LAB Report 3
LAB Report 3
LAB Report 3
Results Sheet
Burette
Trial 1 2 3
Readings
* Note that the error recorded here is the maximum deviation (or spread) of the
individual titres and the average result. To find it, calculate the difference between
your average titre and whichever individual titre is furthest from the average
(excluding the value that you didn’t use). See page (4) of this practical manual for
more assistance if necessary.
When storing your pipette and burette in your lockers, which way should the tip
be facing?
For the burette, the tip with the petcock valve should be placed into the hole of burette
locker. Make sure that the burette have not been placed precariously, which is avoid to
slip out, fall on the floor and break.
If you’re not confident with your stoichiometry, take the time to discuss your
strategy with your practical demonstrator before you leave the lab.
3.2
AIM
To determine the concentration of citric acid in filtered lemon juice by titration with standardised
NaOH solution
METHOD SUMMARY
A sample of freshly squeezed and filtered lemon juice was quantitatively diluted. Aliquots of the
diluted lemon juice were then titrated against standardised NaOH solution to the
phenolphthalein endpoint.
Equation
HOOCCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH + 3NaOH Na3(OOCCH2C(OH)(COO)CH2COO) + 3H2O
Citric acid
CALCULATIONS
Determination of the concentration of citric acid in the dilute lemon juice
Concentration of NaOH = 0.100 M
Average volume of NaOH used in the titration = 19.70 mL
Therefore, calculate the number of moles of NaOH consumed in the reaction:
19.70 mL = 0.0197L
19.7×10-4 mol
Using your answer from the 1st step and the molar ratio for the chemical reaction (shown
above), calculate the number of moles of citric acid titrated by the NaOH:
𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 1
ncitric acid = nNaOH × 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
= 19.7×10-4 × 3 = 6.57 ×10-4 mol
6.57 ×10-4 mol
3.3
Therefore, calculate the concentration of citric acid in the dilute lemon juice sample:
20 mL = 0.020L
6.57×10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙
ccitric acid = = 3.28 × 10-2 mol/L = 3.28 × 10-2 M
0.020 𝐿
3.28 × 10-2 M
Now that you know the concentration of citric acid in the dilute lemon juice, use that to
calculate the concentration of citric acid in the original, undiluted lemon juice:
Dilution details:
Original concentration = ? M
0.328 M
3.4
The concentration above tells you the number of moles of citric acid per litre of lemon
juice. Use this to calculate the Percentage composition of lemon juice with respect to
citric acid (w/v).
Hint: %w/v means, how many grams of citric acid would you find in 100 mL of lemon juice?
100mL= 0.1L
6.30 %
Before moving on to your discussion, check your calculated results with those on
blackboard. If they don’t match up (within a small margin), go back and look over your
work before you proceed.
3.5
USING FEEDBACK:
Look at the feedback sheet that has been returned to you from your first practical
submission. Consider your strengths and weaknesses from your first report and tell us
how that will influence your approach to completing this report.
The feedback provided by the teachers is an issue that students need to improve to
make the report better. One of the strengths of the first report was the limited use of
first-person subject such as I, we, my. This is also a point that needs to be maintained for
subsequent reports. However, there are still some places that use non-scientific words and
In addition, the result is also the losing marks part in the previous report. This shows that it
is necessary to be more careful during the experiment to get the accuracy as high as
possible.
QUESTION:
When completing the dilution in this experiment, why did we use a bulb pipette and why
did we use a standard flask?
DISCUSSION:
discussion of the molarity of the lemon juice from the class result (average
concentration, standard deviation) and comparison to your own results
How does your result compare to the expected range of 4.5 – 6.0% w/v?
potential causes of error in your result
Applying the above formula to the results of the class, the lemon juice molarity can be
calculated to be 0.331 mol / L. It can be seen that there is no great difference between
individual and collective results, with standard deviation is ± 0.002.
One of the reasons for the error is using an incorrect quantity of a chemical. During
practice, the volume of NaOH can be poured more than the volume required. This is
evidenced by the shade of pink obtained by the group was different from what is
desired. More specifically, the larger the volume of NaOH solution, the color of the
solution becomes pinker. Difference in the pinkness of the titrated solution can affect the
percent yield of the acid. This can make the molarity of the sample fruit juices bigger,
thus making the percent larger. Besides, the lack of experience in reading values from
the measuring instrument is also causes significant slight differences. It is
recommended to wash all apparatuses to be used with distilled water to ensure the
purity of the experiment. It is also recommended that teachers provide a basis for the
light pink term for consensus and generalization.
3.7
20
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