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    Eff and Losses

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    Omil Estrada
    1) Generator losses include copper losses from the armature, field, and brush windings due to resistance. Core or iron losses include hysteresis and eddy current losses. Mechanical losses include friction and windage. 2) The efficiency of a generator is the ratio of its output power to input power. It is highest at the maximum efficiency point where variable losses equal constant losses. 3) Generators can be operated in parallel for continuity of service, efficiency, maintenance, and added capacity. They must have the same external characteristics, polarity, and voltage.

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    Eff and Losses

    Uploaded by

    Omil Estrada
    221 views7 pages
    1) Generator losses include copper losses from the armature, field, and brush windings due to resistance. Core or iron losses include hysteresis and eddy current losses. Mechanical losses include friction and windage. 2) The efficiency of a generator is the ratio of its output power to input power. It is highest at the maximum efficiency point where variable losses equal constant losses. 3) Generators can be operated in parallel for continuity of service, efficiency, maintenance, and added capacity. They must have the same external characteristics, polarity, and voltage.

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    1) Generator losses include copper losses from the armature, field, and brush windings due to resistance. Core or iron losses include hysteresis and eddy current losses. Mechanical losses include friction and windage. 2) The efficiency of a generator is the ratio of its output power to input power. It is highest at the maximum efficiency point where variable losses equal constant losses. 3) Generators can be operated in parallel for continuity of service, efficiency, maintenance, and added capacity. They must have the same external characteristics, polarity, and voltage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    221 views7 pages

    Eff and Losses

    Uploaded by

    Omil Estrada
    1) Generator losses include copper losses from the armature, field, and brush windings due to resistance. Core or iron losses include hysteresis and eddy current losses. Mechanical losses include friction and windage. 2) The efficiency of a generator is the ratio of its output power to input power. It is highest at the maximum efficiency point where variable losses equal constant losses. 3) Generators can be operated in parallel for continuity of service, efficiency, maintenance, and added capacity. They must have the same external characteristics, polarity, and voltage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    DC Generator:

    Generator Losses, Efficiency and Parallel


    Operation

    Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc, REE, RME


    Voltage Regulation

    The amount of voltage rise across the terminals of a generator as the load is removed
    determined from its voltage regulation. It is expressed as a ratio of the change in voltage to the
    full load voltage.

    Where:
    VNL = no load voltage
    VFL = full load voltage

    Generator Losses

    The various losses occurring in a generator can be sub-divided as follows:


    a) Copper losses
    1) Armature winding loss – I2R loss in the armature
    Pa Loss = I2Ra
    2) Shunt field loss - I2R loss in the shunt field winding
    Pf Loss = I2Rf
    3) Series field loss - I2R loss in the series filed winding
    Ps Loss = I2Rs
    4) Brush drop loss – electrical losses in the brushes due to contact resistance which may
    cause a small voltage drop
    Pb Loss = I2Rb = VbIa
    b) Core losses or Iron losses or Magnetic losses
    1) Hysteresis loss - this loss is due to the reversal of magnetization of the armature core.
    2) Eddy Current loss – loss in the form of heat caused by currents circulating in the metal

    When the armature core rotates, it also


    cuts the magnetic flux. Hence, an e.m.f.
    is induced in the body of the core
    according to the laws of electromagnetic
    induction. This e.m.f. though small, sets
    up large current in the body of the core
    due to its small resistance. This current
    is known as eddy current. The power
    loss due to the flow of this current is
    known as eddy current loss.

    c) Mechanical losses
    1) friction loss at bearings and commutator.
    2) air-friction or windage loss of rotating armature.

    d) Stray Losses - Usually, magnetic and mechanical losses are collectively known as Stray
    Losses. These are also known as rotational losses for obvious reasons
    Efficiency of a Generator

    The efficiency of a generator is expressed as the ratio of its output power to the input power.

    Power Stages of a Generator


    Various power stages in the case of a d.c. generator are shown below

    Following are the three generator efficiencies


    Condition for Maximum Efficiency
    Variable loss = constant loss Ia2Ra = constant losses

    Parallel Operation of DC Generators:


    Reasons:
    1) Continuity of Service
    2) Efficiency
    3) Maintenance and Repair
    4) Addition to Plants

    Conditions:
    1) Same External Characteristics
    2) Same Polarity
    3) Same Voltage
    Sample Problems:

    1) The field current of a 200 kW, 230V shunt generator is 8 A when running full load at rated
    terminal voltage. If the combined brush and armature resistance is 0.03 ohm, what is the
    electrical efficiency of the generator?
    Ans. 88.91%
    2) A shunt generator has a F.L. current of 196 A at 220 V. The stray losses are 720 W and
    the shunt field coil resistance is 55 . If it has a F.L. efficiency of 88%, find the armature
    resistance. Also, find the load current corresponding to maximum efficiency.
    Ans. 0.107 ; 122.34 Amperes
    3) The regulation of 230 V shunt generator is 5%. Calculate the no-load voltage.
    Ans. 241.5 V
    4) Two shunt generators A and B, with ratings of 150 kW and 100 kW respectively having
    identical straight line voltage vs. percent kw output characteristic are connected in parallel.
    The no-load and full load voltage of 255 and 230 volts, calculate the kw output of each
    when the total load shared is 200 kW
    Ans. 120 kW & 80 kW
    5) Two shunt generators are connected in parallel supplying a load of 4,000 A. The
    generated EMF of generator A and B are 210-V and 220-V respectively. If the armature
    and shunt field resistances of each generator are 0.01 and 20 respectively. Calculate
    the power delivered to the load.
    Ans. 780 kW
    Supplementary Problems:

    6) A shunt generator delivers 195 A at terminal p.d. of 250 V. The armature resistance and
    shunt field resistance are 0.02 and 50 respectively. The iron and friction losses equal
    950 W. Find (a) E.M.F. generated (b) Cu losses (c) output of the prime motor (d)
    commercial, mechanical and electrical efficiencies.
    7) The voltage of a 50 kW 230 volt shunt generator rises to 245 volts when the load is
    removed. What full load current does the machine deliver and its percent voltage
    regulation
    8) Two shunt generators A & B operates in parallel and their load characteristics may be
    taken as straight line. The voltage of generator A falls from 240 volts at no-load to 220
    Volts at 200 Amp while that of B falls from 245 volts no-load to 220 volts at 150 Amp.
    Determine the common terminal voltage when the load is 67kW

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