CHAPTER 4

SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

Chapter 4 Page 1 Short Circuit Calculations

 SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS
PURPOSES OF FAULT CALCULATIONS

TYPES OF FAULT MAGNITUDES

• Three Phase Faults

• Phase to Phase Faults

• Phase to Ground Faults

• Arcing Faults

• Overloads

MODELING METHODS

• Introduction

• Ohmic Model

• Percent Model

• Per-Unit Model

ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS (STEP 1)

• One-Line Diagram

SELECT/CALCULATE BASE VALUES (STEP 2)

• Base Kilovolt-Amperes (kVAb)

• Base Kilovolts (kVb)

• Base Current (Ib)

• Base Impedance (Zb)

• Table of Base Values

DATA COLLECTION AND MODELING (STEP 3)

• Utility or Source

• Transformers

• Conductors (Cables, Busway, Aerial Lines)

• Generators

• Motors
Chapter 4 Page 2 Short Circuit Calculations
• Resistors, Reactors, and Capacitors

PER-UNIT IMPEDANCE CALCULATIONS (STEP 4)

• Introduction

• Utility or Source

• Transformers

• Motors and Generators

• Conductors

• Grounding Resistors, Reactors, and Capacitors

IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS (STEP 5)

• Complex Impedance Diagram (Z = R + jX)

• Reactance (X-Only) Diagram (R = 0)

• Resistance (R-Only) Diagram (X = 0)

PROBLEM

• Problem 3: Per-Unit Modeling

MODIFY MACHINE REACTANCES (STEP 6)

• Momentary and Interrupting Duties

• Machine Reactance Multipliers

• Impedance Diagrams

THEVENIN EQUIVALENT NETWORK (STEP 7)

• Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

FAULT CALCULATION PROCEDURES

• Problem 5: Bus Fault Calculations

• Problem 6: Infinite Bus Calculations

Chapter 4 Page 3 Short Circuit Calculations

PURPOSES OF FAULT CALCULATIONS
INTRODUCTION

No matter how well an electrical power system is designed, it will occasionally

experience short circuits that result in abnormally high current flows. Fault
calculations (short circuit studies) are performed to determine device interrupting and
withstand ratings, and to determine relay pickup and sensitivity settings.

PROTECTIVE DEVICE INTERRUPTING RATINGS

The maximum calculated short circuit current magnitudes are used to select
adequate protective device (e.g., fuses and breakers) interrupting ratings to minimize
the fault damage and the plant downtime.

EQUIPMENT COMPONENT WITHSTAND RATINGS

Other electrical equipment (e.g., buses and cable) must be capable of withstanding
the high thermal and mechanical stresses (I2t) that are associated with the short
circuit current.

PROTECTIVE RELAY PICKUP SETTINGS

The maximum value of the available short circuit current is used to determine the
pickup settings of relays and low voltage breakers. For example, the instantaneous
trip setting of an upstream relay should be set approximately 10 percent above the
maximum available asymmetrical (Iasy) short circuit current that is “seen” by the
downstream protective device.

MAXIMUM RELAY SETTINGS FOR SENSITIVITY

Minimum values available of short circuit current are required to set maximum relay
settings for sensitivity. For example, the maximum setting for ground fault relays in
medium voltage system is typically selected based on a minimum fault current of
approximately ten percent of the available maximum fault current.

Chapter 4 Page 4 Short Circuit Calculations

TYPES OF FAULTS/MAGNITUDES
THREE-PHASE FAULTS (I3φ)

Although three-phase faults (Figure 4-1) usually are the least often occurring type of
fault, they are often the worst case in most industrial power systems. Three-phase
bolted faults (I3φ), which are often called balanced faults, are represented by the
following equations.

• I3φ = IA = IB = IC = E/Z1

Figure 4-1. Three-Phase Bolted Fault (Balanced)

PHASE-TO-PHASE FAULTS (Iφ-φ)

Phase-to-phase bolted faults (Iφ-φ), which are often called line-to line faults (Figure 4-
2), are seldom required for protective equipment fault interrupting duties because
they are not the maximum values. Phase-to-phase fault current magnitudes are
approximately 87% of the three-phase fault values, as represented by the following
equations:

• Iφ-φ = IA = -IB = ( 3 E)/(Z1 + Z2)

= ( 3 E)/2Z1 = .87 E/Z1 = .87 I3φ

• Ic = 0

Figure 4-2. Phase-to-Phase Fault (Unbalanced)

Chapter 4 Page 5 Short Circuit Calculations

PHASE-TO-GROUND FAULTS (Iφ-G)

Phase-to-ground faults (Figure 4-3), which are often called line-to-ground faults, are
the types of faults that most often occur, and their magnitudes range from a few
percentage points to 125% of the three-phase fault values. In industrial systems,
phase-to-ground faults exceeding three-phase fault values are the exception rather
than the rule. Symmetrical components modeling techniques are required to analyze
line-to-ground faults and these techniques are considered beyond the scope of this
course. Phase-to-ground faults are represented by the following equations:

• Iφ-G = IA = 3E/[Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3(ZN + ZF)]

• IB = IC = 0

Figure 4-3. Phase-to-Ground Fault (Unbalanced)

ARCING FAULTS (Iarc)

Many low voltage power systems experience low level arcing faults, and in many
cases they are the most damaging faults, especially at the 480 volt level. Because
of the very high arc impedance, arcing fault current magnitudes tend to be too low
for the protective devices to detect and clear. Arcing fault current magnitudes are
typically estimated as follows:

• 0.89 at 480 V and 0.12 at 208 V for three-phase arcing.

• 0.74 at 480 V and 0.02 at 208 for phase-to-phase arcing.
• 0.38 at 277 V and 0.01 at 120 V for phase-to-neutral arcing.

OVERLOADS (IOL)

Overloads are not technically regarded as faults or short circuits. Very low level
faults (<250% of full load amperes) are often called overloads because they are
detected in the protective device overload (e.g., thermal) ranges rather than in the
fault (e.g., instantaneous or short time) ranges of the protective devices.

Chapter 4 Page 6 Short Circuit Calculations

MODELING METHODS
INTRODUCTION

In order to calculate short circuit currents, line voltage drops, motor starting currents,
etc., the different impedance values for circuit elements (transformers, cables,
motors, generators, etc.) must be determined from nameplates, handbooks, and
catalogs. These impedance values can be modeled in ohms, percent, or per-unit on
a chosen base value. In most calculations, the per-unit modeling of circuit elements
is used because it is easier and more convenient to solve the problems when the
system contains several voltage levels. Impedances that are modeled in per-unit
can be combined in parallel or series regardless of the number of different voltage
levels.

OHMIC MODEL

Modeling an electrical circuit element, for example, a cable in ohms is quite simple;
however, if the power system contains more than one voltage level, which is almost
always the case, the ohmic value will change as the square of the ratio of the voltage
levels. In other words, the ohmic values change from one side of a transformer to
the other. For example, if a power system has three voltage levels, which is not
uncommon, each electrical circuit element (cable, transformer, motor, etc.) will have
three ohmic values (Figure 4-4). For this reason, power system studies are typically
not performed using ohmic models.

Example A: Referring to Figure 4-4, assume that the impedance (Z) of transformer
T1 is 0.2423 Ω at 4.16 kV. What is the impedance of T1 at 13.8 kV? at
0.48 kV?

Answer: 1. Z @ 13.8 kV = Z @ 4.16 kV x a2

= (.2423)(11.004) = 2.666 Ω

2. Z @ 0.48 kV = Z @ 4.16 kV ÷ a2
= (.2423)/(75.111) = 0.0032 Ω

PERCENT MODEL

The percent method of modeling an electrical system differs from the per-unit
method by a factor of 100 (percent value = 100 x p.u. value). It is also not typically
used for power system studies calculations because it leads to simple math errors.
For example, 50% current x 100% impedance = 50% voltage and not 5000% voltage
as the math indicates (50 x 100).

Chapter 4 Page 7 Short Circuit Calculations

OHMIC MODEL

Figure 4-4. Ohmic Model Impedances

Chapter 4 Page 8 Short Circuit Calculations

PER-UNIT MODEL

When impedances of circuit elements are expressed in per-unit, the problems

mentioned for both the ohmic and percent models are eliminated. Impedances
expressed in per-unit on a defined base are the same on both sides of a transformer.
For example, referring to Figure 4-4, ZT1 = 7% on both the 13.8 kV primary and 4.16
kV secondary sides of the transformer, and ZT2 = 5.5% on both the 4.16 kV primary
and .48 kV secondary sides of the transformer.

In the per-unit model there are four basic quantities: base kilovolt-amperes (kVAb),
base kilovolts (kVb), base amperes (Ib), and base impedance or base ohms (Zb).
The relationship between the base values, per-unit values, and actual values is
defined as follows:

• per-unit value = actual value/base value or

• per-unit value = percent value/100

For example:

kVApu = kVA actual/kVAb

kWpu = kWactual/kVAb = KWactual/kWb

kVARpu = kVARactual/kVAb = kVARactual/kVARb

kVpu = kVactual/kVb

Ipu = Iactual/Ib

Zpu = Zactual/Zb

Rpu = Ractual/Rb = Ractual/Zb

Xpu = Xactual/Xb = Xactual/Zb

Note: Zb = Rb = Xb

kVAb = kWb = kVARb

Chapter 4 Page 9 Short Circuit Calculations

PER-UNIT MODEL

The five steps that are used to model an electrical power system in per-unit are as
follows:

• STEP 1 - One-Line Diagram

-- The fault study results are only as accurate as the input data.

• STEP 2 - Select/Calculate Base Values

kVAb, kVb, Ib, Zb

• STEP 3 - Data Collection and Modeling

• STEP 4 - Per-Unit Impedance Calculations

• STEP 5 Impedance Diagrams –

Note: These five steps are typically the same for per-unit modeling of any
power system, regardless of the type of power study that
is being performed.

Chapter 4 Page 10 Short Circuit Calculations

ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS (STEP 1)
ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

An accurate one-line diagram (system road map) should be prepared that shows all
sources (utility tie, generators, and motors) and significant circuit elements
(transformers, cables, busway, etc.). Note: The study to be performed will only be
as accurate as the one-line diagram. Figure 4-5 is an example one-line diagram of a
electrical power system that will be used throughout the remainder of this Chapter.

Figure 4-5. Example One-Line Diagram

Chapter 4 Page 11 Short Circuit Calculations

SELECT/CALCULATE BASE VALUES (STEP 2)
BASE KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVAb)

The selection of kVAb is arbitrary; however, a convenient value is usually selected to

make the mathematical calculations somewhat less tedious. For purposes of this
course, select kVAb = 100000 kVA or MVAb = 100 MVA. Note: Per-unit formulas are
often listed in terms of MVAb versus kVAb where 1 MVA = 1000 kVA.

BASE KILOVOLTS (kVb)

Base kilovolt (kVb) is selected to match one of the system transformer’s rated
voltages and then the base voltages at other voltage levels are established
(calculated) by transformer turns ratios, which also equal the transformer voltage
ratios. For example, referring to Figure 4-5, the base voltages are as follows:

• Bus 100: Let kVb = 13.8 kV

• Bus 50: kVb = 13.8 (69.0/13.8) = 69 kV

• Bus 250: kVb = 13.8 (0.48/13.8) = .48 kV

• Bus 300: kVb = 13.8 (4.16/13.8) = 4.16 kV

BASE CURRENT (Ib)

Base current is calculated through the use of the apparent power relationships that
were developed in Chapter 2, as follows:

• Ib = kVAb/( 3 x kVb)

• Bus 50: Ib = 100000/( 3 x 69.0) = 836.8 A

• Bus 100: Ib = 100000/( 3 x 13.8) = 4183.7 A

• Bus 250: Ib = 100000/( 3 x 0.48) = 120281.3 A

• Bus 300: Ib = 100000/( 3 x 4.16) = 13878.6 A

Chapter 4 Page 12 Short Circuit Calculations

BASE IMPEDANCE (Zb)

Base impedance is calculated through use of voltage, current, impedance, and

power relationships that also were developed in Chapter 2, as follows:

• Zb = (kVb)2/MVAb or Zb = [(kVb)2 x 1000]/kVAb

• Bus 50: Zb = 692/100 = 47.61 Ω

• Bus 100: Zb = 13.82/100 = 1.9044 Ω

• Bus 300: Zb = 4.162/100 = 0.173 Ω

• Bus 250: Zb = 0.482/100 = 0.0023 Ω

TABLE OF BASE VALUES

For easier data retrieval, the base values that are selected and calculated for a
particular power system study are usually listed in tabular form. For the one-line
diagram that is shown in Figure 4-5, the base values are listed in Table 4-1.

Bus kVAb kVb Ib Zb

Numbers

50 100000 kVA 69.0 kV 836.8 A 47.61 Ω

100, 150, 200 100000 kVA 13.8 kV 4183.7 A 1.9044 Ω

300 100000 kVA 4.16 kV 13878.6 A 0.173 Ω

250 100000 kVA 0.480 kV 120281.3 A 0.0023 Ω

Table 4-1. Table of Base Values

Chapter 4 Page 13 Short Circuit Calculations

DATA COLLECTION AND MODELING (STEP 3)
UTILITY OR SOURCE

The utility system is modeled as a voltage (Eu) behind an impedance (Zu) as shown
in Figure 4-6. The utility company can provide the data in any of the following forms:

• kVASCA or MVASCA and X/R ratio

• Amperes (ISCA) and angle (-θ)

• R and X in ohms (Ω)

• R and X in per-unit (p.u.) on a given base

Figure 4-6. Utility or Source Model (Zu)

Example B: Figure 4-5 modeled the utility at 950 MVA, X/R = 11.4. What are the
other three possible models?

Answer: 1. |ISCA| = 950000/( 3 x 69) = 7949 A

θ = tan-1 (11.4) = -85o

ISCA = 7949 ∠-85o A

2. VLN = 69000/ 3 = 39837.2 V

|Z| = VLN/I = 39837.2/7949 = 5.012 Ω

Z = 5.012 ∠+85o Ω
= (0.4368 + j 4.9929) Ω

3. |Zpu| = 100/950 = 0.1053 p.u.

Z = 0.1053 ∠+85o p.u.

= (0.0092 + j 0.1049) p.u.

Chapter 4 Page 14 Short Circuit Calculations

TRANSFORMERS

Transformers are modeled as an impedance (ZT) as shown in Figure 4-7. The

following data are needed to model power transformers:

• kVA or MVA self-cooled (OA) rating

• Nameplate impedance (e.g., 5.75%, 7.5%)
• Voltage ratings (primary and secondary)
• X/R ratio (if available, or see Figure 4-8)
• Connections (e.g., delta or wye) (L-G calculations only)
• Method of grounding (e.g., solid or resistance) (L-G calculations only)

Figure 4-7. Transformer Model (ZT)

Figure 4-8. X/R Ratios of Transformers

Chapter 4 Page 15 Short Circuit Calculations

CONDUCTORS

Cables are modeled as an impedance (ZC) as shown in Figure 4-9. The following
data are needed to model a cable:

• Size (e.g., kcmil or AWG) and length (e.g., per 1000 ft.)

• Conductors per phase (e.g., 1, 2, etc.)

• Conductor material (e.g., copper or aluminum)

• Conductor configuration (3-1/c or 1-3/c)

• Shielding (shielded or non-shielded)

• Conduit type (e.g., magnetic or non-magnetic) or direct burial cable

• Ohmic values of resistance (RC) and reactance (jXC) per unit of length
(Tables 5-2 and 5-3)

Figure 4-9. Conductor or Busway Model (ZC or ZB)

Busway is modeled as an impedance (ZB), also as shown in Figure 4-9. The

following data are needed to model busway:

• Type (e.g., plug-in, feeder, or current limiting) and length (e.g., per
1000 ft.) (Figure 4-10)

• Ampacity

• Conductor material (e.g., copper or aluminum)

• Ohmic values of resistance (RB) and reactance (jXB) per unit of length
(Table 4-4).

Chapter 4 Page 16 Short Circuit Calculations

 CONDUCTORS

In Magnetic Duct and Steel Interlock Armor In Nonmagnetic Duct and Aluminum Armor

600 V & 5 kV 5 kV Shielded & 600 V & 5 kV 5 kV Shielded &

AWG Non Shielded 15 kV Nonshielded 15 kV
kcmil (Ω/1000 ft.) (Ω/1000 ft.) (Ω/1000 ft.) (Ω/1000 ft.)
R X Z R X Z R X Z R X Z
8 0.811 0.0754 0.814 0.811 0.0860 0.816 0.811 0.0603 0.813 0.811 0.0688 0.814
*8 0.786 0.0754 0 790 0.786 0.0860 0.791 0.786 0.0603 0.788 0.786 0.0688 0.789
6 0.510 0.0685 0.515 0.510 0.0796 0.591 0.510 0.0548 0.513 0.510 0.0636 0.514
*6 0.496 0.0685 0.501 0.496 0.0796 0.502 0.496 0.0548 0.499 0.496 0.0636 0.500

4 0.312 0.0632 0.327 0.312 0.0742 0.329 0.312 0.0506 0.325 0.312 0.0594 0.326
*4 0.312 0.0632 0.318 0.312 0.0742 0.321 0.312 0.0506 0.316 0.312 0.0594 0.318
2 0.202 0.0585 0.210 0.202 0.0685 0.214 0.202 0.0467 0.207 0.202 0.0547 0.209
1 0.160 0.0570 0.170 0.160 0.0675 0.174 0.160 0.4560 0.166 0.160 0.0540 0.169

1/0 0.128 0.0540 0.139 0.128 0.0635 0.143 0.127 0.0432 0.134 0.128 0.0507 0.138
2/0 0.102 0.0533 0.115 0.103 0.0630 0.121 0.101 0.0426 0.110 0.102 0.0504 0.114
3.0 0.085 0.0519 0.0958 0.0814 0.0605 0.101 0.0766 0.0415 0.0871 0.0895 0.0484 0.0939
4/0 0.064 0.0497 0.0810 0.0650 0.0583 0.0929 0.0633 0.0396 0.0748 0.0640 0.0466 0.0792

250 0.0552 0.0495 0.0742 0.0557 0.0570 0.0797 0.0541 0.0396 0.0670 0.0547 0.0456 0.0712
300 0.0464 0.0493 0.0677 0.0473 0.0564 0.0736 0.0451 0.0394 0.0599 0.0460 0.0451 0.0644
350 0.0378 0.0491 0.0617 0.0386 0.0562 0.0681 0.0368 0.0393 0.0536 0.0375 0.0450 0.0586
400 0.0356 0.0490 0.0606 0.0362 0.0548 0.0657 0.0342 0.0392 0.0520 0.0348 0.0438 0.0559

450 0.0322 0.0480 0.0578 0.0328 0.0538 0.0630 0.0304 0.0384 0.0490 0.0312 0.0430 0.0531
500 0.0294 0.0466 0.0551 0.0300 0.0526 0.0505 0.0276 0.0373 0.0464 0.0284 0.0421 0.0508
600 0.0257 0.0463 0.0530 0.0264 0.0516 0.0580 0.0237 0.0371 0.0440 0.0246 0.0412 0.0479
750 0.0216 0.0445 0.0495 0.0223 0.0497 0.0545 0.0197 0.0356 0.0405 0.0203 0.0396 0.0445

* Solid Conductor Source: IEEE Gray Book

Table 4-2. Copper Cable Impedance Data for

Three Single Conductors (3 - 1/c)

Chapter 4 Page 17 Short Circuit Calculations

 CONDUCTORS

In Magnetic Duct and Steel Interlock Armor In Nonmagnetic Duct and Aluminum Armor

600 V & 5 kV 5 kV Shielded & 600 V & 5 kV 5 kV Shielded &

AWG Non Shielded 15 kV Nonshielded 15 kV
kcmil (Ω/1000 ft.) (Ω/1000 ft.) (Ω/1000 ft.) (Ω/1000 ft.)
R X Z R X Z R X Z R X Z
8 0.811 0.0577 0.813 0.811 0.0658 0.814 0.811 0.0503 0.812 0.811 0.0574 0.813
*8 0.786 0.0577 0 788 0.786 0.0658 0.789 0.786 0.0503 0.787 0.786 0.0574 0.788
6 0.510 0.0525 0.513 0.510 0.0610 0.500 0.496 0.0457 0.512 0.510 0.0531 0.513
*6 0.496 0.0525 0.499 0.496 0.0610 0.500 0.496 0.0547 0.498 0.496 0.0531 0.499

4 0.312 0.0483 0.325 0.312 0.0568 0.326 0.312 0.0422 0.324 0.312 0.0495 0.325
*4 0.312 0.0483 0.316 0.312 0.0508 0.317 0.312 0.0422 0.315 0.312 0.0495 0.316
2 0.202 0.0448 0.207 0.202 0.0524 0.209 0.202 0.0390 0.206 0.202 0.0457 0.207
1 0.160 0.0436 0.166 0.160 0.0516 0.168 0.160 0.3800 0.164 0.160 0.0450 0.166

1/0 0.128 0.0414 0.135 0.128 0.0486 0.137 0.127 0.0360 0.132 0.128 0.0423 0.135
2/0 0.102 0.0407 0.110 0.103 0.0482 0.114 0.101 0.0355 0.107 0.102 0.0420 0.110
3.0 0.085 0.0397 0.0898 0.0814 0.0463 0.0936 0.0766 0.0346 0.0841 0.0805 0.0403 0.090
4/0 0.064 0.0381 0.0745 0.0650 0.0446 0.0788 0.0633 0.0332 0.0715 0.0640 0.0389 0.0749

250 0.0552 0.0379 0.0670 0.0557 0.0436 0.0707 0.0541 0.0330 0.0634 0.0547 0.0380 0.0666
300 0.0464 0.0377 0.0598 0.0473 0.0431 0.0640 0.0451 0.0329 0.0328 0.0492 0.0375 0.0530
350 0.0376 0.0373 0.0539 0.0386 0.0427 0.0576 0.0368 0.0328 0.0492 0.0375 0.0375 0.0530
400 0.0356 0.0371 0.0514 0.0362 0.0415 0.0551 0.0342 0.0327 0.0475 0.0348 0.0366 0.0505

450 0.0322 0.0361 0.0484 0.0328 0.0404 0.0520 0.0304 0.0320 0.0441 0.0312 0.0359 0.0476
500 0.0294 0.0349 0.0456 0.0300 0.0394 0.0495 0.0276 0.0311 0.0416 0.0284 0.0351 0.0453
600 0.0257 0.0343 0.0429 0.0264 0.0382 0.0464 0.0237 0.0309 0.0389 0.0246 0.0344 0.0422
750 0.0216 0.0326 0.0391 0.0223 0.0364 0.0427 0.0197 0.0297 0.0355 0.0203 0.0332 0.0389

* Solid Conductor Source: IEEE Gray Book

Table 4-3. Copper Cable Impedance Data for

Single Three-Conductor Cable (1 - 3/c)

Chapter 4 Page 18 Short Circuit Calculations

CONDUCTORS

Figure 4-10. Busway Types

Plug-in Busway
Current Copper Bus Bars Aluminum Bus Bars
Rating R X Z R X Z
(amperes) (ohms/1000 ft) (ohms/1000 ft)
225 0.0836 0.0800 0.1157 0.1090 0.0720 0.1313
400 0.0437 0.0232 0.0495 0.0550 0.0222 0.0592
600 0.0350 0.0179 0.0393 0.0304 0.0121 0.0327
800 0.0218 0.0136 0.0384 0.0243 0.0154 0.0288
1000 0.0145 0.0135 0.0198 - - -
Low-Impedance Feeder Busway (Copper) Current Limiting Busway (Copper)
Current Current
Rating R X Z Rating R X Z X/R
(amperes) (ohms/1000 ft) (amperes (ohms/1000 ft)
)
800 0.0219 0.0085 0.0235 1000 0.013 0.063 0.064 4.85
1000 0.0190 0.0050 0.0196 1350 0.012 0.061 0.062 5.08
1350 0.0126 0.0044 0.0134 1600 0.009 0.056 0.057 6.22
1600 0.0116 0.0035 0.0121 2000 0.007 0.052 0.052 7.45
2000 0.0075 0.0031 0.0081 2500 0.006 0.049 0.049 8.15
2500 0.0057 0.0025 0.0062 3000 0.005 0.046 0.046 9.20
4000 0.0037 0.0016 0.0040 4000 0.004 0.042 0.042 10.50
Source: *IEEE Red Book

Table 4-4. Busway Impedance

Chapter 4 Page 19 Short Circuit Calculations

CONDUCTORS

Aerial (overhead) lines are modeled as an impedance (ZOHL), as shown in Figure 4-

11. Although the resistance (ROHL) of an aerial line is modeled exactly the same as
other conductors, the reactance (XOHL) consists of two components (Xa and Xd). Xa
is found in a cable handbook, like most other cable data; however, Xd is a function of
the overhead line configuration and spacing and it (Xd) must be calculated. The
following data are needed to model an aerial line:

• Size (e.g., kcmil or AWG) and length (e.g., per mile)

• Conductor material (e.g., Cu, Al, ACSR)
• Conductors per phase
• Conductor configuration and spacing
• Resistance (ROHL) per unit of length @ t oC (per mile) (Tables 4-5 and
4-6)
• Operating temperature (t oC)
• Reactance (Xa) per unit of length (per mile) (Tables 4-5 and 4-6)
• Reactance (Xd) per unit of length (per mile) based on the conductor
configuration and spacing.

Figure 4-11. Aerial Line Model (ZOHL)

Chapter 4 Page 20 Short Circuit Calculations

CONDUCTORS

Size Approx. Resistance (R) Reactance (Xa)

cmil Ampacity DC AC 60 Hz
or 250C 500C 250C 500C 1 ft spacing
AWG* amps** ohms/mile ohms/mile ohms/mile
4(1) 170 1.374 1.053 1.374 1.503 .609
4(3) 180 1.388 1.518 1.388 1.518 .599
2(1) 220 .864 .945 .864 .945 .581
2(3) 240 .873 .955 .873 .955 .571
2(7) 230 .881 .964 .882 .964 .574
1/0(7) 310 .555 .606 .555 .606 .546
2/0(7) 360 .440 .481 .440 .481 .532
3/0(7) 420 .349 .381 .350 .382 .518
4/0(7) 480 .276 .302 .278 .303 .503
* number of strands as indicated by (x)
** for conductor at 750C, air at 250C, wind 1.4 mi/hr

Table 4-5. Copper Aerial Line Impedance Data

Resistance (R)
Size Approx. Reactance (Xa)
cmil Ampacity DC AC 60 Hz
or 25 C 500C
0
25 C 500C
0
1 ft spacing
AWG* amps** ohms/mile ohms/mile ohms/mile
6 100 3.560 3.920 3.560 3.980 .673
4 140 2.240 2.470 2.240 2.570 .659
2 180 1.410 1.550 1.410 1.690 .665
1 200 1.120 1.230 1.120 1.380 .665
1/0 230 .885 .974 .888 1.120 .656
2/0 270 .702 .773 .706 .895 .641
3/0 300 .556 .612 .560 .723 .621
4/0 340 .441 .485 .445 .592 .581

* Conductor at 750C, air at 250C, wind at 1.4 mi/hr

** Current approx. 75% capacity which will produce 500C conductor
temperature (250C rise) with 250C ambient, wind at 1.4 mi/hr

Table 4-6. ACSR Aerial Line Impedance Data

Chapter 4 Page 21 Short Circuit Calculations

GENERATORS

Generators, similar to the utility, are modeled as a voltage (Eg) behind an impedance
(Zg), as shown in Figure 4-12. The following data are required to model a generator.

• kVA or MVA ratings or kW and power factor

• Subtransient reactance (X”d)
• Assume X”d = 15% if unknown for 4 pole generators and X”d = 9% for 2
pole generators.
• Voltage rating
• X/R ratio (if available, or see Figure 4-13)

Figure 4-12. Generator Model (Eg)

Figure 4-13. X/R Ratios for Generators and Synchronous Motors

Chapter 4 Page 22 Short Circuit Calculations

MOTORS

Motor impedance models are modeled the same as utility and generators, as shown
in Figure 4-14; however, the impedance data (Zm = R”m + jX”m) that are required to
model a motor depends on the system and motor voltages.

Figure 4-14. Motor Model (Zm)

Less Than 1000 Volts: For system studies less than 1000 volts, low voltage motors
are modeled as follows:

• Lump sum (for motors applied at 480 V and below, each less than 50
hp).

• Individual motors (all other motors). Note: Induction motors 50 to 250

hp are also often treated as “lump sum” motors.

• Assume X”d = 25%, R”d = 2.5%, X/R = 10

Over 1000 Volts: For system studies over 1000 volts (multivoltage studies), low
voltage motors are modeled using both a 1st-cycle and an interrupting network.

Mutlivoltage system studies’ motors (1st cycle network) are modeled as follows:

• For LV induction motors <50 hp, neglect reactance, or assume that X =

1.67X”d, or assume that 1.67 X”d = 28% on the motor’s rating. Note:
For purposes of this Tab use X = 1.67X”d = 28% and an X/R ratio of 10.

• For LV induction motors that are greater than 50 hp, assume that X =
1.2X”d, or assume that 1.2X”d = 20% on the motor’s rating. Use an X/R
ratio of the largest motor. Note: For purposes of this Tab use X =
1.2X”d = 20% and an X/R ratio of 10.

Chapter 4 Page 23 Short Circuit Calculations

MOTORS

Multivoltage system studies’ motors (interrupting network) are modeled as follows:

• For LV induction motors < 50 hp, neglect reactance.

• For LV induction motors that are greater than 50 hp, assume that X =
3.0 X”d or assume that 3.0 X”d = 50% on the motor’s rating. Note: For
purposes of this Tab use X = 3.0 X”d = 50% and an X/R ratio of 10.

Large motors over 1000 volts (medium voltage) are modeled as follows:

• Type: synchronous or induction

• Horsepower (hp) and speed (rpm)
• Subtransient reactance (X”d) and transient reactance (X’d)
• FLA and LRA: X”d = FLA/LRA
• Assume that X”d = 17% if the actual data are not available for induction
motors, and assume that X”d = 20% for synchronous motors. Assume
that X’d ≈ 1.5X”d.
• Power factor: kVA = hp rating if p.f. = 80% or kVA = 0.8 x hp rating if
p.f. = 100%.
• X/R ratio (if available), or see Figure 4-15 for induction motors and
Figure 4-13 for synchronous motors.

Figure 4-15. X/R Ratios for Induction Motors

Chapter 4 Page 24 Short Circuit Calculations

RESISTORS, REACTORS, AND CAPACITORS

Grounding resistors are modeled as shown in Figure 4-16a. Data for a grounding
resistor (RR) are limited to the following:

• Voltage
• Current ratings (e.g., 200 A, 400 A)
• Resistance (e.g., 40 Ω, 6 Ω)
• Time (e.g., 10 sec)

Reactors (grounding, current limiting, or tuning) are modeled as shown in Figure 4-

16b. The following data are needed to model reactors (jXL):

• Grounding reactors: voltage, percent impedance, amperes, ohms, and

time
• Current limiting reactors: voltage, kVA, or amperes
• Tuning (harmonic filter) reactors: amperes, ohms, or millihenries

Capacitors are modeled as shown in Figure 4-16c. The following data are needed to
model capacitors (-jXc): Note: Capacitors are not modeled for short circuit studies.

• voltage (e.g., 4.16 kV, 600 V)

• kVAR or MVAR (e.g., 300 kVAR, 150 MVAR)

Figure 4-16. Resistor, Reactor, and Capacitor Models

Chapter 4 Page 25 Short Circuit Calculations

PER-UNIT IMPEDANCE CALCULATIONS (STEP 4)
INTRODUCTION

The per-unit impedance calculation depends on whether the data that are provided
(modeled) is in kVAR, MVA or kVA, current, ohms, or percent. Note: In practice,
steps 3 and 4 are usually accomplished concurrently.

UTILITY OR SOURCE

The per-unit impedance calculation of the utility (Zu) depends on whether the data
are provided as kVA (or MVA), current, or ohms, as represented by the following
formulas:

• Zu = kVAb/KVASCA or

= MVAb/MVASCA or

= Ib/ISCA or

= ZΩ/Zb

• Ru = Zu cos[tan-1(X/R)]

• Xu = Zu sin[tan-1(X/R)] or

= (Ru)(X/R ratio)

Example C: What is the per-unit impedance (R + jX) of the utility system that is
shown in Figure 4-5?

Answer: 1. Zu = MVAb/MVASCA
= 100/950 = 0.1053 p.u.
2. Ru = Zu cos [tan-1(X/R)]
= 0.1053 cos [tan-1 (11.4)] = 0.0092 p.u.
3. Xu = Ru (X/R ratio)
= (0.0092)(11.4) = j0.1049 p.u. or

4. Xu = Zu sin [tan-1(X/R)]

= .1053 sin [tan-1 (11.4)] = j0.1049 p.u.

Chapter 4 Page 26 Short Circuit Calculations

TRANSFORMERS

The nameplate impedance of a transformer is provided in per-unit (Zpu(old)) on the

transformer’s kVA (kVAb(old)) and voltage (kVb(old)) ratings. Calculating the per-unit
impedance values of the transformer to the new kVA (kVAb(new)) and voltage
(kVb(new)) base ratings requires use of the change-of-base formula, as follows:

• Zpu(new) = Zpu(old) (kVAb(new)/kVAb(old))(kVb(old)/kVb(new))2 = ZT or

• Zpu(new) = Zpu(old) (kVAb(new)/kVAb(old)) (Assumes kVb(old) = kVb(new))

• RT = ZT cos[tan-1(X/R)]

• XT = (Rpu) (X/R ratio) or

XT = ZT sin[(tan-1(X/R)]

Example D: What are the per-unit impedances of the three transformers that are
shown in Figure 4-5?

Answer: 1. ZT = Zpu(old) (kVAb(new)/kVAb(old))(kVb(old)/kVb(new))2

ZT1 = (0.070)(100000/5000)(69/69)2 = 1.40 p.u. or

ZT1 = (0.070)(100/5)(13.8/13.8)2 = 1.40 p.u.

RT1 = 1.4 cos[tan-1(14)] = 0.0997 p.u.

XT1 = (0.0997)(14) = j1.3958 p.u.

2. ZT2 = (0.0550)(100/0.75)(0.48/0.48)2 = 7.333 p.u.

RT2 = 7.333 cos[tan-1(6)] = 1.2056 p.u.

XT2 = (6)(1.2056) = j7.2336 p.u.

3. ZT3 = (0.05)(100/2)(4.16/4.16)2 = 2.500 p.u.

RT3 = 2.500 cos[tan-1(8)] = 0.3101 p.u.

XT3 = (8)(0.3101) = j2.4808 p.u.

Chapter 4 Page 27 Short Circuit Calculations

MOTORS AND GENERATORS

Motor and generator reactance data are also provided in per-unit (X”pu(old)) on the
nameplate base kVA and voltage ratings. Calculating the reactance values also
requires use of the change-of-base formula as presented below:

• X”pu(new) = (X”pu(old))(kVAb(new)/kVAb(old))(kVb(old)/kVb(new))2 or

• X”pu(new) = (X”pu(old))(kVAb(new)/kVAb(old)) (Assumes kVb(old) = kVb(new))

• R”pu = (X”pu)/(X/R ratio)

Example E: What are the per-unit impedances of the three motors that are shown
in Figure 4-5?

Answer: 1. XM1 = X”pu(new) = (X”pu(old))(kVAb(new)/kVAb(old))(kVb(old)/kVb(new))2

= (j.20)(100000/500)(.46/.48)2 = j36.7361 p.u.

RM1 = (X”pu)/(X/R ratio) = 36.7361/10 = 3.6736 p.u.

2. XM2 = (j.28)(100000/250)(.46/.48)2 = j102.8611 p.u.

RM2 = 102.8611/10 = 10.2861 p.u.

3. XM3 = (j.17)(100000/1000)(4/4.16)2 = j15.7174 p.u.

RM3 = 15.7174/20 = 0.7859 p.u.

Example F: Assuming that kVb(old) = kVb(new), repeat the per-unit calculations of

Example E.

Answer: 1. XM1 = (.20)(100/.5) = j40 p.u.

RM1 = 40/10 = 4.0 p.u.

2. XM2 = (.28)(100/.25) = j112.0 p.u.

RM2 = 112/10 = 11.2000 p.u.

3. XM3 = (.17)(100/1) = j17.00 p.u.

RM3 = 17/20 = 0.8500 p.u.

Chapter 4 Page 28 Short Circuit Calculations

CONDUCTORS

Conductor impedance data are provided in ohms (R + jX) Ω per unit of length (e.g.,
1000 ft). Calculating the per-unit impedance of the conductors requires dividing the
given ohmic value by the base ohms (Zb) at the given voltage, as represented by the
following formulas:

• ZΩ = (R + jX) Ω/1000 ft (Note: See Tables 4-2, 4-3, or 44).

• ZΩ = [(R + jX) Ω/1000 ft](number of feet)

• ZC = ZΩ/Zb = (RΩ/Rb) + j(XΩ/Xb) = (RΩ/Zb) + j(XΩ/Zb)

Example G: What is the per-unit impedance of the cable (C2) that is shown in Figure
4-5?

Answer: 1. ZΩ = (R + jX) Ω/1000 ft (Note: See Table 4-3)

= (0.2020 + j0.0524) Ω/1000 ft

2. ZΩ = [(R + jX) Ω/1000 ft](number of feet)

= [(0.2020 + j0.0524)/1000](500) = (0.1010 + j 0.0262) Ω

3. ZC2 = ZΩ/Zb = (0.1010 + j0.0262)/(1.9044)

= (0.0530 + j0.0138) p.u.

AERIAL LINES

Aerial line resistance data are provided in ohms (R1Ω) per unit of length, for example,
1 mile, at a given temperature (t1 oC). If the operating temperature (t2oC) is different,
the resistance must be changed to a value (R2Ω) for the operating temperature.
Aerial line reactance (Xa) that is based on the type of material is also provided in
ohms per unit of length, for example, 1 mile. Aerial line reactance (Xd) must be
calculated based on the configuration and spacing of the overhead lines (Figure 4-
17).

Chapter 4 Page 29 Short Circuit Calculations

AERIAL LINES

The per-unit calculations for aerial line conductors are represented by the following
formulas:

• R1 @ t1 oC (Note: See Tables 4-5 or 4-6.)

• R2 @ t2 oC = R1[(T + t2oC)/(T + t1oC)] = RΩ
• where: T = 234.5 for annealed copper - 100% conductivity
= 241.0 for hard drawn copper - 97.3% conductivity
= 228.0 for hard drawn aluminum - 61% conductivity
• R1, R2 = resistance of conductor at temperatures t1, t2 in 0C
• XΩ = Xa + Xd
• where: Xa = reactance of conductor per mile
(Note: See Tables 4-5 or 4-6.)
Xd = 0.2794 log10 deq
deq = (dab x dbc x dca)1/3 (See Figure 4-17.)
• ZΩ = [(R + jX)Ω/mile](number of miles)
• ZOHL = ZΩ/Zb = [(RΩ/Zb) + j(XΩ/Zb)] = Zpu

Figure 4-17. Aerial Lines Configuration and Spacing

Chapter 4 Page 30 Short Circuit Calculations

AERIAL LINES

Example H: What is the per-unit impedance of the overhead aerial line (C1) that is
shown in Figure 4-5? Assume an ambient temperature of 40oC.

Answer: 1. RC1 @ t1 oC = RC1 @ 25 oC = .888 Ω/mi (Table 4-6)

2. RC1 @ 40 oC = .888 [(228 + 40)/(228 + 25)] = .9406 Ω/mi

3. XaC1 = j.656 Ω/mi (Table 4-6)

4. deq = (dab x dbc x dca)1/3 (Figure 4-18)

= (3.5 x 3.5 x 7.0)1/3 = 4.41 ft.

Figure 4-18. Aerial Line Configuration (Example H)

5. XdC1 = 0.2794 log10 deq

= 0.2794 log10 (4.41) = .180 Ω/mi

6. ZC1 = [R + j (Xa + Xd)] (number of miles)

= [.9406 + j(.656 + .180)] (1.25)
= (1.1758 + j1.045) Ω

7. ZC1 = ZΩ/Zb
= (1.1758 + j1.045)/(1.9044)
= (0.6174 + j0.5487) p.u.

Chapter 4 Page 31 Short Circuit Calculations

GROUNDING RESISTORS, REACTORS, AND CAPACITORS

Grounding resistor and reactor data is typically provided in ohms, amperes, and
time. The per-unit impedance calculation of a grounding resistor or a reactor is
represented by the following formulas:

• Zpu = ZΩ/Zb or Zpu = Ib/Iamps

Note: Resistors are modeled as resistive ohms (R) and reactors are modeled as
reactive ohms (jX).

Example I: What is the per-unit impedance of the 6 Ω, 400-ampere grounding

resistor (ZR) that is shown in Figure 4-5?

Answer: 1. ZR = ZΩ/Zb = 6/.173 = 34.6821 p.u. or

2. ZR = Ib/Iamps = 13878.6/400 = 34.6965 p.u.

Capacitor data is typically provided in kVARs, MVARs, and voltage. The per-unit
impedance calculation of a capacitor is represented by the following formulas:

• ZΩ = kV2/MVAR or ZΩ = [kV2 x 1000]/kVAR

• Zcap = ZΩ/Zb

Example J: What is the per-unit impedance (Zcap) of the capacitor bank (1200
kVAR) that is shown in Figure 4-5?

Answer: 1. ZΩ = (13.8)2/(1.2) = 158.7 Ω

2. Zcap = 158.7/1.9044 = - j83.3333 p.u.

Chapter 4 Page 32 Short Circuit Calculations

IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS (STEP 5)
COMPLEX IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM (R + jX)

The final step in per-unit modeling of an electrical power system is to draw and label
the series/parallel network of resistances and reactances, which is called the
complex impedance diagram.

Example K: Draw and label the complex impedance diagram for the power system
(one-line diagram) that is shown in Figure 4-5. Ignore the grounding
resistor and the capacitor bank.

Answer: See Figure 4-19.

Figure 4-19. Complex Impedance Diagram (Example K)

Chapter 4 Page 33 Short Circuit Calculations

REACTANCE (X-ONLY) DIAGRAM (R = 0)

The X-only reactance diagram requires redrawing and labeling the complex
impedance diagram with the resistances omitted (R = 0).
Example L: Draw and label the X-only reactance diagram.
Answer: See Figure 4-20.

Figure 4-20. X-Only Diagram (Example L)

RESISTANCE (R-ONLY) DIAGRAM (X = 0)

The R-only resistance diagram requires redrawing and labeling the complex
impedance diagram with the reactances omitted (X = 0).
Example M: Draw and label the R-only resistance diagram.
Answer: See Figure 4-21.

Figure 4-21. R-Only Diagram (Example M)

Chapter 4 Page 34 Short Circuit Calculations

PROBLEM
PROBLEM 3: ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

Model the following power system (Figure 4-22) in per-unit on a 100 MVA base.

Figure 4-22. One-Line Diagram (Problem 3)

Chapter 4 Page 35 Short Circuit Calculations

PROBLEM 3: ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

Note: This page left intentionally blank for the answer to Problem 3.

Answer:

Chapter 4 Page 36 Short Circuit Calculations

MODIFY MACHINE REACTANCES (STEP 6)
MOMENTARY AND INTERRUPTING DUTIES

For multivoltage calculations, the reactances of machines must be modified to reflect

the momentary duty and interrupting duty of medium voltage breakers (Figure 4-23).

Figure 4-23. Medium Voltage Breaker Duties

Momentary Duty Network: Motors and generators are modeled for the momentary
duty network (first-cycle) as follows: Note: See Table 4-7.

• Induction motors less than 50 hp:

X = 1.67 X”d or X = 28% on motor rating or neglect
• Induction motors greater than 50 hp:
X = 1.2 X”d or X = 20% on motor rating

Interrupting Duty Network: Motors and generators are modeled for the interrupting
network as follows: Note: See Table 4-7.

• Induction motors less than 50 hp: - neglect

• Induction motors greater than 50 hp:
X = 3.0 X”d or X = 50% on motor rating
• Synchronous motors and induction motors > 250 hp:
X = 1.5 X”d

Chapter 4 Page 37 Short Circuit Calculations

MACHINE REACTANCE MULTIPLIERS

Type of Interrupting Duty Momentary Duty

Rotating Machine (Per Unit) (Per Unit)
All turbo-generators, all hydro-
generators with amortisseur windings,
and all condensers 1.0X”d 1.0X”d

Hydro-generators without
amortisseur windings 0.75X”d 0.75X”d

All synchronous motors 1.5X”d 1.0X”d

Induction Motors

Above 1000 hp at 1800 r/min or less

Above 250 hp at 3600 r/min 1.5X”d 1.0X”d

All others, 50 hp and above 3.0X”d 1.2X”d

All smaller than 50 hp Neglect Neglect

(a)

Induction Motors (Note 2)

All others, 50 hp and above 3.0X”d (Note 5) 1.2X”d (Note 3)
All smaller than 50 hp Neglect 1.67X”d (Note 4)

(b)
Notes: 1. Resistance values should also use same multipliers.
2. For comprehensive multivoltage calculations.
3. Or X = .20 p.u. based on motor rating.
4. Or X = .28 p.u. based on motor rating.
5. Or X = .50 p.u. based on motor rating.
* Source IEEE Red Book

Table 4-7. Rotating Machine Reactance Multipliers

Example N: Referring to the one-line diagram that is shown in Figure 4-5 and the
machine reactance multipliers that are listed in Table 4-7, model the
interrupting duty reactances of motors M1, M2, and M3. Draw the
modified X-only and R-only impedance diagrams.

Chapter 4 Page 38 Short Circuit Calculations

IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS

Answer: 1. XM1 = (.50)(100/.500) = j100.0 p.u.

RM1 = 100/10 = 10.0 p.u.

2. Neglect XM2 and RM2 (<50 hp).

3. XM3 = (1.5 x .17)(100/1) = j25.5 p.u.

RM3 = 25.5/20 = 1.275 p.u.

4. See Figure 4-24.

Figure 4-24. Interrupting Network Diagrams

Chapter 4 Page 39 Short Circuit Calculations

THEVENIN EQUIVALENT NETWORK (STEP 7)
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The Thevenin equivalent network (Figure 4-25) involves combining the series/parallel
network of impedances into a single Thevenin equivalent impedance (reactance).

Figure 4-25. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

The interrupting duty of low and medium voltage fuses and low voltage circuit
breakers (MCCBs and LVPCBs), and the closing and latching capability (momentary
duty) of medium voltage circuit breakers must be calculated by using the momentary
duty reactances of all machines. The interrupting duty of medium voltage circuit
breakers is calculated exactly the same way except that the interrupting duty
reactances, as modified in Table 4-7, are used to model the machines.

The IEEE Red Book admits that reduction of the complex network is more accurate,
but that reduction of the separate R and X networks is simpler. The IEEE Red Book
also states that the separate network reductions are more conservative and that the
X/R ratios are the best approximation.

Chapter 4 Page 40 Short Circuit Calculations

 SUMMARY OF SHORT CIRCUIT PROCEDURE

Objectives of Short Circuit Calculations

1. Determine if protective devices (fuses, breakers) are properly

applied or overdutied
2. Help determine settings for the breakers and relays.

Procedure for calculating Fault Levels

Construct accurate and up-to-date single line diagram.

Change all impedances to per unit impedances

Utility

Zpu (new) = (MVAbase / MVAavail)

determine Rpu and Xpu from given X/R ratio from utility

Transformers

Zpu(new) = Zpu(old) *(100 / MVAtxmr)

Refer to Figure 4-8 of the notes and estimate the X/R ratio

Break down Zpu into Rpu and Xpu

Chapter 4 Page 41 Short Circuit Calculations

Cables

Find R(ohms) and X(ohms) from cable manufacturer,

If not available, refer to Tables 4-2 and 4-3 of the notes to

estimate the cable’s R and X per 1000 feet

Calculate R and X (in ohms) by multiplying by the length of the

cable

Rp.u = R(ohms) / Zbase

Xp.u. = X(ohms) / Zbase

Where Zbase depends on the voltage of the cable,

Zbase is given in Table 4-1 of the notes

Induction Motors

Xpu (new) = Xpu(old) * (100,000 / HP),

because we assume 1 HP = 1 KVA

Refer to Figure 4-15 of the notes to estimate the X/R ratio

Rpu(new) = Xpu(new) / (X/R) ratio

Synchronous Motors

If the motor has 0.8 P.F. 1 Hp = 1 KVA

If the motor has 1.0 P.F 1 KVA = 0.8 HP

Xpu(new) = Xpu(old) * (100,000/KVA)

Refer to Figure 4-13 of the notes to estimate the X/R ratio

Rpu(new) = Xpu(new) / (X/R) ratio

Now you can construct the per unit impedance diagram

Chapter 4 Page 42 Short Circuit Calculations

Next, have to do half cycle (momentary calculations)

Keep impedances of utility, transformers, cables unchanged

Generators

Their per unit impedances stay the same (as per Table 4-7)

Synchronous motors

Their per unit impedance stays the same (as per Table 4-7)

Induction Motors

Above 1000 Hp motors: Their per unit impedance stays the same (as
per Table 4-7)

50-1000 Hp motors: Multiply their per unit impedance by a factor of 1.2

(as per Table 4-7)

Individual motors, each less than 50 HP motors: neglect, or lump

together as one big induction motor, and also use a multiplying factor of
1.2

Chapter 4 Page 43 Short Circuit Calculations

Construct a “momentary” per unit impedance diagram”
Find the symmetric half cycle fault at every bus

Find the X/R of the fault at every bus

Calculate Mm and Ma at every bus (from page 3-20 of notes)

If the faulted bus has low voltage breakers

Ifault asym= Ifault sym (just calculated) * Ma

Compare Symm interr. rating of breaker with Ifault sym

Compare Asymm interr. rating of breaker with Ifault asymm

(Symmetric and asymmetric ratings of low voltage breakers are

provided by manufacturer)

This will determine, whether or not, breaker is properly applied

If the faulted bus has Low Voltage Fuses

Ifault asym= Ifault sym (just calculated) * Mm

Compare Symm interr. Rating of fuse with Ifault sym

Compare Asymm interr. rating of fuse with Ifault asymm

This will determine, whether or not, fuse is properly applied

Chapter 4 Page 44 Short Circuit Calculations

If the faulted bus has Medium Voltage Fuses

Ifault asym= Ifault sym (just calculated) * Mm

Compare Symm interr. Rating of fuse with Ifault sym

Compare Asymm interr. rating of fuse with Ifault Asymm

This will determine, whether or not, fuse is properly applied

If the faulted bus has Medium (high) voltage breakers

Ifault asym= Ifault sym (just calculated) * Mm

Compare Close and latch rating of breaker with Ifault Asym

(not done yet, have to do 5 cycle calculations too)

Chapter 4 Page 45 Short Circuit Calculations

Construct “interrupting” per unit impedance diagram”

Keep impedances of utility, transformers, cables in generic diagram

impedance unchanged

Generators

Their per unit impedances stay the same (as per Table 4-7)

Synchronous motors

Their per unit impedance is multiplied by 1.5 (as per Table 4-7)

Induction Motors

Above 1000 Hp motors: Their per unit impedance is multiplied by 1.5 (as
per Table 4-7)

50-1000 Hp motors: Multiply their per unit impedance by a factor of 3.0

(as per Table 4-7)

Individual motors, each less than 50 HP motors: neglect, or lump

together as one big induction motor, and also use a multiplying factor of
3.0

Find the symmetric half cycle fault at every bus

Chapter 4 Page 46 Short Circuit Calculations

If the faulted bus has Medium (high) voltage breakers

Compare interrupting rating of breaker (after correction for voltage)

with Ifault sym

M.V. Breaker is properly applied if:

• Close and Latch rating greater than Ifault asymm.( at half cycle),
and
• Interrupting rating (corrected for voltage) is greater than Ifault
symm (at 5 cycles)

Chapter 4 Page 47 Short Circuit Calculations

APPLICATION PROBLEM

For the utility, MVA SC = 500 MVA, (X/R) = 10

The transformer is 5 MVA, with Z% = 6%

The motor is 2000 HP induction motor, with Xd” = 0.17

Determine if a 5 kv, 250 MVA breaker can be used at the bus

Chapter 4 Page 48 Short Circuit Calculations

Solution
For the utility

Zpu = 100/500 = 0.2 PU X/R = 10

R = Z/√(1+(X/R)2) = 0.0199 PU

X = R * (X/R) = 0.199 PU

For the 5 MVA Transformer

Zpu = 0.06 * (100/5) = 1.2 PU, assume (X/R) = 12

R = Z/√(1+(X/R)2) = 0.0996545 PU

X = R * (X/R) = 1.195854 PU

For the Motor

XPU = 0.17 * (100000,2000) = 8.5, assume (X/R) = 31

RPU = X / (X/R) = 0.2741935

Chapter 4 Page 49 Short Circuit Calculations

Generic Impedance Diagram

R = 0.0199
Utility
X = 0.199

R = 0.0997
Transformer
X = 1.196

R = 0.274
Motor
X = 8.50

Chapter 4 Page 50 Short Circuit Calculations

Momentary Impedance Diagram

No need to modify the impedances of utility or transformer or induction

motor

Momentary impedance diagram equals generic impedance diagram

R = 0.0199
Utility
X = 0.199

R = 0.0997
Transformer
X = 1.196

R = 0.274
Motor
X = 8.50

Chapter 4 Page 51 Short Circuit Calculations

Using the R-only, X- only method

R only Diagram will look as follows:

R = 0.0199
Utility

R = .1196

R = 0.0997

Transformer

R = 0.274 R = .0.274
Motor

Rth = (R1*R2) / (R1 + R2)

= (.1196*.274) / (.1196 + .274)

= 0.08326 P.U.

Chapter 4 Page 52 Short Circuit Calculations

The X only Impedance diagram will look as follows:

Utility
X = 0.199
X1 = 1.395

Transformer
X = 1.196

Motor X2 = 8.50
X = 8.50

Xth = (X1 * X2) / (X1 + X2)

= (1.395 * 8.50) / (1.395 + 8.50)

= 1.198

Zpu = √(Rpu2 + Xpu2) = 1.2009

Ipu = 1 / (Zpu)

Ipu = 0.8327

Ibase = 13,878.6 (base voltage on a 4160 volt system)

Chapter 4 Page 53 Short Circuit Calculations

Therfore, Ifault = Ipu * Ibase

= 0.8327 * 13,878.6 = 11,556.93 amps

And (X/R) ratio = 14.38862 therefore Mm = 1.512

Ifault asym = 1.512 * 11,556.93 = 17,474 amps

Comparing that number with the close and latch breaker of the breaker
(58,000 amps), the breaker can close in on such a fault (58,000 greater
than 17,474)

Chapter 4 Page 54 Short Circuit Calculations

Interrupting Duty

Only thing that changes are the Rpu and Xpu for the motor

They get multiplied by as factor of 1.5

The “interrupting” impedance diagram looks as follows:

R = 0.0199
Utility
X = 0.199

R = 0.0997
Transformer
X = 1.196

R = 0.274 0.411
Motor
X = 8.50 12.75

Chapter 4 Page 55 Short Circuit Calculations

Repeating all calculations as before, we get

Rth = 0.09264

Xth = 1.2574

Zpu = 1.260831

Ipu = 0.7884507

Ifault = (0.7884507) * (13,878.6)

= 10,942.6 amps

For the interrupting rating o the breaker

At 4.16 kv, the breaker can interrupt

29,000 * (4.76/4.16) = 33,183 amps

And 33,183 greater than 10,942.6

Since breaker meets half cycle and 5 cycle criteria, it is properly applied

Transformer FLA = 5000/(√* 4.16) = 693 amps

Therefore should use a breaker rated for 1200 amps

Chapter 4 Page 56 Short Circuit Calculations

 Identification Rated Values Related Required Capabilities

Chapter 4
Nominal Nominal Voltage Insulation Level Current Rated Rated Rated Current Values

Voltage 3-Phase Rated Rated Rated Withstand Rated Rated Inter- Permis- Max. Maxi- 3 Sec Closing
Class MVA Maximum Voltage Test Voltage Contin- Short rupting sible Voltage mum Short- and
Class Voltage Range uous Circuit Time Tripping Divided Sym. Time Latching
Factor Current Current Delay By K Inter- Current Capability
at 60 Hz (at rupting Carrying (Momentary)
rated Capability Capability
Max. K Times Rated 1.6 K Times 2.7 K Times
kV) Short Circuit Rated Short Rated Short

Low Current Circuit Circuit

Fre- Impulse KI Current Current

Circuit V K quency I Y V/K

Breaker kV MVA
Type Class Class kV rms kV rms kV Crest Amperes kA rms Cycles Sec. kV rms kA rms kA rms kA rms kA Crest
50 VCP-W 250 4.16 250 4.76 1.24 19 60 1200 29 5 2 3.85 36 36 58 97
2000 78 132

Page 57
3000
50 VCP-W 350 4.16 350 4.76 1.19 19 60 1200 41 5 2 4.0 49 49 78 132
2000
3000
75 VCP-W 500 7.2 500 8.25 1.25 36 95 1200 33 5 2 6.6 41 41 66 111
2000
3000
150 VCP-W 500 13.8 500 15 1.30 36 95 1200 18 5 2 11.5 23 23 37 62
2000 58 97
3000
150 VCP-W 750 13.8 750 15 1.30 36 95 1200 28 5 2 11.5 36 36 58 97
2000 77 130
3000
150 VCP-W 1000 13.8 1000 15 1.30 36 95 1200 37 5 2 11.5 48 48 77 130
2000
3000
270 VCP-W 25 27 1.0 60 125 1200 25 5 2 27 25 25 40 67.5

Short Circuit Calculations

Chapter 4 Page 58 Short Circuit Calculations
Chapter 4 Page 59 Short Circuit Calculations
Chapter 4 Page 60 Short Circuit Calculations