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    Physical Processes in Water Treatment Student

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    rajal11
    1) The document describes the design of a water treatment plant including rapid mixing, flocculation, and clarification processes. 2) Key design considerations and calculations are shown for sizing the rapid mix basin and flocculation tanks, selecting impeller types and diameters, determining mixing energy requirements, and specifying mixing speeds. 3) The example problem involves sizing and designing the rapid mix and flocculation units for a flow of 11,500 m3/day, with calculations for tank volumes, dimensions, power requirements, and impeller specifications.

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    Physical Processes in Water Treatment Student

    Uploaded by

    rajal11
    67 views38 pages
    1) The document describes the design of a water treatment plant including rapid mixing, flocculation, and clarification processes. 2) Key design considerations and calculations are shown for sizing the rapid mix basin and flocculation tanks, selecting impeller types and diameters, determining mixing energy requirements, and specifying mixing speeds. 3) The example problem involves sizing and designing the rapid mix and flocculation units for a flow of 11,500 m3/day, with calculations for tank volumes, dimensions, power requirements, and impeller specifications.

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    Physical Processes in Water Treatment Student

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    1) The document describes the design of a water treatment plant including rapid mixing, flocculation, and clarification processes. 2) Key design considerations and calculations are shown for sizing the rapid mix basin and flocculation tanks, selecting impeller types and diameters, determining mixing energy requirements, and specifying mixing speeds. 3) The example problem involves sizing and designing the rapid mix and flocculation units for a flow of 11,500 m3/day, with calculations for tank volumes, dimensions, power requirements, and impeller specifications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    67 views38 pages

    Physical Processes in Water Treatment Student

    Uploaded by

    rajal11
    1) The document describes the design of a water treatment plant including rapid mixing, flocculation, and clarification processes. 2) Key design considerations and calculations are shown for sizing the rapid mix basin and flocculation tanks, selecting impeller types and diameters, determining mixing energy requirements, and specifying mixing speeds. 3) The example problem involves sizing and designing the rapid mix and flocculation units for a flow of 11,500 m3/day, with calculations for tank volumes, dimensions, power requirements, and impeller specifications.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 38

    CVNG 3007 Civil & Environmental

    Engineering

    Physical Processes in
    Water treatment
    Unit Sizing

    Dr. P. Narinesingh 2011

    1
    Treatment System:
    Lake water: Rapid mixing; flocculation; sedimentation;
    filtration; and disinfection.
    Removal of:- colour; turbidity; taste and odour; organic
    matter; and bacteria. 2
    Aeration Hardness
    Removal
    Iron & Manganese
    Removal

    Treatment of Ground water

    Filtration
    Distribution Disinfection

    Treatment essential to meet particular water quality 3


    4
    5
    6
    Coagulation
    • Two step process
    – 1)Rapid Mixing of chemicals
    – 2)Gentle Mixing for agglomeration of particles
    • (Flocculation)

    • 1)Accomplished through the rapid mixing and


    dispersing of a chemical (coagulant).
    • 2)To allow flocs (precipitates) to collide and grow
    to settleable size .
    • Coagulation – reaction with particles of colour,
    turbidity, and bacteria to cause them to combine
    and form larger particles.
    7
    Mixing (Rapid/slow)
    • Dispersion of chemical in water
    – Mixing time 0.1 s (rapid mixing)
    • For chemical processes where adsorption-
    destabilization occurs
    – Mixing time 1 – 7 s (slow mixing)
    • For the process called sweep coagulation (trapping of
    colloids in hydroxide precipitate)

    • Jar test used to identify reaction type

    8
    Degree of Mixing

    • G = the degree of mixing (Velocity gradient)


    P
    G
    V
    • P = power input, W
    • V = volume of water in mixing tank, m3
    •  = dynamic viscosity, Pa . S
    • Rapid mixing G range: 3,000 to 5,000 s-1

    9
    Figure from Davis 4th Edition

    10
    11
    Slow Mixing
    • G range:
    – Sweep coagulation 1 to 10 s
    • 600> G > 1,000 s-1

    – Softening: [Dissolution of CaO/Ca(OH)2]


    • 5 to 10 mins.

    • G~700 s-1

    • { Not suitable for inline blending}


    12
    13
    Mixing Tank
    • Typical mixing equipment sizes limits the tank
    capacity to ~ 8 m3.
    • Equipment:
    – Electric motor, gear-type speed reducer, and impeller
    (axial or radial flow).
    • Radial flow provides more turbulence (rapid
    mixing).
    • Baffels
    – Horizontal: provide mixing time
    – Vertical: prevents vortexing
    14
    Impellers

    Radial flow
    type impeller
    Axial flow
    type impellers

    Axial flow type


    impeller in mixing
    tank with baffles.
    15
    Impellers

    Typical arrangement
    of Vertical Shaft
    flocculator

    16
    Sizing tanks and elements

    17
    Unitless Geometric Ratios
    Tank and impeller geometrics for mixing
    Geometric Ratio Allowable Range
    D/T (radial) 0.014 – 0.5
    D/T (axial) 0.17 – 0.40
    H/D (either) 2–4
    H/T (axial) 0.34 -1.60
    H/T (radial) 0.28 – 2
    B/D (either) 0.70 – 1.60
    D = impeller diameter
    T = equivalent tank diameter
    H = water depth
    B = water depth below impeller
    Source: Table 4-15 Davis
    18
    Figure 4-28, Davis

    Power transfer of
    motor to single
    impeller ~ 80%

    Flow patterns
    produced by
    impellers 19
    Flocculation
    • Bring particles in contact to increase size.

    • Keep floc in suspension in flocculation tank.

    • Required flocculation time varies with floc


    concentration and water temperature.

    • At 20oC detention time is 20 mins.

    • Recommended impellers = axial flow (paddle).


    20
    Typical River
    process
    21
    Power Requirements
    • Depends on:
    • Type of impeller or paddle
    • Baffled tank
    • Using Rushton (1952)
    P  N p n  Di  
    3 5

    P = power, W;
    Np = impeller constant;
    n = rotational speed revolutions/s;
    Di = impeller diameter, m;
     = density, kg/m3.
    22
    Baffles only in flocculation tank

    23
    Horizontal shaft
    Paddle
    flocculator

    24
    Mixing, flocculation, and clarification
    • Up flow contact tank – cone shaped
    • Chemicals and raw water enter at top of cone
    • Mixing takes place at center of cone
    • Flow path is down inside of cone and out at
    bottom.
    • Floc aggregates as flow rises to outlet.
    • Sludge blanket forms below the water surface.
    • Increases precipitation reaction.
    25
    Up flow solids-contact flocculator

    26
    Example 4-20, Davis
    • A city is planning the installation of a new water treatment
    plant to supply a growing population. There will be only
    rapid mix basin and then the flow will be evenly split
    between two flocculation trains, each with three basins of
    equal volume. The required water depth of all basins is 4.0
    m. Determine contact basin volumes, basin dimensions,
    tank equivalent diameter, required input power, impeller
    diameter from table below, and rotational speed using the
    following parameters:
    27
    • Q = 11.5 x 103 m3/d
    • Rapid mix time t = 2 min.
    • Rapid mix G = 600 s-1
    • Total flocculation time t = 30 min.
    • Flocculation G = 70, 50, 30 s-1
    • Water temperature = 50C
    • Place impeller at one-third the water depth
    Impeller type Impeller Diameters (m) Power (Np)

    Radial 0.8 1.1 1.4 5.7


    Axial 0.8 1.4 2.0 0.31
    28
    Schematic of Plant Layout

    Flocculator # 1

    Rapid
    mix
    basin

    Flocculator # 2
    29
    Rapid Mix Design
    Convert flow rate m3/d to m3/min.
    Convert days (d) to min. = 24 hr * 60 min.
    Q = 11.5 x 103 m3/d = 8.0 m3/min.
    Mixing tank
    Rapid mix time of 2 min. = Q * t = 8*2 = 16 m3
    Volume of tank = 16.0 m3
    Design depth = 4 m.
    Area of tank = Vol./ depth = 16/4 = 4.0 m2
    Assuming square base = Length per side = 4^1/2
    Base length = 2 m, width = 2 m.

    30
    • Equivalent circular tank
    d 2
    A
    • Diameter of circle with area A 4
    • Therefore diameter d = 2.26 m d  4 * A

    Input Power
    P
    • Using equation G 
    V
    • P = G2*V*
    • At 50C  = 1.52 x 103 Pa . S
    • P = 600^2 * 1.52 x 103 * 16 = 8,755 W

    31
    Geometric Allowable Radial Impeller Dia m
    Ratio Range 0.08 1.1 1.4
    D/T (radial) 0.014 – 0.5 0.35 0.49 0.62
    H/D (either) 2–4 5.0 3.64 2.85
    H/T (radial) 0.28 – 2 1.77 1.77 1.77
    B/D (either) 0.70 – 1.60 1.67 1.21 0.95

    Shaded cells are out of range


    Use impeller Dia. = 1.1 m
    D = impeller diameter
    T = equivalent tank diameter = 2.26 m
    H = water depth = 4.0 m
    B = water depth below impeller
    32
    Rotational Speed of Impeller

    • Rushton (1952) 1/ 3
     P 
    P = power, W; n 
     N p   Di  
    5
    Np = impeller constant;
    n = rotational speed revolutions/s;
    Di = impeller diameter, m;
     = density, kg/m3.
    1/ 3
     8,755W 
    
      5
     5.7  1,000 kg m 1.1m  
    3

    n  0.98 rps  59 rpm


    33
    Flocculator Design
    • Using two trains of flocculators simulatneously
    • Flow rate per train = Rapid mixer flow rate/2
    • = 8.0 m3/ min. /2 = 4.0 m3/ min.
    • Flocculator must contain flow for 30 min.
    • Volume per train = 4.0 m3/ min. * 30 min. =
    120 m3
    • Each train has three equal tanks = 120 m3/3 =
    40 m3

    34
    • Equivalent Tank Diameter:
    • Base area = volume/depth = 40 m3 / 4 m = 10 m2
    • Diameter d = 3.57 m
    d2
    d 
    4* A
    A 
    4
    • Each basin will have an increasing concentration of
    floc and should have different paddle speeds and
    power output.
    • As per the requirements G = 70, 50, 30 s-1
    • PG=70 = G2V
    • = (70 s-1)(1.52 x 10-3 Pa . s)(40.0 m3)
    • = 298 W
    • PG=50 = G2V = 152 W; PG=30 = G2V = 54.7 W
    35
    Impeller Size by Geometry
    • One impeller size is required for the basin
    Geometric Allowable Radial Impeller Dia m
    Ratio Range 0.08 1.4 2.0
    D/T (axial) 0.17 – 0.4 0.22 0.39 0.56
    H/D (either) 2–4 5.0 2.86 2.00
    H/T (axial) 0.34 – 1.6 1.12 1.12 1.12
    B/D (either) 0.70 – 1.60 1.66 0.95 0.67

    Impeller size d = 1.4 m best suits the geometric parameters.

    36
    1/ 3
     P 
    nG 70  
     N p  Di  
    5

    • Np = 0.31
    • P = 298 W
    • Di = 1.4 m
    • nG=70 =0.56 rps = 34 rpm

    • Allowable tangential velocity < 2.7 m/s.


    • No. of rev.*pi*dia.=0.56*pi*1.4 =
    • 2.46 m/s < 2.7 m/s
    • Other G will also be less.

    37
    END

    38

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