Clive Oxenden

Christina Latham-Koenig
Paul Seligson
with Robin Walker

OXJORD
 Clive Oxenden
Christina Latham-Koenig
Paul Seligson
with Robin Walker

ENGLISH FILE
Elementary Pocket Book

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Grammar
1A present tense verb be 0 , subject pronouns

to be = ser and estar.

Sov Maria. = I'm Maria.
Estov en Londres. a I'm in London.
you are is singular and plural.

Estas en el aula 7. = You're in room 7. Estais en el aula 8. = You're

R e m e m b e r to always use a subject p r o n o u n with the verb.
Es mi movil. = Jps my mobile. N O T fs-mv
Son de Espafia. = (Qie>>'re from Spain. N O T

D PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with contracted forms.
I'm aim you're jas
she's Ti:z he's hi:z
it'S H-. we're 'wia
they're dea

> - Check the pronunciation on your fltflMft GRAMMAR 1A.

I B present tense verb be El and H

Use the correct word order in questions.

<:De donde eres? = Where are you from? N O T Where you arc from?
^Eres ingles/inglesa? = Are you English? N O T You arc English?
Use not for negatives.
No soy ingles/inglesa. = I'm ^ ^ English. N O T I'm no English.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of short answers.
Yes. I am. ;em No. he / she / it isn't, izni
Yes. we are. u: No. they aren't. u:ni

> • Check the pronunciation on your ffHTHflfr GRAMMAR IB.

IC possessive adjectives

Be careful with his, her, its, and their.

his / her ; its / their = su / sus
Use his, her, and their for people.
su libro (de el / de ella / de ellos / ellas) = his / her / their book
su madre (de el / de ella / de ellos / ellas) = his / her / their mother
sus libros (de el / de ella / de ellos / ellas) = his / her / their books
sus padres (de el / de ella / de ellos / ellas) = his / her / their parents

His mother
Use its and their for things.
Oxford is famous for@ university.
Oxford and Cambridge are famous for CheiJ universities.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of its.
its its NOT iz
Be careful with the pronunciation of our.
our 'aoa

> • Check the pronunciation on your ffliTlflTfr GRAMMAR IC.

2A a / a n

R e m e m b e r to use a J an w i t h things in the singular.

Tengo coche. = I have g car. N O T 1 have car.
No tengoiPod. = I don't h a v e © iPod. N O T 1-don't have i Pod.
a j an are used for male and female.
Mi hermana tiene novio. = My sister has a boyfriend.
Tengo novia. = I have a girlfriend.
W h e n the n u m b e r isn't i m p o r t a n t , use a.
Tienen una casa en Espana. = Thev have a house in Spain. N O T They-have-ene-
housc in Spain,
Use one only when the n u m b e r is i m p o r t a n t .
Solo tienen un coche, no dos. = Thev onlv have one car. not nvo.
a is only singular.
Son Haves. = They're keys. N O T They're akevs.
 p PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of a / an. Put the stress on the noun.
a /a/ book ouse
a ? car a /a/ teacher
an aoJ umbrella an on iPod
an identity card

> • Check the pronunciation on your ffllTSfffi GRAMMAR 2A.

regular plurals

/ ) PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of -es plurals after ch, ce, ge, sh, s, x.
watch wntj' > watches "wntjiz
box hnk-- > boxes 'boksiz
Be careful with the pronunciation of houses.
house baas > houses 'hauziz

> • Check t h e pronunciation on your fflfflflU GRAMMAR 2A.

irregular plurals

In English the w o r d people is plural.

The people on the bus^r^ Italian. N O T The
People in London iarerT) very friendly. N O T People in London isn't very friendly.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the vowel sounds in these singular and
plural nouns.
child tjaild children ''tjildran
woman''woman/ women 'wimin

> • Check the pronunciation on your tifHVf% GRAMMAR 2A.

this / that / these / those

In English this / that is singular an d these/ those is plural.

;Que es esto?" 'Es un diccionario." = "What's this?' 'tt*sadictionarv.'
'iQue es eso?" "Es una caja.' = -\Vhat"s that?' i t ' s a box.'
'iQue son esros?' 'Son auriculares.' = 'What are these?" They're headphones.'
'jQue son esos?' 'Son Haves." = 'What are those?' 'They're keys."
 Spanish has ese j esa j eso j etc and aquel / aqiieUa j aquello / etc.
English has only that j those.

Quitare esos /.apatos. Pome aquellas zapatillas.

= Take offfjioss} shoes. = Put on^hogj} slippers.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of this (short vowel sound)
and these (long vowel sound).
this ois watch. these Oii:z watches.
Look at the pronunciation of 'th' in these words.
this book
these keys
that man
those women

> • Check the pronunciation on your Wlffiffft GRAMMAR 2A.

2B adjectives
Adjectives normally go before the n o u n in English.
Tengo un coche frances. = 1 have a French car.
Ella tiene un ordenador caro. = She has an expensive computer.
Tenemos en una casa pequena. = We have a small house.
Adjectives don't change for singular and plural.
They're very tall. N O T Thev're verv tails;
We're American students. N O T We're Americans st-udcnts-.
The flowers are beautiful. N O T T-he-fknvers are beautiful*.

2C imperatives

Imperatives don't change for singular and plural.

1ay£ a good holiday! fav& a good holiday!

 D o n ' t use you in imperatives.
Sientate. por favor. = Sit down, please. N O T You sit down, please.
Que... s t r u c t u r e s are imperatives in English.
Que tengas un buen fin de semana! = {Jav^ a good weekend!
Que aproveche! =3yrjoy< your meal!
Que disfrutes! = £3ay£agoodtime!
R e m e m b e r to use don't in negative imperatives.
jNocorras! = Don't rjjjj! NOT

3A present simple of all verbs 0 and S

R e m e m b e r to use s/-es for the third-person singular.

Elviveaqui. = He (Ives here. N O T He live here:
Ella ensena ingles. = ShefgacRgS English. N O T She teach English.
Negatives in English use doesn 't or don't.
Ella no coma cafe. = She 3oesn5 drink coffee. N O T She not drink coffee.
ov She no drink corree.
Ellos no trabajan aqui. = They^onj work here. N O T They not work-herer or
Thev no work here.
D o n ' t put s on the verb after doesn't.
No viva aqui. = She doesn't((iy£ here. N O T She doesn't lives here.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with verbs ending with '-es' in the third person singular.
watch AvntJ" watches 'wotjiz finish/fimj finishes t'mij'iz
The vowel sound is different in do, don't, doesn't.
do du: don't douiit doesn't d.\zm

> • Check the pronunciation on your ^1fTl?tft GRAMMAR 3A.

3B present simple S

R e m e m b e r to use the auxiliary do in questions.

/Trabajan aqui? =(Dp they work here? N O T They work here?
^Hablais ingles? =<© you speak English? N O T You speak English?
R e m e m b e r to use does for questions with he, she or it.
^Vive ella en Zaragoza? = lf5o£& she live in Zaragoza? N O T She live in

;Funciona? = Cjog> it work? N O T Do it work?

D o n ' t put s on the third-person verb after Does...?
Does he work in a bank? N O T Docs he works in a bank?
Does she live in Denia? NOT Docs she lives in Denta?
3C word order in questions

R e m e m b e r to put the verb before the subject in questions with the verb be.
Are you tired? N O T ¥otrare-tfred?
Where are we? N O T W-here-we arc?
W i t h o t h e r verbs r e m e m b e r to use do/does.
Qp vou live near here? N O T You live near here?
What kind of m u s i c © you like? N O T Whatkii
WhereSogs-helive? N O T W-he

4A Whose...?, possessive 's

whose = de quien
^De quien es este libro? hgsj) book is this? o r t h o s i s is this book?
NOTGf^
D o n ' t confuse Who's (Who is) this?and Whose is this?

;Quien es este? Es mi hermano. Dejjuien es esto? Es de mi hermano.

= '$£ho5 this?' 'It's my brother." £hg5& is this?' 'It's my brother's.'
W e use the possessive 's with people.
Estas Haves son de Miguel. = These keys are Miguel's.
W i t h things we use of.
El final de la pelicula es muy triste. = The end of the film is very sad. N O T T-he-
film'sendis very sad.
D o n ' t put the before a possession p h r a s e .
Son los amigos del sefior Villa. = They are Sr Villa's friends. N O T Trrey-aretrre
"riends.-

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the possessive 's after cb, ce, ge, sh, s, x.
George's = dpidyz
Trish's = tnjiz
James's- dseimztz/

Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 4A.

4B prepositions of time (in, at, on)

Use if i for p a r t s of the day and seasons.

Trabajo porla manana / la tarde. = I work <n the m o r n i n g / © t h e afternoon.
a las ocho de la manana = at eight o'clock© the morning
en la primavera / el verano = © the spring / the summer
W e use at for t i m e s .
Normalmente me levanto alas siete. = I usually get u p © seven o'clock.
El autobus sale a las seis. = The bus goes© six.
W e use at (without the) with night and with festivals.
Trabajo por la noche. = 1 work© night. N O T 1 work at the night.
a las once de la noche = at eleven o'clock© night NOT At eleven o'clock of
Hie lllffnt •
en Navidad / Semana Santa =©Christmas / Easter N O T in Christmas / Easter
Use on (without the) with the days of the week.
Hasta el martes. = See you (© Tuesday. N O T See you on the Tuesday.

prepositions of place (at, in, to)

D o n ' t confuse to and at.

Ella va a la oficina temprano. = She goes © the office early. N O T She goes at the

Use at with work, home, school, university.

Estan en el colegio. = Thev're© school. N O T They're in school.
El esta en el trabajo. = He's© work. N O T lie's in work.
Estoyencasa. = I'm© home. N O T I'm in home.
D o n ' t confuse iff and on.
jack trabaja en una oficina. = jack works © a n office N O T fa<Ht works en-an-offiee.
The cat sleeps on the fridge. *—\
N O T The cats sleeps-hrthe+ridge; ''"'J*.
V

Sometimes ifi and at are possible.

Esperame en la cafeteria. = Wait for melJjliQ1 the cafe.

4C adverbs and expressions of frequency

R e m e m b e r to put adverbs of frequency in the right position.

Yo siempre como en casa. = I always have lunch at home. N O T Alw;

Don't use a negative verb with never.

Aqui nunca llueve. = It never rains here. N O T It doesn't rain never here. /
tr-TtOT
5A can / can't

W e use can for ability.

No se nadar. = I can't swim. N O T 1 don't know to swim.
;Sabesconducir? = Can vou drive? N O T
W e use can for possibility.
;Puedes acabarlo para mariana? = Can vou finish it for tomorrow?
;Lo ves? = Can vou see it? N O T Do vou see ic?
D o n ' t use to after can.
Se concur en ingles. = I can count in English. N O T I can to count in
English.
^Nos puede sacar una foto? = Can you take a photo of us? N O T Can you to take
a^prtoto^or us?
R e m e m b e r t h a t with can we don't use the third-person -s or do / does j don't.
;Puedes hacerlo? = Can you do it? N O T Do you can do it?
Ella puede venir. = She can come. N O T She cans come.
In some c o m m o n expressions we use can in English but not poder in Spanish.
;.Vle oves? = Can you hear me?
No veo. = 1 can't see.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful which word you stress when you use can or can't.
Can you sing?
I can sing
can't sing
Be careful with the pronunciation of the letter 'a' in can and can't
Can ka:n you swim?
lean kon swim.
I can't ko:nt/swim.

> • Check the pronunciation on your ffldgQ PRONUNCIATION 5A.

5B present continuous: be + verb + -ing

R e m e m b e r to use be in the present continuous.

Estamoscomiendo. = We are eating. N O T We eatir
Noestancomiendo. = They aren't eating. NOT Thev-m
R e m e m b e r the word order in questions in the present c o n t i n u o u s .
;Que estan haciendo esos chicos? = What are those boys doing? N O T W-hat-are
doing those boys?
jViene el autobus? = Is the bus coming? N O T Is coming the bus?
5C present simple or present continuous?

W h e n Spanish might use the present simple instead of the present continuous,
English often uses the present continuous, e.g. for things h a p p e n i n g /low.

;Llueve? / ^Esra lloviendo? = Ese hombre lleva un pendiente.

Is it raining? N O T It rains? =That man's wearing an earring. N O T '
or Does it ram? T-httt-marrwears an earring.
What do you do? and What are you doing?ha\e completely different meanings.
iQue haces / En que trabajas? = What do you do? (=What's your job?)
Sov medico/a. = I'm a doctor.
;Que haces? = What are you doing? N O T What do you do?
Estoy limpiando la cocina. = I'm cleaning the kitchen.

6A object pronouns: me, you, him, etc.

Be careful with the word order of object p r o n o u n s (we, yon, him, her, us, them).
No la conozco. = I don't know her. N O T I don't her know.
Los veo todos los dias. = I see them every day. N O T I see every day them.
Use object p r o n o u n s after prepositions.
Nunca nos hablan. = They never speak to@.
Estoy de acuerdo contigo. = I agree with @ ) .

p PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with stressed words in sentences. We normally stress the verb
not the object pronoun.
,jMe puedes ayudar? = Can you help ne 7 NOT Canyounetp me3
No me gusta. = don't like t. NOT 1 don't like-it:
Te necesito. = need you. NOT Hiee^you:

> - Check the pronunciation on your fflfrffffr GRAMMAR 6A.

6B like, love, don't mind, hate (+ verb + -ing)

Gustar and like mean the same but work in different ways.
Vie gusta. = I like ij. N O T Htke; or It likes-mei
Megustan. = I like(nerji. NOT 14fker or They like me.
No me gusta. = I don't likeQ. N O T 1-don'rlike [-]. or
No me gustan. = I don't likefTie^. N O T I don't like [-]. or
 Use the gerund after like, love, don't mind, hate.
Me gusta nadar. = I like svvim'tnmS. N O T 1 like swim.
A ella le encanta bailar. = She loves dan*yn$ji. N O T She loves dance.
A el no le gusta conducir de noche. = He doesn't like drKjng at night. N O T He-
doesn't like drive at night.
Odio levantarme temprano. = I hate get^Tn^i up early. N O T 1 hate get up early.
R e m e m b e r to use it in questions and short answers.
;Te gusta? = Do you like it? N O T Do you like?
Si. me encanta. = Yes, I love y!. N O T Yes. I love.
;Les gusta? = Do they like Q? N O T Do they like.
Si. les gusta mucho. = Yes, they liketrp very much. N O T Yes. they
like, or ¥esT^e\4ikeA-erv-rmieh.

6C be or do?

Be and do can be main verbs or auxiliary verbs.

iDedonde son? = Where 1 ;© they from? (main verb)
iQue estan comiendo? = W h a t l © they eating? (auxiliary verb)
Hago mucho trabajo voluntario. = I © a lot of voluntary work, (main verb)
^Vienes mucho por aqui? = © you come here often? (auxiliary verb)
I Siempre hace las tareas domesticas? = Qoej he always@ the housework? (auxiliary
and main verb)
R e m e m b e r to use the auxiliary verb do in present simple questions and
negatives.
iHablan espafiol? = © thev speak Spanish? N O T They s-peak-Spanish?
<:Que quieres? = W h a t ® you want? N O T What you want?

7A past simple of be: was I were

R e m e m b e r that b o t h ser and estar = to be.

Somos espanoles. = W e © Spanish.
Estamos en casa. = We © at home.
T h i s is also t r u e in the past simple.
Fui feliz en Nueva York. = I (va£ happy in New York.
Su casa estaba enfrente de la nuestra. = Their house ^vaj opposite ours.
Las peliculas de Fernando Rev eran = Fernando Rev's films^ver£ very popular.
muy populares.
jDonde estuviste anoche? = Where vye?£ vou last night?
R e m e m b e r to use the verb be with born.
Naci en Zamora. = I(va£born m Zamora. N O T I born in Zamora.
 P PRONUNCIATION
The auxiliary verbs was and were are not normally stressed and have a 'weak'
pronunciation.
was waz were v o m
Be careful with the stressed words in sentences with the past of be.
He was w « a great actor
We were wo too late
I was 'w ?z born in Glasgow

> • Check t h e pronunciation on your frtffiflft PRONUNCIATION 7A.

7B past simple regular verbs

T h e past simple is for finished a c t i o n s in t h e past. W e usually say when the

action h a p p e n e d .
Le mande un SMS hace una hora. = I texted himTaohoufafiS.
Anoche me quede en casa. = 1 stayed at homefetnijj
|ugamos al tenis el fin de semana pasado. = We played tennis^ajtweek&i:
R e m e m b e r t o use did and didn't in the p a s t simple of questions and negatives.
;Trabajaste aver? = Qi5 you work yesterday?
No llegaron hasta las once. = They ^jdnS arrive until eleven.

p PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the -ed' of regular verbs in the past simple. It is
never pronounced ed.
For infinitives ending in the sounds N, J", f , k, p and tj'.the'-ed' is pronounced 1 .
dance danced finish finished
laugh laughed like liked
stop stopped watch watched
For infinitives ending in the sounds 1, m , \ , n or any vowel sound, the -ed'is
pronounced .1
call called climb climbed
live lived open Dpened
stay stayed studied
For infinitives ending in the sounds i or d , the '-ed' is pronounced i d .
hate hated need needed
start started .-. a ted
want wanted

> • Check the pronunciation on your ftlffiEfl PRONUNCIATION 7B.

7C past simple irregular verbs

R e m e m b e r to use did j didn't in past simple questions and negatives

;A donde fuiste anoche? = Where © y o u go last night? N O T ast
n i glit.*'
No tuvimos tiempo. = We <ifidn3> have time. N O T We not had time.
Use the infinitive (not past simple) after did j didn't.
;A donde fuiste aver? = Where (©vougyvesterdav? N O T W
vesterclav.
;Con quien hablaste? = Who did vou^gea)* to? N O T Who did von spoke to?
No liable con nadie. = I didn't'sgeajS to anvbodv. NOT {-didn't spoke to anvbodv.
English has the past simple. Spanish has the preterito indefinido and the
preterito imperfecto.
; A que colegio fuiste el ano pasado? = What school ^jdyoiTg5 to last year?
,; A donde fuiste aver? = Where HJd voiijS yesterday?
Cuando llego a casa, vo estaba en la cocina. = When he arrived home. I was in the kitchen.
Estaba en Paris cuando me llamaste. = I was in Paris when you called me.
D o n ' t confuse be and go in the past simple.
Fui teliz de nino. I ^as' happy as a child.
Aver tui a Madrid. = I vveij} to Madrid yesterday. N O T 1 was to Madrid
vesrerdav.
Siempre fueron amables. = They vyerj? always kind.
;A donde fueron de vacaciones? = Where © t h e y go for their holidays? N O T
Where were thev for their holidays?

P PRONUNCIATION
The vowel sound in these irregular past simples is the same, x.
bough: by.i brought brat caugh: kx\
taught tail thought IQxt/
The '-gh' is always silent.
The 'o' is pronounced in the same way in these irregular past simples, /ao/.
broke brook chose tjaoz drove dioov
spoke spook wrote Toot
The final '-e' is always silent.

^ - Check the pronunciation on your fi7rirTfr GRAMMAR 7C.

8A past simple regular and irregular

R e m e m b e r to use the auxiliary verb did in questions and negatives.

What time © you go to school? N O T Wfntt-rfme you went to school?
We sjfdnjfchave breakfast this morning. N O T We not4rat^breakfet-rh-ts-rnorning.
W e don't use did j didn't for past simple questions and negatives with be.
;Estuviste aver en el parque? = Were you at the park vesterdav? N O T Did votrbe at

No fui muv feliz en el colegio. = I wasn't verv happv at school. N O T 1 didn't be verv
happv at school.
8B there is I there are

Remember that there is = singular and there are = plural.

Hav un espejo.
= (Qierg5 a mirror.
Havtreso cuatro plantas.
= TJiereaJS three or four plants.

m
Remember the word order in questions.
;Hav una ducha? Is there a shower? N O T There's a shower?
You can't have two negatives in English.
Nohavun sillon. = There isn't an armchair. N O T There is-rrt-rte-armchair:
No hav cuadros. = There aren't any pictures. NOT There aren't no pictures.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the '-r' in "there'.
there's desz there are 'flew u:
Is there a mirror? 'iz dear 3 'mira Are there any plants? 'a: iV.ir 'eni 'plains

>• Check the pronunciation on your HirriEtl PRONUNCIATION 8B.

some I any + plural nouns

some = unos/unas
Hav unos cuadros preciosos. = There are(§om& lovely pictures.
Tienes unas fotos muv originales. = You have$on§> very original photos.
some / any is often not translated in Spanish.
Hay bares en la zona. = There are @ ^ bars in the area. N O T

;Hav aseos en este piso? = Are thereignj) toilets on this floor? NOT Are-

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of any.
a\. em
>• Check the pronunciation on your ffftiflft GRAMMAR 8B.

8C there was I there were

Remember that there was = singular and there were = plural.

There ^vaj a big bed in the room and there $yer£ two chairs and a table.
 English has the past simple. Spanish has the preterito indefinido and the
preterito imperfecta.
Habia mucho dinero en la bolsa. = There was a lot of money in the bag.
Hubo una gran tormenta aver. = There was a big storm vesterdav.
Habia muchas plantas en la habitacion. = There were a lot of plants in the room.
Hubo muchos problemas. = There were a lot of problems.

9A countable / uncountable nouns

Some n o u n s can be countable and u n c o u n t a b l e in English, but with different

meanings.

No me gusta la pimienta. dMe da un pimiento rojo?

= 1 don't like pepper, (uncountable) = Can I have a red pepper? (countable)

;Quieres un poco de chocolate? ;Pasame los bombones?

= Do you want some chocolate? = Pass me the chocolates, (countable)
(uncountable)
Some and any are used in English but are not translated in Spanish.
;Quieres aceite de oliva? = Do you want some olive oil?
No tenemos azucar. = We don't have any sugar.

9B quantifiers: how much I how many, a lot of, etc.

R e m e m b e r that Cudnto/a = How much and Cndntos/as - How many.

; Cuanto cuesta? = How^ucB does it cost?
jCuanta leche hay? = Howijiuc)} milk is there?
^Cuantos tomates necesitas? = How ^Tany) tomatoes do you need?
^Cuantos ninos tienen? = How<nanj children do they have?
Mucho/a = a lot (of) in [+] sentences, and much in[-] sentences
Tengo mucho trabajo ahora. = I have Cjouif work at the moment.
No tengo mucho trabajo ahora. = I don't havei$iuc]} work at the moment.
Muchosjas - a lot (of) in [+] sentences, and many in [-] sentences
El tiene muchos amigos. = He has Clotof friends.
El no tiene muchos amigos. = He doesn't have tpany; friends.
 Doctor ;Come muchos dulces? Do you eat many sweets?
Patient Si. muchos. Yes, a lot.
Doctor ;Y come mucha fruta? And do vou eat much fruit?
Patient Si, mucha. Me encanta. Yes, a lot. I love it.
Doctor ;Y cuantos huevos comes And how many eggs a week?
a la semana?
Patient Bastantes. Quite a lot.
D o c t o r ;Cuanta leche toma? How much milk do you have?
Patient No mucha. Not much.
D o c t o r ;Y verduras? And vegetables?
Patient No muchas. Not manv.
D o c t o r Bueno, come mas verduras Well, eat more truit and
y no coma dulces. don't eat sweets.
Don't use o/after a little.
Pongo un poco de azucar en el te. I take a little sugar in my tea. N O T [take a little
efsttgartn mv-tear
D o n ' t use o/after a lot in short answers and after a verb when there is no n o u n .
He eats a lot. N O T 1 Ie cats a lot of.
Do you eat a lot of cheese? Yes. a lot. NOT Yes. a lot of.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of few, littte and none.
few fju: little 'hil none n.\n

> - Check the pronunciation on your ^ J ? i £ 3 GRAMMAR 9B.

9C comparative adjectives

R e m e m b e r to use adjective + -ev for adjectives of one syllable.

Soy mas joven que mi heimana. = I'mtyounggt than my sister. N O T -1-m-more
young than my-srster:
Madrid es mas grande que Valencia. = Madrid is<?5igge)> than Valencia. N O T

R e m e m b e r to use adjective + -ier for adjectives of two syllables ending in

c o n s o n a n t +_y.
Extremadura es mas seca que Galicia. = Extremadura is\§ngj> than Galicia. N O T
Extremadura ismore-drv / dryer than
Galicia.
La dieta meditenanea es mas sahidable que la estadounidense. = The Mediterranean
diet is'ScaTtnlgt than the American one. N O T The Mediterranean diet is morehealthy-
fhealthycr-than the-A-merican one.
D o n ' t confuse than and that.
Soy mas alto que tu. = I'm taller({KaJyou. NOT Fm taller^hat-yottr
En Andalucia hace mas calor = Andalusia is hotter^HaJ Asturias. NOT
queen Asturias. Andalusia t-s hotter that Asturias.
 P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the -er ending,
older 'jujkio bigger 'bap
oner drara better 'beta

> • Check the pronunciation on your ttlffioti PRONUNCIATION 9C.

10A superlative adjectives

R e m e m b e r to use adjective + -est for adjectives of one syllable.

Soy el/la mas joven de nuestra familia. = I'm the youngest in our family. N O T l'm-
the most young in our fami 1 v.
iCual es el rio mas largo de Espana? = Which is the longest river in Spain? N O T
Which is the most long river in Spain?
R e m e m b e r to use adjective + -iest for adjectives of two syllables ending in
consonant +_y.
Almeria es la zona mas = Almeria is the driest region in Spain.
secade Espana. NOT Almeria is the most drv region in Spain.
R e m e m b e r to use = Which is the most dangerous sport in the world?
most + adjective N O T Which is the dangcrousest sport in the world?
After a superlative, use in (not of) with places or groups of people.
Madrid es la ciudad mas = Madrid is the biggest cityffp Spain,
grande de Espana. N O T Madrid is the biggcst-eity-of-Sparn-
Don't confuse better and best.
|uan es el mejor ahimno de la clase. = Juan is thefjjes) student in the class. N O T
[uan is the better student in the class.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the -est ending.
biggest - 'hiyist NOT higest oldest - 'ouldist NOT 'ooldeM
longest = Innyist NOT 'longest cheaoest - 'tj'hpist NOT 'tjiipest)

> • Check the pronunciation on your ftlfltotl PRONUNCIATION 10A.

10B be going to (plans)

Use going to for future plans.
;Vamos a casarnos! = W'e'reCgomgjo get married. N O T We go to get married.
jCuando van a venir? = When are they
^ W^\ ^ ^ 7 / V "*7 ?^B goiiiu_t£> come? NOT
MB s~i&Lm£r - i i n '5Pi When do thev go to come?

D o n ' t forget the to before the infinitive.

Voy a ducharme. = I'm going@ have a shower. N O T I'm going have a shower.
iVas a ir en coche? = Are you going© go by car? N O T A-re-you
 P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful to stress the right words in sentences and questions with going to.
Where are y:.. goingtostay"
m going to stay with a friend

>• Check the pronunciation on your ^JjTi?2) GRAMMAR 10B.

IOC be going to (predictions)

In negative predictions we put not with think.

No creo que vaya a Hover manana. = liGjnTthTSk it's going to rain tomorrow. N O T
I think it isn't going to rain tomorrow.
No creo que vavan a venir. = I^nTthTSfc they're going to come. N O T I think
they aren't going to come.

11A adverbs (manner and modifiers)

If a verb has an object, put the adverb after the object.

fuego muy mal al tenis. = I play tennis very badlv. N O T i play very-bad ly teimi*:
Hablan bien ingles. = They speak English well. N O T They speak well English;
D o n ' t forget that the adverbs of good, hard andfast are irregular.
Hablo ingles muy bien. = I speak English very $veTj. N O T I speak English very good.
Ella trabaja mucho. = She works ijarji. N O T S-heworks-rratd^Y:
El conduce muy rapido. = He drives $|ea]T}> fast. N O T He drives really fastly.

p PRONUNCIATION
Be careful not to stress the -iy ending of regular adverbs.
quickly 'kwikli
carefully 'kerfnli healthily 'heldili
iizsli fashionably fajnsbli
dangerously 'deindjsrssli

>• Check the pronunciation on your ^IfTlflft PRONUNCIATION 11A.

11B verbs + to + infinitive: want to, need to, etc.

Don't forget the to after verbs like want, need or learn.

Queremos ver el partido. = We want {g see the match. N O T We-want see the
match.
Necesitan comprar un coche. = They need © buv a car. N O T They need-btrv-a-ear:
Me gustaria vivir en un pueblo = I'd like %() live in a village in the mountains.
en la montana. N O T I'd like live in avHlage-ift the mountains.
R e m e m b e r that some verbs are often followed by the -ing form.
Me encanta escuchar nuisica en directo. = I love listening to live music.
 p PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the 'd with like.
I'd like to she'd like to he'd like to
we'd like to they'd like to

11C articles
Don't use the when you are talking about things in general.
Me encantan los perros. = I love dogs. N O T I love
Los futbolistas ganan demasiado dinero. = Footballers earn too much money. NOT

La vidaesbella. = Life is beautiful. N O T T-he4tfe-is-bcautiful.

El amor es ciego. = Love is blind.
N O T The love is blind.

R e m e m b e r to put a j an before professions.

Soy ingeniero. = I ' m © engineer. N O T I'm [ ] engineer.
Elesperiodista. = He's© journalist. N O T He's [ ] journalist.
Ellaesdentista. = She's § demist. N O T She's [ ] dentist.
R e m e m b e r to put a j an before singular countable n o u n s .
No tengo coche. = I don't have § car. N O T I don't have [ ] car.
iTienes novio/a? = Do you have a hoyfriend girlfriend? N O T Btr-you
have-f ] bovtrieml - girlfriend?
D o n ' t use the in th ese c o m m o n expressions.
en lacama = in bed N O T m-the-bed
por la noche = at night NOT at the night
en el colegio = at school N O T at the school
en el trabajo = at work N O T atfm-the work
irse a lacama = go to bed N O T go to tlie-bed
ir al trabajo = go to work NOT go to the work
ir al colegio = go to school N O T go to the school
todos los dias = even dav N O T aH-tbe-days
levantarsealassiete = get up at seven N O T get up at the seven (o'clock)
ver la tele = watch TV N O T watch the TV

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of 'the'.
the 03 magazine the to house the to-'garden
the to time the to post office
but
the oi; autumn the <M: evening the d\: umbrella
the di: art gallery the oi: airport

>• Check the pronunciation on your ffiTjflfr GRAMMAR 11C.

12A present perfect

W e use has I have as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect.

• Has visto esta pelicula? = '(Jav^ vou seen this film?
No han visto las fotos. = Thevtiayeijjseen the photos.
He comprado un iPad. = £v£ bought an iPad.
iQue has hecho? = What (jay^you done?

R e m e m b e r the w o r d order for questions.

;Han terminado el ejercicio? = Have they finished the exercise? N O T They have

;A donde ha ido? = Where has he gone? N O T Where he has gone?

^Has cenado? = Have vou had dinner? N O T Vou have had dinner?
iQue has comprado? = What have you bought? N O T \Vh»r ww HJM** twmahr

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the contracted form of have.
ve aiv you've ju:v we've wi:v
they've <oei\ i haven't "ha-voni

>• Check the pronunciation on your ^JjTt.23 GRAMMAR 12A.

12B present perfect or past simple?

Use the past simple (not present perfect) with when and past time expressions.
Ayerestuveen Salamanca. = I was in Salamanca yesterday. N O T

Anoche viniste tarde a casa. = You came home late last night. N O T
You've come home late last night.
;Cuando aterrizaron los primeros = When did the first men land on the
hombres en la luna? moon? N O T When have the first
men landed on the moon?
Llegohace cinco minutos. = He arrived five minutes ago. N O T
I le's arrived rive minutes ago:
Use present perfect (not past simple) w h e n we don't ask / say when a n action
happened.
A ;He empezado un blog! ;Lo has visto? A I've started a blog! Have vou seen it?
(present perfect)
B No. jCuando lo empezaste? B No. When did you start it? (past simple)
A jAyer! A Yesterday!
B ;Ah! Por eso no lo he visto. B Ah! That's why I haven't seen it.
Be careful with been and gone.
iHas estado en Londres? = Have youfljeeB1to London
Jack se ha ido a Londres. = Jack has§on^to London.
 P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the -ed ending of regular past participles. It is
never pronounced ed . (See 7B on p.12)
The vowel sound in these irregular past participles is the same, y..
bought bxt Drought brad caught k x l
fallen "fa:Ion taught \y.\ thought 8xt
vvorr trail
The 'o' is pronounced in the same way in these irregular past participles, oo.
broken "brookon flown floon Known noun
spoken 'spookon told tookl woken 'wookon
Be careful with:
gone gnn and done d.\n
and
read ri:d as presen: tense (I read the newspaper every day') and read red as past
participle (Tve read tne newspaper').

> • Check the pronunciation on your frtffifltl PRONUNCIATION 12B.

Vocabulary
Days of the week

Te veo el sabado. = See you©Saturdav. N O T See vou the Saturday.

Trabajo los domingos. = I workqp Sundavs. N O T 1 work the Sundays.
Monday / Tuesday / Wednesday N O T monday / tuesdav / Wednesday

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with these days of the week.
Wednesday 'wcnzdei Tuesday'tju:/Uci Thursday 'tbizdei

>• Check the pronunciation on your (fiJTJ29 VOCABULARY 1A.

Numbers 1-20

o PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with these m mbers.
5five tniv 15 fifteen .fif'thn NOT f a i v t i m
Stress -teen in 13-19.
13 thirteen = B3:ti:n
14 fourteen = foi'tim
etc

>• Check the pronunciation on your ^jOHj© VOCABULARY 1A.

Numbers 21-100

treintaydos = thirnQtwo N O T thirty and two

cien paginas = 3 hundred pages /(gn£ hundred pages. NOT hundred pages

p PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with these numbers.
13 and 30 are different especially the stress.
thirteen = Bx'ti:n
thirty = 'Haiti
5 five faiv 50 fifty fit'ti NOT 'faivti

>• Check the pronunciation on your ^ i f f ^ VOCABULARY IB.

High numbers

200 doscientos = twcgundrgg N O T two hundreds

3.000 rres mil = threef5ousan3 N O T three thousands
4.000.000 cuatro millones = fourfDjTTTojJ N O T four millions
150 cientocincuenta = one hundred$iy}fifcv N O T eme-hund red-fifty
380 trescientosoclienta = three hundred^mjleightv N O T t+n
eighty

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the 'd' and the 'th' in these words.
hundrec 'h.vndrod thousand 'Baoznd

> • Check the pronunciation on your < Q J l 5 9 VOCABULARY 9C.

The world

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the names of countries. Many countries are similar in English and
Spanish, but the stress is often different.
irlanda Ireland Polonia Poland Italia Italy
Turgyja Turkey Egipto Eg;,::: Europa Europe
Country and nationality words sometimes have different stress.
Italy Italian jarjan Japanese
Be careful with the pronunciation of Spain = spent NOT e'spetn and Spanish =
spaMiif NOT e'spaenij/.

> - Check t h e pronunciation on your ftffi?ift VOCABULARY IB.

Classroom language

iPuedes repetireso? = Can you repeat that? NOT or Tan

yett-repeat it?
Llego tarde. = I'm lace. NOT k o m e late.
Noentiendo. = I don't understand. N O T I not understand.

> • Check the pronunciation on your fi(T\TH% VOCABULARY IC.

Things

piece of paper / diary /

i ticket / receipt clock / watch
newspaper

Billette/Recibo Reloj/Reloj de pulsera Papel/Agenda/Diario

 o PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the stress on these words
credit card, headphones, identi ty card pod. newspaper, sunglasses, laptop
Be careful with -es plurals.
watch « otj . ;• :••:-; « nij'i/

>• Check the pronunciation on your ElfHflft VOCABULARY 2A.

Adjectives
Bad / W r o n g

4+4=9
Es malo. = He's a bad man. Esta mal. = It's wrong.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the letter 'o'.
hot. long, strong, wrong, blonde = /rV
old, cold. low. slow = au
Be careful with the pronunciation of 'y' in young, j

>• Check the pronunciation on your TimflT> VOCABULARY 2B.

Verb phrases

D o n ' t use the in these p h r a s e s .

Sicmpre hago los deberes. = 1 always do @ homework. NOT ralways-de-trte-
homework.
;Cuando haces la cena? = When do vou Cook dirmgi!? N O T W-herrdo vou
cook the dinner?
Ven la tele despues de cenar. = Thev <£atch T £ after supper. N O T They watch the
TY aiter supper.
Be careful with prepositions.
[ugamos al tenis los sabados. = \Ve<p[ayj^nnl5on Saturdays. N O T We-ptav-at-the
tennis on Saturdays:
Ella escucha niusica en su iPod. = She listens @ music on her iPod. N O T Shelistens-
music on her-rPed-:
Be careful with these verbs.
Me gustan los animales. = 1 CEeanTmalS. N O T A ni mats like me.
;Tomamos un cafe? = Let'sfljay^ a coffee. N O T betVtake-a-eoffee;
 JD PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the letters 'ea'.
eat. speak, read =/i:/
wear =/ea

> • Check the pronunciation on your ^ f l l f t f t VOCABULARY 3A.

Jobs

R e m e m b e r to use a j an before jobs.

Elesabogado. = He's Q lawyer. N O T HeVbwyer:
Ellaesperiodista. = She's § journalist. N O T She's-jottrnafet:
Sov enfermero/a = I'm lal nurse. N O T Pm nurse.

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with obs. Many are similar in English and Spanish, but the
stress is often different.
arquitectc - architect
dentista = dentist
modelo - model
piloto = pjlot

> • Check the pronunciation on your < E f t j 3 J VOCABULARY 3B.

The family

Son mis hermanas. = They're my SjstejS.

Tengo cres hermanos. = I have three'StQthSS. £ L ^ v i L
I have aKother and two sisteBS, ^ © ft
I have two brothers and a CfstgJ. ftfi B
Son mis tias. = They're my<5So&- t££ ^
Son mis tios. = They're mv Cncle>. fi £[__
They re my Curie andauB?. ^ ^
Tengoocho sobrinos—tres sobrinas y cinco sobrinos.
= I haveeight;nephews and<ojec£5-threeiQieC£5and
five'nephews.
Esta es mi prima Paula. = This is my CsjusyJ Paula.
Este es mi primo David. = This is my (JyusTrJ David.
 P PRONUNCIATION
Look at the way we make the 'th' in mother, father, brother.
The vowel sound is the same in brother, cousin, mother, son and uncle = \ .
Be careful with the'a'in parents = pearants NOT pairsnts. It rhymes with the vowel
sound in 'where'.

> - Check the pronunciation on your <liTTrrft VOCABULARY 4A.

Everyday activities

banarse = <Sav£abath N O T

ducharse = tiavff a shower N O T

have voursclf a shower
but
= @ u p NOT
levantarse
=(gej dressed N O T
vestirse get yotrreetfundrcssei
=(gptobed NOT get-yotr
acostarse
tomar un cafe =fojiysSa coffee N O T take a coffee
ir al trabajo en autobus / coche = go to work by bus/car
ir al trabjo a pie = walk to work go to bed
ir al trabajo en bicicleta = cycle to work
desavunar = have breakfast N O T httve-the breakfast
comer / cenar = have lunch/dinner N O T have the lunch / dinner
iralcolegio = go to school N O T ge-wrthe-sehtt©}
ir al trabajo = go to work N O T go to-the work
irse a la cama = go to bed N O T go to the bed

p PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of these words.
bath bu:9 bed bed
dressed dres) pizza 'pi:iso
breakfast hrekfnM exercise "eksosaiz
relax n'laeks

> • Check the pronunciation on your fiTrjflti VOCABULARY 4B.

Telling the time

Son las seis. = It's six o'clock. N O T Thev are six o'clock.
Son las seis y media. = It's half past six. N O T
Son las ocho menos cuarto. = It's quarter to eight. N O T It's quarter
Son las 4.10/4.15/4.20 = It's four ten / four fifteen / four twenty.
Son las 3.35 j 2.45 j 3.50 = It's three thirty five / three forty five / three fifty.
 P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the silent letters in quarter kwxt.i and half hu:f.
Be careful with the stressed words.
iQue hora es? = What time is it? NOT What time is it?

> • Check the pronunciation on your ^ i f l l f l f r VOCABULARY (Practical English 2).

Expressions / Adverbs of frequency

todos losdias = £verj>day N O T all thedavs

todos los dias = every (lay N O T every days
los lunes / martes / etc. = QJ> Mondays / Tuesdays / etc. N O T the Mondays / Tuesdays
tresvecesala/porsemana= three timesg week N O T three-rr

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the letter 'o' in month = m.uit-t NOT mnntl.
Be careful with the stress on adverbs of frequency and expressions of frequency.
always often usually / normally sometimes
hardly ever never everyday every week

> • Check the pronunciation on your <flJT\£9 VOCABULARY 4C.

More verb phrases

Be careful with prepositions with these verbs.

buscar las Haves = look^foj; your keys N O T
esperar el autobus = w a i t © the bus N O T wait the bus
llamar a tu hermana = call your sister N O T call to your sister
ayudar a alguien = help somebody N O T help-to somebody
contar un secreto a un amigo = tell a friend a secret N O T

P PRONUNCIATION
The sound 3 can be spelt in different ways.
draw call talk

> - Check the pronunciation on your fflfflflrl VOCABULARY 5A.

The weather

Esta nublado / fresco / agradable. = © cloudy / cool / warm.

but also
Hace sol / calor / frio / viento. = It's sunny / hot / cold / windy.
Hay niebla. = It's foggy.
Esta Hoviendo / Llueve. = It's raining, it's wet.
Hov hace calor. = It's hot todav. N O T It makes hot todav.
 Be careful - tiempo can be time or weather.
;E1 tiempo vuela! = (£tnis> flies!
;Quc tiempo hace? = What's the (^eatKgfc like?

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of these words.
autumn 'oitMTi CQLC kookl
cool ku:l windy 'umdi

> • Check the pronunciation on your S l f f i E t l VOCABULARY 5C.

The date

el doce de marzo = the CwelTtJi of March N O T th

el veintidos de julio = the t\ventv-igecon3of [ulv N O T the twcntv-two-of foly
La reunion es el viernes 5 = The meeting i s @ Friday the fifth of September. N O T
de septiembre. The meetmg-ts the Friday five of September?
en diciembre = © December N O T efl-Deeember
el 2013 = two rhousand^tnc} thirteen NOT the two thousand
thirteen

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the final consonants in these ordinal numbers.
first - f33t NOT fes secora = seksnd NOT -,ek.->n
third = /te:d; NOT tet/ fourth = iyj) NOT f a t
f i f t h - t'ifH NOT tilt sixth = siksH NOT siks
eighth = ,'eitH NOT en
! twelfth = twelfO/ but in normal speech most people say i welH

> • Check the pronunciation on your fiTTtfffl VOCABULARY 6B.

Go, have, get

go usually = ir
go to bed / to school / to church / to work = ir(se) a la cama / al colegio / a misa / al trabajo
go to the cinema = iral cine
go to the beach = iralaplava
go to page 84 = iralapagina84
go shopping = irdecompras
go on holiday = ir de vacaciones
but
go back = volver
go out = salir
go to the cinema go on holiday
go up = subir
go down = bajar
 have has different meanings, usually tener or tomar
have a car I an i Phone I two brothers = tener coche / iPhone / dos hermanos
have a drink / a sandwich / a snack = tomar algo / un bocadillo / refrigerio
but
have breakfast / lunch / dinner = desayunar / comer / cenar
have a shower / a bath / a swim = ducharse / banarse / nadar
get has many different meanings
get a job = encontrar trabajo
get an email / a letter / a message = recibir un correo electronico / una carta /
un mensaje
get to the airport / to work / to Zaragoza = llegar al aeropuerto / al trabajo / a Zaragoza
get home = llegar a casa
get up = levantarse
get dressed

>• Check the pronunciation on your fflffifll VOCABULARY 7C.

The house

a shelf = un estante / una balda

a carpet = una alfombra
a rug = una manta / alfombrilla
We sat around the fire to get warm. N O T Wo sat around the
Baja por la escalera. = Go down the<stairjs. N O T the stair.
Be careful w i t h these w o r d s .
~ We have a newCitcKift...
II = Tenemoscocinanueva.

. and aneWcpok ... but the<too)* is very old.

... y unacocina nueva... = .., pero el cocinero es muv mayor.

O PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the sounds highlighted in these words.
carpe:= ku:pit ceilirg = si:lin
cupboard = 'k.\bod dining (room; - d;unir)
fridge = Ertdfc garage = foandg
garden= yu:dn hall-h.->:l
machine - marjun/ shelves - Jelvz

>• Check the pronunciation on your tfft\lfl% VOCABULARY 8B.

Prepositions: place and movement

Place
en el salon/la sala de estar = ©che living room
en la cocina = ir> the kitchen
en el comedor = y> the dining room
en el garaje = }r> the garage
en el coche = Q the car
but
en la mesa = ® the table en el suelo = © the floor
en la pared = rjr} the wall en el techo = © the ceiling

La farmacia esta enfrente del supermcrcado. = The chemist is €»{Tposjj§ the

supermarket. NOT The-ehemtsre
is m-front-of the supermarkets
Aparque el coche delante del supermercado. = 1 parked€afroiu2f the
supermarket.
El supermercado esta cerca de la iglesia. = The supermarket is (jea}> the
church. N O T The supermarket-is
near to the church.
La iglesia esta al lado del rio. = The church is fiexttjj the river.
N O T The church is next the river.
Movement
Verb + preposition Verb with no preposition
He CanTnBi the office. =E1 entro corriendo en la oficina.
He fan ouTpf the office. =E1 salio corriendo de la oficina.
She <JaJkid2^ the hill. = Ella subio la cuesta andando.
SheivialkeddoSlftthehil = Ella bajo la cuesta andando.

> • Check the pronunciation on your ffiTjfll VOCABULARY 8C.

Food

;Quiere una tosrada? = Would you likeCpjecejif toast?

N O T Would vou like a toast?
mermelada = jam N O T marmalade
mermelada de naranja = marmalade N O T orange jam
un bocadillo de jamdn = a (iaiji sandwich N O T

P PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of two vowel letters together.
biscuits= 'b^kits breads bred tea- ti:
cheese = /tJl:z cream = k r i : m toast = taosi
fruit = /fru:t juice =d5u:> sausages = 'SDSKTJIZ
meat= mi:t peas=pi:z sweets = swins
Be careful with the consonant groups at the end of these words,
crisps = knsps NOT kns toast = /tsost NOT toos
carrots = 'ka.-r.its NOT kaerss biscuits = 'biskits NOT bi^kis
sweets = s\\i:ts NOT swis

> • Check the pronunciation on your frrffiflti VOCABULARY 9A.

Places and buildings

Donde esta el centro comercial? = Where is the^Bap_p_ingceiitfe? N O T Where is

the commercial centre?
;Hay un parking cerca de aqui? = Is there aCgar parfe near here. N O T Is there a
parking near here?
grandes almacenes = department stofES
una estacion de trenes = a railway station
una estacion de autobuses = a bus station
but
lacomisaria i a police station

JD PRONUNCIATION
Be careful with the pronunciation of the letter 'c'.
castle 'ku:sl car ku: pharmacy 'farmasi
centre 'sent? city "siti police pa'liis
chemist's kemis office Wis
Be careful with the pronunciation of the letter f .
art u:t castle ku:sl
centre senta chemist's 'kemi>i>
hospital hnspal station 'steifn
theatre Hi3ta

^ - Check the pronunciation on your VOCABULARY10A.

Glossary terms
Parts of speech Partes de la oracion Pronunciation Pronunciation
verb consonant
noun ustantivo vowel
adjective adjetivo short vowel sound
adverb long vowel sound largo
preposition contracted form .ndti
subject syllable
object objeto stress
pronoun moinbre weak sounds sonid
possessive
Instructions
Nouns Sustantivos Remember to use... Acuerdatedeui
countable noun mstantivt . mtable Don't forget...
uncountable noun incotttable Look (at)... Mini (a)...
quantifiers cuantificadores Be careful with... in...
Check... Comprm
Verbs and tenses Verbos y tiempos Don't confuse... and... \ nfundas...y...
verbales
present tense Other
past tense pnsado expressions of frequency
third person tercerapersona
present simple presentesimple time expressions de tiempo
present continuous inuo common expressions
past simple pasi ending
present perfect oresenteperfecto word order
future futuro
imperative imperative
finished actions acciones acah
predictions predica
abilirv idad
possibility
infinitive injh
-ing form terminacidn -ing
gerund gerundio
main verb verbo principal
auxiliary verb verbo auxiliar
past participle participio pase
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 ENGLISH FILE
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