Experiment Instructions

HM 160.40 Radial Gate

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

Experiment Instructions

Please read and follow the instructions before the first installation!

Publication-no.: 917.000 40 A 160 01 (A) 11/2010 , (DTP_2) , 01/1997

i
 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

2.2 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Theory and experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.1 Classification of the weirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.2 Characteristics of a segmented weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3 Outflow under a segmented weir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3.1 Determining the outflow with the segmented weir
HM 160.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4 Other experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 Water pressure calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5.1 Determining the level of the resultant force . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5.2 Determining the direction of the resultant force . . . . . . . . . 12

5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.1 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

ii
 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

1 Introduction

The accessory unit HM 160.40 Radial Gate is the

model of a segmented weir and is used to show the
hydraulic processes involved in outflow under slui-
ces and weirs. In addition to observing the subcriti-
cal and supercritical flow processes in the outflow
area, measurements can also be carried out to
determine the flow rate or overflow coefficient.
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

The unit HM 160.40 Radial Gate is designed for

installation into the modular flow channel HM 160
as far as shape and size are concerned. It has the
following characteristics:
- The swivel angle can be freely adjusted bet-
ween complete closure and full flow rate.
- The segmented weir can be freely positioned
on the flow channel.
- Fitting requires no tools, making it very easy
to use for instruction purposes.

The segmented weir covers the following subject

areas (in some cases in conjunction with other
G.U.N.T. accessories):
- Structure of moveable weirs
- Outflow under moveable weirs
- Flow processes of the water
- Jet contraction during outflow under weirs

1 Introduction 1
 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

2 Unit description

The HM 160.40 Radial Gate is the model of a

genuine segmented weir. It is designed for installa-
tion in the modular flow channel HM 160 and its
shape and size are adapted to this.

2.1 Components
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

5 The HM 160.40 segmented weir consists of the com-

1
ponents
6
· Base plate (1) with fastening screws
4
· Weir body as a circular section (2)
3
· Pressure rod (3)
2
· Adjustment rod (4) with fixing screw (hid-
den), ball handle (5) and guide (6)

Fig.: 2.1

2.2 Operation

The segmented weir is opened and closed by

moving the adjustment rod (4) in the guide (6).
Caution: When undoing the fastening screw hold
ball handle (5) securely so that the weir body (2)
does not accidentally drop.

2 Unit description 2
 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

2.3 Assembly

Important: It is recommended to drain the water

out of the channel for assembly and disassembly
so that small parts cannot be rinsed on and enter
the pump.

(a)
- In the first step, place the segmented weir
from above onto the channel body. The seg-
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

mented weir can be positioned as required along

the flow channel.
- Next, fix the weir onto the channel sides
using the 4 fixing screws (a).

Fig.: 2.2

2 Unit description 3
 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

3 Safety

In all circumstances, it is essential to prevent

screws or other small parts from being rinsed into
the outlet opening of the flow channel HM 160 by
water.
This would destroy the centrifugal pump.
Therefore, always follow the safety instructions
below:
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

· Carry out assembly and disassembly of the

segmented weir only with the water drained
off.
· After assembly, do not leave any tools in the
flow channel.
· Always secure the segmented weir firmly so
that it is not damaged.

3 Safety 4
 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

4 Theory and experiments

4.1 Classification of the weirs

Weirs can be divided up into fixed weirs and

moveable weirs. Moveable weirs are always
used when as constant a water level of the upstre-
am water as possible is required and also when a
particular damming height must not be exceeded
in the highest of high waters.
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

In the case of rivers with a high bed load-carrying

capacity, a fixed weir is considered in addition to a
moveable one, in order to prevent bed load colma-
tion in front of the fixed weir and so that the bed
load can be diverted into the downstream water.
The segmented weir is a moveable weir. As
regards its function, the segmented weir is a slui-
ce, i.e. the water flows under it rather than over it.

4.2 Characteristics of a segmented weir

A segmented weir consists of the actual dam body

in the form of a segment of a circle and the sluice
arms. The center point of the circle segment drops
sluice arms
together with the support of the sluice arms, so that
all forces and surges from the dammed-up water
support downstream act centrically. This prevents uneven stresses
water
dam body
which can cause problems with other weir types.
The friction forces arising during movement are
Fig.: 4.1 very low in the case of a segmented weir. Apart
from the side seal, friction only occurs in the cen-
tral bearing with a very small lever arm. For this
reason, segmented weirs can be constructed with
very large widths.
The disadvantage of segmented weirs is that they
cannot be lowered and therefore the removal of
bed load, ice etc., is only possible with major water
losses.

4 Theory and experiments 5

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

4.3 Outflow under a segmented weir

Because the segmented weir is important in hyd-

raulic engineering, the hydraulic interrelationships
of researchers have been subject to detailed
mathematical investigations.
Firstly, it is intended to show qualitative characte-
ristics in the case of outflow under a segmented
weir. If the segmented weir is opened, the water is
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

carried away through a gap and what is known as a

base stream is produced. If there is no build-up
base stream
and if the outflow capacity is therefore not influen-
a @a Q ced by the downstream water, a full base stream
is said to exist in the same way as full overflow
bed of the flume
(Fig.4.2).
Fig.: 4.2
The most interesting thing is that a restriction
(stream contraction) occurs with the level a
shortly after the outflow opening is passed d × a,
which disappears again as the stream progresses.
Of course, this constriction influences the outflow
capacity of the segmented weir. The water normal-
ly leaves the segmented weir with supercritical
flow.
The level of the outflow Q under a segmented weir
as a function of the size of the gap opening can be
calculated. The relationship for the outflow Q
under sluices can be obtained as follows via a Ber-
noulli stream thread
Q = m × ab × 2gh . (4.1)

with
m - Outflow coefficient
a - Height of the outflow opening
b - Width of the outflow opening (channel width)
h - Upstream water level
g - Acceleration due to gravity (g=9.81 m/s2)

4 Theory and experiments 6

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

The outflow coefficient for the segmented weir can

be seen in Fig. 4.3. It is also necessary to determi-
nethe opening angle of the weir.
This angle b is obtained as shown in Fig. 4.4 by
t -a
b = arccos . (4.2)
r

The structural framework conditions of the modu-

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

lar flow channel define t = 255mm and r = 298mm.

For the opening angle of the segmented weir
this gives
255mm - a
Fig.: 4.3 b = arccos . (4.3)
298mm

r
Also! The opening angle b has an influence on the
OW
flow rate Q, as can be seen in Fig. 4.3. Furthermo-
>
re, the stream contraction changes with angle b.
Whether it becomes greater or smaller should be
t
h investigated by way of an appropriate experiment
UW > with the segmented weir HM 160.40 in the modular
a flow channel HM 160 (when doing so, keep the
flow rate Q constant).
Fig.: 4.4

4 Theory and experiments 7

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

4.3.1 Determining the outflow with the segmented weir HM 160.40

Example: An experiment with a flow rate of

Q = 6 m3/h set at the pump’s throttle valve produ-
ced the following values during reading-off:
Gap height at the segmented weir a = 20 mm
Water level in the upstream water: h = 95 mm
Supercritical outflow was observed.
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

The ratio of water level to gap height gives

h/a = 95/20 = 4,8
The opening angle of the weir is calculated in
accordance with (4.3) at b = 39°. From the graphic
in Fig. 4.3, this gives an overflow coefficient of
approximately
m = 0.67

Application of the formula (4.1) with a channel

width of b = 86 mm gives
Q = 0.67 × 0.02 × 0.086 × 2 × 9.81× 0.95 m³/s

Q = 5,7 m³/h
The observation showed a supercritical outflow. A
complete base stream therefore exists.

4.4 Other experiments

It is recommended that in order to precisely mea-

sure water levels, the level metering unit
HM 160.52 be used.
If you want to delve more deeply into the theoreti-
cal relationships, it is recommended to determine
the water velocity in the base stream. This is easy
to determine experimentally if you use the Prandtl
tube HM 160.50. The dynamic pressure measured
here can easily be converted into the water veloci-
ty (see experiment instructions to HM 160.50).

4 Theory and experiments 8

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

Use of the Bernoulli equation gives a theoretical

velocity v in the base stream of
2gh
v = . (4.4)
da
1+
r = 298 mm
h

The experimentally determined value can be com-

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

t = 255 mm pared with this result.

· Damming-up in the downstream water

Fig.: 4.5 Interesting observations can be made by dam-
ming-up in the downstream water (by closing the
lower opening in the outlet element of the flow
channel HM 160). You can then observe a comple-
te base stream under the segmented weir.

· General instruction:
Determine the stress on the central bearing in the
Technical Mechanics subject. Further details on
the segmented weir’s geometry are required for
this purpose (Fig 4.5). (See section 4.5)

4 Theory and experiments 9

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

4.5 Water pressure calculation

The stress on the central bearing in size and direc-

tion should be determined in the following.

4.5.1 Determining the level of the resultant force

Defined or measured variables in accordance with

=f
r Fig. 4.6:
F
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

t = 255 mm Distance of bearing-channel bed

=0
=
=1 s = 20 mm Gap height at the segmented weir
h=
t ,F h = 200 mm Water level in the upstream water
h
p= r = 298 mm Radius of the segmented weir
s
b = 86 mm Channel width
,A
Fig.: 4.6
Let us first observe an infinitessimally small area
DA of the circle section under the angle a :. The
hydrostatic pressure p = generates a force of DF:
DF = p = × DA = r × g × h = × b × r × Da (4.6)

h = is obtained from the following relationship:

t - h + h=
cos a = , also (4.6)
r

h = = (h - t ) + r × cos a (4.7)

(4.7) used in (4.5) produces:

DF = rgbr × [r cos a + (h - t )] Da (4.8)

Integrated within the limits a 0 and a 1 it follows that:

=1 =1
F = rgbr × [r ò cos a da + (h - t ) ò da ] (4.9)
=0 =0

4 Theory and experiments 10

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

The following is obtained for the resultant force F:

(4.6)
F = rgbr [r (sina 1 - sin a 0 ) + (h - t )(a 1 - a 0 )](4.10)

The variables a 1 and a 0 are obtained from

t -s
cos a 0 = (4.11)
r

t -h
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

cos a 1 = (4.12)
r

If we use the previously measured values, we

obtain the resultant force F of
F = 17,5 N

4 Theory and experiments 11

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

4.5.2 Determining the direction of the resultant force

The formulation of the equilibrium of forces in a

vertical direction produces:
F × cos a f = S DF × cos a (4.13)

Equation (4.4) utilized and integrated, it follows

that
1 1
(h - t ) × (sin a 1 - sin a 0 ) + r ( (a 1 - a 0 ) + (sin 2a 1 - sin 2a 0 ))
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

cos a f = 2 4 (4.14)
(h - t )(a 1 - a 0 ) + r (sin a 1 - sin a 0 )

If we use the measured values (angle in radian

measure), we obtain a direction of
a f = 52,8°

=f
r
F
=0
=
=1
h=
t ,F
h
p=
s

,A
Fig.: 4.7

4 Theory and experiments 12

 11/2010

HM 160.40 RADIAL GATE

5 Appendix

5.1 Technical Data

Height of the rotation point above

the channel bed 255 mm
Radius of the segmented weir 298 mm

Dimensions:
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/1997

(LxWxH) 250 x 120 x 350 mm

5 Appendix 13