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Morphological PDF

Morphological image processing uses mathematical morphology operations to extract image components and describe shapes. The basic operations are erosion and dilation, which can be combined into opening and closing. Erosion removes structures given by the structuring element, while dilation fills holes and gaps of that shape. Opening eliminates protrusions and breaks necks, while closing smooths contours and fills narrow breaks. Hit-or-miss transformation is used for template matching by finding locations where the structuring element object part fits the image and the background part misses.

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51 views

Morphological PDF

Morphological image processing uses mathematical morphology operations to extract image components and describe shapes. The basic operations are erosion and dilation, which can be combined into opening and closing. Erosion removes structures given by the structuring element, while dilation fills holes and gaps of that shape. Opening eliminates protrusions and breaks necks, while closing smooths contours and fills narrow breaks. Hit-or-miss transformation is used for template matching by finding locations where the structuring element object part fits the image and the background part misses.

Uploaded by

Kunal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing

Chapter 9: Morphological
Image Processing
Mathematic Morphology
n  used to extract image components that are
useful in the representation and description of
region shape, such as
n  boundaries extraction
n  skeletons
n  convex hull
n  morphological filtering
n  thinning
n  pruning

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Basic Set Theory

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Reflection and Translation
ˆ
B = {w | w ∈ −b, for b ∈ B}
( A) z = {c | c ∈ a + z, for a ∈ A}

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Example

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Structuring element (SE)
§  small set to probe the image under study
§  for each SE, define origo
§  shape and size must be adapted to geometric
properties for the objects

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Basic morphological operations
n  Erosion

n  Dilation

keep general shape but


n  combine to smooth with respect to

n  Opening object


n  Closening background

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Erosion
Does the structuring element fit the
n 
set?
erosion of a set A by structuring element
B: all z in A such that B is in A when
origin of B=z

A − B = {z|(B)z ⊆ A}
shrink the object

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Erosion

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Erosion

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Erosion

A − B = {z|(B)z ⊆ A}
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Dilation
n  Does the structuring element hit the
set?
n  dilation of a set A by structuring element
B: all z in A such that B hits A when
origin of B=z

A ⊕ B = {z|(Bˆ )z ∩ A ≠ Φ}
n  grow the object
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Dilation

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Dilation

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Dilation

B = structuring element

A ⊕ B = {z|(Bˆ )z ∩ A ≠ Φ}
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Dilation : Bridging gaps

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useful
n  erosion
n  removal of structures of certain shape and
size, given by SE
n  Dilation
n  filling of holes of certain shape and size,
given by SE

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Combining erosion and
dilation
n  WANTED:
n  remove structures / fill holes
n  without affecting remaining parts

n  SOLUTION:
n  combine erosion and dilation
n  (using same SE)

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Erosion : eliminating irrelevant
detail

structuring element B = 13x13 pixels of gray level 1


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Opening
erosion followed by dilation, denoted ∘

A  B = ( A − B) ⊕ B
n  eliminates protrusions
n  breaks necks
n  smoothes contour

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Opening

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Opening

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Opening

A  B = ( A − B) ⊕ B
A  B = ∪{( B) z | ( B) z ⊆ A} 23
Closing
dilation followed by erosion, denoted •

A • B = ( A ⊕ B) − B
n  smooth contour
n  fuse narrow breaks and long thin gulfs
n  eliminate small holes
n  fill gaps in the contour
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Closing

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Closing

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Closing

A • B = ( A ⊕ B) − B
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Properties
Opening
(i)  A°B is a subset (subimage) of A
(ii)  If C is a subset of D, then C °B is a subset of D °B
(iii)  (A °B) °B = A °B
Closing
(i)  A is a subset (subimage) of A•B
(ii)  If C is a subset of D, then C •B is a subset of D •B
(iii)  (A •B) •B = A •B

Note: repeated openings/closings has no effect!


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Duality
n  Opening and closing are dual with respect
to complementation and reflection

c ˆc
( A • B) = ( A  B)

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Useful: open & close

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Application: filtering

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Hit-or-Miss Transformation
⊛ (HMT)
n  find location of one shape among a set of shapes
template matching

n  composite SE: object part (B1) and background


part (B2)
n  does B1 fits the object while, simultaneously,
B2 misses the object, i.e., fits the background?
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Hit-or-Miss Transformation

c
A ∗ B = ( A − X ) ∩ [ A − (W − X )]
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Boundary Extraction

β ( A) = A − ( A − B)
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Example

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Region Filling
c
X k = ( X k −1 ⊕ B) ∩ A k = 1,2,3,...

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Example

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