE SET B = False
IV. MAPPING OF OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPT TO RELATIONAL SETB= False
ENDIF
MODEL

A. Decision Block M pping

Tag <node> will be parsed to find control nodes and action Action B
nodes in the XMI file. The data stored in the <node> tag is
used to build control node object. Control nodes and Action
nodes have been built are not equipped with execution Figure 7. Decision block mapping result
sequence. In XMI files, the execution sequence is stored in the
<edge> tag. The result of parsing the <edge> tag will be
represented in Node List. A Relation object will be formed for
each node that be found. The Relation will control exection
sequence of action node.
 Action A Action A

False
IF A < 5 THEN
IF C < 5 THEN C<5
SET B=True True
ELSE
SETB= False
ENDIF False
ELSE
SET B= False A<5
ENDIF True

SET C+=1 Action B

SET B+= 5

Action B

SET A+=1
Figure 9. Final result of decision block mapping

B. Looping Block Mapping Figure 11. Nested decision block

Activity diagram does not provide a special notation for Figure 12 shows the final result of nested loop processing. An
looping block. A loop can be formed when the process flow action node will be formed in place of the looping block. The
from a decision node block returns to the beginning of the program code representing the previously processed decision
decision node again after running some processes. As shown node will be inserted in the body of the action node.
in figure 10 , the process flow on the red arrow returns to the
beginning of the decision node after running some processes, Action A
therefore the activity block is detected as looping.

Action A WHILE C < 5 THEN

WHILE A < 5 THEN
SET B += 5
SET A+=1
ENDWHILE
SET C+=1
ENDWHILE
A<5
True

Action B
SET B+= B

Figure 11. Looping block processing final result

SET A+=1

V. EVALUATION
Action B
Tests is conducted on two applications namely library
Figure 10. Looping block information system and academic information system
developed by JIBAS (Jaringan Informasi Bersama Sekolah).
Figure 11 show an example of nested loop. The deepest The following table is the specification of each information
looping block will be converted to be an action node with system used.
looping seouce code within its body. The process then
continued to next deepest looping node. The process is ended Table I. Testing environment spesifications
when all of looping block have been converted to be action
node. System under test

Aspect under test Library Academic

System Information System
Aggregation Ada Ada

Association Ada Ada

 System under test Program Number of data Execution time

Aspect under test Library Academic PHP 1980 0.08 s

System Information System
Composition Ada Ada

Inheritance Ada Ada VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

By this research, we know that class diagrams and activity
Number of classes 13 47 diagrams can be used to build structures and operations on the
database automatically.
Number of operation 5 10 Performance testing shwos thatp data processing of query
results on the DBMS layer are faster than data processing
using programs outside the DBMS, even while on the same
Mapping accuracy 98% 90%
machine, but complex arithmetic operations on the DBMS is
significantly slower than processing using programs outside
the DBMS.
Futhere refinements of work involves expanding roles of
Performance testing was also performed. This test to see OCL, and trigger to maintain data security and integrity, In
comparison of processing speed between stored procedure with current version, OCL is used just for defining filed
data processing in programming language such as Java and spesififcation.
PHP. Testing was performed by calculating the average score
of 9 lessons from 1980 students. When testing, MySQL server,
Webserver or JDK Java are in the same machine. From the REFERENCES
results of the test it appears that stored procedures faster in data
processing, even when located on the same machine with Java [1] Pavkovic, Z. S. dan Brdjanin, D. (2016) : A UML-based approach to
and PHP. However the stored procedure speed will be much forward engineering of SQLite database : Zooming Innovation in
decreased when performing complex calculations. Consumer Electronics International Conference, 80 – 83
[2] Yang, J (2010): Database Modeling of Enterprise Management
Information System based on UML : Computational Intelligence and
Table II. Performance testing result Software Engineering, 1 - 4
[3] Lo, C. M., dan Hung, H. Y. (2014) : Towards a UML Profile to
Program Number of data Execution time Relational Database Modeling : Applied Mathematics & Information
Sciences International Journal, 8, 733 - 743
[4] Anderscu, A. I. dan Mircea, M. (2012) : Perspectives on the Role of
Stored Procedure 1980 0.04 detik Business Rules in Database Design : Database Systems Journal, 3, 59 –
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Java 1980 0.7 detik