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    Technical Paper: KV: What, Why, How, Whence ?

    Uploaded by

    Fahad Khan
    This technical paper defines and explains the kv-factor, which is used to specify the flow capacity of valves. [1] The kv-factor indicates the water flow in cubic meters per hour through a fully open valve given a pressure drop of 1 bar. [2] It originated in the United States as the Cv factor but kv is now the standard term used internationally. [3] The paper provides the formula for calculating kv from known values of flow rate and pressure drop, and explains how kv can be converted to the Cv factors used in the US and UK.

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    Technical Paper: KV: What, Why, How, Whence ?

    Uploaded by

    Fahad Khan
    101 views4 pages
    This technical paper defines and explains the kv-factor, which is used to specify the flow capacity of valves. [1] The kv-factor indicates the water flow in cubic meters per hour through a fully open valve given a pressure drop of 1 bar. [2] It originated in the United States as the Cv factor but kv is now the standard term used internationally. [3] The paper provides the formula for calculating kv from known values of flow rate and pressure drop, and explains how kv can be converted to the Cv factors used in the US and UK.

    Original Description:

    Head loss Through Pipes

    Original Title

    Vfhbg102 Kv

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    This technical paper defines and explains the kv-factor, which is used to specify the flow capacity of valves. [1] The kv-factor indicates the water flow in cubic meters per hour through a fully open valve given a pressure drop of 1 bar. [2] It originated in the United States as the Cv factor but kv is now the standard term used internationally. [3] The paper provides the formula for calculating kv from known values of flow rate and pressure drop, and explains how kv can be converted to the Cv factors used in the US and UK.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    101 views4 pages

    Technical Paper: KV: What, Why, How, Whence ?

    Uploaded by

    Fahad Khan
    This technical paper defines and explains the kv-factor, which is used to specify the flow capacity of valves. [1] The kv-factor indicates the water flow in cubic meters per hour through a fully open valve given a pressure drop of 1 bar. [2] It originated in the United States as the Cv factor but kv is now the standard term used internationally. [3] The paper provides the formula for calculating kv from known values of flow rate and pressure drop, and explains how kv can be converted to the Cv factors used in the US and UK.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Technical Paper

    kv: What, Why, How, Whence ?

    By
    Herman Boysen
    Product Application Manager

    Q
    kv = m3 / h
    ∆p

    Q = kv ∆p m3 / h
    2
    Q 
    ∆p =   Bar
     kv 

    District Heating Academy


    kv
    What
    Why
    How
    Whence
    ?
    B. Sc. Eng.
    Herman Boysen
    Product Application Manager

    What ?
    The k v-factor for a given valve is a
    constant which in a simple way states
    the valve capacity.
    The k v-factor is determined by the
    valve manufacturer by experiments.
    The k v-factor specifies the water flow
    in m3 through the valve in one hour
    Q Flow rate
    at a pressure drop across the valve of
    1 Bar.

    Why ?
    The k v-factor is an exact and easily
    applicable value for use when
    calculating pressure drops, sizing, and ∆p kv
    ordering valves.
    Fig. 1.

    How ?
    Whence ? Cv US indicates the water flow in US
    Imagine that you are going to
    The concept of k v originates from gallons through the valve in one
    size a motorised valve for a room
    U.S.A. and was published for the first minute at a pressure drop across the
    heating system in a District Heating
    time in November 1944. However, k v valve of one pound per square inch.
    Network (fig. 1).
    is not used in U.S.A. but is replaced Cv UK indicates the water flow in UK
    The calculated flow rate Q is 1,8
    by Cv. Cv stands for Valve Flow gallons through the valve in one
    l/sec. = 6,5 m3 /h. And the pressure
    Coefficient. In English Cv is today minute at a pressure drop across the
    drop ∆p available for the motorised
    mostly deschribed as Cv-factor or flow valve of one pound per square inch.
    valve is 50 kpa = 0,50 bar.
    factor Cv.
    By using the formula
    One US gallon = 3.785 litres and
    Q To make the confusion complete, one UK gllon = 4.546 litres. The
    kv = m3 / h there is not one but two Cv-factors, other American and British units are
    ∆p
    because the American and the English identical. One pound per square inch
    measuring systems are not quite is written 1 lb/in2 = 1 psi.
    the desired kv-value can be
    identical. If you wish to avoid any
    calculated.
    misunderstanding, and you should The k v-factor - or the k v-value as it is
    6 ,5 always try to do so today where even also called - is defined in VDI/VDE-
    kv = = 9 ,2 m3 / h the smallest piece of information will Richtlinien No. 2173.
    0 ,50
    find its way to the remotest places of
    the world, it is necessary to state the
    From the datasheets you will see
    type of gallon used,
    that a VM2 or VB2 with the
    kvs = 10 m3/h can be used.

    2 VF.HB.G1.02 09/2002
    A simplified version of the definition For practical reasons we are
    is: The k v-factor of a valve indicates the presenting the formula in three
    water flow in m3/h at a pressure drop different versions
    across the valve of 1 kg/cm2 when the
    Q
    valve is completely open. kv = m3 / h
    The complete definition also says that ∆p
    the flow medium must have a specific
    gravity of 1000 kg/m3 and a kinematic Q = kv ∆p m3 / h
    viscosity of 106- m2/s.
    Water for heating systems satisfies 2
    these conditions with sufficient Q 
    accuracy. This is the reason that the
    ∆p =   Bar
    subsequent summary of formulae can
    kv 
    be made simple and clear.
    By using one of these three formulae,
    Some Theory we can always easily determine one
    The concept of k v is based on value when we know the other two.
    the hydrodynamic law saying that It is often of importance to be able to
    the pressure drop (∆p) in a valve, convert from kv into Cv US or Cv UK or vice
    s in any resistance to flow, is versa.
    proportional to the square on the
    flow volume (Q): ∆p ~ proportional Conversion Factors
    to Q2.
    If we take a few concrete examples, 1 k v = 1 Cv US • 0.86 and 1 Cv US =
    the ratio between these can be 1k v • 1.17
    written:
    1 k v = 1 Cv UK • 1.03 and 1 Cv UK =
    ∆p1 ∆p 2 1k v • 0.97
    2
    = 2
    Q1 Q2
    or
    2
    ∆p1 Q
    = 12
    ∆p 2 Q 2
    or
    ∆p1
    Q1 = Q 2
    ∆p 2

    Since the definition of k v says that


    the k v-factor indicates the capacity
    through the valve at a pressure drop
    of ∆p = 1 Bar, we can put Q2 = k v
    and p2 = 1 Bar. 100 kpa = Bar.

    ∆p1
    1 = Q
    Qthen has
    2 the form
    ∆p 2

    ∆p1
    Q1 = k v = kv ∆p1
    1
    The indicies 1 can now be eliminated
    and are omitted. Q = k v ∆p is
    transchribed once more, and the final
    formula for k v emerges.
    Q
    kv = m3 / h
    ∆p

    VF.HB.G1.02 09/2002 3
    More articles on the same subject
    • Valve charateristics for motorized valves in district heating
    substations
    by Atli Benonysson and Herman Boysen

    • Optimum control of heat exchangers


    by Atli Benonysson and Herman Boysen

    • Auto tuning and motor protection as part


    of the pre-setting procedure in a heating system
    by Herman Boysen

    • Differential pressure controllers as a tool for optimization of


    heating systems
    by Herman Boysen

    • District heating house substations and selection of regulat-


    ing valves
    by Herman Boysen

    • Pilot controlled valve without auxiliary energy for heating


    and cooling systems
    by Martin Hochmuth

    • Pressure oscillation in district heating installation


    by Bjarne Stræde

    • Dynamic simulation of DH House Stations


    by Jan Eric Thorsen

    District Heating Academy

    VF.HB.G1.02 09/2002

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