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Task A

The document discusses the definitions of problems and problem solving. It defines a problem as a real-life situation without a known solution that someone accepts the challenge to solve. Problem solving is described as a higher-order cognitive process to get from a starting state to a desired goal state. The document also provides examples of routine and non-routine problems. Routine problems have known solution methods, while non-routine problems do not initially have a known solution method and are more difficult to assess.

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Muhammad Rizam Hj Bakri
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70 views5 pages

Task A

The document discusses the definitions of problems and problem solving. It defines a problem as a real-life situation without a known solution that someone accepts the challenge to solve. Problem solving is described as a higher-order cognitive process to get from a starting state to a desired goal state. The document also provides examples of routine and non-routine problems. Routine problems have known solution methods, while non-routine problems do not initially have a known solution method and are more difficult to assess.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Rizam Hj Bakri
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(i) What is the meaning of problem and problem solving?

Problem is defined as:


• A real life situation that satisfy two conditions which are do not have
solution and the problem solvers accept the challenge to solve it.

Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving can
be defined as:
• A higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and
control of more routine or fundamental skills. It occurs if an intelligence
system does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired
goal state.
• A part in larger problem process that should permeate the entire
program and provide the context in which concepts and skills can be
learned how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal state.
Punch a hole in a piece of paper with a pencil. Fold the
paper once; then punch another hole. Fold the paper
again and punch another. How many holes would you get
after folding the paper ten times, each time punching a
hole?
Example 1

Example 1 is an example of a mathematics problem


(ii) Do you agree with the above statement?
Give reasons for your answer.

We agree that example 1 is a mathematics problem. It is because we had faced


difficulties when reading the question. But we still accept the challenge and tries
find initiative to solve it. Not only that, example 1 is categorized in mathematics
problems because the question requires us to calculate the amount of holes
produced in certain conditions. So, many arithmetical symbols such as addition
(+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) or even division (÷) involved in the solving
process of the question.
What are the major types of problems?
(i) Routine problems
(ii) Non-routine problems

Similarities:

• The real life situations that do not have solutions


• The problem solvers had accepted the challenge to solve it
Differences:

ROUTINE PROBLEMS NON-ROUTINE PROBLEMS

• The problem solver knows a solution • The problem solver does not initially
method and only needs to carry it know a method for solving the problem
out • Stresses the use of heuristics which do
• Stresses the use of sets of known or not guarantee a solution to a problem
prescribed procedures (algorithms) but provide a more highly probable
method for discovering the solution to a
problem
• Can be easily assessed in • Hard to be assessed in classroom or
classroom or with with paper tests
paper tests
• Do not has any type • There are two types of problem solving
situations:
(i) Static non-routine
- Fixed, known goal and known
elements
(ii) Active non-routine
- Fixed goal(s) with changing
elements
- Changing or alternative
goal(s) with fixed elements
- Changing or alternative goal(s)
with changing elements
• Straightly involved arithmetic • Do not straightly involved the
symbols arithmetical symbols
but have to follow the procedures of
solving the problem

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