An Insight in Pmus For Power System State Estimation: Anadi Shankar Jha

International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET)
Volume 8, Issue 4, July-Aug 2017, pp. 20–25, Article ID: IJEET_08_04_003

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ISSN Print: 0976-6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553
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AN INSIGHT IN PMUS FOR POWER SYSTEM

STATE ESTIMATION
Anadi Shankar Jha
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Delhi College of Engineering,
Delhi Technological University, India
ABSTRACT
State estimators play an important role in electrical power system. There are of
prime importance when it comes to observability analysis, detection of bad data and its
correction, finding errors in parameters and topology. This paper discusses the role of
Phasor Measuring Unit (PMUs) in Power System state estimation. The paper is aimed
at giving an insight for this technology. It highlights the PMU architecture, working
and its importance in the current scenario. The WLS algorithm which can be applied to
the synchrophasors is also given here. The paper aims to provide information in a
tutorial way about PMUs and their role in state estimation of power systems.
Cite this Article: Anadi Shankar Jha, An Insight In PMUS For Power System State
Estimation. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 8(4), 2017,
pp. 20–25.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=8&IType=4
1. INTRODUCTION
The role of Phasor Measuring Units (PMU) in Power System state estimation is increasing day
by day. The basic principle of changing behavior of state with time can be tracked by the PMU
device.
It is not possible nowadays to measure the real values of voltage and current parameters for
all the devices associated with the grid. It is hence a better option looking from the aspect of
time management and cost to move towards state estimation of the system. PMUs provide the
best technology for the same purpose.
State estimation is essential in determining in which operational state the network is and to
determine the actions at that state. It is also used to predict the consequences of events on the
network given the current conditions. All in all it is an important aspect of today’s power system
technology.
The PM Units then estimate these synchronized phasors along with the rate of change of
frequency from voltage and current samples and a time synchronized signal. For structure see
figure 2.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 20 editor@iaeme.com
Anadi Shankar Jha
2. WORKING
Phasors are a synthetic way of describing a sinusoid. Since most AC parameters are of near
sinusoidal nature hence their evaluation and computation forms an important part of electrical
engineering.
The instantaneous phase angle relative to a cosine function which is synchronized with the
UTC is called as the Synchrophasor. For example see figure 1.
There are regular time intervals between which measurement of samples of current, voltage
and time synchronized signal take place. These are reported at a rate of N Hz for a signal for
some fixed frequency. For example reporting rate can be 10 Hz for a 50 Hz signal.
The time tag has SOC (Second of the Century) which occupies a space of 4 bytes and is a
32 bit unsigned integer. There is also time quality indicator occupying 1 byte space. It tells us
about the relative accuracy of source clock. It starts at UNIX time base i.e. 01-Jan-1970. Its
range is 136 years i.e. it will roll over till 2106 AD. However leap seconds are not included in
count so each year has same number of seconds except for leap years.
Figure 2 Structure of PMU
3. ERRORS IN PHASOR MEASURMENT

There are various problems faced when PMUs are tracking transient events. Power Swings are
common and are tracked accurately. Inter harmonics in the spectrum of the power swing are a
cause for errors. Harmonic distortions upto 1% TVE is set as the limit. Another aspect is that
PMUs also undergo a transient, hence outliners are possible. This means that due to the transient
there can be possibility of miscalculations of the phasors.
Other sources of error in PMU readings can be due to delays in analog or digital filters,
noise which affects the samples, jittering of the sampling times. There can be glitches during
monitoring of fast transient conditions.
There are various error reduction techniques which are currently being reviewed and studied
by researchers. One such purposed method worth mention is the pre-filtering technique using
nonlinear optimization theory to calculate the calibration factor and then implementing on
various line models.
An Insight In PMUS For Power System State Estimation
Many times due to out of band interference distortions arise. It is seen in this case that an
interfering signal outside the filter passband interferes at the reporting time. Such distortions
have a limit set to about 1.3% of TVE.
4. FILE LAYOUT FOR PMUS

There is a basic file structure of PMUs. The PMU file structure defines header files,
configuration files, data files and command files.
The header files are the producer of data, while the configuration files are machine readable
and contain information about the interpretation of various data types in the data file. There are
data files having all the phasor data, frequency, rate of change of frequency data. One unit may
generate different streams with their own unique IDCODE. The command file is used for
control and configuration of the unit. Here several command functions are defined.
In one transmission packet information about synchronization of data transfer, type, version
of frame, size of the total records (FRAMESIZE), IDCODE, SOC, data from the configuration
file and check word are present. Each of these have a fixed storage space associated with them.
For example FRAMESIZE and IDCODE have 2 byte space. While SOC has 4 bytes of space
allotted to it.
Going into the details of the fields in the data frame we find that IDCODE is a 16 bit integer,
STAT have bit-mapped flags, FREQ and DFREQ are fixed or floating point. PHASOR can
represent a single phase or three phase (in positive, Negative and zero sequence). It has two
ways of representation namely rectangular format (in form of real and imaginary values) and
the polar format (magnitude and angle). The other fields of the data frame include CHK which
has CRC-CCTT which has a 16 bit unsigned integer as value. The digital and analog data
specifications are made in DGNMR and AGNMR fields respectively. FRACSEC also known
as fraction of second and time quality is a 24 bit integer. When this is divided by TIME_BASE
it yields information about the actual fractional second. The interesting part is that FRASEC
used in all messages from a PMU shall have a common TIME_BASE.
5. CURRENT PRACTICE, USES AND FUTURE REQUIRMENTS

The current practices of state estimation include injections and usage of line flows to estimate
direct sequence voltage of buses. The estimations are enhanced when measurements of direct
sequence phasor voltages are used.
If PMUs are installed at all substations then there would be drastic reduction of
communication requirements.
With the PMU voltage and current (positive sequence) data state estimation becomes linear
(no iterations).
Dynamic state estimation can be achieved by having a dedicated and sustained
communication line of 4800 Baud, a continuous data stream of one phasor measurement every
2-5 cycles. The advantage is that the recording of oscillations following disturbances maybe
later used for model validation and correction.
These synchrophasor measurements after processing have intervention on the existing state
estimator. Theoretically the same results will be there with appended synchrophasor
measurements. These measurements would make the state estimation problem linear (with no
iterations).
For implementing them in our existing models, the synchrophasor measurements can be
very easily clubbed with existing state estimators to give a mixed measurement vector. For this
adaptation of coordinates (rectangular or polar), harmonization of voltage reference phase
(absolute vs slack bus) and re-implementation of the algorithms need to be kept in mind.
Anadi Shankar Jha
6. OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS
There are various operational conditions in which these state estimations are carried out. Each
operational condition has its own significance.
During Normal operation, generation supplies loads without violating constraints. It is
further classified in to Normal Secure, which would ride through a list of critical contingencies
and Normal Insecure, which moves to emergency operation as a result of some critical
contingencies and then moves towards preventive action.
In Emergency operation condition, generation is supplied with loads but after violating
some constrains. In this immediate actions are taken in order to return to normal.
In Restorative operation condition, if after the emergency state has been corrected there are
still some loads which are not supplied energy so it goes to an action of returning to normal.
7. CALCULATIONS RELATED TO PHASOR MEASURMENT

The state parameters such as magnitudes and phase of bus voltages are taken during one scan
of SCADA system.
There are also provisions of taking pseudo measurements such as historic data or for similar
sources. After making some assumptions we are ready to compute the results from this data.
For measurements as function of state 1
Representing the phasor measurements in form of a matrix X we have,

Considering real and reactive power injections at node I we get,
Now considering real and apparent power injections from bus i to bus j we get,
These values are then inserted in the matrix.

The vectors and matrices used in the formulation and solution of state estimation problem
are state X, measurement matrix Z, measurement function h, and measurement Jacobian H as
given,
An Insight In PMUS For Power System State Estimation
Now moving to the measurement model for state X, measurements Z, and measurement
errors e we have,
Using these matrices the computations are carried out.

The systems of equations are solved by minimizing J(x) under certain common assumptions
taken above. h(X) is non linear initially but through iterations it is made linear around the state
estimate. By checking the incremental matrix we can see whether the increment is sufficiently
small or not to stop the iterations.
This approach to the problem is normally called as WLS (Weighted least Square) state
estimation. It is a popular algorithm in this field. In this iterations are started from zero and
initializations are made usually with 1 p.u. and flat angles. The gain matrix is defined in terms
of H(x) and it is decomposed for finding the nth term in x. After every cycle increment is
checked so that we can see whether the increment is sufficiently small or not to stop the
iterations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Study material by Prof. Ponci, Smart Electrical Power Systems, Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
Anadi Shankar Jha
REFERENCES
[1] Jitender Kumar, J.N.Rai, Vipin, Kailash Sharma, Power System State Estimation by use of
WLS with Phasor Measurement Unit, 28-02-2013.
[2] Daniel Belega, Dario Petri, Performance of synchrophasor measurements provided by
Weighted Least Squares approach,IEEE Xplore, 15-07-2013.
[3] Gol Murat, Abur Ali, Lev-Ari Hannoch, Lehman Bradley, Galvan Floyd, Incorporation of
PMUs in power system state estimation, pg.1- 30, 01-04-2014
[4] Farrokh Aminifar, Mahmud Fotuhi Firuzabad, Amir Safdarian , Ali Davudi, Mohammad
Shahidehpour, Synchrophasor Measurement Technology in Power System: Panaroma and
State-of-art, 09-01-2015.
[5] [5]Antonio Gomez-Exposito, Ali Abur, Patrica Rousseaux, Antonio de la Villa Jaen,
Catalina Gomez- Quiles, On the Use of PMUs in Power System State Estimation, 17th
Power System Computation Conference, August 22-26,2011.
[6] Dr. Vakula, V. S., Vamsi Krishna, S. and Sandeep, G. A 3- Player Iterative Game to Design
Power System Stabilizer that Enhances Small Signal Stability. International Journal of
Electrical Engineering & Technology, 6(7), 2015, pp. 38-47.
[7] Dharmendra Kumar singh, Pragya Patel, Anjali Karsh, Dr.A.S.Zadgaonkar, Analysis of
Generated Harmonics Due To CFL Load On Power System Using Artificial Neural
Network, 5(3), March (2014), pp. 56-68, International Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Technology

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET)

Volume 8, Issue 4, July-Aug 2017, pp. 20–25, Article ID: IJEET_08_04_003

AN INSIGHT IN PMUS FOR POWER SYSTEM

Figure 2 Structure of PMU

3. ERRORS IN PHASOR MEASURMENT

4. FILE LAYOUT FOR PMUS

5. CURRENT PRACTICE, USES AND FUTURE REQUIRMENTS

7. CALCULATIONS RELATED TO PHASOR MEASURMENT

Representing the phasor measurements in form of a matrix X we have,

These values are then inserted in the matrix.

Using these matrices the computations are carried out.

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