Hoards and Stray Finds in Sweden

Hoards
Gotland, Hogrän par., Djupbrunns

Stockholm Numismatic Institute

www.archaeology.su.se/numismatiska Lennart Lind
 Other publications by Stockholm Numismatic Institute - NFG
On our website you will find various publications. Most of them are available as PDF for down-
loading. Read more on our website:
Editorial note Table of Contents www.archaeology.su.se/english/stockholm-numismatic-institute/publications-nfg
Roman Denarii, Hoards and ­­Stray Finds Hoards and Stray Finds in Sweden.........1
in Sweden is published by Stockholm
Numismatic Institute (Gunnar Ekström chair Synopsis...............................................3 CNS - Coins from the Viking-Age found Myntstudier is a numismatic periodical in
in numismatics and monetary history) at in Sweden is a project under The Royal Swedish published on the Internet since 2003
Gotland, Hogrän par., Djupbrunns.........4
Stockholm University. Hoards are defined as Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities. by NFG.
two or more coins or one coin found together List of Coins..........................................5 The acronym of the project is CNS based A total of more than 80 seminar papers
with other objects. on the title of the publication. (CORPUS have been written. They cover the period
Each issue will cover one or more finds. In Barbarous Imitations of Denarii............11 NUMMORUM SAECULORUM IX-XI QUI c. 800-1800. The files (mainly in Swedish) are
the PDF-version the photos can be magnified IN SUECIA REPERTI SUNT, CATALOGUE available for downloading at:
c. ten times. Plates.................................................12 OF COINS FROM THE VIKING AGE w w w.a r c h a e o l o g y.s u.s e/n u mis m a t is ka -
The series is edited by Kenneth Jonsson FOUND IN SWEDEN). So far c. 259,000 f o rsk nin gs gr up p e n/nf g - s - p ub lika t io n e r/
and the layout is made by Ylva Holmberg Fig. 2. Mints in the Roman Empire coins have been found. Nine printed volumes uppsatser
Jansson. represented on denarii in the Swedish were published 1975-2010. They list finds On our website you will also find informa-
finds...................................................23
It is only distributed in PDF-format on the with more than 57,000 coins. The aim now is tion about our research as well as maps show-
Internet which enables everybody to print it Roman Emperors and Empresses to publish all remaining finds on the Internet. ing mints and coin finds in Sweden.
themselves. represented on Denarii........................24
After downloading the file it can be printed
using Adobe Reader which is available for free Fig. 3. Swedish provinces....................25
at: www.adobe.com
Old numbers in the series can be down- Fig. 4. Parishes on Gotland..................26
loaded at the website: www.archaeology.
su.se/english/stockholm-numismatic-institute/
Fig. 5. Finds with Roman denarii in
Sweden..............................................28
publications-nfg.
The rate of publication depends on when a Fig. 6. Finds with Roman denarii on
new manuscript is ready. Gotland..............................................29

© Stockholm Numismatic Institute & the Literature............................................31

author.
Other Abbreviations............................31

Text: Lennart Lind

ISSN 2001-6743
Photos: Kenneth Jonsson unless otherwise
noted
Covers: No. 18, Trajan. RIC 173f. See also p. 6. Maps: Ylva Holmberg Jansson &
Kenneth Jonsson
GF C – Gotlands Fornsal, inventory series C.
Roman Denarii
Inv. – Inventory.
Hoards and Stray Finds in Sweden
KMK – Kungliga Myntkabinettet/Royal Coin Cabinet, Stockholm

SHM – Historiska museet/Swedish History Museum, Stockholm.

Background All denarii found in Sweden are worn, those
Roman Imperial denarii of the fi rst two or on Gotland, however, to a larger degree than
three centuries of our era may be regarded as those from the rest of the country, sometimes
the fi rst coins in Sweden. On the territory of making the attribution difficult or impossible.
present-day Sweden some 8,000 pieces have Th is is as true of extant coins found in the nine-
been unearthed in modern times, most of teenth century as of those found more recently.
Roman Denarii, Hoards and Stray Finds in Sweden them, c. 7,000, on Gotland, the island in the The differences in the degree of wear be-
Baltic. Apart from one or two stray finds with tween the denarii found on Gotland and those
2013:1, Gotland, Fröjel par., Mulde Republican coins, the earliest coins belong to from the rest of Sweden have long been known
the reign of Nero (54-68). Denarii later than to and discussed by scholars. Sture Bolin in
2013:2, Gotland, Hogrän par., Djupbrunns AD 200 are rare, and no such coin later than 1926 suggested that the coins on Gotland had
Severus Alexander (222-235) or, perhaps, been worn through circulation on the island
Gordian III (238-244) can be connected with (Bolin 1926, pp. 274-278), but the composition
other denarii, i.e. of an earlier date. With the of the large hoards, of which Bolin had insuf-
exception of late Roman and early Byzantine ficient knowledge, makes such a hypothesis
solidi of the fi fth and sixth centuries, ancient unlikely (see Lind 1988 pp. 65-85 and 1993).
coins of other origins or denominations are Most probably the Gotlandic denarii were
rare or non-existent. heavily worn already when they arrived at the
island. The difference may be chronological, i.e.
COMMENTATIONES DE NUMMIS SAECULORUM IX - XI Find context the coins which ended up on Gotland may have
IN SUECIA REPERTIS. NOVA SERIES. Denarii have sometimes been found in the done so at a later date than those ending up in
1. K. Jonsson: The New Era. The Reformation of the Late
course of archaeological excavations of pre- the rest of Sweden, and/or geographical, i.e. the
Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 1987. historic settlements and graves, and, more coins found on Gotland may have had another
2. I. Hammarberg, B. Malmer, T. Zachrisson: Byzantine Coins Found recently, with the help of metal detectors. In origin on the European continent than those
in Sweden. 1989.
4. B. Malmer, The Sigtuna Coinage c. 995-1005. 1989.
contrast to what is the case in some other coun- from the rest of the country.
6. K. Jonsson, B. Malmer (ed.), Sigtuna Papers. Proceedings of the tries, however, the metal detector revolution To the genuine coins can be added a number
Sigtuna Symposium on Viking-Age Coinage 1-4 June 1989. 1990. has not dramatically increased the number of of barbarous imitations, usually found together
7. G. Hatz, V. Hatz, U. Zwicker, N. Gale, Z. Gale: Otto-Adelheid-
Pfennige. Untersuchungen zu Münzen des 10./11. Jahrhunderts.
known coins in Sweden. The bulk of the coins with official denarii. They almost exclusively
1991. known and extant has been brought to light belong to Gotland, and constitute about one
9. B. Malmer: The Anglo-Scandinavian coinage c. 995-1020. 1997. casually, most often in the course of agricultural per cent of the total number of coins found
15. Kilger, Pfennigmärkte und Währungslandschaften.
Monetarisierungen im sächsisch-slawischen Grenzland ca. 965-
activities. Most of the coins available for study there. The largest hoard of Roman denarii
1120. 2000. today came to light before 1940. found in Sweden (and Scandinavia), Sindarve
16. G. Hatz unter Mitarbeit von V. Hatz, Die deutschen Münzen des on Gotland, originally 1,500 coins (1,488 ex-
Fundes von Burge I, Ksp. Lummelunda, Gotland (tpq 1143). Ein
Bericht zur ostfälischen Münzgeschichte. 2001.
Degree of wear tant), has four or five barbarous imitations.
Denarii are rarely found with contemporary Die-links between barbarous imitations found
Distributed by eddy.se ab; Order: order@bokorder.se coins of other denominations but sometimes in Sweden and on the European continent have
with late Roman and early Byzantine solidi. been demonstrated.

32 2013: 2 2013: 2 1
Collections The Roman Denarii in Europe Literature
Most of the denarii available for study are Roman denarii in Sweden are found in the most
today kept in the collections of the Kung- northerly region of Europe, but they are not, as Almgren, O. & Nerman, B. (1923): Die ältere Eisenzeit Gotlands. 2. Stockholm. Kungl.
liga Myntkabinettet in Stockholm and the is well known, the only such coins discovered Vitterhets Historie och Antivitets Akademien. Monografier, 4.
Gotlands Museum in Visby on Gotland. The to the north of the Roman Imperial frontiers.
large number of coins still extant from early Denarii have been found outside the old Ro- Bolin, S. 1926: Fynden av romerska mynt i det fria Germanien. Studier i romersk och äldre germansk
finds is due to conditions special to Sweden. man Limes in a broad, west-to-east belt, from historia. Lund.
On the one hand the country has been spared the North Sea and the Rhine to the Donets
Hauberg, P. (1894): “Skandinaviens Fund af Romersk Guld- og Sølvmynt før Aar 550”, Aarbøger for
from wars for a very long time, since 1815, in Basin (and occasionally even further to the east
nordisk oldkyndighet og historie 1894, pp. 325-376.
fact; on the other hand there has been a strict and north-east). In what is today Poland, for
enforcement from an early date of laws con- instance, a compass of land never part of the IK – Axboe,M.,Düwel,K.,Hauck,K.& von Padberg,L.: Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungs-
cerning finds in the earth. The earliest hoard Roman Empire, the number of denarii found zeit: Ikonographischer Katalog (Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften 24, 1-2) München 1985-1986.
of denarii from which coins are still extant was may amount to 100,000 or more. Any expla-
found in 1834, and denarius hoards unearthed nation as to the presence of denarii in Sweden Lind, L. 1981: Roman Denarii Found in Sweden. 2. Catalogue. Text. Stockholm. Stockholm Studies
in the 1860s and 1870s are completely or almost must take those found on the European conti- in Classical Archaeology, 11:2.
completely preserved. nent into consideration.
Lennart Lind --- 1988: Romerska denarer funna i Sverige. Stockholm.

--- 1993: “The Monetary Reforms of the Romans and the Finds of Roman Denarii in Eastern
and Northern Europe”, Current Swedish Archaeology 1 (1993), pp. 135-144 (also available on
the Internet at: www.arkeologiskasamfundet.se/csa/Dokument/Volumes/csa_vol_1_1993/csa_
vol_1_1993_s135-144_lind.pdf).

--- 2007: “A group of barbarous Roman denarii represented in Sweden and Hungary (and Germany
and Britain?)”, in Andersen, M., Horsnaes, H. W. & Moesgaard, Chr. (eds.): Magister Monetae.
Studies in Honour of Jørgen Steen Jensen. Copenhagen, pp. 53-58.

Nerman, B. (1935): Die Völkerwanderungszeit Gotlands. Stockholm. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och
Antikvitets Akademien. Monografier, 21.

RIC, RIC1 – H. Mattingly & E. A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage I1-. London. 1923-.

RIC2 – The Roman Imperial Coinage I2 -. Revised edition by C. H. V. Sutherland (et al.). London
1984 –.

Östergren, M. 1981: Gotländska fynd av solidi och denarer - en undersökning av fyndplatserna.

Stockholm. Arkeologiska skrifter från Riksantikvarieämbetets Gotlandsundersökningar (RAGU), 1.

Other Abbreviations
ATA – Antikvarisk-topografiska arkivet, Stockholm.
Fig. 1. The coins on exhibition in Gotlands Museum 2006.
GF – Gotlands Fornsal/Gotlands Museum, Visby.

2 2013: 2 2013: 2 31
 Synopsis

EMPEROR YEARS SHM INV. LIND RIC

Nero A.D. 54-68 1 1 1
Vespasian A.D. 69–79 1 1 1
Titus A.D. 79–81 2 1 1
Nerva A.D. 96–98 1 1 1
Trajan A. D. 98-117 20 20 20
Hadrian A. D. 117-138 31 32 34
Sabina (wife) 1 1 -
Aelius Caesar A. D. 136-138 - 1 -
Antoninus Pius A. D. 138-161 40 45 71
Faustina I (wife) 17 17 -
Marcus Aurelius A.D. 161–180 30 32 56
Faustina II (wife) 15 13 -
Lucius Verus A. D. 161-169 3 9 -
Lucilla (wife) 7 8 -
Commodus A. D. 177-192 13 23 24
Crispina (wife) 3 4 -
Clodius Albinus A.D. 193–197 - 1
Septimius Severus A.D. 193–211 - - 1
Barbarous imitations 1 2 2
Undetermined 25 - -
Total 211 212 212

Fig. 7. The bronze box with the gold bracteates and the other objects. SHM 4877
Photo: © Swedish History Museum, Stockholm. Latest coin: A.D. 194-195

30 2013: 2 2013: 2 3
Gotland, Hogrän par., Djupbrunns
SHM 4877 and 5204

Year: 1873-1874.
Category of fi nd: hoard.
Fig. 6. Finds with Roman denarii
Number of coins: 211 (212).
on Gotland.
Other objects: 1 bronze box, 2 gold bracteates, 1 spiral rod, 1 gilt
silver ring.
Weight: 573.51 g (212 coins).

Find circumstances: The coins and the other objects were found
in the so called Hobergsåker, in 1873 and 1874. 200 coins and
the box containing the other objects were found in 1873, under
a couple of stones, the coins by the farmer Christoffer Johansson
and the farm-hand Carl Svensson, the box by the boy Frans Oscar
Svensson. In 1874 Carl Svensson found 11 more denarii in the
same place as where the other coins had been unearthed.

Comments: Although available information says they belong

to SHM 4877, i.e. the 200 coins found in 1873, three (3) of the
coins in the catalogue below, nos. 22, 166 and 187 might be
intrusive, because of their appearance, which differs somewhat
from that of the other coins of the find. In contrast to most of
the coins of the find, these three coins, probably already in 1873,
had been incorporated in the so-called Systematic Collection of
Denarii
the KMK, where no. 166 was kept in the same compartment in
the same tray as no. 167, and no. 187 in another compartment No. of Coins
together with no. 188, in both cases with notes attached giving 1
the inventory number as SHM 4877. Th is, however, may in both 2-9
cases refer only to one of the coins (most probably no. 167 and 10 - 49
no. 188 respectively, to judge from appearances), as it is known
that coins from finds in Sweden were not strictly kept apart from 50 - 99
other coins of the same type in the Systematic Collection in the
nineteenth century. No. 22 lay alone in a compartment where 100 - 449
there, according to the attached note, originally had been two
coins, the missing one most probably that of SHM 4877. The
number of coins from this find actually at hand may thus be 209 450 - 999
instead of 211.
On three other coins, nos. 104, 148 and 205, small cuts have
been made. These coins are probably identical with the three coins 1000 - 1500
which in 1873, according to the SHM Inv., were selected for metal
analysis, giving an average of 80.5 % silver.

4 2013: 2 2013: 2 29
 If there are two or more coins with the same RIC no. they have
been ordered based on wear.

Whereabouts: SHM/ KMK (coins on deposition to Gotlands

Museum).
Sources: SHM/KMK Inv.
Fig. 5. Finds with Roman
denarii in Sweden. Literature: Hauberg 1894, no. 72; Almgren & Nerman 1923, no.
258; Bolin1926, Bilagor, p. 136, no. 17; Nerman 1935, p. 101; Lind
1981, no. 63; Östergren 1981, no. 65; IK 1, no. 44 and IK 2, no. 233.

List of Coins
NO MINT DATE LITERATURE WEIGHT REVERSE

NERO
1 Rome 64-68 RIC1 45
(RIC2 53) 2.66 g Jupiter std l.
VESPASIAN
2 Rome 70-72 RIC1 29ff.
(RIC2 39-49) 2.43 g Much worn

2 RIC no. based on obverse

TITUS
3 Rome 80 RIC1 26(a)
Denarii (RIC2 112) 2.97 g Dolphin, anchor
No. of Coins
1
NERVA
2-9 4 Rome 96-97 RIC1 4 or 16 2.80 g Fortuna stg l.
10 - 49
TRAJAN
50 - 99
5 Rome 101-102 RIC 46 or 59 2.66 g Victory stg r.
6 “ “ RIC 58 2.62 g Victory stg front
100 - 449 7 “ 103-111 RIC 104 2.92 g Pietas, altar
8 “ “ RIC 115 3.00 g Roma stg l.
9 “ “ RIC 116 2.38 g Roma std l.
450 - 999
10 “ “ RIC 118 2.82 g Aequitas stg l.
11 “ “ RIC 119? 2.44 g Aequitas std l.?
12 “ “ RIC 120 2.73 g Felicitas stg l.
1000 - 1500 13 “ “ RIC 122 2.72 g Fortuna stg l.
14 “ “ RIC 122 2.66 g Fortuna stg l.
15 “ “ RIC 127 3.04 g Spes adv. l.

28 2013: 2 2013: 2 5
 16 “ “ RIC 142 2.46 g Arabia, camel 1. Fårö (incl. 47. Viklau Akebäck 31 Hemse 77
17 “ “ RIC 165? 2.62 g Abundantia, modius? Gotska sandön) 48. Sjonhem Ala 55 Hogrän 43
18 “ “ RIC 173f. 2.96 g Felicitas stg l. 2. Hall 49. Anga Alskog 63 Hörsne & Bara 34
19 “ “ RIC 190a 2.88 g Pax, foot on Dacian 3. Fleringe 50. Västergarn Alva 81 Klinte 59
20 “ 112-114 RIC 253 2.50 g Fortuna std l. 4. Bunge 51. Sanda Anga 49 Kräklingbo 56
21 “ “ RIC 266 2.56 g Woman reclining l. 5. Stenkyrka 52. Väte Ardre 64 Källunge 23
22 “ “ RIC 270 3.13 g Mars adv. r. 6. Hangvar 53. Guldrupe Atlingbo 46 Lau 74
23 “ “ RIC 291 2.76 g Trajan on horse 7. Lärbo 54. Vänge Barlingbo 32 Levide 69
24 “ 114-117 RIC 318 3.00 g Fortuna std l. 8. Rute 55. Ala Björke 44 Linde 71
9. Lummelunda 56. Kräklingbo Boge 17 Lojsta 66
16 Pierced. Round hole 10. Martebo 57. Gammelgarn Bro 18 Lokrume 15
22 Probably intrusive 11. Tingstäde 58. Östergarn Bunge 4 Lummelunda 9
12. Othem 59. Klinte Burs 78 Lye 73
13. Hellvi 60. Hejde Buttle 61 Lärbo 7
HADRIAN
14. Väskinde 61. Buttle Bäl 20 Martebo 10
25 Rome 117-122 RIC 5 Type 2.83 g Fortuna std l.?
15. Lokrume 62. Etelhem Dalhem 33 Mästerby 45
26 “ 119-122 RIC 67 2.82 g Mars adv. r.
16. Hejnum 63. Alskog Eke 85 Norrlanda 41
27 “ “ RIC 80 2.46 g Aequitas stg l.
17. Boge 64. Ardre Ekeby 27 När 79
28 “ “ RIC 85 2.46 g Fortuna stg l.
18. Bro 65. Fröjel Eksta 68 Näs 86
29 “ “ RIC 94 2.94 g Pax stg l.
19. Fole 66. Lojsta Endre 26 Othem 12
30 “ “ RIC 126 2.94 g Hilaritas stg front
20. Bäl 67. Garde Eskelhem 42 Roma 38
31 “ “ RIC 127 2.83 g Libertas std l.
21. Visby 68. Eksta Etelhem 62 Rone 82
32 “ “ RIC 127 2.48 g Libertas std l.
22. Hejdeby 69. Levide Fardhem 76 Rute 8
33 “ “ RIC 128 2.58 g Libertas stg l.
34 “ “ RIC 139 2.62 g Salus std l. 23. Källunge 70. Gerum Fide 88 Sanda 51
35 “ 125-138 RIC 162 or 332 2.56 g Roma std r. 24. Vallstena 71. Linde Fleringe 3 Silte 80
36 “ 125-128 RIC 165 2.43 g Roma std l. 25. Follingbo 72. Stånga Fole 19 Sjonhem 48
37 “ “ RIC 169 2.94 g Abundantia stg l. 26. Endre 73. Lye Follingbo 25 Sproge 75
38 “ “ RIC 176 2.64 g Pudicitia stg l. 27. Ekeby 74. Lau Fröjel 65 Stenkumla 36
39 “ “ RIC 176? 2.44 g Pudicitia stg l.? 28. Gothem 75. Sproge Fårö (incl. 1 Stenkyrka 5
40 “ “ RIC 184 2.74 g Victory std l. 29. Västerhejde 76. Fardhem Gotska sandön) Stånga 72
41 “ “ RIC 198 2.78 g Priestly emblems 30. Träkumla 77. Hemse Gammelgarn 57 Sundre 92
42 “ 134-138 RIC 233 2.84 g Felicitas stg l. 31. Akebäck 78. Burs Ganthem 40 Tingstäde 11
43 “ “ RIC 241A 2.72 g Fides stg r. 32. Barlingbo 79. När Garde 67 Tofta 35
44 “ “ RIC 253 2.72 g Liberalitas stg l. 33. Dalhem 80. Silte Gerum 70 Träkumla 30
45 “ “ BMC 684; cf. RIC 257 2.62 g Pietas stg l., altar 34. Hörsne & Bara 81. Alva Gothem 28 Vall 37
46 “ “ BMC 707; cf. RIC 265 2.86 g Roma std l. 35. Tofta 82. Rone Grötlingbo 87 Vallstena 24
47 “ “ RIC 269 2.84 g Salus stg l. 36. Stenkumla 83. Hablingbo Guldrupe 53 Vamlingbo 90
48 “ “ RIC 282 3.02 g Victory stg r. 37. Vall 84. Havdhem Hablingbo 83 Viklau 47
49 “ “ RIC 286 3. 06g Victory std l. 38. Roma 85. Eke Hall 2 Visby 21
50 “ “ RIC 296f. or 305f. 2.54 g Egypt or Hispania 39. Halla 86. Näs Halla 39 Vänge 54
51 “ “ RIC 303 2.44 g Germania stg front 40. Ganthem 87. Grötlingbo Hamra 91 Väskinde 14
52 “ “ RIC 343 2.86 g Pudicitia std l. 41. Norrlanda 88. Fide Hangvar 6 Västergarn 50
53 “ 117-122 RIC ? 3.04 g Woman stg l. 42. Eskelhem 89. Öja Havdhem 84 Västerhejde 29
54 “ 118-122 RIC ? 2.54 g Woman stg l. 43. Hogrän 90. Vamlingbo Hejde 60 Väte 52
55 “ “ RIC ? 2.86 g Woman stg l.? 44. Björke 91. Hamra Hejdeby 22 Öja 89
56 “ “ RIC ? 2.57 g Neptune? 45. Mästerby 92. Sundre Hejnum 16 Östergarn 58
46. Atlingbo Hellvi 13

6 2013: 2 2013: 2 27
 SABINA
57 Rome 117-138 RIC 398 2.67 g Concordia std l.

1 57 Pierced. Oval hole

AELIUS CAESAR (UNDER HADRIAN)

58 Rome 137 RIC 435 2.63 g Spes adv. l.

1
ANTONINUS PIUS
59 Rome 138 RIC 10 2.76 g Aequitas stg l.
2 60 “ 139 RIC 42 or 51 2.96 g Pax stg l.
3
4 61 “ “ RIC 44 or 58 2.73 g Modius
6 62 “ 140-143 RIC 61 2.56 g Aequitas stg l.
8
63 “ 145-161 RIC 137 2.67 g Thunderbolt, throne
5
7 64 “ “ RIC 155? 2.70 g Liberalitas stg l.?
9 13
11 12 65 “ “ RIC 155? 2.64 g Liberalitas stg l.?
10
66 “ “ RIC 155? 2.30 g Liberalitas stg l.?
14 15 16 67 “ “ RIC 156A 2.52 g Antoninus stg l., tripod
18 17 68 “ 147-149 RIC 162 or 175 2.65 g Annona stg l., anchor
19 20
21 69 “ “ RIC 162 or 175 2.90 g Annona stg l., anchor
22
23 24 70 “ “ RIC 162 or 175 2.88 g Annona stg l., anchor
26
27
29 25 28 71 “ 147-156 RIC 163/204 Type 2.54 g Annona stg l., ship
32
30 33 34 72 “ “ RIC 163/204 Type 2.75 g Annona stg l.. ship
36 31
35 38 41 73 “ “ RIC 163/204 Type 2.94 g Annona stg l.. ship
39 37
43
44 40 74 “ 147-158 RIC 164 Type 2.78 g Genius stg l.
48 49
42 46
45 47 75 “ 147-149 RIC 167 or 181 2.70 g Salus stg l.
50 52 58
54 56 76 “ 147-148 RIC 172 3.34 g Legend in wreath
51 58
53 55 57 77 “ 148-149 RIC 177 2.80 g Aequitas stg l.
61
59 60 64 78 “ “ RIC 177 2.86 g Aequitas stg l.
62 63 79 “ “ RIC 177 2.88 g Aequitas stg l.
65 67
66 80 “ “ RIC 180 2.80 g Genius stg l.
70
72 73 74 81 “ “ RIC 181 2.52 g Salus stg l.
68 69 71
68
76 82 “ 151-156? RIC 203 Type/220 Type? 2.82 g Vesta stg l.?
75 79
77 78 83 “ 151-152 RIC 205 2.74 g Fortuna stg r.
80
81 82 84 “ 152-153 RIC 221 2.87 g Annona stg l., ship
83 85 “ “ RIC 222 2.86 g Fortuna stg r.
84 85
86 “ 152-154 RIC 222 or 232 3.00 g Fortuna stg r.
87 87 “ 153-154 RIC 229a 3.10 g Vesta stg l.
86
88 “ “ RIC 229a 3.26 g Vesta stg l.
88
89 “ 155-156 RIC 249 2.46 g Annona stg l., ship
90 “ “ RIC 252 2.66 g Pax stg l.
89
91 “ 156-157 RIC 258 2.34 g Jupiter stg l., eagle
90 92 “ “ RIC 259 2.66 g Ceres std l.
91
93 “ 158-160 RIC 387f. or 304f. 2.89 g Salus stg l.
92
Fig. 4. Parishes on Gotland. 94 “ 159-160 RIC 301 2.70 g Pax stg l.
95 “ 159-161 RIC 303 or 314 2.82 g Roma std l.

26 2013: 2 2013: 2 7
 96 “ 160-161 RIC 313 2.68 g Pietas, children
97 “ 140-161 RIC ? 2.66 g Woman stg l.
98 “ “ RIC ? 2.60 g Woman stg l.
99 “ “ RIC ? 2.76 g Reverse worn

ANTONINUS PIUS (DIVUS)

100 Rome 161-180 RIC 436 2.68 g Pyre
101 “ “ RIC 436 2.66 g Pyre
102 “ “ RIC 441 2.90 g Altar 25
24
103 “ “ RIC 441 2.89 g Altar

FAUSTINA I (DIVA)
104 Rome 141-161 RIC 343 2.75 g Temple
105 “ “ RIC 344 2.90 g Juno stg l.
106 “ “ RIC 344? 2.53 g Juno stg l.? 23
107 “ “ RIC 348 2.94 g Fortuna stg l. 1. Gotland
108 “ “ RIC 350a 2.86 g Providentia stg l. 2. Öland
109 “ “ RIC 350a? 2.76 g Providentia stg l.? 3. Skåne
21 22
110 “ “ RIC 356 2.56 g Ceres stg l. 4. Blekinge
111 “ “ RIC 356 3.14 g Ceres stg l. 5. Halland
112 “ “ RIC 358 3.08 g Ceres stg r. 6. Småland
113 “ “ RIC 360 2.46 g Ceres stg l. 20 7. Västergötland
114 “ “ RIC 362 3.66 g Ceres stg l.
19 8. Östergötland
115 “ “ RIC 362 2.84 g Ceres stg l. 9. Bohuslän
18
116 “ “ RIC 371 3.00 g Vesta std l. 10. Dalsland
117 “ “ RIC 373 2.88 g Pietas, altar 11. Närke
118 “ “ RIC 394a 2.33 g Pietas, altar 16 12. Södermanland
119 “ “ RIC 394a 2.20 g Pietas, altar 17 13. Värmland
120 “ “ RIC 394a 2.90 g Pietas, altar 14. Västmanland
15. Uppland
15
104 19th century cuts 13
14
16. Dalarna
17. Gästrikland
11 12
18. Hälsingland
MARCUS AURELIUS (UNDER ANTONINUS PIUS) 10 19. Härjedalen
121 Rome 140-147 RIC 422, 426 or 429 2.80 g Honos stg l. 20. Medelpad
8
122 “ 140-144 RIC 424 2.77 g Priestly emblems 9
7 21. Jämtland
123 “ 144-147 RIC 426 or 429 2.82 g Honos stg l. 22. Ångermanland
124 “ 147-148 RIC 438 3.13 g Minerva stg r. 1 23. Västerbotten
125 “ 147-149 RIC 438 or 444 2.26 g Minerva stg r. 24. Lappland
6
126 “ 155-157 RIC 468 or 473 2.92 g Virtus stg l. 5 25. Norrbotten
127 “ 156-158 RIC 470 or 475 2.72 g Felicitas stg l.
2
128 “ “ RIC 470 or 475 2.72 g Felicitas stg l. 4
129 “ 157-159 RIC 476 or 479 2.46 g Spes adv. l.
3

Fig. 3. Swedish provinces.

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Roman Emperors and Empresses represented on Denarii MARCUS AURELIUS
Augustus 27 B.C.–A.D. 14 130 Rome 161 RIC 12 2.80 g Felicitas stg l.
Tiberius A.D. 14–37 131 “ 161-162 RIC 35 2.78 g Concordia std l.
Caligula A.D. 37–41 132 “ 163-165 RIC 82 or 122a 2.80 g Armenia std l.
Claudius A.D. 41–54
133 “ 166 RIC 163 2.91 g Victory, shield
Nero A.D. 54–68
Galba A.D. 68–69 134 “ 167-168 RIC 178 2.67 g Aequitas stg l.
Otho A.D. 69 135 “ 168-169 RIC 185 or 205 2.90 g Fortuna std l.
Vitellius A.D. 69 136 “ “ RIC 207 2.68 g Salus stg l.
Vespasian A.D. 69–79
137 “ 168-170 RIC 207 or 222 2.80 g Salus stg l.
Titus A.D. 79–81
Domitian A.D. 81–96 138 “ “ RIC 207 or 222 2.48 g Salus stg l.
Nerva A.D. 96–98 139 “ “ RIC 207 or 222 2.48 g Salus stg l.
Trajan A.D. 98–117 140 “ 170-171 RIC 227 3.28 g Jupiter std l.
Hadrian A.D. 117–138
141 “ “ RIC 251 2.58 g Aurelius stg l., tripod
Sabina Wife of Hadrian
Aelius Caesar A.D. 136–138 142 “ 172-174 RIC 274 or 288 2.58 g Victory adv. r.
Antoninus Pius A.D. 138–161 143 “ 172-173 RIC 282 2.66 g Aurelius stg l.
Faustina Senior Wife of Antonius Pius 144 “ 175-176 RIC 326 or 349 2.86 g Mars adv. r.
Marcus Aurelius A.D. 161–180
145 “ 175-177 RIC 338 or 363 2.76 g Pile of arms
Faustina Junior Daughter of Antonius Pius. Wife of Marcus Aurelius
Lucius Verus A.D. 161–169 146 “ 176-177 RIC 378 2.94 g Victory adv. l.
Lucilla Daughter of Marcus Aurelius. Wife of Lucius Verus 147 “ 178-179 RIC 399 or 403 1.92 g Salus std l.
Commodus A.D. 177–192 148 “ 161-180 RIC ? 1.68 g Woman stg l.
Crispina Wife of Commodus
149 “ 165-169 RIC ? 2.53 g Woman stg l.
Pertinax A.D. 193
Didius Julianus A.D. 193
Pescennius Niger A.D. 193–194 148 19th century cuts
Clodius Albinus A.D. 193–197
Septimius Severus A.D. 193–211
Julia Domna Wife of Septimius Severus MARCUS AURELIUS (DIVUS)
Caracalla 198–217 150 Rome 180 RIC 264, 269 or 273 2.38 g Eagle stg r.
Plautilla Wife of Caracalla. 151 “ “ RIC 273 2.54 g Eagle on globe
Geta A.D. 209–212
152 “ “ RIC 275 2.74 g Pyre
Macrinus A.D. 217–218
Diadumenian A.D. 218
Elagabalus A.D. 218–222
Julia Paula First wife of Elagabalus FAUSTINA II (UNDER ANTONINUS PIUS)
Acquilia Severa Second and fourth wife of Elagabalus 153 Rome 145-161 RIC 497 3.06 g Spes stg l.
Annia Faustina Th ird wife of Elagabalus. 154 “ “ RIC 500 3.10 g Concordia stg front
Julia Soaemias Mother of Elagabalus.
155 “ “ RIC 502 2.84 g Concordia std l.
Julia Maesa Grandmother of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander
Severus Alexander A.D. 222–235 156 “ “ RIC 515 2.50 g Venus stg l.
Orbiana Wife of Severus Alexander
Julia Mamaea Mother of Severus Alexander
Maximinus I A.D. 235–238 FAUSTINA II (UNDER MARCUS AURELIUS)
Paulina Wife of Maximinus 157 Rome 161-176 RIC 669 2.56 g Ceres std l.
Maximus Caesar, A.D. 235–238
158 “ “ RIC 669 2.78 g Ceres std l.
Gordian I A.D. 238
Gordian II A.D. 238 159 “ “ RIC 676 2.82 g Fecunditas, children
Balbinus A.D. 238 160 “ “ RIC 677 3.24 g Fecunditas, child
Pupienus A.D. 238 161 “ “ RIC 686 3.14 g Hilaritas stg l.
Gordian III A.D. 238–244
162 “ “ RIC 688 2.68 g Juno stg l., peacock
Tranquillina Wife of Gordian III
Philip I A.D. 244–249 163 “ “ RIC 688 2.76 g Juno stg l., peacock
Julius Marinus 164 “ “ RIC 688 or 694 2.30 g Juno stg l., peacock
Otacilia Severa Wife of Filip I 165 “ 145-161 RIC ? 2.55 g Woman stg l.
Philip II A.D. 247–249

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 LUCIUS VERUS

_Antioch
166 Rome 161 RIC 463 3.00 g Providentia stg l.
167 “ “ RIC 463 2.83 g Providentia stg l.
168 “ 161-162 RIC 463 or 482 2.82 g Providentia stg l.

^
169 “ 161-163 RIC 483 or 491 2.94 g Providentia stg l.
170 “ 163-165 RIC 515 or 528 2.92 g Mars stg r.
171 “ 163-164 RIC 516 2.96 g Mars stg r.
172 “ 163-165 RIC 516 or 529 2.78 g Mars stg r.
173 “ 166-167 RIC 576 2.40 g Aequitas stg l.
174 “ 166-168 RIC 576 or 578 2.62 g Aequitas stg l.

166 Probably intrusive

LUCILLA
175 Rome 161-180 RIC 758 2.92 g Concordia std l.
176 “ “ RIC 770 2.52 g Juno std l.
177 “ “ RIC 771? 2.60 g Juno stg l.
178 “ “ RIC 784 3.02 g Venus stg l.
179 “ “ RIC 786 2.71 g Venus stg l.
180 “ “ RIC 786 2.64 g Venus stg l.
181 “ “ RIC 786 2.85 g Venus stg l.

_Rome
182 “ “ RIC 787 2.40 g Venus stg l.

^
179 Planchet defect

COMMODUS (UNDER MARCUS AURELIUS)

183 Rome 178-179 RIC 649 or 657 2.56 g Salus std l.
184 “ 179 RIC 666 2.32 g Victory std l.
185 “ “ RIC 666 3.20 g Victory std l.
186 “ “ RIC 666 2.52 g Victory std l.
187 “ “ RIC 666 2.70 g Victory std l.
188 “ “ RIC 666 2.98 g Victory std l.

187 Probably intrusive

COMMODUS
189 Rome 183-184 RIC 75 or 91 2.69 g Fides stg r.
190 “ “ RIC 76 2.46 g Genius stg l.
191 “ “ RIC 81 or 94(A) 2.70 g Modius
192 “ “ RIC 81 or 94(A) 2.33 g Modius
193 “ 184-185 RIC 90 or 102 2.82 g Roma stg l.
194 “ “ RIC 97, 104 or 108 1.78 g Felicitas stg l. Fig. 2. Mints in the Roman Empire represented on
195 “ 184-186 RIC 107b or 126 2.16 g Concordia, standards denarii in the Swedish finds.
196 “ “ RIC 113 or 136 2.38 g Victory stg r., shield

10 2013: 2 2013: 2 23
 197 “ 186-187 RIC 138 or 152 2.00 g Jupiter std l.
198 “ “ RIC 146 2.78 g Pietas, altar
199 “ “ RIC 155 2.50 g Nobilitas stg r.
200 “ “ RIC 157 2.40 g Commodus stg l.
201 “ 187-188 RIC 169 2.08 g Salus std l.
202 “ 188-189 RIC 176? 2.73 g Minerva stg l.
203 “ “ RIC 179 2.24 g Securitas std l.
204 “ 189 RIC 190 2.38 g Securitas std l.
205 “ 180-192 RIC ? 1.96 g Stg figure

198 Pierced. Round hole

201 202 203 204 205
205 19th century cuts

CRISPINA
206 Rome 180-183 RIC 276 or 284 2.47 g Ceres or Juno stg l.
207 “ “ RIC 278 or 282 3.14 g Concordia or Hilaritas
208 “ “ RIC 286a 2.30 g Venus stg l.
209 “ “ RIC 286a 2.75 g Venus stg l.

CLODIUS ALBINUS (UNDER SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS)

210 Rome 194-195 RIC 4 3.00 g Felicitas stg l.
206 207 208 209 210

BARBAROUS IMITATIONS
211 - Imitation of Hadrian? 2.20 g Woman stg l.
212 “ Imitation of Marcus Aurelius? 2.58 g Woman stg l.

211 Lind 1988, B 17

212 Lind 1981, 63:134

211 212 Barbarous Imitations of Denarii

Barbarous imitations of Roman denarii are ably made outside the Limes. Imitations in sil-
often found in hoards of denarii unearthed on ver of denarii are particularly common in the
Gotland. See Lind 1981, 1988, pp. 112-126 Ukraine, see; http://barbarous-imitations.narod.
and 2007. The hoard of Djupbrunns from 1873- ru/. No. 212 was regarded as a regular denarius
1874 has two, possibly three such coins, no. 211, in Lind 1981.
no. 212 and possibly also the much worn no. Description: Obverse: … VSAVC – AD .. M
98. Such imitations are fairly numerous in finds … Head of Marcus Aurelius (?), laureate, right;
on the European continent outside what was reverse: … III .... Female figure standing left,
once the Roman Empire, and they were prob- holding uncertain attribute and spear or sceptre.

22 2013: 2 2013: 2 11
 1 2 3 4 5 181 182 183 184 185

6 7 8 9 10 186 187 188 189 190

11 12 13 14 15 191 192 193 194 195

16 17 18 19 20 196 197 198 199 200

12 2013: 2 2013: 2 21
 161 162 163 164 165 21 22 23 24 25

166 167 168 169 170 26 27 28 29 30

171 172 173 174 175 31 32 33 34 35

176 177 178 179 180 36 37 38 39 40

20 2013: 2 2013: 2 13
 41 42 43 44 45 141 142 143 144 145

46 47 48 49 50 146 147 148 149 150

51 52 53 54 55 151 152 153 154 155

56 57 58 59 60 156 157 158 159 160

14 2013: 2 2013: 2 19
 121 122 123 124 125 61 62 63 64 65

126 127 128 129 130 66 67 68 69 70

131 132 133 134 135 71 72 73 74 75

136 137 138 139 140 76 77 78 79 80

18 2013: 2 2013: 2 15
 81 82 83 84 85 101 102 103 104 105

86 87 88 89 90 106 107 108 109 110

91 92 93 94 95 111 112 113 114 115

96 97 98 99 100 116 117 118 119 120

16 2013: 2 2013: 2 17