Chapter - 1 (S - X)

CHAPTER – 1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

#. Chemical Equation:
The symbolic representation of a chemical reaction is called a chemical equation.
 The reactants are written on the left hand side.

 The products are written on the right hand side.
 An arrow separates the reactants and products.
 The arrow head points towards the products and indicates the direction of the reaction.
Example:
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

Word - Equation
(Reactants) (Product)
Mg + O2 MgO Symbolic Form
¤. Skeletal Chemical Equation:

A chemical equation which simply represents the symbols and formulas of reactants and
products taking part in the reaction is known as skeletal chemical equation for a reaction.
¤. Balanced Chemical Equation:

A balanced chemical equation is a chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each
element is equal on both sides of the equation i.e., number of atoms of an element on
reactant side = number of that atoms of that element on the product side.
e.g., 2Mg + O2 2MgO
¤. Informative Chemical Equation:

Chemical equations that gives information about the physical states of reactants and products
are called informative chemical equations.
We can make a chemical equation more informative in following ways:
 By indicating physical states of reactants and products using certain letters.

e.g., ‘s’ for solid, ‘l’ for liquid, ‘g’ for gas and ‘aq’ for aqueous solution i.e., solution in
water.
 By indicating the gas evolved by an upward arrow ( ) and precipitate formation by

downward arrow ( ) or by writing ‘ppt’.
 By indicating reversible reaction by double headed arrow.

e.g., N2 + 3H2 2NH3
 The conditions of the reaction as pressure, temperature, catalyst, etc are shown by
writing above the arrow head of the reaction.
e.g., CO (g) + 2H2 (g) 340 atm CH2OH (l)
#. Chemical Reaction:
Chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances (reactants) are converted to
one or more different substances (products), that have a different chemical identity.
¤. Types of Chemical Reactions:

1. Combination Reaction:
When two or more reactants are combine to form a single product, it is said to be
combination reaction.
e.g., 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO
(Magnesium) (Oxygen) (Magnesium Oxide)
White Ash – [Basic]
2. Decomposition Reaction:
When a single compound decomposes or break down to give two or more simpler
substance, it is called decomposition reaction.
e.g., 2 FeSO4 (s) Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3(g)
2AgCl (s) Sunlight 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)

Photolytic Decomposition
2AgBr (s) Sunlight 2Ag (s) + Br2 (g) Reactions
Above two reactions are used in black & white photography.

Endothermic Reaction:
The chemical reactions which occur with the absorption of heat are called endothermic
reactions.
e.g., 2NH3 (g) Heat 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) Thermolytic Decomposition

CaCO3 (s) Heat CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Reactions
Exothermic Reaction:
The chemical reaction which occur with evaluation of heat along with the formation of
products are called exothermic reaction.
e.g., 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + Heat
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + Heat
ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER: Electrolytic Decomposition
Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to an
electric current passed through the water.
As everyone knows a water molecule is formed by two elements: two positive hydrogen ions
and one negative oxygen ion.
When electricity is introduced to water through two electrodes, a cathode (negative) and an
anode (positive), these ions are attracted to the opposite charged electrode. Therefore the
positively charged hydrogen ions will collect on the cathode and the negatively charged
oxygen will collect on the anode.
In pure water at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction takes place with electrons (e-)
from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas.
3. Displacement Reactions:
When a high reactive metal displaces a lower reactive metal from its salt solution, it is
known as displacement reaction.
e.g., Fe(s) + ZnSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Zn (s)
(colourless) (green)
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
4. Double Displacement Reaction:

When there is exchange of ions between two ionic compounds by reacting their aquous
solution, is called double displacement reaction.
e.g., BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
(precipitate)
5. Precipitation Reaction:
The reactions in which aqueous solutions of two compound on mixing react to form an
insoluble compound (precipitate) which separates out as solid are called precipitation
reactions.
In simple, those reactions which involves the formation of precipitate are known as
precipitation reactions.
e.g., BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

(precipitate)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

(precipitate)
6. Redox Reactions:
Reactions involving both oxidation and reduction simultaneously, is called redox
reaction.
Oxidation Reaction: In oxidation reaction, addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen or loss of

electrons take place.
e.g., 2Mg + O2 2MgO
Oxidising Agents:
A substance which gives oxygen, removes hydrogen or gains electrons and cause the oxidation
of other substance is called oxidizing agent.
e.g., CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
In this reaction CuO is oxidizing agent.
Reduction Reaction: In reduction reaction, addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen or gain of

electrons takes place.
e.g., CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Reducing Agent:
A substance which gives hydrogen, removes oxygen or lose electrons and cause reduction of
other substance, is called reducing agent.
#. Reactivity Series of Metals:

The arrangement of metals is decreasing order of their reactivities is called reactivity series of
metal.
#. Corrosion:
When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acids, etc, it is said to be
corrode and the process is commonly known as corrosion. This process is commonly known as
rusting in case of iron.
Corrosion causes damages to car bodies, metal bridges, iron railings, ships and to all metal
objects specially those of iron.
Chemical Formula of rust is - Fe2O3.XH2O
Preventions of Rusting:
(i) Painting of surface of iron/metal objects.
(ii) Oiling or greasing the surface.
(iii) Galvanization i.e., the iron surface is coated with a thin layer of zinc.
#. Rancidity:
The change in odour (smell) and flavor (taste) of oily and fatty foods by oxidation is called
rancidity.
The substance which are added to food containing fats and oils to prevent oxidation are called
antioxidants.
Preventions of Rancidity:
(i) By adding antioxidants.
(ii) Vacuum packing.
(iii) Replacing air by nitrogen (antioxidant).
(iv) Refrigeration of food stuff.

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CHAPTER – 1

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

The symbolic representation of a chemical reaction is called a chemical equation.

 The reactants are written on the left hand side.

Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

Mg + O2 MgO Symbolic Form

¤. Skeletal Chemical Equation:

¤. Balanced Chemical Equation:

e.g., 2Mg + O2 2MgO

¤. Informative Chemical Equation:

 By indicating physical states of reactants and products using certain letters.

 By indicating the gas evolved by an upward arrow ( ) and precipitate formation by

 By indicating reversible reaction by double headed arrow.

¤. Types of Chemical Reactions:

2AgCl (s) Sunlight 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)

Above two reactions are used in black & white photography.

e.g., 2NH3 (g) Heat 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) Thermolytic Decomposition

e.g., 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + Heat

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + Heat

ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER: Electrolytic Decomposition

Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

4. Double Displacement Reaction:

e.g., BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

Oxidation Reaction: In oxidation reaction, addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen or loss of

e.g., 2Mg + O2 2MgO

e.g., CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

In this reaction CuO is oxidizing agent.

Reduction Reaction: In reduction reaction, addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen or gain of

e.g., CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

#. Reactivity Series of Metals:

Chemical Formula of rust is - Fe2O3.XH2O

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