The Softball Coaching Bible - Volume II PDF

The
Softball Coaching
Bible
VOLUME II
This page intentionally left blank.
The
Softball Coaching
Bible
VOLUME II
National Fastpitch
Coaches Association
Project Coordinated by Gayle Blevins

Former Head Coach
University of Iowa
Human Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The softball coaching bible. Volume II / National Fastpitch Coaches Association ; project coordinated by
Gayle Blevins, University of Iowa.
pages cm
1. Softball--Coaching. 2. Softball for children--Coaching. I. National Fastpitch Coaches Association,
editor of compilation.
GV881.4.C6.S65 2014
796.357'8--dc23
2013017610
ISBN-10: 1-4504-2465-1 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-4504-2465-3 (print)
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te·na·cious
/t ′nā SH s/
e e
1. Not readily letting go of, giving up, or separated from an object that one
holds, a position, or a principle: “a tenacious grip.”
2. Not easily dispelled or discouraged; persisting in existence or in a course
of action: “a tenacious legend.”
This single word sums up the life of Elaine Sortino. It does not just sum up her
coaching career but her very existence through her lifetime. No obstacle was big
enough or difficult enough to stop Elaine from maximizing everything she could
get from her players, her staff, or herself. Her last season was her first losing season
in 34 years of coaching. But the wins and championships never defined her. They
were just fodder for others to talk about. They were only the byproduct of what
she loved to do more than anything in her life—be a coach, teacher, and educator.
First and foremost, her love of teaching was the driving force behind her success.
Teaching each athlete that wore the UMASS uniform through her many years of
coaching—teaching each one as though they alone could be the one to make or
break the team's ability to succeed and that they were important. The importance
of getting a little better every day was her mantra to each player whether a starter, All-
American, or pinch runner. Each player represented a challenge to Elaine that she
relished—make them better softball players, better teammates, and better people.
She never lost sight of the big picture. Many coaches use the excuse of having to
win to justify bending the rules or playing in the grey area. Elaine only ever knew
that doing the right thing was always the right thing to do. She recruited players
who loved the game as much as she did. She was one of the best pitching coaches
in the country, and she never pitched a game in her life. She was self-taught. She
worked harder than most people and loved every minute of it. The softball world
will not be the same without her passion or her courage or her vision. It’s lucky
for all of us that a small piece of Elaine's heart resides in each former player or
assistant coach who had the honor of playing for her or coaching alongside her and
will hopefully one day pass on that piece to another little girl who loves the game.
Ru th Crowe
Contents
PART ON E
COACHING PRIORITIES AND PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER 1 Sharing the Passion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Patty Gasso
CHAPTER 2 Defining Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Jeanne Scar pello
CHAPTER 3 Establishing a Winning Attitude . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chris Bellotto
CHAPTER 4 Playing Hard and Respecting the Game . . . . . 31

George Wares
CHAPTER 5 Leading by Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Kris Her man
PART T WO
PROGRAM BUILDING AND MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 6 Building a Successful
High School Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Bob Ligouri
CHAPTER 7 Building a Successful College Program . . . . . 63

Karen Weekly
CHAPTER 8 Selecting and Mentoring Your Staff . . . . . . . . 79

Elaine Sor tino
CHAPTER 9 Promoting Your Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Frank Griffin
CHAPTER 10 Recruiting the Right Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Bonnie Tholl
vi
PA RT T H R E E
EFFECTIVE PRACTICE SESSIONS

CHAPTER 11 Structuring Indoor
and Outdoor Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Michelle Venturella
CHAPTER 12 Minimizing Monotony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Beth Torina
PA RT F O U R
PLAYER SKILLS AND TEAM STRATEGIES

CHAPTER 13 Batting Practice for Power
and Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Jenny Allard
CHAPTER 14 Firming Up Offensive Fundamentals . . . . . . 163

Ehren Earleywine
CHAPTER 15 Developing Your Pitching Staff . . . . . . . . . . 185

Erica Beach
CHAPTER 16 Developing Your Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Stacey Nuveman Deniz
CHAPTER 17 Fielding Practice for Errorless Play . . . . . . . 221

John Tschida
CHAPTER 18 Strength Training, Conditioning,

and Agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Teena Murray
vii
PA RT F I V E
PLAYER MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP

CHAPTER 19 Establishing a Positive
Player–Coach Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Donna Papa
CHAPTER 20 Understanding Today’s Athlete . . . . . . . . . . 277

Carol Bruggeman
CHAPTER 21 Assessing Your Team’s Mental Makeup . . . . . 293

Kyla Holas
CHAPTER 22 Building Team Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Kelly Inouye-Perez
CHAPTER 23 Developing Student-Athletes off the Field . . 315

Sandy Montgomer y
PA RT S I X
COACHING CHALLENGES, PRESSURES,

AND OPPORTUNITIES
CHAPTER 24 Handling Each Season’s Highs and Lows . . . 327
Rachel Lawson
CHAPTER 25 Continuing to Learn,

Continuing to Develop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Kristi Bredbenner
CHAPTER 26 Coaching, Family, and Personal Priorities . . 349

Deanna Gumpf
Works Cited 359
About the NFCA 361
About the Contributors 363
viii
PART ONE
COACHING PRIORITIES
AND PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER
1
Sharing the Passion
Patt y Gasso
I was sitting at a softball field recently, recruiting and taking in a travel ball game.
Truthfully, I was not seeing the best talent, and I was not properly equipped for the
cold and wind. It was not one of my best days. I remember asking myself, “Why am
I doing this?” The pity party did not last long. I looked around the complex and
saw hundreds of kids in uniform, playing in this miserable weather. Their parents
were there too, bundled in blankets. I thought, “I have the ability to make one of
these kids’ dreams come true.” That realization was powerful. I could be a major
role model and a lasting member in one of those athletes’ lives. The responsibility
and honor for any coach is huge. So I quickly got over my griping and jumped
back into my recruiting skin.
I have been blessed with the opportunity to work for the University of Okla-
homa and be surrounded with wonderful coaches, athletes, and administrators. I
get to go to work every day and call the softball stadium my office. How awesome!
Sometimes I take this privilege for granted, and one thing I have learned as I have
matured as a coach is to be thankful and to keep working hard, because the day
I sit back and think that I have arrived as a coach, the program will be left in the
dust. I know that I am in the right profession when after 30 years of coaching, 18
of those years at the University of Oklahoma, I feel that I have not worked a day
in my life. A line from one of Jo Dee Messina’s famous songs claims, “It goes so
fast, and one day we look back and ask, Was that my life?” As I am grinning from
ear to ear, the answer is an emphatic, “Yes, softball is my life.”
FINDING THE PASSION

The answer to this challenge is easy. You find the passion in your heart. When
you do anything with passion and put your heart and soul into it, your experi-
ence will be rewarding. Too many coaches and players are involved in this sport
for the wrong reasons. This orientation is easy to see. Body language is negative;
you can see a lack of effort and a lack of respect. A coach or player led by passion
is easy to recognize as well—a team player, energetic, enthusiastic, fun to watch,
3
4 The Softball Coaching Bible
hardworking, demonstrating a genuine love for the game. Coaches or players with
passion can’t wait to play or practice, and they are constantly working on ways to
get better. They have an endless work ethic at an activity that never feels like work.
Passionate people are infectious, and they bring out the best of those around them.
Unfortunately, negative team members are just as infectious.
I began my coaching career as a junior varsity basketball coach. I was 19 years
old, and some of the players were just 3 years my junior. I knew when I was growing
up that I wanted to be a teacher and a coach, and by making that decision early in
my life, I could immediately go to work on starting my career. The program I took
over had a record of 1-14 the year before my arrival. Now I understand why they
would hire a 19-year-old student to take over the program! I was pumped to get
the job. I knew it would be a challenge to get those young athletes to believe in a
young coach. I went in with high expectations and had a personal goal of getting
the team to win at least five games. I would have to get rid of the negative feelings
left over from the previous season, and I recognized that my most important job
was to create a positive and winning attitude. Confidence and a winning expecta-
tion had to come oozing out of me at our first meeting. I set the ground rules and
talked about my philosophy of blue-collar work (no one will ever outwork us), of
working as a team and respecting each other. They then heard the most important
phrase I would ever share, and it is still the focus of my players to this day: We will
never quit—ever. It is not an option!
My first coaching season was going pretty well. Halfway through the season
we had already won four games. I thought it was cool to dress up as a professional
when I was coaching JV basketball, although it was apparent that my peers did
not share my thought process!
A situation happened to me on the court that season, now 30 years ago, that
I will never forget—one of those life-changing moments. We were in an intense
game against our conference rival, and the referee made what I thought was a
terrible call. I made it known to the ref that I did not agree with his call, and he
made a comment that has never left me. The referee said to me in front of my
players, “Coach, relax, this is just a JV girls’ basketball game!” Ouch. I voiced my
passion that day with the referee, and at 19 years old, in my first season as a head
coach, I was thrown out of my first game. I thought, “Maybe I’m not cut out for
this coaching thing.” But my actions that day confirmed to me that my passion for
women’s athletics and for my team was needed to get the respect we deserved. I
am not proud of my outburst, but I would not have changed a thing. My players
learned a lesson that day—that they deserved the same respect given to any male
athlete—and they understood that I believed in them enough to fight for them.
The team went on a winning streak and finished the season with 10 wins, 1 win
away from the conference title. Whether it’s a junior varsity girls’ basketball game
or a collegiate women’s softball program, girls and women who put their heart
and soul into their sport deserve to be taken seriously and treated with dignity
and respect. Our job as coaches is to make sure that happens. Passion is about
feeling—and acting on that feeling!
Sharing the Passion 5
WHY ATHLETES TODAY MAY LOSE PASSION

For those of us who have been coaching for a while now, we would all agree that
coaching today’s athletes is definitely a challenge. Capturing and keeping their
attention is difficult. We are dealing with some stiff competition! Cell phones with
texting, Twitter, Facebook, blogging—the list goes on. I have not figured out a
way to stop this besides keeping it off the field, out of the locker room, and off the
bus. My conclusion is that the youth of today need constant stimulation. If you
can’t beat ’em, join ’em! I make sure that my practices are active and require the
players to move constantly. I come up with new practice plans and drills that are
relevant and challenging. I try to break practice into segments so that we have the
ability to start over and refocus. My players do not get much out of long, drawn-
out practices. Don’t get me wrong; sometimes these practices are necessary. But
my players work best with constant challenges, and I try to bring that every day.
I am fortunate to have peers who share their ideas and their struggles. Many
coaches today are struggling with athletes who do not know how to compete.
Young athletes can play up to six games a day! How can we expect them to have
passion for six games straight? It’s an impossible feat. I need athletes who will put
it all on the field every day and not look at the competition as just another game.
I have a hard time with that. My plan to combat this problem is to make my fall
season a challenging and competitive experience. Each day I challenge my athletes,
especially in strength training and conditioning. I believe that to get my athletes to
understand how to compete, they have to be pushed not to the wall, but through
the wall. They have to be deprogrammed from having the attitude that it doesn’t
matter to taking extreme pride in their efforts. Athletes have to feel the good and
the bad and learn how to fight through the tough times. I think that athletes are
too quick to surrender. They don’t want to put their heart out there, because if they
do and they are not successful, they will feel the hurt, shame, or embarrassment.
The greatest coach of all time, John Wooden, said, “For an athlete to function
properly, she must be intent. There has to be a definite purpose and goal if you
are to progress. If you are not intent about what you are doing, you aren’t able to
resist the temptation to do something else that might be more fun at the moment.”
WHERE DID ALL THE LEADERS GO?

When I was growing up, my back gate opened up into a city park that had four
softball diamonds, outdoor basketball courts, swings, monkey bars, rings, slides,
and lots of open field. Talk about a kid’s heaven on earth! During summers I was at
the park from 8:00 a.m. until my mom called me home for dinner (no cell phones
back then, just the distinct sound of my mother’s voice). All the gang knew to meet
up at the park, and we would play all day long. It seemed that I never got tired,
never too hot or cold, and I did not want to spend time eating because it would
take away from my playtime. It was a blast! I realize now that all those hours of
play molded me into the coach I am today. I played everything, from softball to
flag football, basketball, dodge ball, capture the flag, kick ball—the list goes on. I
found that I had some athletic ability, and because I was one of the more athletic
girls out there, my friends depended on me to take charge—to make the teams,
establish the rules, and set the boundaries (usually pieces of trash were used as
bases). Are leaders born or made? I learned at a young age that my friends counted
on me to get the games started at the park each day, and I learned that I really
loved being that person. The idea of becoming a high school coach was a dream
for me ever since I was young. I definitely had the passion burning in me to make
that dream come true.
I am an advocate for making sure that young athletes get proper training. Today
there seems to be a coach for everything from pitching, hitting, and defense to fit-
ness and strength, running form, and mental training. If you have a need, someone
will be able to give you a lesson for it. Training athletes has become a big business.
Multisport athletes are becoming a rarity. The commitment now is to year-round
training in one sport. I can understand the decision to focus on one sport, especially
if a collegiate future is a possibility.
But with so many adults telling these kids what to do and how to do it, I find that
these young athletes have no game savvy! The way they play the game is almost
robotic. Not much feeling is involved, and if it is, it’s purely about individual per-
formance. What happened to the team players? Where did all the leaders go? What
happened to the athlete who is passionate for the game, who is upset after a loss
and overjoyed following a win? I think many coaches are searching for this answer.
If you want to find out who the natural leaders are on your team and which ones
have the passion to compete, go to practice one day with just one softball. Throw
it out on the field, go sit in the bleachers, and be ready to bite your tongue! Have
them figure out who plays on what team, how to call balls and strikes, and who
makes safe and out calls. You will learn a lot from this experience. You may find
out that the athlete who you are ready to name captain is someone the players will
not respond to. By becoming a spectator at your own practice, you will witness
which athletes compete and have the independence to stand on their own. Then
you may see the opposite—athletes who are rebellious, not giving their all, not
playing with the passion that we are searching for. Some may be saying, “This
is stupid. Why are we doing this?” Pay attention to this attitude because it can
destroy your program!
I’ve had to make some tough decisions in my coaching career, and over a year
ago I made one of the toughest of my career. I had too many athletes who did not
have the passion and commitment that I believed was needed for us to continue
to win championships. I needed to take action. I called each of these athletes
into the office and tried to talk them into becoming regular students—no more
6:00 a.m. workouts, hard practices, or aching body parts. Freedom to work and
make money, hang out with friends, and have more free time. I made it enticing.
The problem was that five of them took me up on the offer! But I appreciated
their being honest with their feelings, and we parted ways the right way. Now
here was my new problem—no depth. How can we win with 15 players, 3 of
whom are pitchers only? You will be amazed what can happen when you get a
group of athletes on the field who have the same goals, ambition, and passion
to win as a team! I never enjoyed a season more, and I was proud of what that
team accomplished.
With a depleted lineup, we went on the road to Arizona, winning the best two
out of three super regional and making our way back to the Women’s College
World Series! Players thanked me at the end of the season for my decision to let
go of the players who had lost the passion. In return they wanted to prove to me
that they could accomplish anything—and they did. That season was one of the
most rewarding of my career, and I will never forget the lesson I learned: I must
surround the program with athletes who have a mission and a goal to be national
champions, even if it means making tough decisions. Passion is about feeling—and
acting on that feeling!
A COACH’S RESPONSIBILITY
I think it is cool to be called Coach Gasso. I take it as a form of respect. I also
take it as a great responsibility. I have been called to make a difference in the lives
of young people. My job is not only to coach them but also to mentor them and
prepare them for real life. Unfortunately, collegiate softball athletes who move on
to the NPF (National Professional Fastpitch) league do not make million-dollar
contracts (maybe someday!) but barely enough to live on. The lights on the field
will eventually go out, and my job is to make sure that my athletes are ready to
face the world. Here are a few life skills that I hope I can leave them with.
Confidence and Self-Esteem

Whether it is on the softball field or in life, I want my athletes to exude confidence.
The coach’s task here is difficult. You may have players who have been pushed so
hard by their parents that they think they can’t do anything right. Other kids are
full of excuses; they have to blame someone else for their shortcomings. They are
afraid of failure. Some athletes I have met are fragile and afraid to look me in the
eyes. They have weak handshakes. They have horrible body language. How do I
combat this? First, I never wear sunglasses. I want the athletes to see my eyes. I
believe that the eyes are the window to the soul. I want the players to see what I
am feeling, and I will make them look at me whenever we are talking, whether at
practice or before or after a game. It is important that we connect, and I can tell
a lot about the way an athlete is feeling when I look into her eyes. My goal is to
bring out a glowing confidence in every one of my players, both on and off the
field. We also talk often about appearance and dressing for success. Whenever we
fly, I expect the team members to wear dresses, skirts, or nice slacks. We are travel-
ing for a business trip, and I want the team to have that mind-set. I also expect all
athletes to attend class in proper attire—no sweat pants, sweat shirts, or practice
gear. When they are in the classroom, they are students and should dress like
students; when they are on the field, then they can wear practice gear.
For me to have any kind of influence on my players, they must trust me. I work
to find time to talk with my athletes, build a relationship, and find out what moti-
vates them in life. I encourage my players to stand up for what they believe in and
never quit. It is interesting to see the interactions of the athletes at a big univer-
sity like the University of Oklahoma, where football is king. The female athletes
change when they are around the male athletes, almost as if the male athletes are
royalty. I want my players to believe that they are as important as any male athlete
on campus and to understand that they work just as hard and deserve the same
respect. I want my athletes to fight for themselves and never let anyone mistreat
them or disrespect them, whether on the field or in their social life. Getting young
females to be full of confidence and self-esteem is not easy, but I have a passion for
sending my players out into the real world ready for whatever comes their way.
Ultimately, what I am after is for my athletes to discover a sense of independence.
They need to be able to stand on their own two feet. They will never become
independent if things are always handed to them or if we as coaches are always
there to bail them out. It drives me nuts to watch athletes on the field, especially
the pitcher on the mound, who are constantly looking in the dugout for a coach’s
approval. We need to allow our athletes to make mistakes and let them know that
messing up is OK. Mistakes are the greatest learning tool. Athletes need to count
on themselves—no lame excuses or blaming others. No crutch! We want them to
take accountability for their actions and their lives, and to trust themselves.
Pride
The definition of pride is a “sense of personal dignity.” Pride is correlated with
confidence and self-esteem, but my push is for athletes to take pride in representing
themselves and our university in everything they do. Wearing the Sooner uniform is
a privilege, not a right! You reap what you sow; you earn what you get. I invest my
time wisely and with my heart. I work hard for it, and it means something to me.
As a coach I understand this saying: “If you don’t have the struggles, you won’t
know the strengths.” I have witnessed teams go on major emotional roller coasters.
The coaster is going straight down, and it looks as if there is no light at the end
of the tunnel. The ride isn’t fun! But the trip is necessary to get where you want
to go. Many athletes do not want to experience this kind of frustration, pain, and
embarrassment, but the mature athlete understands that this experience is part of
her development. Sometimes it hurts a lot, but to me, feeling is a lost art! I want
my players to have a sick feeling after a loss, because they worked hard and then
let someone prevent them from reaching their goal. My trust is that they do not
want to experience that sick feeling again. Any time you invest your heart and soul
and it doesn’t work out the way you want it to, it will hurt, but when it does work,
no feeling is sweeter and more rewarding in your pursuit of excellence! Legend-
ary football coach Vince Lombardi once said, “The harder you work, the harder
it is to surrender.”
These are the sources that drive pride:

◆◆ Pure enjoyment and passion for the pursuit
◆◆ Desire to feel important and successful
◆◆ The quest to fulfill your potential
◆◆ Pride in your performance
◆◆ Joy or love of ongoing learning and improvement
KEEPING THE PASSION

Maintaining passion is challenging because at times we all experience a sense of
burnout. I think that feeling comes with hard work. Having a chance to breathe and
gain a renewed spirit and sense of excitement toward your players, your practices,
and your season is important. I know that December is an important month for
me to unwind from the stress of practice and recruiting. I use the time to become
rejuvenated for the team to return in January and get hungry for the start of the
season. What can I do about the other 11 months?
Balance
In the book Life Wisdom From John Wooden, Coach Wooden wrote, “Don’t let
making a living prevent you from making a life.” One of the greatest gifts we can
give our athletes is to demonstrate balance in our lives. We may think what we do
is the most important thing in the world and that the softball world cannot exist
without us. Get over yourself! I am fortunate to have a husband who reminds me
of this every day. At times, I could work until midnight every night because I think
that there are not enough hours in the day. I realize now that the same work will
be there for me tomorrow.
When I come home from practice or from the office, I need to let go of my job
and focus on my job as a wife and mother. I have to be honest and say that I don’t
always do this. I often find that when I’m at home I am thinking about a new lineup
or new drills, about why our practice did not go well, and so on. Getting softball
out of my head can be difficult. I found that if I can get home and engage myself
with my kids or husband and not talk much about softball, I don’t think about it as
much. As a wife, mother, and coach, I am pulled in many directions. Many times I
have thought that as a mother of two kids I should not be coaching. The time and
travel required to do this job successfully is not fair to my kids. But I also know
that God led me into this position of coaching at a young age and that my mission
is to work with young people and be instrumental in helping change their lives. I
had a conversation with my kids when they were young (they are 23 and 17 now)
about what I do for a living. I asked them whether they wanted me to stop coaching.
They said, “Mom, you wouldn’t be who you are if you weren’t coaching. You are
supposed to be a coach and we love you!” That was all the confirmation I needed,
and it helps that they get great seats for all OU football games!
Continue to Learn
I have been coaching long enough now that it is easy to think that I know enough
about softball and coaching. But that is not the case, and I am smart enough to
know that! I enjoy speaking at coaching clinics, mostly so that I can hear other
coaches speak on a variety of subjects. I love to learn about new ways of doing
things. I am also interested in sport psychology and finding better ways of com-
municating with my athletes and coaches. Knowledge is power, and it will keep
you ahead of the game. Proverbs 24:5 reads, “A wise man had great power, and
a man of knowledge increases strength.” If I can increase my strength as a coach
through knowledge, I will be passionate about learning!
Love What You Do and Show It

I know I am one of the luckiest and most blessed people on earth because I love
what I do and get to do it every day. I hope that my athletes feel this energy from
me daily. Don’t get me wrong—not every day is full of roses. We will not always
be at our best. But remember that we have a huge responsibility to our athletes.
They are counting on us to bring discipline, organization, structure, knowledge,
and accountability, which all lead to their feeling a sense of security and comfort.
Athletes need to master these important qualities so that they can let go of distrac-
tions and be at their best.
Finally, just as it is important for our athletes to show their emotions, we as
coaches need to share our passion with our athletes. By sharing, I have formed a
trusting bond with my athletes. I may feel a little vulnerable at times, but I am real
about it and not afraid to show it, good or bad. I am not big on showing affection,
but you can be sure that my athletes know how I feel about them. They have my
heart, and they know it. I am fully invested with each one of them. I celebrate
with them, and I hurt with them. If you ask an athlete who the most influential
person is in her life, she is likely to name a coach she has worked with throughout
her playing career. I want to be that person! My passion is to change lives first
and win championships second. Remember: Passion is about feeling—and acting
on that feeling!
FINAL THOUGHTS
The day I start thinking about being tired of volunteering all my time, feeling taken
for granted, and feeling unappreciated is the day I need to retire. I am not in it
for the praise or notoriety. We put in too many hours, and we are not always paid
accordingly. If you want to be monetarily rich, this is not the profession for you!
The rewards of coaching are the grin that an athlete gives you when she achieves
something she has been working hard for, the hugs you get after a huge victory, the
sense of pride you feel watching your team handling adversity and never giving up,
the long thank-you letters you receive from your former student-athletes. These
are what keep me going. Retired NFL quarterback Kurt Warner states in the book
The Greatest Leader Ever, “Leading is less difficult when you love what you do.”
CHAPTER
2
Defining Expectations
Jea n ne Scar pello
In my 13 years as a head coach, I tried to keep things simple. As all programs do,
we try our best to surround ourselves with good people, from the people we hire
to the athletes we recruit. We try to have high standards not only for our athletes
but also for our coaching staff. I believe that success comes from communicat-
ing what we expect from all and then consistently holding our team members to
those standards. By doing those two things, communicating and holding mem-
bers accountable, I think that any coach can help set a culture within her or his
program. Having a culture at any program means that the team will have a set of
shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes the organization.
When looking at that definition, think about how you want your players to carry
themselves at practices, at games, in the classroom, and in everyday life. Through
your expectations you can instill in your players some discipline and confidence
regarding their attitudes and influence their demeanor, the way they speak, and
the way they think.
GOALS VERSUS EXPECTATIONS

Every year most if not all programs set goals that can be controlled as well as
some outcome goals that cannot be controlled. Outcome goals are easily mea-
sured—you either accomplish them or you don’t. For some programs, the goals
might be to have a team GPA of 3.3 and win a state championship, a conference
championship, or even a national championship. Although you might not achieve
some of your goals every year, these goals become your program’s mission. Your
team’s goals become a target to which your team commits its effort. If teams are
committed, goals should be a motivator to bring enthusiasm to practices every
day. Accomplishing the mission should not be the only gauge of a success, but the
mission can help athletes set their sights, their focus, and their direction for the
yearlong journey. Your players should feel some excitement when they imagine the
possibilities of what they can accomplish together. But for them to achieve their
mission or goals, coaches must clearly communicate their daily expectations and
continue to hold players accountable throughout the season.
11
PLAYER EXPECTATIONS
Each year your coaching staff and team leaders need to let the new team members
know what you expect in terms of character, practices, games, communication,
academics, and so on. Expectations should be realistically attainable and practical.
Clearly and frequently stating expectations can reduce the distractions, drama,
and setbacks that may occur throughout the year. We want our new players to
have confidence, to be problem solvers, and to make smart and mature decisions
throughout their collegiate career and later in life. Of course, talent will always
help any team succeed, but if coaches can get players to meet their expectations
consistently, they have a better shot at a successful season and may contend for
a title.
The first item that coaches should try to accomplish to help their players buy
into their standards and expectations is to teach them to have pride in the program.
Most young women who have played for University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO)
know that this is the only place for me. They know this because of how I speak
about our program and athletic department. I love the opportunity I have to coach
here at UNO, and I try to make that apparent to my players. Take the time to talk
about the people who have played for your program, your past championships, and
the way in which that was accomplished. If you’re a building program, talk about
traditions you want to develop, your vision, and how you plan to get there. You
want the players to believe in the blueprint and the plans that you will have them
follow. Have your players take pride in the program they play for, understand why
the standards are set, and be proud of the culture at your school or organization.
The players need to understand that they are continuing the culture or, for some,
building the culture that will characterize your program. Here are a few simple
ideas to build pride in your program: Have players wear their apparel and logo
proudly, know their school fight song, know what the mascot is and what it stands
for, support other athletic teams in the athletic department, and understand the
history that they are representing every day. When we talk about pride, we ask
our players to be the standard for our athletic department.
Expectations in Character
I believe that much of the success at our program has come from surrounding
ourselves with good people. We try to recruit players who we believe already have
admirable character traits. They will make mistakes throughout the course of a
year, but if you have a team made up of responsible, caring, trusting, and respect-
ful people, mistakes will occur less frequently. These four traits are important not
only during their athletic careers but also later in life.
Respect
Look for players to be respectful. They should treat others as they would like to
be treated. A few items that come to mind are being punctual for all meetings,
Defining Expectations 13
practices, and events; making eye contact when speaking or when being spoken
to; being aware of tone when speaking; speaking less and listening more; shaking a
hand to introduce themselves; and using the phrases please and thank you every day.
We respect everyone who comes in contact with our team, whether the person is
an All-American pitcher, a pinch runner, a secretary, or a trainer. No matter what
a person’s role may be, we do our best to make that person feel valued.
Trust
Expect that your players will be trustworthy. We trust that coaches and players
are doing right by the team and themselves even when no one is looking. Trust
can be seen as material, such as working out on their own over a break, doing the
correct number of reps in the weight room, running a captain’s practice the way
that we would expect, going to class even though the professor does not take roll,
and going to bed at a decent hour the night before practice or a game. Trust can
also be nonmaterial, such as telling the truth when asked a question or keeping it
to themselves when told a secret. We don’t encourage secrets on our team, but we
do expect our players to keep it within our family when we have taken disciplinary
action. After trust is broken, it is hard to rebuild. Trust takes time, dedication, and
commitment. We ask our players to keep these four points in mind: Do what you
say, never lie, volunteer information to prove that you have nothing to hide, and
don’t omit important details.
I had a player who chose not to attend some of her classes. The professor was
not taking roll, so there was no reason to go to class because she assumed that I
would not find out. Well, I asked our player whether she was attending her classes.
I could tell by the look on her face that she knew she was caught. My trust was
broken. We needed to find a way to rebuild the trust. We decided to have her
professors sign a sheet every time she was in class. They were not to sign it if our
player was a second late to class or left a second early. Every day, she would hand
me a sheet with all her professors’ signatures on it. If she didn’t produce a sheet,
she would not practice, which meant that she would not play. Imagine this—our
player soon explained to me how much you can learn by going to class. She earned
back my trust (after three months of signatures), and now I believe that we have
instilled the habit of consistently going to class even though we no longer collect
the signatures. Of course, this episode encouraged others to attend classes from
that point on.
Responsibility
As coaches, we ask our athletes to be responsible and make smart, mature deci-
sions every day. Obviously, players who are committed and invested in reaching
their goals can accomplish this easily. The difference between being responsible
and being irresponsible comes down to two things—accountability and adapt-
ability. I have always appreciated a player’s telling the staff of a mistake she made
before we find out from another player. Our players encourage each other to do
so. Players must face up to a mistake, make no excuses, and then learn from it.
After the player takes responsibility for her action, meaning that she engages in
some form of correction, our coaching staff holds no grudges, and the player is
not allowed to hold any grudges for having to carry out the correction. Depend-
ing on the mistake, we communicate to the team the situation and the corrective
action. Discussing the mistake made by one person can be a learning experience
for all. If you communicate the situation, others may not have to make the same
mistake later during the year. This approach keeps the team all moving forward
toward accomplishing your goals with as few distractions as possible. We try to get
the players to understand that these traits are essential to the success of our team.
But should a player continue not to understand the difference between right and
wrong and fail to show that she cares for the well-being of the team, we might
decide as a coaching staff that the young woman is simply not a good fit for our
program. This decision can be the hardest one that a coach may face.
Thoughtfulness
Finally, our players must be caring people; they must care about the team’s goals
and their teammates rather than their individual goals. Before they make a decision,
we want them to ask themselves, “Is this best for the team?” We want to create a
family atmosphere. Players who genuinely care for each other on and off the field
will create this family atmosphere. They may not always get along, but they must
appreciate and respect each other’s differences, beliefs, and backgrounds. We hope
that our players look after each other and mentor each other in all areas of life.
In the end, players won’t always remember who hit in the winning run during a
game, but the friendships they make will last forever.
Help your players understand your character expectations by discussing through-
out the year what these qualities mean to you and what they feel and look like. You
can do this by continually showing general concern for your players and support
staff by building strong relationships with each of them. We make it a point to
give our appreciation to those who have helped our program in big or small ways
by offering a thank you, a card, a personal invitation to a game, a T-shirt, or other
gesture. Our players see our staff act in this manner, and we make subtle sugges-
tions for the players to do the same. As a staff, we make sure to display positive
energy around those we work with and show the love we have for the game and
our opportunity to coach at UNO. Your coaching staff can be the best example by
showing your players thoughtfulness, respect, trust, and responsibility every day.
If you’re going to talk the talk, you’ve got to walk the walk.
Expectations at Practice and Games

I don’t think that we demand any more at practice than any other program does.
Teams should hustle and work hard to the point that they feel as if they deserve
victory. Players can easily control all items that we expect during practices and
games. Most items that we expect are based on their approach to the game or
practice. This quotation from the book Practice Perfect Baseball, edited by Bob
Bennett (2009), sums what we as coaches expect:
Be careful of your thoughts, because they will eventually become your
body language.
Be careful of your body language, because it will eventually become
your words.
Be careful of your words, because they will eventually become your
actions.
Be careful of your actions, because they will eventually become your
habits.
Be careful of your habits, because they will eventually become your
character.
Be careful of your character, because it will eventually become your
destiny.
How they approach the day and its challenges come from their enthusiasm and
commitment to be prepared. It all starts by the way we dress: If we look good, we
will play good. This expectation is pretty simple. Whether it’s practice or a game,
our players are dressed in our red and black gear including belts, socks, jerseys,
and undershirts. To this day, I have alumni call telling me of the nightmares they
had of forgetting their uniforms. Our expectation on apparel must have been clear.
Dedication
Our coaching staff spends a tremendous amount of time planning practice. Our
practice plan is posted in the dugout so that the players know what we are aiming
to accomplish. Our drills and the equipment needed for each are listed. Our play-
ers read the practice plan, organize the equipment for the first drills listed, and
have that drill set ready for action. They do this before we do our stretching and
warm-up routine. Of course, this required preparation means that the players have
to be at practice at least 15 minutes early as well. We want our players to come to
practice with a purpose in mind. At times we may have our players write out and
hand in what they want to accomplish for the day so that we know they thought
about it before they step on the field. Other times I just ask a single player what
she is seeking to accomplish at practice. This approach usually prepares all players
to have an answer ready. Answers vary from “I want to work on tracking the ball
better today” to “I want to work on my first step to the ball.”
Every year we face opponents who are stronger, faster, and more talented, but
every team has about the same amount of time to spend on the field. How we
choose to spend that time is important. Players need to be prepared to be there
physically and mentally in each drill. Catchers should always block and frame with
proper posture while in the bullpen, outfielders must always show enthusiasm for
making diving catches and having no fear of fences, and infielders must always
perform disciplined fielding actions. Athletes should walk into practice with no
distractions. Athletics allows players to have three hours away from reality—no
academic problems, no relationship issues, no stresses. The only thought in their
minds should be about improving their game!
Players understand that the game of softball and practices are all about getting
lots of repetition! To become consistent, our players know that they will be asked
to repeat skills over and over, and to do so with enthusiasm. To get the repetition
that we want, we stress the importance of doing a drill with discipline, meaning
doing it the right way and in a consistent manner, working on quality not quantity,
and then hustling from one drill to the next to allow for more repetitions during
that particular drill. We say, “When in doubt, hustle.” Our players never finish on
an error or a bad hit; they always ask our coaching staff for one more.
Determination
We expect our players to want to be challenged mentally and physically, to see
themselves pushed to their limits. As coaches, we are looking for what Southern
Mississippi strength coach Paul Jackson calls as little pushback as possible. Push-
back shows up in the form of quitting, complaining, whining, pouting, or hanging
one’s head. Pushback players think that they are already good, don’t want to be
called out for mistakes, and might choose not to work as hard. We confront any
poor body language immediately—one-on-one and in private. I have been known
to remove a player from a drill when I see poor body language or hear a negative
comment, such as “I can’t.” Our players must speak with the language of “I will”
and “I can.” We ask our players to walk tall, to look our staff in the eye when talked
to, and to show signs of confidence in our performance. Players need to be open
to coaching, to changing, and to growing as players. Again, as a coaching staff, we
try to walk the walk here as well. Coaches need to be open and continue to grow
with their players.
Teams should be ready to be competitive and play any game or challenge at
practice with the mentality to win. Never should players show defeat. No matter
what the scoreboard shows, when spectators walk into our game they should never
know by our demeanor or effort who is winning or losing. We have adopted the
phrase get big from Brian Cain’s Toilets, Bricks, Fish Hooks and Pride (2011). I expect
our players never to place any team or player on a pedestal. We play every game
with the intentions to win; after all, the game of softball never knows who should
win on the field! We ask players to compete bigger than what their stature may
be. We have always told our recruits and players that although they may wear a
size 6 shoe, if they play with attitude, intensity, and competitive spirit, they will
leave a footprint here at UNO bigger than a size 12.
Overall, what most of us find is that the good teams are desperate to get better,
the poor teams are not interested, and the average teams are interested but cannot
do what it takes on a consistent basis. Consistency in positive thought and actions
is key to the success of any athlete and program.
COMMUNICATING OUR EXPECTATIONS

The easiest way for a coach to communicate expectations is to be an example of
what is expected from the team. How you treat people in your life, how you pre-
pare for practices, how you carry yourself with confidence, how hard you work
and display your passion for the game can all be used as a measuring stick by your
athletes. When you communicate, your expectations must be clear and concise.
When I know of a minor or major problem, I address it that day. Our players take
the same approach when they make a mistake. They communicate, apologize, and
have a solution ready for the coaching staff. This approach is what we expect—com-
municate the problem, hold themselves accountable, and then solve the problem
by coming up with a solution.
An example of this occurred when a freshman knew that we were doing grade
checks about a month into the semester. This freshman was used to getting As and
Bs in high school, but she was receiving a D in her math class. Before I received
her grade check, she let me know what her grade was. She went on to say that she
had already discussed her situation with the professor, had signed up for a tutor,
and had asked her cousin to change her password on Facebook so that she would
not waste any more time on that site. I’m sure that I added an hour or two to our
freshman’s study table requirements as well, but I was thrilled that she took it upon
herself to let me know what the situation was early, to come up with a solution,
and to hold herself accountable. At the end of the semester, she received a B in
her math class.
Timing of Expectation Communications

Your first team meeting is a good time to communicate most if not all expectations.
At this time you may want to lay out the areas where you may have expectations,
such as character, practice, competition, and academics. We not only discuss these
areas with all team members and the coaching staff but also spell them out in our
team handbook. At our first team meeting, we discuss this handbook page by page
and have the players sign a contract that they understand the material covered.
Signing the contract does not mean that players will not make mistakes, but they
understand that consequences come with the decisions that they make throughout
the year. Should we have any issues of people not meeting the expectations, we
talk to the team as a whole or have an individual meeting discussing the change
of pace we need and why.
Communicating Expectations Through Mentoring

We continue communicating these expectations through a mentoring program.
The purpose of this program is for our players to be accountable not just to the
coaches but also to one another. We have found that our mentoring program can
do that and build leadership from within. The mentoring program allows our
athletes to stay on top of tasks that need to be accomplished, and by relying on
our team leaders to communicate these tasks, I free up my time for other duties.
In addition, communication works better when it is coming from team members,

not from the coaching staff.
Our mentoring program works like this. We split up our team into three teams
of six players each. They are labeled the red, black, and white teams. Each team
has mentors, typically seniors and juniors who have been through our program
and understand many of our expectations. Each team also has new players who
are still learning our system. Each team is required to get 50 points each semester
to receive a small reward. The reward is small because our expectations involve
items that the players can easily attain and that they should be doing every day.
Points are tallied up weekly, and we add or subtract for items that have or have
not been accomplished. The scores are posted in the locker room. Nobody likes
to see her team coming in last, especially those who believe that they are leaders.
Teams tally up points by accomplishing tasks or goals that we think are impor-
tant to having a successful program. We listed six areas in which teams could earn
points this year:
◆◆ Time-sensitive items—These were items that needed to be handed in to
our coaches or support staff such as monitor and compliance forms, food
journals, uniforms to be washed, and so on.
◆◆ Academics—Grade checks are done throughout the semester. For each
grade check that we do, each team member received a certain number of
points for every A or B and had points deducted for any Ds or Fs. Final
grade points are doubled because they are the most important.
◆◆ Weights—Our team is tested monthly on their sprint and agility times,
vertical jumps, and certain lifts. Teams received points if a member of their
team improved on the selected test of the month.
◆◆ Pride—Teams earned points for attending university events including other
athletic events together as a team. Should a team get two or more players
from another mentor group to join in attending an outside event, more
points are awarded.
◆◆ Full team functions—Points were accumulated for having team dinners,
going bowling, and so on when all members of our entire team were present.
◆◆ Practice effort and performance—As coaches we chose various days to
grade each player’s performance and effort. The players were not told that it
would be a grading day until the end of the practice. Often they were excited
after they were told because they were pleased with the effort that they gave.
◆◆ Community service—Each team member can earn bonus points for helping
out in the community. This area is used throughout the year and when a team
is behind on points or when a team member made a mistake. That person
could help get a point back by volunteering time back to our community.
Mentoring groups had points subtracted from their totals if a member was
responsible for any social misconduct, lack of effort at any practice (not just on
our grading day), leaving apparel behind, missing class, missing study hours, being
late to practice or a meeting, and so on.
Although we have the team split up in small groups, we stress the importance
of all three groups succeeding and reaching their 50 points. If all the groups reach
our point total, we are likely improving ourselves as student-athletes, receiving
the grades needed to graduate, improving overall team chemistry, and experienc-
ing fewer distractions throughout the year, which is a bonus. We believe that this
program allows each player to meet our expectations in the areas of concern. In
addition, the program encourages teammates to look out for each other.
Players are also taught that they have a responsibility to the team and that
their individual actions will affect our success as a team. We find that the players
communicate with each other even more. They remind each other of items that
need to be taken care of without the coaches ever having to be involved. Leaders
usually emerge in the individual teams, because if someone doesn’t, that team
will not succeed. We want all three groups to reach the goal, not just one. I have
found that the mentoring groups help our seniors or leaders because they have
a smaller group to look after and they don’t have the option to wait for someone
else to step up.
Mentoring Program at Work

One fall a freshman was having a difficult time adjusting to college life. For some
reason, the freshman was the only one struggling. After her second issue, I had a
discussion with her about whether she was a good fit for our program. Our upper-
classmen knew what this meant—the freshman might not be asked to stay on the
team. Our seniors asked if they could have a meeting with me to discuss the situ-
ation that was developing. I was never more proud. The seniors asked me to give
them the opportunity to watch over the freshman to help her make smarter and
more mature decisions. The seniors did a great job, because I never had another
issue with this player. What we hope for in this program is that the player who
once struggled will one day become a mentor to another freshman who may have
difficulties making positive decisions.
The mentoring team program has always been a work in progress that we add to
each year. It has worked well for us in holding players accountable and developing
some leadership in our system. Our expectations are clearly communicated, and
players are often reminded of their standards.
EXPECTATIONS FOR COACHES

The expectations that we have for our players need to be matched by what we
expect from ourselves. If we ask our players to carry themselves in a certain way,
we as a staff need to hold ourselves accountable for acting in the same manner. Our
players learn what we expect from them because we show them that we have the
same expectations of ourselves. One of the first things that we want our players to
know is that we care for them not just as athletes but also as people. Our coaching
staff schedules weekly meetings with our athletes to chat and ask about anything
other than softball. As coaches we are always working on the finer details of game
strategies and practice organization, but we need to find time to understand our
players and let them know that we care what is going on in their lives. I believe that
the more we show that we care, the more our athletes give on and off the field for
our program. Doing this can be as simple as sending a text message to a player to
make sure about a test grade that she received or asking about a sibling. Most of
our communication is done face to face, but modern players relate to text messages
just as well. Find ways that your players will communicate with you. The more
time that you can invest in your athletes, the more they will know that you care.
As a coach I value and respect the commitment that our players give to our
program. As much time as this job takes to be successful, I know that it takes the
same amount of time for them to be successful as players and students. I respect
and appreciate their commitment by being on time if not early for our practices
and making sure that a lot of planning and thought has gone into each practice
plan. We are organized and expend a lot of effort in making sure that we meet our
players’ goals of becoming the best players they can be. My staff and I show them
respect by the way we speak to them at practice and by showing them that we do
listen to their concerns or problems. We show our respect for them by the way
we speak positively about them during a speaking engagement, in the newspaper,
to fans or spectators, and during team functions.
Finally, as coaches we try to earn their trust by the way we communicate to
them. I believe in being upfront with our athletes, not sugar coating anything.
This way of conversing starts during the recruiting process when we are upfront
about our needs and our plans for them as athletes. Whether the conversation is
during the recruiting process or while they are playing with us, they may not like
what we have to tell them. We are honest with them in our assessment of their
skills, their playing time, their role, and the possible need to improve athletically
and academically. We keep drama low on the team by a direct communication
style. If a player is not accomplishing something that we believe she should, we
tell her immediately. I want my players always to know where they stand with our
coaching staff. This approach leads to fewer questions and less confusion for our
athletes. If for some reason an athlete has a question about a matter, we have an
open-door policy whereby our athletes can stop in any time for a discussion. The
number one goal of our staff is to make sure that our players know that we have
their best interest at heart during these conversations and that we will always
make time for each of them. Being upfront, honest, and straight to the point in
our communication style has always been our way to take responsibility for our
decisions, to earn our players’ trust, and to show our players that we respect them.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Defining expectations is much like establishing a coaching philosophy. Many of
us have expectations for ourselves that we developed from our experiences, our
parents, past coaches, and our mentors today. I have always looked at coaching,
whether it is on or off the field, as just placing our team and players in a position
to win or succeed. Players will soon form good habits if we make sure to commu-
nicate and hold them accountable to what we expect. For some, this job is simple
because we look to add players to our roster that have much of what we expect
already in them.
But we can teach expectations as well if we have players who want to continue
to grow. Of course, our goal is for our players to become the best that they can
be as people and as athletes. The longer that your standards, expectations, and
culture are in place, the easier the communication piece can be. You will soon find
that the mentors who have been developed through their years in your program
are doing much of the work of helping your athletes succeed.
CHAPTER
3
Establishing a Winning Attitude
C hr is Bellotto
Attitude! We all have one, whether a good one or a bad one. How do we develop a
good attitude? And more important, especially in athletes, how do we keep a positive
or winning attitude when things are not going well? Attitude can be described as
a state of mind. Attitude is really a choice of having a winning attitude or a losing
attitude. How can coaches ensure that athletes maintain a positive, winning attitude
in the toughest of circumstances?
BENEFITS OF A WINNING ATTITUDE

Let’s first talk about why a winning attitude is important. From the day we are
born, we are influenced by parents, relatives, and friends. Everything we touch,
feel, and see is a part of making us who we are. We have all read studies in which
two siblings raised in the same environment came out of that familial involvement
with far different experiences. Learning how to react positively in the light of bad
circumstances is something we all need to learn. And reacting positively inspires
those around us.
Having a winning attitude keeps us motivated and keeps us striving to set goals.
Winston Churchill once famously said, “Never, never, never, give up.” Why do
some people never appear to be defeated? What sets them apart from others? The
answer is simple. Attitude! If we are what we eat, then we certainly are what we
think we are. Surrounding ourselves with positive, like-minded people helps us
stay positive in our coaching careers.
What can we do to develop a winning attitude in our players? Let’s explore
some ideas.
23
Be an Example
If you want your athletes to have a good attitude, lead by example. If you are
passionate about your job, it will show. Remember the saying “Attitudes are con-
tagious—is yours worth catching?”
Have Clearly Defined Goals

Everyone from your staff to your players needs to be on the same page. Goals
give us direction and purpose. They should not be so hard that we don’t have a
chance to attain them, but they should not be so easy that your players get bored
and lose focus.
Accentuate the Positive!

When good things happen, let your team know about it. These good things can
happen in a game, but they also happen off the field. “Catch them doing good” is
one of my favorite sayings. A positive outlook is contagious, and everyone loves
being part of a winning team.
Be Committed to Winning
Your players need to have a will to win. But more important, they need to have
the daily commitment to do what it takes to prepare for winning.
Practice as if It Is a Game
Many athletes like to think that they can put in a subpar performance in practice
and then turn up the knob in games. Perspiration plus preparation equals relax-
ation. As with preparing for a big test, if your athletes work hard daily, they will
be more focused and relaxed because they know that they have put in the time
needed to succeed.
Look Ahead, Not Behind

We cannot change the past or what people around us do. We can only control our
own actions. Reading positive books and affirmations keeps us thinking about life,
work, and relationships positively. By being happy we will do a better job coaching.
The one thing that we can control is our attitude. The more positive we are, the
more positive people we will attract.
Encourage Self-Evaluation
Have several good friends evaluate you, both on and off the field. Truthfully, this
kind of evaluation is hard to do, but if you are willing to listen, evaluation from
those close to you provides insight into the most real you. Do you respond well to
stressful situations, or do you overreact? Can you see the positive in any situation,
or do you find that you need a long time to recover?
Another quote by Winston Churchill states it plainly: “Attitude is a little thing
that makes a big difference.” No one likes to be around someone who always finds
fault with everything. A bad attitude makes it difficult to achieve great things.
Establishing a Winning Attitude 25
KEEP POSITIVE WHILE LOSING

Perhaps the most difficult task a coach faces is helping a team keep a winning
attitude during a losing streak. Most teams go through a string of losses at some
time. Your team has the talent and even the right attitude, but the results on the
field are not showing. As a leader, you need to continue being positive. As a coach,
I wear my heart on my sleeve.
When we are not winning, I am not happy and my whole team knows it. But I
make it a point to let them know that I am not upset with them, just the outcome.
General Dwight Eisenhower said, “I never saw a pessimistic general win a battle.”
As a leader, you must always have a winning attitude. Keep your team working
hard and focus on the positives. Eventually good things will come.
Striving for a winning attitude is imperative, particularly in softball. Seasons are
long, and failures can be many. Trying to hit a round ball with a round bat is one
of the hardest things to do in sport. Hitting it well can be deemed a failure (a line
drive right at someone), while hitting it poorly can be a success (a soft liner off
the hands that falls in for a hit). Your ability to continue to try, to not be defeated,
and to continue no matter what to give your all is what matters. Positive attitudes
don’t just happen; you have to make them happen.
How important is a positive attitude? From the website goal-setting-for-success.
com comes a favorite story of mine about attitude.
Attitude Is Everything
Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate. He was always in a good mood
and always had something positive to say. When someone would ask him
how he was doing, he would reply, “If I were any better, I would be twins!” He
was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had followed him
around from restaurant to restaurant. The reason the waiters followed Jerry
was because of his attitude. He was a natural motivator. If an employee was
having a bad day, Jerry was there telling the employee how to look on the
positive side of the situation.
Seeing this style really made me curious, so one day I went up
to Jerry and asked him, “I don’t get it! You can’t be a positive person
all of the time. How do you do it?” Jerry replied, “Each morning I
wake up and say to myself, ‘Jerry, you have two choices today. You
can choose to be in a good mood, or you can choose to be in a
bad mood.’ I choose to be in a good mood. Each time something
bad happens, I can choose to be a victim or I can choose to learn
from it. I choose to learn from it. Every time someone comes to
me complaining, I can choose to accept their complaining or I can
point out the positive side of life. I choose the positive side of life.”
“Yeah, right, it’s not that easy,” I protested.
(continued)
Attitude Is Everything (continued)
“Yes, it is,” Jerry said. “Life is all about choices. When you cut
away all the junk, every situation is a choice. You choose how you
react to situations. You choose how people will affect your mood.
You choose to be in a good mood or bad mood. The bottom line:
It’s your choice how you live life.”
I reflected on what Jerry said. Soon thereafter, I left the restau-
rant industry to start my own business. We lost touch, but I often
thought about him when I made a choice about life instead of
reacting to it. Several years later, I heard that Jerry did something
you are never supposed to do in a restaurant business: He left the
back door open one morning and was held up at gunpoint by three
armed robbers. While he was trying to open the safe, his hand,
shaking from nervousness, slipped off the combination. The rob-
bers panicked and shot him.
Luckily, Jerry was found relatively quickly and was rushed to
the local trauma center. After 18 hours of surgery and weeks of
intensive care, Jerry was released from the hospital with fragments
of the bullets still in his body. I saw Jerry about six months after
the accident. When I asked him how he was, he replied, “If I were
any better, I’d be twins. Wanna see my scars?” I declined to see
his wounds but did ask him what had gone through his mind as
the robbery took place. “The first thing that went through my mind
was that I should have locked the back door,” Jerry replied. “Then,
as I lay on the floor, I remembered that I had two choices: I could
choose to live, or I could choose to die. I chose to live.”
“Weren’t you scared? Did you lose consciousness?” I asked.
Jerry continued, “The paramedics were great. They kept telling
me I was going to be fine. But when they wheeled me into the
emergency room and I saw the expressions on the faces of the
doctors and nurses, I got really scared. In their eyes, I read, ‘He’s
a dead man.’ I knew I needed to take action.”
“What did you do?” I asked.
“Well, there was a big, burly nurse shouting questions at me,” said
Jerry. She asked if I was allergic to anything. “Yes,” I replied. The
doctors and nurses stopped working as they waited for my reply I
took a deep breath and yelled, “Bullets!” Over their laughter, I told
them, “I am choosing to live. Operate on me as if I am alive, not
dead.” Jerry lived, thanks to the skill of his doctors but also because
of his amazing attitude. I learned from him that every day we have
the choice to live fully. Attitude, after all, is everything.
By Francie Baltazar-Schwartz
26
Do you want additional examples of people who failed yet kept a positive attitude
and went on to succeed?
Bill Gates: Gates didn’t seem like a shoe-in for success after dropping out of
Harvard and starting a failed first business with Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen
called Traf-O-Data. Although this early idea didn’t work, Gates’ later work did,
creating the global empire that is Microsoft.
Walt Disney: Today Disney rakes in billions from merchandise, movies, and
theme parks around the world, but Walt Disney himself had a bit of a rough start.
He was fired by a newspaper editor because “he lacked imagination and had no
good ideas.” After that, Disney started a number of businesses that didn't last long
and ended with bankruptcy and failure. He kept plugging along, however, and
eventually found a recipe for success that worked.
Thomas Edison: In his early years, teachers told Edison he was “too stupid to
learn anything.” Work was no better, as he was fired from his first two jobs for not
being productive enough. Even as an inventor, Edison made a thousand unsuccess-
ful attempts at inventing the light bulb. Of course, all those unsuccessful attempts
finally resulted in the design that worked.
Abraham Lincoln: Although he is remembered as one of the greatest leaders
of our nation, Lincoln’s life wasn’t easy. In his youth he went to war a captain and
returned a private (if you’re not familiar with military ranks, just know that private
is as low as it goes.) But Lincoln didn’t stop failing there. He started numerous
failed businesses and was defeated in numerous runs he made for public office.
Oprah Winfrey: Most people know Oprah as one of the most iconic faces on
TV and one of the richest and most successful women in the world. Oprah faced
a hard road to get to that position, however, enduring a rough and often abusive
childhood as well as numerous career setbacks including being fired from her job
as a television reporter because she was “unfit for TV.”
On a personal level, I am blessed to have two parents who taught me how to have
a winning attitude. I grew up on a ranch with two older sisters and one younger
brother. Ranching and farming are hard work but rewarding in many ways. I am
forever grateful for lessons my parents taught me and would like to share some
of them with you.
My parents taught me about hard work by having me help herd the cattle on
weekdays after school and on weekends. I learned a tremendous work ethic from
my father, who still gets up at 4:30 a.m. at age 86! I literally did fall off a horse and
learned how to get back up, dust myself off, and get back on.
I learned to respect everything and everyone around me—nature, my parents,
siblings, and ranch employees. I learned that everyone and everything does have
a value, even if I don’t always agree with their viewpoints and actions.
I learned that the harder you work, the better the results you will get. At times
it may not seem like my hard work pays off, but in the end it always does if I stick
with it.
I learned that failing brings out the true character in us all and that even though
I hate failing, it has always taught my things about myself that success rarely does.
I learned that although you may be on top of the mountain today, at some time
you will find yourself at the bottom of the mountain, so being humble is always
the way to be as a coach. Gilbert Keith Chesterton said, “It is always the secure
who are humble.”
I learned that treating people with respect and showing them that you care is
one of the best motivators of all time.
I learned that listening—truly hearing what someone has to say—is more
educational than talking because I already know what I know. By listening I learn
what others know.
I learned you never stop learning as a coach and that even your players can teach
you some things if you allow yourself to be receptive.
I learned that knowing who you are and what you stand for is invaluable. These
qualities will be tested repeatedly in coaching, mostly in your darkest hours.
I learned that playing by the rules of the game is more important than winning
the game.
Sadly, some in our coaching profession think that they need to cheat to win.
This notion is not only untrue but also sets a terrible example for our athletes,
who should look to us as role models.
A country song says, “I gotta stand for something or I don’t stand for anything.”
Sometimes doing the right thing as a coach is not easy. Benching your star player
in an important conference game for instance. But keeping your moral standards
is far more important in the long run.
All these lessons have helped me be a winner in my career, both on and off
the field. These tried and true ethics serve as a common thread among successful
coaches and those with winning attitudes.
COMBAT LOSING ATTITUDES

So far we have discussed winning attitudes. But what happens when you have
players or staff members who have a losing attitude? Bad attitudes can be just as
infectious as good attitudes. What strategies can we use to combat bad attitudes?
A famous song from the Broadway musical The King and I is “Getting to Know
You.” Making a real effort to understand others and their backgrounds can be a
key to uncovering why they may have a bad attitude. Players may rebel because
somehow their self-worth has been eroded. Sitting down with that person and
listening to what she has to say can be meaningful to both parties and help you
strategize how to deal with the person in the future.
Involve the entire team as much as possible. I have found that if things are not
going well in a season, some of the best practices that my teams have don’t involve
a glove, bat, or ball. Allowing team discussions regarding rules, tactics, or team
conflicts are healthy approaches to resolving inner conflicts.
The same can be said for coaching staffs. I like to refer to these as “staff infec-
tions.” Trust me; these can be as bad as or worse than any team problem. As a
head coach, your staff needs to be a direct extension of your moral values, beliefs,
and strategies. Your team needs to see your staff as unified and truly caring and
believing in each other and each other’s talents. Reaching this goal can prove dif-
ficult at times. Some assistants find it hard to check their egos at the door. They
may undermine your beliefs to players. Having regular meetings with your staff
is important in ensuring that you are always on the same page.
Positive Reinforcement
Giving credit to your staff is important. As head coaches, we can never do everything
by ourselves. So publicly and privately giving credit for your success to your staff
and others is important in keeping your staff a happy working unit. Team-building
activities have become popular recently and are a great way to promote unity. These
types of activities aim to have every member feel wanted and needed and are a useful
way to start a new year. The more a part of the team they all feel, the healthier their
attitudes will be. Your team will be happier together, on and off the field.
I like to have a cookout before the start of our season every year. This event
allows me to get to know the players better off the field and allows them to know
the real me a little better. Your team needs to know you as a person who has inter-
ests besides coaching. By letting your hair down, you allow them to see you in a
different light and gain a better understanding of you. Other examples would be
a pumpkin-carving contest or building a float with your athletes for a Christmas
parade. Helping your community through volunteering with organizations like
Habitat for Humanity is an excellent way to have your team bond and give back
to the community.
Offering incentives for positive actions is another effective way to develop team-
work and discourage bad attitudes. Rewarding your team for achievements like
making excellent grades or even demonstrating kindness toward teammates builds
and promotes healthy attitudes and becomes contagious among team members.
Be an example in your leadership and be ready to respond quickly to a negative
situation. One day I walked onto the field for practice and witnessed two of my
players in a heated exchange with other teammates around. I quickly put myself
between the two of them and told them to follow me silently to my office. When
we reached the office I calmly explained that their behavior was not acceptable,
that it would not be tolerated, and that they would need to work it out. I then told
them to stay in the office and not to come out until they worked through their
issues. By having them resolve their problems without my intervention, they had
to do their own problem solving and decision making, and the outcome was more
powerful. To this day they are friends! Be flexible in your dealings with players. I
used to think that it was fair to treat everyone on the team the same way. But this
approach is not the best because we all have different personalities and react to
situations in different ways.
Look for the Good

Years ago a young lady who had a troubled upbringing played for me. Some of
my players said that I treated her differently (I did) and let her get away with
things (I didn’t; I just bent the rules a little). But ultimately, I saw the best in her
and knew that she had worth, not only as a player but also as a person. And you
know what? I am proud of the person she has become. She has a beautiful family,
is healthy and happy, and is a role model for others today. Sometimes you have
to be flexible in your dealings as a coach to allow for all types of people. Find the
positives in the negative.
A prominent rabbi named Harold Kushner, author of the book How Good Do
We Have to Be? says it best: Life is not a spelling bee, where no matter how many
words you have gotten right, if you make one mistake you are disqualified. Life
is more like a baseball season. Where even the best team loses one-third of its
games and even the worst team has its day of brilliance. Our goal is not to go all
year without ever losing a game. Our goal is to win more than we lose, and if we
can do that consistently enough, then when the end comes, we will have won it all.
FINAL THOUGHTS
In conclusion, the combination of a lot of qualities and actions by yourself and
others can develop and maintain winning attitudes. There is no magic formula,
no magic road to follow, no surefire way to achieve success. But your actions as a
boss, coach, friend, and mentor can go a long way toward helping those around
you establish a winning attitude.
CHAPTER
4
Playing Hard
and Respecting the Game
Ge orge Wares
Respect can be defined in many ways. For this writing I will define it as “the con-
dition of being esteemed or honored.” We must respect the game to play it and
to have full appreciation for the opportunity. We need to respect all aspects of the
game, including our opponents, the umpires, our equipment, our teammates, our
coaches, and our fans. And it starts with respect and appreciation for the history
of our game.
RESPECT FOR THE HISTORY OF THE GAME

I will not try to go back to the very beginning, which shows softball being invented
on Thanksgiving Day in 1887. For this chapter, I start with the law that affected
all of us, Title IX., Passed in 1972, Title IX requires gender equity for males and
females in every educational program that receives federal funding. This law has
had a pronounced influence on the sport of softball by increasing playing and
coaching opportunities for young women and growing the sport. When the bill
was signed by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972, and became a law on
July 1, 1972, none of us really knew the effect it would have on young girls and
women and their right to play sport at a level equal to that of their male peers.
The initial law did not mention sport specifically, and no one thought that the
sport component of Title IX would take on a life of its own.
RESPECT FOR PIONEERS IN THE SPORT

I do not think we can coach women today at any level without making it a point
to get them to understand the privilege they have as players. This privilege comes
from the work of many pioneers in our great sport. I will not try to make a list of
those people in this chapter for fear of forgetting some, but all coaches should have
their own list to share with their players. This list can be local or national, but the
names need to be remembered for what they went through to give opportunities
31
to players today. The foundation of respect for the game must start with respect
for its history. Every woman who competes in a state championship, plays for a
national championship, or appears on ESPN would not have the opportunity to
do so without the hard work and dedication of many in the past. If we as coaches
fail to address this with our players, we are neglecting one of our biggest obliga-
tions in coaching. The sense of entitlement that some coaches and athletes have
today will only get worse if they are not reminded that their rights of today came
from the work of others in the past.
RESPECT FOR OUR OPPONENTS

Realistically, without opponents, what do we have? We should not care who our
opponent is, just that we have one when we show up at the field. They are the ones
who make it a game, who bring us a challenge to compete against. Their pitcher
challenges our hitters; their hitters challenge our defense. The better they are,
the better we become. Respecting our opponents does not mean that we don’t
want to beat them. Respecting our opponents does not mean that we don’t have
rivals we hate to lose against. But we must treat them fairly, compete with them
honestly, make all our comments toward them positive, and thank them for giving
us someone to compete with. I have believed that whenever we show up at the
field, we will be ready to play anyone who is there to compete against us. I hope
that whoever that opponent is will play well against us, pushing us to play just a
little better. Without quality opponents we have no game.
RESPECT FOR UMPIRES

Why do we need umpires? The simple answer is that we would not be fair in
calling a game for ourselves. Imagine that you are coaching third and a close play
occurs. You know your runner is out, and you have to make the call. In a perfect
world that is the way it would work. But because of our desire to win (sometimes
at any cost) many of us would not believe that an opposing coach or player would
make that call fairly. Thus we need the men and women in blue. Respecting them
does not mean that as coaches we never challenge calls or stand up for our players.
What we do is sometimes less important than how we do it. We all have had to
deal with bad or questionable calls, and that issue will continue to be a part of our
game. But by using derogatory or demeaning language or failing to use a civil tone,
we shift the focus of the game to ourselves, which is disrespectful. The umpires
for the most part try hard and hustle in an attempt to get the calls right. If this
is not the case, you have ways to make sure that those umpires do not work your
games. But after the crew assigned to your game shows up, you have an obliga-
tion to give them respect for what they do and demonstrate that respect to your
players. In return, umpires should respect your players and coaching staff. When
we go over the top in arguing a call, who are we really frustrated with or mad at?
Is it the umpire who made the call? Perhaps we are frustrated with our players, or
Playing Hard and Respecting the Game 33
maybe we are mad at ourselves and are taking it out on the umpires. Remember,
the umpires are present only to help call the game fairly.
Players should never respond negatively to umpires. Throwing equipment
after a perceived bad call or making a sarcastic response to a call either verbally
or by demeanor has no place in our game. If a player does it once or twice, get
her to understand how her action is disrespecting the game. If it continues to
happen without consequence, then the coaching staff, not the player, is at fault. I
do believe that emotion is and should be part of our game. But we are obligated
to demonstrate to our players that negative emotion that disrespects any part of
our game or shows up someone else cannot be part of what we are.
RESPECT FOR EQUIPMENT

The equipment we use should be part of us. When we throw a bat or a helmet,
we are disrespecting that piece of equipment and thus the game. In today’s world,
where much is taken for granted, we as coaches have an obligation to teach our
players to take care of the equipment we use, whether the school buys it for us,
whether we have a sponsor, or whether players buy it themselves. Breaking in a
glove properly, putting bats and helmets away, and helping to take care of the
field are all examples of small habits that teach valuable lessons. The next time
you have a camp or clinic for players, ask them these two questions: “Who bought
your equipment? Who paid for you to come to this camp?” The normal response
will be mom and dad. When players do not buy their own equipment, they may
forget to be grateful to those who do. As coaches, we need to remind them. Having
respect for equipment extends to respecting any person who prepares the field for
practice and games. How often do you ask your players to thank those people for
the work that they do?
RESPECT FOR YOUR COACHING STAFF

Players being respectful of the coaching staff is an obvious expectation, but does
it really occur? As a head coach, do you demand that your players listen to the
assistants when they speak, make eye contact, and give them the same attention
as they do you? This will happen only if you give those on your coaching staff the
same respect you ask them to give you. Do you as a coaching staff give the players
the respect they deserve? Getting respect is much easier when we give it.
I realize that each of us is different in how we want to be addressed by our play-
ers. I am old school; our players address our coaches as coach. I especially want this
to happen when we have a younger assistant on our staff who is close in age to
our players. We do not allow the players to call our coaches by their first names.
Having your players call you coach does not guarantee that they will respect you,
just as allowing them to call you by your first name does not guarantee that they
will not. But by making certain demands and having certain standards, we are more
likely to set a tone of respect for the coaching staff.
RESPECT FOR TEAMMATES

This point also seems obvious. But are you sure that all players respect each team-
mate? As coaches we have a great responsibility and privilege to teach mutual
respect. We must get our players to understand that although we can have a few
or even many differences, we can still work together to create an environment
that will make everyone feel included. This approach will allow us to be more suc-
cessful on the field. Ultimately, we must make sure that we become a team, not a
collection of small groups. I do believe that it is OK to have freshmen carry the
equipment or rake the field after practice. At times, however, I think that sopho-
mores, juniors, and seniors should do this. Seniors may take it upon themselves to
do these tasks not as chores but as an opportunity to show respect. We should also
observe how players treat each other on and off the field. Does our least talented
player receive as much respect from our coaching staff as our best player does? If
your answer to that question is no, then you cannot expect your players to model
respectful behavior. We need to teach our players to display empathy toward each
other. What better message can we give the women who play for us?
SELF-RESPECT
This point is listed last, but it is perhaps the most important quality we can help
instill in our players. Doing the things mentioned earlier is difficult if players lack
self-respect. Self-respect can be defined as “the quality of being worthy of esteem
and respect, and having faith in yourself.” How much better prepared would our
players be for softball games if they had self-respect? Even more important, how
much better prepared would our graduating players be for what is ahead of them
in life if they had self-respect? This idea is easy to understand but not easy to
accomplish. We know that players come to us with a different level of understanding
of self-respect. We must develop a relationship of trust with each player that will
allow our coaching staff to help all players move forward in this area regardless
of where they start.
HOW DO WE DEVELOP RESPECT?

First, we must consider intentional work in these areas to be important. What we
choose to do in practice every day, in team meetings, in games, and during the
off-season is what our players will think is important to us. Telling our players that
they need to respect the game is not enough. We must explain what that means
and then model it for them. We cannot say how important this is to our program
at the beginning of the season and then never mention it again until the end of
our season. We must practice it just as we practice hitting or pitching.
The Culture of Our Program

Every program in the country at every level creates a culture or climate that
becomes who they are. We must first decide as a coaching staff what we want our
program to represent. What do we want our climate to be? If I ask you and your
staff each to write down the top four items that you want in your program, would
you have the same four on each list? Would they be in the same order of priority?
Try it; you might be surprised at the answers you get. Then include your captains
and see how their answers match those of the coaching staff. I would like to think
that our seniors, after having played three years for our coaches, would be on the
same page in answering this question.
Decide what is important and then let your players know by your actions that
you will demand that they try to accomplish what is on your list.
Let’s say your list looks something like this:
1. We will win a championship at the highest level.
2. We will become sound in fundamentals and smart in the game of softball.
3. We will develop people who understand the importance of mutual respect.
4. We will develop people who are more prepared for the life after graduation
because of increased self-respect.
I offer the preceding list only as an example. I think we can agree that it would
be a solid list for any level of play. But what is wrong with the order of the list?
I know that many coaching staffs, ours included, have at times put winning a
championship at the top of our list, which makes our players think that winning
is our number one priority. I would argue that the preceding list is acceptable but
should be changed and put in reverse order. Don’t take this as meaning that I do
not like to win. I believe that winning is important and that teaching our players to
win is a valuable lesson. But let’s say that you still want winning a state or national
championship to be your number one priority. I believe that your team is more
likely to accomplish that goal if you place it in the bottom spot instead of the top.
If we leave it at the top, the pressure on our players to win might actually hinder
the likelihood of success. What happens if we have a losing streak during the
season and confidence decreases? What happens if we have a couple of injuries to
key players? What happens if we have some team chemistry issues? All teams go
through struggles during a season. Some of these will be small and some not so
small. The programs with a solid culture will be more equipped to handle those
struggles and continue on a path of success for their season.
Imagine building a house by starting from the top and working down. Obviously,
the house would not stand long because it lacks a foundation. The same is true with
a softball program. Too many of us try to build the program from the top down
instead of patiently developing a solid foundation. After we have established that
foundation and all coaches and players are on the same page, then we can handle
the adversities that come our way. Let’s now look at each of our four components
but reverse the order.
Prepare Athletes for Life After Graduation

This task sounds overwhelming, but isn’t accomplishing it really why we coach?
The work starts during the recruiting process. Aren’t we at that point in the pro-
cess trying to develop a personal relationship with each recruit? Aren’t we trying
to convince her that we are the best coaching staff for her to play for? And aren’t
we telling her and her parents that we will take care of her and help her grow as a
person? If we say those things, we can’t end the process after we gain a commitment,
can we? The building of that relationship is a never-ending process, as it is with all
relationships. Each of our players will go through substantial changes during her
four years at our school. Whether we are talking about 14- to 18-year-old high
school students or 18- to 22-year-old college students, many things, both good and
bad, will likely happen. The more we can equip them with tools to increase their
confidence and self-respect, the more they will be able to enjoy the good things
that happen and the better they will be able to handle any negatives that they
must go through. We can do this only by getting to know each player individually
and understanding that each is unique and will respond to things in her own way.
How do we do this?
Develop a Personal Relationship With Each Player

Get to know each player as a person. The old saying that they do not care what
you know until they know that you care is still true. As a staff, show an interest in
their academics, their families, and other aspects of their life away from the game.
Schedule individual meetings on a somewhat regular basis, and make sure that
your players know that they can come and talk to any member of the coaching staff
whenever they want to do so. The development of this relationship will increase
your athletes’ confidence and self-respect.
Set a High Standard of Excellence

Set a standard of excellence that you will not compromise. Our expectation for
players is often too low. How often have we praised a player for hustling out a
routine fly ball to right? How often have we praised a player for not complaining
to an umpire about an obvious bad call? We better serve our athletes by not prais-
ing them for behavior that should be a norm of our program. That standard of
excellence can carry into off-the-field areas as well. Our players will usually give us
what we ask for. If we set the bar low and continually praise mediocrity, then that
is probably what we will get. When we as a coaching staff do give compliments,
our players know that they are given because they have accomplished something
extraordinary.
That approach is a great way to increase self-confidence and self-respect in
our players.
FINAL THOUGHTS
I believe that the majority of this discussion of respect is talked about by most,
if not all coaches. But just like in any other part of our program, we cannot just
talk; we must do. Many teams, and I include the many I have had the privilege to
coach, do not reach their highest level because they lack many of the intangibles
talked about in this chapter.
I like to use the comparison of building a three-story house. It is obvious that
we cannot build the house from top down. Yet, in coaching a particular team or
trying to build a program, we often try to work from the top down. We instantly
want to teach advanced situations, advanced skills, and we want to play games
immediately because we think this is the best way to improve. As long as things are
going well, in theory this approach might actually work. What it does in reality,
however, is create a false sense of security and confidence. What happens to our
team or program, when we have a 4- or 5-game losing streak? What happens if
we have a couple of very serious injuries to our key players? What happens if we
have some team dynamic issues? What happens during a game when we make a
couple of mistakes? What happens in the sport is the same thing that happens to
a house that is not built on a sturdy foundation. It crumbles, and we have to start
the building all over again. If our program is built upon a foundation of respect,
trust, belief, communication, and other strong qualities, we will survive any obstacle
that stands in our way.
I know it sounds like a cliché, but a team that is built of players and coaches
with a foundation that is firmly sitting in a circle hand in hand and realizes the
strength of that circle, will always be stronger than one that does not. This magic
of togetherness does not replace fundamental soundness, situational awareness,
talent, great coaching, etc. It does, however, add to it. When talent and coaching
are equal, the team that understands the need to always respect the game will
always come out on top.
Beyond the game and winning championships, this way of playing can become a
way of life for our players in the outside world. This goes way beyond softball, and
allows your players to have a greater chance of success in the future. It also allows
them to be more equipped to handle the obvious failures that life will bring them.
Following this philosophy will give you a greater opportunity for success. It
will allow you greater chances of winning conference, state, or national titles.
You must always keep your eyes on the prize. When you do that, the important
process takes care of itself. By living this philosophy, you are doing what coaching
has always been about. You are putting your players in the best position to win.
You are also giving them a great understanding that the game is bigger than any
of us as individuals.
CHAPTER
5
Leading by Example
K r i s Her m an
In her senior year the captain is only a role player on her team. That’s how someone
outside the program might look at it. She doesn’t play much; she’s a pinch runner
expected to use her speed to create scoring opportunities for the team. Her game
goals usually are to score one run and be ready to do whatever else the team might
need on the field. She is not particularly vocal, but she has the complete respect
of her teammates. She knows each of them well—this has been her mission for a
year—and has worked hard to know and have total confidence in herself. She is
confident because she is prepared.
This player is willing to take on the risks of not being always liked by her team-
mates, of taking heat when things are not going well, of holding her team account-
able for doing what they said they’d do. In the final 10 games of her career, she
plays four different positions in place of injured or younger starting teammates,
and does it well and with a purpose. She is a consummate leader and earns the
respect—forever—of teammates and coaches alike.
Most coaches have stories of the kid that really gets it. She is able to lead her-
self and her team in tough times; she is composed and confident on the outside,
committed and filled with strong character on the inside. She is committed to the
team because she has great relationships with everyone she needs—each of her
teammates, her coaches, and the team as a whole. She understands her commit-
ment and leads with her team’s values in mind each day.
Most coaches can also count those kids as the minority among team leaders
with whom they’ve worked. We remember them because they made it look easy,
but we sometimes forget how much work went into that becoming a leader. We
also sometimes neglect to do the work to make ourselves the best example of
leadership we can be.
Leadership is a huge and profitable business. At every turn—in books, on televi-
sion, in staff meetings, at conventions, on the web—people are being encouraged
to improve their leadership skills. Leadership studies is an academic major at some
of the best colleges in the world, and graduate programs in the field are popping
up everywhere. As coaches we emphasize that our players should find ways to be
39
leaders. They should hone their skills in leading on the field and off, find their
voice, and find a way to have people follow them. We work to find ways to train
our players to become effective leaders as they get to be upperclassmen, to lead
by their words and actions, and to do things so that others will want emulate their
actions. Coaches are expected to do the same—to be leaders, and especially to
lead by example.
Common wisdom supposes that leaders strategize and think big, whereas fol-
lowers do the work. This hierarchical view is oversimplified and not the way that it
works in a strongly led organization. True leadership is much more than top-down
direction and implementation of standards and enforcement of rules.
BE CONNECTED TO YOUR PEOPLE AND VALUES

Widely considered the father of the field of leadership studies, historian James
MacGregor Burns, in his seminal book Leadership (1978), describes leadership
as a collective process, a characteristic of the relationship between people rather
than a property of individuals themselves. He chose to shift the focus from the
personality of a leader to the behaviors of the leader and named this idea trans-
formational leadership.
I define leadership as leaders inducing followers to act for certain goals
that represent the values and motivations—the wants and needs, the
aspirations and expectations—of both leaders and followers. And the
genius of leadership lies in the manner in which leaders see and act on
their own and their follower’s values and motivations. (pp. 18–19)
Leadership is not only about taking action but also about developing relation-
ships. Leading requires a set of skills that can be learned or improved, but more
important, it requires a set of characteristics. It’s about who you are and how you
show character and commitment each day in all your actions. It’s about how much
you care about those around you and how well you get to know them. Becoming
a better leader is about personal growth, awareness, and understanding the goals
and values of the organization that you represent and the people and processes
that make up the team.
Some think that leadership is a given trait rather than a learned trait, but the
tenets of commitment, character, communication, and empathy that are crucial to
relationships with others and with the organization are things that can be taught,
or learned, or both. Coaches have many opportunities to help team members learn
to be better leaders. Some, as in direct teaching of leadership skills, are easy to
plan, but providing opportunities for players to practice their developing skills,
to fail and rebound with improved strategies, requires more creativity. Becoming
a good leader takes practice.
Earlier this year a former player asked me to write a recommendation for
graduate school. I respected this player as a hard worker, tremendous student,
good-but-not-great athlete, and dedicated team member. I had no trouble writing
Leading by Example 41
a flattering recommendation, filling in the bubbles, and writing short-paragraph

responses. Although I worked hard on the referral, in passing I asked my former
player what one instance she would have listed in response to the request: “Talk
about the most important piece of constructive criticism you ever gave the candi-
date, and what her response was.” Five years later she said almost verbatim what
I had written. Out of the hundreds of interactions we had, this one was clear to
us both. It was a small matter—related to the example she had provided to our
team—but I had noticed and provided simple feedback that will stick with her
forever, not for my words but for the fact that I had made her step up, take a risk,
and provide leadership, within her personality even if it was outside her comfort
zone, at that moment.
I believe that both the advice as it was given and received years ago and the recall
of the event by both of us were memorable because we had a strong player–coach
relationship and a shared commitment to each other and to the ethos of our team
and program.
FIRST KNOW YOURSELF

As Burns notes, leadership is not about charisma but about working together toward
common ends, considering the values of both leaders and followers. The business
of forging great relationships in a leadership role requires a coach to take stock of
her or his own values and behavior. An organization needs to have a vision, and
the leader must know what specific values this vision will suggest.
What is important to you as a coach and to your program? What are your
values? Do you know them well yet revisit them? Can you quantify them? If you
can articulate these things and get your student leaders to believe and commit to
them, then you have a strong foundation and a program that will attract people
who believe in similar values and principles and are ready to commit to them.
To develop a vision for the team, program, or organization, you need to know
what matters to you as the leader. Self-reflection can be done through professional
tools or simply by thinking about your strengths and challenges, about what you
like and what you don’t like to do. You can do a formal assessment or take other
personality tests to learn how you work best, how you communicate, and how
others perceive you. Alternatively, you can just make time to create notes about
coaching style and personal areas of improvement, study them, and then prepare
a well-defined plan about how best to take advantage of your natural style.
Through meaningful self-reflection as well as communication of personal, team,
and program values, coaches show their hand about what they think is important
to success. From there, everything from recruiting to practice planning becomes
an opportunity to advertise those values. Beyond understanding personality or
style, the coach should evaluate the methods that are most effective for the team
and players. What really moves your team forward? What are the actions, as well
as the traits, that lead to success? Getting a group to move from thinking to doing
is a key to success as performers.
The traits of being a good listener, being a good communicator, having a posi-
tive attitude, having a passion for and understanding of the game, being willing
to take risks, being honest and enthusiastic, preparing and planning each day, and
working that plan are core values in my coaching. I believe that other things are
central to having an outstanding program—including talented and motivated
players—but these are the important behaviors I feel most compelled to model.
I work on them and try to evaluate myself regularly. I also ask others to help me
understand what I’m good at, what’s working, and what’s not.
EMBODY YOUR VALUES

All interactions create memorable impressions and affect a relationship. Recently, a
football coach was asked to curate an art show at the college museum. This coach
was willing to leave his comfort zone to work on the project, although it was intimi-
dating. Alone with a mandate to do whatever he liked with a selection of 25 pieces
of museum-quality artwork, he created a moving and meaningful exhibit that was
critiqued and visited by his entire team as well as many other members of the com-
munity. This coach provided an example to his players and many others by stretching
to put himself out there and take on the risk of falling short. In this example the
coach modeled risk taking, a trait that is crucial for athletes if they are to succeed in
competition and one of the most difficult parts of being a captain or student leader.
Coaches must demonstrate the values and behaviors they want from players and
from the program. Enthusiasm, passion for the game, a positive can-do attitude,
attention to detail, being on time, clarity of communication—all these might be as
important to you as they are to me. We also must model some of the most challeng-
ing things we ask of our players—risk taking, facing the fear of failure, soliciting
feedback, being a good listener, and making changes when needed.
Having a personal network of advisors that will provide feedback is a tremen-
dous asset and an important way to gain self-awareness, which often is a key to
improved efficacy as a leader and teacher.
John Wooden had been coaching more than 10 years before he won his first
NCAA men’s basketball national championship at UCLA. He often gave much
credit for the first championship to the fact that assistant coach Jerry Norman
challenged his thinking on team defense. Wooden had been opposed to using a
full-court zone press for many years but took the input from a talented and per-
suasive assistant. He allowed himself to take the risk of change, and that year won
the first of 10 NCAA titles.
We are always being watched. What we do is constantly being viewed and
reviewed on many levels. As the old coaching adage goes, players don’t care how
much you know until they know how much you care. Regardless of personality,
when we have strong personal relationships—coach to player, coach to team, coach
to assistants, coach to captain—and when we encourage others to have strong
personal relationships, we are empowering leaders and strengthening the teams
to which we have committed.
DEVELOP LEADERS ON YOUR TEAM

Helping players and teams to have self-confidence can be a coach’s full-time job.
For many coaches, that is the ultimate goal. If kids are to improve their leadership
skills and become leaders, both player and coach must put forth effort. Coaches
need not have close personal relationships with players, even the most important
team leaders, in terms of their off-field life. But they must share a commitment
to values and norms that are at the core of the program, and working toward this
purpose is much easier with good person-to-person connections. This process
starts in the recruiting period and continues with consistent communication and
shared commitment to the values of the program.
The coach–player relationship serves as a foundation for the work to be done
in helping players both to understand the risks of being a team leader and to have
the confidence and composure to go along with the nonnegotiable commitment
they have to the team and the program. Without the baseline commitment to the
other members of the team and to program values, a player cannot be a strong
and positive team leader.
The risks for a player in taking a strong leadership role are real, and some
players find these easier to take on than others do. The leader will be watched,
and teammates and others won’t always like decisions. She will have to deal with
conflict, she probably will be blamed for some things, and she will need to have
some hard conversations. The coach should address those significant risks and
help the player–leader prepare by offering practical advice and strategies and by
helping the leader understand her own style.
Just as a coach should do, the player should start the process of becoming a good
leader through the twin steps of getting to know herself—learning how she reacts
to things, knowing what is most important, being able to hold herself accountable,
developing confidence through active preparation—and then forming strong and
meaningful relationships with everyone on the team.
Student-athletes often think that leadership or captainship comes with the ter-
ritory of being a veteran player or that they will automatically will be good leaders
if they are good players. Coaches have a critical role in helping these players see
that being an effective captain requires work. They need to know themselves and
the way in which they operate, they need to forge strong relationships with team-
mates and coaches, and they must completely buy in to the ethos of the team and
be able to model those values.
SHARED VALUES
We have a stated vision for our program, a set of values that we hope to embody.
Each year, however, we review, refine, discuss, and work together to define our
plan—the set of values that we are committed to this year—and then talk about
how we will work that plan. This is the core of how we all commit to becoming
a team.
Program Values
Fitness and personal preparation
Physical and mental toughness
Loyalty to each other and our team
Direct, honest, and timely communication
Laughter and friendship
Unwavering commitment to our program and our vision. Team first.
Using our central values as a starting point, we discuss, refine, ask questions,
dig deeper, determine how to quantify, talk through how we want to display these
values (and determine whether these values are indeed what this team thinks is
most important), and come up with a set of behaviors that we agree are important
to being the team we want to be. We are planning our work by detailing and defin-
ing our future critical behaviors.
The entire team should be involved in this process to ensure both understand-
ing and buy-in. Along the way we are helping some kids take the lead and asking
all to be good followers.
In our program we ask many questions, and we expect everyone to take part in
answering them. Here’s a typical progression:
1. What do we want? What are our goals? What does this team want to look
like?
2. What will we have to do to achieve these goals?
3. What specifically will we commit to—day-by-day, on the field and off?
4. What we will always do (proscribed lifts, be on time, go 100 percent on the
bases)?
5. How will we measure the things we say we want to do?
6. How many reps will we do, how much sleep will we get, when will we work
out, and so on?
7. What resources do we need in terms of time, equipment, teammates, and
so on?
8. Who can help us reach the stated goals?
The questions can seem endless to those who are not used to making commit-
ments. Many people say that they want to do more or try to get there more often
next week. Our system demands the identification of specific, measureable steps to
take. If we find that after a few measurements the group is not doing what it said
it wanted to do to achieve its goals, then we need to adjust either the commitment
or the goals themselves. Perhaps, as shown by the measurements, the team really
does not want to be what they say they want to be. On the other hand, maybe they
can achieve even more given their actual commitments.
Note that the outcome goals are not as important as working on the plan set in
motion by the group. While working through this process, the team automatically
becomes closer, and individual relationships among players, captain, and coaches
are strengthened by the conversation.
A discussion of required inputs and desired outcomes is often held in a con-
versation in which all players and coaches provide input and make commitments.
They do so in full view of others who share the team values. The discussion is a
key process piece of team goal development that establishes the what and the why
of team values.
Players also complete this process for individual goals. They plan their work in
a somewhat public forum (with the input and questioning of at least the coaching
staff) and have an opportunity to amend their plans to meet the amount of work
they commit to and demonstrate. This process works regardless of skill or level of
play. As long as the promises and behaviors match up, success will come. Although
doing everything we say we are going to do may not give us everything we want,
the beauty of sport is that personal satisfaction likely will result.
As teams go through this process repeatedly, they learn to put stock in the little
things. The process offers an opportunity for those in de facto positions of leader-
ship, like captains, to lead by example, but it also offers an opportunity for all team
members to present a strong positive example to teammates. A person simply does
what she said she was going to do. She shows up. In that way she is presenting an
example and is empowered because the process was organically generated—the
activities were the idea of the individual and the team, not the coach. It’s not easy,
but it is quite simple.
RELATIONSHIPS, RULES, AND EXPECTATIONS

Clear communication on team policies makes things simple. We have a typical
communication policy in our program: Our “yes, no, or when” policy means that
every question gets either an answer or a projected time frame for an answer. No
request goes ignored, and thus respect is easily proved. We also have a policy we
call “no neutral” that applies on the field but works off it as well. No one is allowed
to just be—if you are not giving some energy or input, you are automatically taking
some away. Through these behaviors we demonstrate the importance of direct,
timely communication and loyalty that are pieces of our program values.
Make sure that team expectations are clear and enforceable, and follow them
if they apply to you. Do your meetings and practices start and end on time? If so,
then you show respect for players’ time. If you have a cell phone policy, then turn
yours off during meetings.
It took only one instance when I sent our entire team, minus one, out onto
campus in the snow wearing indoor practice gear to retrieve their teammate who
had overslept a morning practice to cement in the team’s mind that I was serious
about being punctual. On the other hand, I know a successful coach whose teams
consistently complain that the worst thing about the way the coach runs the pro-
gram is the fact that the coach is often late for meetings and practices after making
being on time a big part of that team’s rules.
Some teams have team guidebooks that are dozens of pages long. Others have
just one or two central rules that may or may not be written down. The content
of team expectations and consequences, defined through the values of the coach
and the team, is not the most important thing; the communication of and belief
in those standards is what makes them work or not work.
Just as with off-field rules, the critical component in allowing team rules to
work on the field is that the de facto leaders—the coaches, captains, seniors, and
so on—are committed to them and model them all the time.
LEAD, FOLLOW, OR GET OUT OF THE WAY

Followers are often disparaged, just as leaders are revered. Good followers, however,
are crucial to a strong organization. Training people to understand and commit
to their roles, to buy into the goals and vision of the program, to believe in the
values of the team, is key. To have this happen, all members need to contribute.
Each team member should be able to articulate the goals of the team, commit to
helping shape the values, and exhibit the necessary behaviors. By encouraging team
members to think critically about the norms and be active participants in the team,
we create excellent team members, even of those who are not considered leaders.
Having effective followers is one of the critical pieces of having a good team.
Too often coaches and other named leaders are content to have yes people—those
who do what needs to be done. But because they don’t think about the whys of their
actions, the foundation of the behaviors, yes people often do not work together
as an effective team. Effective followers and effective leaders must be both active
participants—that is, doers—and critical thinkers. They must participate in the
process of developing team values, vision, and behaviors.
Commitment to the goals and norms of an organization is critical for both
leaders and followers; everyone involved needs to know the vision of the group,
the values of the project, the mission and purpose of the program. In this regard
leaders are not more responsible than those who are following. Strong leaders
spend time training others to take the lead at times and know how to follow and
when to get out of the way.
Everyone in a truly effective organization must be an active participant and
think critically about the nature of the program. People who are true leaders then
must learn to be flexible—to take the lead at times and to follow another at other
times. A secure leader must not always be a boss; she must be willing to trust the
preparation she has done with her players and be willing to give up the traditional
leadership role at times to empower others to lead. This opportunity is one of the
best gifts a leader can offer to those in her charge.
OUT OF THE OFFICE

I happened to sit next to a coach I didn’t know at a clinic and struck up a conversa-
tion about hitting mechanics. Our love for the game and for coaching has led to
a lifelong friendship and made us both better coaches along the way. I now view
this coach, and many others, as an important part of my coaching circle. Mentor-
ing is a crucial component of being a good coach. I spend a lot of time talking to
other people, not just coaches, and learning through their experience and example.
Allowing mentors to influence me is also central to staying passionate in my job.
Every conversation offers insights and opportunities to improve my coaching
and to add to someone else’s career and program. I have mentors in and out of
my sport, mentor others from afar, and would like to have my own defined coach.
Different from teaching and mentoring models, coaching models presume that no
matter how well prepared a person is, maintaining a high level of achievement on
one’s own is difficult. Coaches never finish coaching; they observe, judge, suggest,
tweak, work to perfect.
We should all strive to get better, to improve continuously. Sport coaches have
traditionally not had their own coaches. Significant benefits can result from having
others critique us at practice, in the locker room, in games—the places where we
are actually doing the work of developing players and teams—and offer specific
suggestions for improvement, as a coach would to a player.
Participation in organizations and activities outside my team is crucial to my
efficacy as a coach, and doing these things helps keep me excited about my work.
Any campus offers hundreds of opportunities to learn and lead. Serving on com-
mittees, going to lectures, and actively participating in community activities or
charity programs on and off campus are some ways to show commitment and learn
from others. In softball we can be a part of the NFCA, speak at clinics, go to local
teams’ practices, write articles, and make an active effort to speak to and learn from
someone new. Every simple conversation is an opportunity to teach and learn, and
we as professionals must find opportunities to interact outside the athletic arena.
FINAL THOUGHTS
We honor the game by passing along our love. We should do our jobs passion-
ately—doing what we say we’ll do and loving the people who are on our team. We
respect the game by doing all this with professionalism. Showing up to mentor other
coaches, being part of clinics and organizations that work to grow and improve
the game, dressing and acting professionally, and finding ways to help others are
all important ways to lead by example.
Each of us needs to determine what the important standards are for our program
or organization, to create a plan around a set of values, to determine how the team
should best display and live out those values, and then get to work. Working with
our personal and team values in mind and doing so with an air that communicates
that we respect the game, ourselves, and our athletes, as well as the process, are
important to success.
As a coach, one inherently is a leader in that such a position implies power and
being at or near the top of a hierarchy. With this position comes the responsibility
of leading people, of managing people and projects, of communicating the mission
and direction of a group. By understanding that leading is as much about how
you connect, about how you are present and accountable to the core principles
and goals of your organization as it is about how you speak or what your macro
strategies are, you become better able to lead, to get the organization moving in
a particular direction. This point applies to coaches in their day-to-day example
and in helping student-athletes be good leaders.
Finding and sharing personal passion in coaching on and off the field is at the
crux of our ability to be successful. The primary way of leading in coaching softball
is to form great relationships, starting with the love of the game and all aspects of
it—the skills, your players, your assistant coaches, all parts of your job in softball.
Even if some parts of the job are hard for you to love, such as recruiting, going to
staff meetings, whatever might not be exciting, find a way to make them a positive.
Set goals and standards, delegate and teach, mentor and be mentored by others in
your school or program, and learn from each opportunity.
Being secure in preparation and having a passion to share with others makes
being a leader by example natural. Displaying care for the game by sharing
knowledge, working to understand all those who work together in an organization
(including yourself), and doing so with a professional air is at the heart of leadership.
PART TWO
PROGRAM BUILDING
AND MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER
6
Building a Successful
High School Program
B ob Ligour i
Volumes have been written about special plays, strategies, philosophies, and the
training of athletes. Over my 37-year career of coaching at all levels and sports, I
believe I have read or watched about all of them. Experience is also a great teacher,
and in my case I believe that it has taught me four valuable lessons:
1. There are no magic plays or magic fairy dust to sprinkle on the heads of
athletes to ensure success.
2. Regardless of the level, sport, or gender—it is still a players’ game.
3. The most successful coaches are excellent teachers who keep the game
simple.
4. Athletes perform at their best when the game is fun.
As a long-time coaching survivor, I have learned many lessons the hard way.
We have seen successful coaches quickly leave the profession and watched other
coaches grow to enjoy tremendous success. The following basic principles are keys
for long-term coaching success:
KNOW YOURSELF AS A COACH

Most coaches can easily outline their coaching philosophy, offensive and defensive
systems, and late-game strategies. The starting point for coaching success, how-
ever, is self-knowledge. What are your strengths as a coach? No coach is strong
in every area, and every coach has areas in which he or she excels. The most suc-
cessful coaches understand their strengths and develop their system to play to
those strengths.
What are your weak areas as a coach? These weak areas may be in technical areas
of the game, emotional make-up, or communication skills. Again, successful coaches
take the time to understand their weak areas and fill in those gaps with others.
51
All of us know our shortcomings, but many coaches have too large an ego or are
unwilling to adapt or change to minimize the gap. A coach may have a shortcom-
ing like one of the following:
◆◆ Coach is a control freak and too detail-oriented.
◆◆ Coach has poor time management or organizational skills.
◆◆ Coach cannot communicate with athletes from lifestyles different from his
or hers.
◆◆ Coach is too emotional, or perhaps lacks passion for the game.
◆◆ Coach is unapproachable by his or her athletes or is too close to them.
The key for the coach is to understand those limitations and build a staff that
fills in the weak areas. Two examples for me as a coach illustrate how this approach
affects a staff. For one thing, I am highly competitive. I learned that when I speak
a great deal to my team before a game, my players tend to tighten up. My adjust-
ment over the years is to limit my pregame talks and allow my staff to do all the
prep. I then focus on the game—where I am most effective. I am also big-picture
oriented. I have a tendency to not be as involved in the minute details as others,
so I need a detail-oriented assistant coach to pick up the key pieces.
KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDING A STAFF

Putting together a staff is without question a critical element for both short-term
and long-term coaching success. The following are key positives that we look for
as we build and evaluate a staff.
Loyalty
A disloyal assistant coach can destroy a coaching career and a program. Loyalty
is a key consideration that a head coach cannot overlook! An assistant coach must
be on the same page as the head coach and buy into the direction of the program.
Unrelenting problems can arise within a program if an assistant coach is not loyal
to it and the head coach.
Teaching
Assistant coaches must be good teachers. What they know is less important than
the effectiveness of their teaching. A head coach can teach an assistant coach a
system or drills but probably cannot make an assistant coach a good teacher.
Communication
The assistant coach should have strong communication skills and fit the style of
the head coach. The program benefits considerably when the assistant coach is
able to complement the skill set of the head coach. The ability to communicate
includes listening as well as talking.
Building a Successful High School Program 53
Hard Work
The assistant coach should have a strong work ethic. A great staff enables the
program to grow and the head coach to build. Exceptional results occur when a
group of coaches work well together, have complementary communication styles,
and have a drive for success.
Enthusiasm
The assistant coach should love the game. If the assistant coach is doing it for the
money, his or her motivation will be obvious to all. Players will notice it, as will
parents and other staff members. A genuine love of our game is contagious to all
who touch the program.
Several minefields should be avoided if at all possible:
◆◆ The assistant who is purely ego driven, who believes that everything is about
him or her, not the team
◆◆ The assistant who wants to be friends with the players and avoids all con-
frontations and negatives, leaving those for others on the staff while making
himself or herself look good to players, parents, or administrators
◆◆ The assistant who does not have a work ethic, who talks the talk but is
unwilling to pull his or her share of the workload, who never comes to the
field to work when it rains, whose car is the last one into the lot and first
one out of the lot on practice nights
MENTORS ARE CRITICAL TO COACHING SUCCESS

In today’s coaching environment coaches do not lack for sources of evaluations.
Game results, players, parents, administrators, and fans all serve to provide input
to coaches. But the best positive tool for a coach to gain insight and self-knowledge
is a strong mentor who the coach respects.
As a young coach, I evaluated myself in a simple way—wins and losses. As my
career evolved many factors came into play and had a far greater influence than
just the Ws and Ls. I have been blessed to have three mentors who frankly saved
my coaching career. Whatever success I have had is a direct result of their influ-
ence on me. Each brought something different at a different time in my life and
was critical to my development as a coach.
Mentor 1: Patience and Maturity

My first mentor was highly successful. He took a competitive, young, impulsive
coach and showed me how to channel my work ethic and competitive fire into my
career and program. Through him, I learned how to build a program and sustain
it without burnout or destroying all who came in contact with me. He showed me
the importance of loving the game and transferring that love to the athletes. He
taught me the importance of a work ethic. I learned from him that if you wanted
success, you had to outwork your opponents. The secret to coaching success, if
there was one, was hard work. I also learned that you cannot expect others to work
hard for you unless you are at the front of the line, not the rear.
Mentor 2: A Balanced Approach

My second mentor took me as a 24-7 coach and gave me a life off the field. He too
was highly successful, and through him I learned the importance of having balance
in my life. I learned to balance my competitive fire with family, athletes, and the
world around me. I learned how to live a life outside coaching. I learned how to
relax, that it was OK to laugh, and, yes, that it was even OK to lose. Without this
mentor, I would have flashed and then burned out as a coach. As I look through
our coaching world, I see many friends who lost families and other things because
they too were 24-7 coaches. When I look closely at those fractured lives, I am truly
thankful for my second mentor.
Mentor 3: Paying It Forward

My third mentor had incredible influence on me as a coach and person. He was at
the end of his life—a life that included a Hall of Fame coaching career and numer-
ous awards for excellence. He talked of what he believed was truly important as
a coach and teacher. He talked of how he hoped that his teaching a game that he
loved helped his athletes after they completed their competitive careers. He spoke
often about teaching life skills through softball, and he always related our game
to the future. My third mentor really helped me evolve as a coach, and since his
passing I often reflect on his teachings.
One clear suggestion I can offer about coaching success is to identify and work
with positive coaching mentors whenever possible. This approach is helpful not
only for the inexperienced coach but also for even the most experienced coach.
Working with a mentor is invaluable to a coach who wants to excel in all areas of life.
TEACHING IS PART OF COACHING

There are no magic plays or systems. There are no magic DVDs or books. It is not
what you know as a coach that is important; the important point is what you are
able to teach your players. Specifically, long-term coaching success usually comes
to coaches who do the following:
◆◆ Base their practices and organization on basic learning principles.
◆◆ Take the time to know each of their player’s learning styles and communi-
cation keys.
◆◆ Use various strategies to present key concepts to their players.
◆◆ Stay current with recent teaching methods and innovations.
◆◆ Keep it simple!
As a young coach, I had the opportunity to go to dinner with some of the top
college coaches in the country. They had taken teams to the NCAAs and produced
great athletes. Also at our table were several other young coaches. As the dinner
progressed I found it interesting that the people asking the most questions were
the most successful coaches and that some doing the most talking were the least
successful. Driving back to the hotel after dinner I asked one of the successful
coaches why he was so quiet. He said it directly, “It is hard to learn when you are
the one doing all of the talking.” Lesson learned!
Coaches must apply two additional key principles when teaching a team to
be successful. The first is from coaching legend John Wooden: “Do not let what
you cannot do interfere with what you can do.” Over the years, I have learned
how critical this statement is to the learning and achievement of both teams and
individuals. As a coach you need to have a clear picture of both the strengths and
weaknesses of your team and players. The true measure of a successful coach is
the ability to put athletes in situations that play to their strengths and away from
their weaknesses. We try to follow a few key points.
We believe in a strong evaluation system and share it with each player on an
ongoing basis several times per year (preseason, in-season, and postseason). The
evaluation system includes
1. strengths,
2. weaknesses,
3. action plan to improve, and
4. priorities.
How Your Coaches Can Help

We first ask our players to evaluate what they see as their top three strengths and
weaknesses and how they think their coaches can help them improve. We then
offer the player our coaches’ evaluations. As coaches we add two additional key
items for each player. We prioritize improvement areas, and we offer each player
individualized drill work that she can use to improve each priority area. We con-
clude our evaluation meeting with two final questions:
1. How do you think our team is getting along?
2. Is there anything that we as coaches can do to help our team improve?
Over the years, we have tried to refine our system and involve our players more
in the evaluation process. We believe that this approach has helped.
After the players and coach are all on the same page, we adjust our system to the
strength of the team. Each team is different, so we may need to change or tweak
the style. One summer our team went 45-3. As a team we hit just five home runs,
but we stole 105 bases and five players had at least 10 SBs.
◆◆We adjust our practice schedule according to our players’ needs. We
have at least one individual development practice per week when players come to
work out and determine themselves the areas in which the coaches can help them
improve. This method has proved to be highly effective for us. We also structure
our practices to create a proper classroom situation.
◆◆ Keep it short. We believe that we are most effective when we keep practice
relatively short, normally 90 to 100 minutes. We are organized and have little or
no down time. We come to practice, get to work, and get them out. As a result,
many of our players stay for extra work.
◆◆ Practice the whole–part–whole method. For example, when working on
a pickoff play, we first show the whole play. Then we work on the individual parts
of the play before going back to practice the whole play.
◆◆ Explain every drill. We explain what we are trying to accomplish at the
start and model the behavior or technique that we are expecting. We want our
players to understand why we are doing the drill and how to execute the drill and
skills properly.
◆◆ Keep instructions simple. We keep the process simple with as little clutter
as possible in the instructional phase. We focus on specific individualized priorities

with each player.
◆◆ Learn by doing. We enable the players to learn by doing and give them
enough repetitions to gain proper muscle memory. We have evolved to using

practice tapes as a teaching tool, and the method has proved effective.
◆◆ Prioritize the practice. Players should not work at seven or eight techniques
at once. Instead, they move forward after first mastering the basic key steps. For
example, during our hitting fundamentals breakdown drills, each player has one
key skill on which she is to focus. As a coach, I go up to each player and ask her,
“What are you working on today?” This approach helps us a great deal in players’
skill improvement.
◆◆ Provide an environment with a great deal of peer instruction and
feedback. We have accountability partners in many of our workouts and pair up

our players in many drills. Each player has an opportunity to help a teammate.
We change partners often.
Although we have found that the preceding guidelines are critical to the suc-
cess of our team, the number one goal for us is to teach the concept of working
by emphasizing process over outcomes. (Control the things that you can control!)
An example is what we do with our hitters in game or scrimmage situations. Play-
ers, parents, and fans often judge performance on outcomes. That appraisal is often
self-defeating and causes problems for the athlete. We focus on the opposite. We chart
our hitters on quality swings or quality at bats, not batting average or other standard
stats. We tell our players that in a game they may get up to 10 swings. We tell them
that at the end of the game we are going to ask them how many of the swings they
took were quality swings. They have to tell us. What this approach has shown us over
time is that the players become more centered. They play one pitch at a time and one
swing at time when they focus on process. In some instances we have a coach chart
the quality of swings for a player and then compare our evaluation to her estimates.
Teach Lessons on Losing

As Bobby Knight once said, “In order to win, you must first understand what goes
into losing.” A mark of great coaches is not just their game knowledge but their
ability to teach the game to their athletes. Coaches must teach their athletes how
to play the game so that they can maximize their opportunities for success. Here
are some basic principles:
◆◆ Teach your team first not to beat themselves, to make their opponent beat
them. Physical mistakes are a part of the game, but great teams seldom make
many mental mistakes.
◆◆ Teach your team the roles that each player must willingly accept so that you
can use your team most effectively. Players’ willingness to accept the correct
roles is critical for a team to understand what goes into losing. How many
times do you see a singles hitter go to the plate and overswing? How often
do you see a slow player try to take an extra base at the wrong time? The
list is endless; as coaches we must take the time to teach our players what
it is that gives our team the best opportunity for success.
A STRONG MENTAL GAME IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS

I believe that the mental game controls performance so much that it becomes a
critical factor for success. We focus on several key areas:
◆◆ Team building
◆◆ Confidence-building techniques and strategies
◆◆ Teaching techniques to handle pressure
◆◆ Teaching techniques to handle failure
◆◆ Teaching athletes to focus on process, not outcomes
◆◆ Developing accountability
◆◆ Developing leadership and followership
◆◆ Relationship strategies
A coach who does not consider these points in today’s competitive environment
will ultimately face a team of equal or greater talent who does work on the mental
game and will lose.
When both teams are good, toughness wins!

Bobby Knight
As stated earlier, the good team that has a strong tough mental game will usu-
ally defeat the good team that lacks a strong mental game. The weak team will
blink first. As a coach, you need to take the time to develop a strong mental game
Effective Communication Is Crucial

We believe that communication is at the heart of successful teams and play-
ers. We spend a great deal of time on the mental game. The following are
some of the key questions that we discuss either individually, in small groups,
or as a team:
1. What makes you nervous? How do you perform when you are nervous?
How can we help you not be nervous?
2. How do you feel when you make a mistake? What is the most effective
way to help you after a mistake? What can a teammate do that helps you
the most? What is the worst thing we can do when you make a mistake?
3. What is a good teammate?
4. What is a bad teammate?
5. What is a clique? Do we have them? What can we do as a team to keep
cliques from forming?
6. What distracts you in practice or games? What can we do to minimize
the distractions?
7. How do you best prepare to play a game?
8. How do you prepare for an at bat? What is your ritual?
9. How do you evaluate yourself?
10. How do you talk to yourself?
11. What does self-confidence mean? How do you think a player can develop
confidence?
12. How can you help a teammate develop confidence?
13. What is a leader? What are the key characteristics of a leader?
for each of your players. This difficult task is often neglected. Those who become
champions don’t ignore the importance of the mental game.
CREATE A CULTURE OF SUCCESS

What is the culture of your team and program? What are its foundations? Over
the years I have evolved from using a one-legged stool model based on sound
x’s and o’s to using a model that has three legs of almost equal importance: (1)
athletic performance, that is, the x’s and o’s; (2) academic performance; and (3)
community service.
When we first started building our program we were plagued with off-field
issues. Although our team records were solid, the experience was not. We decided
then that our team culture must change. We have these expectations and beliefs:
1. Always do your best, regardless of what it is that you attempt.
2. Be a positive influence as a teammate, as a student in class, and in the com-
munity.
3. Have a great work ethic—you are accountable for yourself!
4. Expect success in all that you do.
5. Find joy and fun in all that you do.
We expect our team culture to create an environment where self-motivation
and achievement flourish.
We begin with a key precept that frankly has changed for me over time. We begin
with all the players knowing that they have the respect of their coaches. Although
earlier in my career one of my favorite phrases was “You must earn my respect,”
our philosophy has evolved in another direction. Our players have our respect and
will keep it unless their actions cause them to lose it. This philosophy has worked
well for us. It corresponds to one of Coach John Wooden’s basic teachings: “Your
players will believe in you when they know you believe in them.”
After we have established that basic precept, we find it far easier to provide our
players with meaningful evaluations and realistic individualized roadmaps for success.
After we have developed the precept that we are going to develop a culture of
success, we believe that it is critical to involve the players directly in this process.
The following are examples of two strategies and actions that we follow.
Leadership Council
After we have had several practices and scrimmages at the start of the season, we
ask our team to vote for the top four or five girls who they would be comfortable
with as a team leadership council. It usually evolves that four to seven players are
selected to the council. The leadership council is then charged with developing a
team contract. Our leadership council (with input from the other squad members)
writes 100 percent of this contract. The contract may differ a little from year to
year, but it usually includes expectations in a variety of areas:
1. Practice attendance
2. Social network policies regarding, for example, what goes up on Facebook
and what is said on Twitter
3. Academic expectations
4. Drinking, tobacco, and drugs
5. Interaction issues, cliques, conflict resolution, grievance policy
6. Sportsmanship
After the contract is completed, each player signs it, and a copy is given to both
the coach and the player.
We have found the contract process to be positive because it establishes the
expectations and culture of our team. It is original each year, and each player
believes that she has input into the team and its organization. Coaches may be
apprehensive about giving up some authority and control, but we have found
the opposite to be true. We get much greater buy-in, and players have a sense of
ownership of their team.
Team Questionnaire
In addition, we ask the following questions to gather information from our players
at the start of the season. We review these with them often, together as a team or
in small groups.
1. Why do you play softball?
2. What kind of player do you think you are for your team?
3. What kind of player do you want to be, and how can we best help?
4. What would you like to accomplish in softball?
5. What is possible this year?
6. What do you think is the greatest strength of our team this year?
7. What is your greatest fear for our team this year?
8. How do you want to be remembered?
9. How do you want to be thought of by your teammates?
10. What sacrifices are you willing to make for your team this year?
11. What sacrifices do you expect from your teammates?
12. What do you want from your coaches?
We summarize questions 7, 10, and 11. We then put them all together on an
expectations and promise sheet and give to each of the team members. We use
our team questionnaire many times during the season and in postseason meetings
and evaluations.
We believe that a critical part of developing a culture of success is helping each
player develop a strong foundation of confidence. A method that we have used that
has been effective is to ask each player to keep a success diary. This diary is simple;
we ask the player to keep a daily record of what they do to get better. When we
get to a big game or championship game, we urge our players to pull out and read
their success diaries. They then realize all the positive things they have done to
prepare themselves for the upcoming challenge. This year, our team played for the
state championship. I approached a player who was going to play a key role for us
in the upcoming game. I asked her, “Are you ready?” She said, “Yep, read my diary
last night, Coach!” She played a terrific championship game with total confidence.
East Softball—a Class Act on and off the Field

Teams are often evaluated only by wins and losses, but we expect more from
you as an East softball player. Specifically, we expect the following:
• Our team plays with a lot of energy and has fun. When people come
to watch us play, I hope they see a team that shows they love to play
softball and are having fun doing it.
• Our team is close. We care about each other.
• Each girl believes in herself and is willing to do her best, regardless of
the results of her efforts.
• Our team never gives up. We play to the last out in every game.
• Our team treats our opponents with respect. We never degrade them or
gloat. We expect success and will never do anything unsportsmanlike.
• Each girl on our team takes on the responsibility of being a leader in
our community. Remember that you are a role model, on and off the
field. You must conduct yourself as if the eyes of all the little girls in our
community are watching you. Be a good person, not just a good player.
• We treat our fans as special. We speak to them first, thank them for their
support, and encourage them to come back to see us play.
• We treat our parents and families with respect. We do not argue or
become rude at the field.
• Smoking, drinking, or drugs will not be tolerated.
In summary, we are not just building a championship team. When people
talk about our team, they are going to talk not only about how good we are
but also that we are a class act! I hope you are looking forward to the season
as much as your coaches are.
Like all coaches, we have developed some things over time that are not negotiable
in our program. Many of them came because of coaching mistakes that I made or
observed others making. The following is a handout that we give to each player:
Coaches Must Never Forget That Softball

Is a Players’ Game!
A coach has never hit a home run or struck out a batter. Athletes have their greatest
success when they look to the coach to help them reach their goals and dreams.
Coaches need to park their egos and become mentors and teachers of the game
to their athletes. As coaches we must never forget that the best way to produce
true athletic achievement is to make the game fun and enjoyable for the athletes.
FINAL THOUGHTS
The coaching profession is one of the few where a person can have a lasting influ-
ence on young people. We have great power—for the good or the bad. As coaches
we need to understand the positive effect we can have on the life of a young person.
We have great power in being able to tell a young person, “I believe in you!” We
must never forget to put our own agenda and ego to the rear and push our young
people’s to the front. With this approach, the coach will earn the greatest long-
term success.
In closing, one of the greatest bits of knowledge I received was from an 88-year-
old former coach who was in the Hall of Fame and had won many championships
over the years. I asked him what he considered his greatest achievement. I will
never forget his answer:
I truly believe that no player ever lost their love of the game of
softball while they played for me, and I like to think that I taught many to
love our game.
What a wonderful legacy we all would have if each of us could say the same thing!
CHAPTER
7
Building a Successful
College Program
Ka ren Weekly
The only place success comes ahead of work is in the dictionary.

Joan Cronan, former women’s athletics director at the University of Tennessee
This idea is certainly true when it comes to building a successful college softball
program. Planning, dedication, and attention to detail are required to develop
the physical and mental attributes necessary for success at the collegiate level.
Championship teams are not developed overnight. Champions are forged in fire
and molded through a long process. Coaches and athletes alike must be commit-
ted to this process and understand that it will take time. As a coach you should
develop a plan for your program that takes into account your priorities and values,
your vision for the program, the way that you will build a staff, your recruiting
strategy, team policies and expectations, community and fan support, goal setting,
and program traditions.
PRIORITIES AND VALUES

Your program will reflect who you are as a person and what you stand for. Take
time to think about and articulate your priorities and values in life, and the ways
in which they influence your program. We have a set of priorities that we com-
municate during our first conversation with a prospect. These principles may be
a turnoff or exactly what the prospect is looking for—either way it’s good to know
early. Our priorities are the following:
1. Faith
2. Family
3. Academics
4. Attitude
5. Softball
63
We have maintained those priorities since we began coaching at Pacific Lutheran

University, then an NAIA program, in the late 1980s, and we have continued to
win at the Division I level using them as our guiding principles. We do not seek
to convert our student-athletes to our value system, but we believe they should
know who we are when making a decision to spend four or five years of their life
in our program.
Faith
Faith reflects the importance of religious beliefs in our personal lives, and we will
honor and respect our players’ beliefs as well. We do not require anything of our
players regarding religious practices, and in fact we rarely mention it. We simply
state that we value the place that faith holds in people’s lives and will support their
spiritual growth in whatever manner they choose.
Family
Family refers to the importance of our families in all that we do, as well as the
belief that our team is itself a family system. We remind our players to express
appreciation and gratitude for their parents and siblings and the many sacrifices
made to help them accomplish their softball goals. When times are toughest, we
know that we can rely on our family members. In the same vein, we want our
team to appreciate its family attributes. We can laugh, cry, love, argue, celebrate,
and commiserate together, just as traditional families do. But no matter what, we
always have each other’s back.
Academics
Academics reflects the importance that we place on academic success. Our players
are in college to be students first. Softball is certainly an important part of their
collegiate experience. But softball is a four-year career for most college players,
whereas academic achievements will serve them for a lifetime.
Attitude
Attitude reflects our belief that a positive, determined attitude is critically important
to achievement in all facets of life. We place it above softball because athletic talent
alone will not ensure success. A person must have the right attitude. Attitude refers
to many characteristics we deem important in our program, including integrity,
perseverance, commitment, loyalty, accountability, and responsibility, among others.
Softball
Softball is at the bottom of the list to reflect the fact that talent by itself, without
proper value placed on the other areas, will not be enough. We believe that when
Building a Successful College Program 65
a student-athlete maintains these priorities, in the order listed, success on the field
naturally follows.
Your set of priorities should fit your beliefs and value system, and by no means
are we suggesting that you need to adopt our list to have a successful collegiate
program. We do believe, however, that any successful organization must be able
to articulate who it is and what is important in the daily pursuit of excellence.
VISION
When we arrived at Tennessee in the fall of 2001, we needed to define our vision
for the program and then go about creating a culture that would inform our
vision. Developing a vision is like planning a vacation road trip and includes the
following questions:
◆◆ Where do you want to go? This is your destination, or goal.
◆◆ How do you want to get there? This is your roadmap.
◆◆ What do you want to look like en route? This is the manner in which
you want to travel.
Where did we want to go? We wanted to build a program so that our team
could compete for a national championship within five years. How would we get
there? We would get there by recruiting great players who were committed to
excellence in all phases of their lives, who embraced the goal of blazing a trail
and creating a winning tradition at Tennessee. Winning in softball starts in the
circle, so we knew we needed to recruit outstanding pitching, build our team up
the middle (catcher, shortstop, centerfield), and find a terrific leadoff hitter to
spark our offense. What did we want to look like en route? We wanted people
to watch us and say
They give 100 percent; they play with confidence; they are disciplined;
they play with class; they work hard; they play with energy; they take
pride in their performance; they look like a team; they make the right
choices off the field, and they act like winners.
After you establish your vision for building the program, the next step is to
make sure that your daily actions reflect that shared vision. Your entire staff and
team must buy in to what you are trying to build. Before they jump on board and
invest in the program, they must see that the head coach is passionate about and
committed to the vision. Everything about your program needs to reflect your
vision—practices, staff and team meetings, recruiting materials and interactions,
community involvement, facilities, and equipment. Something as seemingly small
as the cleanliness of your facilities and equipment speaks volumes about the pride
you take in your program. Remember that you don’t get a second chance to make
a first impression.
BUILDING A STAFF
The most important decisions you will make center on hiring a staff. The people
you choose to surround yourself with can make or break the program. This point
applies not only to the assistant coaches but also to anyone who has frequent and
consistent contact with your team, including athletic trainers, strength coaches,
managers, administrative assistants, and so on.
Loyalty Is Essential
Your staff must be loyal to you and share your vision and priorities. Building a suc-
cessful program is not easy, and you will encounter many obstacles along the way.
The obstacles are even greater when you take over a losing program and inherit
someone else’s recruits versus starting a program from scratch. People don’t like
change and naturally tend to resist it. Your staff must stand strong with you in
the face of the expected resistance. Your staff members should understand that
although they may not always agree with your policies and decisions, they must
support them 100 percent. Nothing will tear a team apart quicker than assistants
who are undermining the head coach and trying to build disruptive allegiances
with players. Teamwork and chemistry among the staff are essential and will form
the model for teamwork and chemistry among your players.
There Can Only Be One Boss

Leadership and communication are important ingredients in building a staff.
First, the entire staff must understand that there can be only one leader. Although
the head coach should and will rely on input from the staff, at the end of the day
only one person can make the decisions. Not all decisions will be popular. Make
sure that your staff understands this principle of leadership and your expectation
that they will support your decisions regardless of their personal feelings. Com-
munication is key here. Staff members who believe that they have been heard and
that their opinions are valued are more likely to be invested in the process and be
supportive of the ultimate decision.
Surround Yourself With Great People

Hire talented coaches who can augment your strengths. Successful leaders sur-
round themselves with good people. Successful leaders are secure and confident
in their abilities and are willing to hire people who may have more knowledge
in some areas and bring new ideas to the table. Some find it threatening to hire
people who will challenge the status quo, but I believe that we experience true
growth in any aspect of life only when we are willing to open our minds and expose
ourselves to different ideas. Loyalty is paramount here, and a staff that understands
the importance of loyalty is able to disagree passionately behind closed doors yet
always present a unified and cohesive stance to the team.
Define and Delegate Responsibilities

Delegate and clearly communicate responsibilities among your staff. One of the
hardest things for a head coach to do is delegate responsibilities. You likely rose to
this position because of your hard work and success as an assistant when you had
defined areas of responsibility, or perhaps you were head coach in a smaller program
where you did everything yourself. Now you must adjust to leading a staff of capable
people. If you want to get the most out of your staff, you must allow them to do the
job for which you hired them. Within our coaching staff, areas are clearly defined.
One coach handles infield and the short game, another coaches outfield and hitting,
and a third coaches the pitchers and catchers. We are readily available to help one
another and rely on each other’s shared knowledge all the time. But by having clear
areas of responsibility, we are each more accountable for the performance outcomes
and able to develop strong relationships with the players in our respective areas.
Building your staff also includes addressing and delegating off-field responsi-
bilities. Although these areas are not as noticeable as on-field performance, they
are just as important. Depending on the resources available at your institution,
separate people and departments may handle strength and conditioning, sports
medicine, academic monitoring, nutrition, sport psychology, and so on. Although
you may not have day-to-day contact with these people, they need to know and
understand your philosophy and share your approach to preparing your athletes
for success. They will be meeting with your athletes on a regular basis, so you want
your athletes to be getting the same message from these folks as they are from
you. I believe a key to our success is the close working relationships that we have
with all these areas on our campus and the way in which we support one another
in our respective endeavors. In some cases we were included in the hiring process,
although in others we were not. In all situations we have had open conversations
with each person involved with our team and have outlined our priorities, values,
and expectations for those staff members in their dealings with our student-athletes.
Your players receive a powerful message when they hear the same goals for success
from all facets and layers of your program.
Be Willing to Make Tough Decisions

As the head coach, you must be willing to make the tough decision when your goals
are not being met and a staff change becomes necessary. Making such a change is
not easy and likely will not happen without considerable thought. If a coach is not
loyal, does not share your vision, does not buy into your priorities and values, or
is not getting the job done in her or his areas of responsibility, team morale and
the ability to enjoy success will be compromised. I encourage you first to counsel
the staff member and try to help her or him improve in the problem areas. Docu-
ment these conversations and outline your concerns and expectations in writing.
If the desired changes do not occur, you will have no choice. As difficult as such
decisions are, they often result in addition by subtraction, and your team will be
better off in the long run.
RECRUITING
“You don’t win the Kentucky Derby with a plow horse.” I wish I had a nickel for
every time I’ve heard Ralph, my husband and cohead coach, utter that phrase. But
the expression is true, and it is one of our guiding principles when it comes to
recruiting. Good coaching is certainly a key component of a successful program.
But without great players, coaching will only take you so far. You must work tire-
lessly to find the best players you possibly can who will fit with your program’s
priorities and your coaching philosophy.
Close the Borders

When we arrived at Tennessee, our first goal in recruiting was to close the borders.
We made an effort to keep the best players in Tennessee at home, wearing the
orange and competing for their state university. Many athletes in the South grow
up with fervent loyalty to the university that bears their state’s name. That loyalty
translates to tremendous passion and heart on the field. Our players who hail from
Tennessee and have loved the university since birth feel a pride unlike any other
when they put on the uniform. A colleague of ours said it well: “If they’re wearing
Tennessee on their chest, I want them to have Tennessee in their heart.” Likewise,
your local fan base will appreciate cheering for one of their own. Although fans
first want a winning team, they love having homegrown talent competing and
succeeding in the program.
Keeping in mind the importance of recruiting student-athletes who can com-
pete at your level, you must remember that recruiting locally will not serve you
well if the talent pool is not sufficient to meet your competitive needs. First, you
need players who will help you win. Second, you can create problems for yourself
when you have local players sitting the bench who are disgruntled about their lack
of playing time. When recruiting in our state we ask ourselves two questions: (1)
Does this player have the ability to be a starter in our program, and (2) if she isn’t
strong enough to start, does she understand and agree to the limited role for which
we need her (pinch runner, bullpen catcher, defensive specialist).
Communication is essential in the latter case. Over the years many in-state
players have told us, “I don’t care if I play. I just want to be a Lady Volunteer and
I will do whatever it takes to be a part of the team.” After a year of sitting on the
bench, players sometimes forget that they ever spoke those words. We have frank
and honest discussions with every player we recruit regarding how we see her
fitting into our team. This conversation is especially important with the players
who won’t see the field as much.
Build Relationships
When building a program from the ground up or resuscitating a losing program,
building positive relationships with youth coaches is essential. At this point you
won’t have a tradition of success to rely on. You will, however, have your vision,
goals, values, and priorities, and it’s important that you get the message out and
communicate clearly and passionately who you are and where you are going.
High school and club coaches are the first point of contact with prospects and an
important audience to hear your message. Take time to speak to them in person,
touch base by phone, and maintain an open line of communication. Be sure to
offer your services to the coaches to answer questions, speak at clinics, and share
knowledge. Invite them to your practices. The golden rule applies here—treat
others the way you would like to be treated.
A story from our coaching career illustrates the importance of relationships
and the manner in which you treat people. It relates to the recruitment of Monica
Abbott, one of the greatest pitchers in the history of collegiate softball. We began
recruiting Monica during our first season at Tennessee. The program had suffered
through two losing seasons before our arrival and had reached NCAA postseason
play only once in the six years that Tennessee had sponsored the sport of softball.
Although our first season was a success in terms of achieving a winning record and
getting things headed in the right direction, we didn’t qualify for NCAA Region-
als and failed to make the Southeastern Conference tournament (the top eight
teams qualified). So we didn’t have a great softball tradition at Tennessee to sell
to recruits. Monica’s club coach, Keith Berg, had met Ralph several years earlier
when he was coaching a 10-under team. He listened to one of Ralph’s sessions at
a coach’s clinic and waited at the podium to ask Ralph a question following the
session. Ralph spent the better part of the next hour talking softball with Keith
over lunch. As Keith tells it, “I was so impressed that he was willing to spend
time with a 10-under travel ball coach. . . . Most college coaches are in a hurry to
get away.” Six years later that first impression paid huge dividends when Keith’s
now 16-under team included the number one pitching prospect in the country.
Granted, much more work went into the recruiting process, but I have no doubt
that the exchange between Ralph and Keith and the impression it left on Keith
opened the door for Monica and her family to listen to our vision for the future
of Tennessee softball.
Ralph always makes a point to thank club and high school coaches for the time
and effort they spend training young softball players. When he coached in the
United States Olympic program, he frequently said that we have the best softball
players in the world because we have outstanding and dedicated youth coaches who
provide most of the developmental training for young athletes. These coaches don’t
get paid high salaries, don’t have the resources of a collegiate coach, and often have
to deal with challenges and obstacles that we never face. I was recently recruiting
at a club exposure tournament when a young club coach sought me out. She said,
“When I met your husband the other day, he thanked me for what I did. I have
had 17 players go to college on scholarships, and he is the first college coach ever
to thank me for coaching these girls. Please tell him how much that meant to me.”
Work Smarter . . . and Harder

On the field we often tell our players to play smarter, not harder. We want them
to understand that playing hard won’t solve every challenge; sometimes the key
is to take a more thoughtful and intelligent approach. In recruiting, working hard
is essential. Recruiting is a tireless, never-ending part of your job as a college

coach. One of the key reasons for our success at Tennessee is the amount of time
we put into recruiting. We work many hours in the summer watching prospects
at travel ball tournaments. The fall is more of the same, and we host prospects
on the weekends when we stay at home. Rarely do we have a weekend away from
softball and recruiting. Recruiting has changed significantly in the past five years,
and coaches are now required to recruit at least two or three classes at a time,
adding substantial hours to the workload.
Working smarter has played a big part in our success as well. One of the things
that you must do in your program is analyze what makes you unique. Assuming
that everyone is going to work hard, ask yourself, “What can I do or offer that will
set me apart from my competitors?” In our first season at Tennessee, we were able
to take advantage of the fact that we didn’t advance to the conference tournament
to make a statement in recruiting. Our regular season ended the last week of April,
and most teams were playing for another one or two weeks. Rather than take an
early vacation, I flew to California to watch our top two juniors play their final
high school regular-season games. I was the only college coach at either game.
The unusually cold weather made for unpleasant viewing, but I made sure to stay
the entire game. I even had fans tell me, “Oh, it’s nice of you to come, but I’m sure
she’s going to XYZ University,” which was an outstanding academic institution
and softball program much closer to home. But our flying across country to watch
a single high school game made quite an impression on both young ladies. Both
commented that no college coach had ever come to their high school games before,
even those within an hour’s drive. Both girls ended up signing with Tennessee, and
between them, Monica Abbott and Lindsay Schutzler garnered seven All-American
awards, three Academic All-American awards, two Academic All-American of the
Year awards, one USA Player of the Year award, and numerous other conference
and regional accolades. They were instrumental in building Tennessee softball
into the program it is today.
Know Your Strengths, Be Yourself, and Recruit Positively

We haven’t won every recruiting battle, but over the years we’ve won more than
we’ve lost. I believe that one of the reasons is that we are confident in our strengths
and those of our university and program. We emphasize these aspects in every
recruiting conversation we have with coaches, parents, and prospects. What do
you have to sell? Make a list of everything you believe is positive about your
program, whether it is academic reputation, facilities, climate, winning tradition,
fan support, commitment to women’s athletics, longevity among coaching staff,
graduation rates, strength of your conference, and so on, and make sure that your
recruits hear about these things often.
At the same time, every program faces challenging elements in the recruiting
landscape. Your opponents may be quick to point out your challenges to recruits,
so take the wind out of their sails by addressing them early in the process and
showing that you have a plan to deal with them. Perhaps weather prevents you
from practicing outside year round, but you have a terrific indoor facility to tout.
Speak confidently about yourself and the vision you have for your program. Until
you believe in yourself, no one else will. This belief must come through loud and
clear in your words and actions.
We make it a point never to engage in negative recruiting. When you talk dis-
paragingly about another program, it reflects a lack of security in what you have
to offer. Prospects have commented more than once that they appreciate the fact
that we don’t recruit negatively. From my experience, it doesn’t work with recruits.
Be honest and open about yourself and your expectations for your student-
athletes. Any question a parent or prospect has is fair game, and we answer them
thoroughly and honestly. We tell our players to do the same thing. A recruiting
visit can be full of glitz and glamour, but behind all that is the real day-to-day life
of a student-athlete on your campus. The prospect should learn early what that
experience will entail rather than be surprised later when it is too late. Neither
you nor the athlete will be happy in that case.
TEAM POLICIES AND EXPECTATIONS

Setting your team policies and expectations and communicating them to your
staff and players is an important component of building a successful program.
We begin the communication during the recruiting process. We want prospects
who ultimately choose Tennessee to understand early our expectations for their
behavior and performance on the field, in the classroom, and in the community
at large. Our first team meeting when the players arrive in the fall centers on the
communication of team policies and procedures. We include our upperclassmen
in explaining the policies and rationale behind these rules to the freshmen. The
new players recognize that the upperclassmen support team policies and will help
make sure that they are followed.
As the head coach, you must decide what policies and rules are important to
you. You may involve your staff and team leaders in this discussion, or you may
find it necessary to set the tone yourself if you are trying to change the culture of
a program. When we took over at Tennessee we thought it important to establish
our priorities and change the culture to fit our coaching style and personalities. Our
approach was, as a matter of necessity, more authoritarian, and we did not include
players in discussions about team policies. We understood that those players, none
of whom we recruited, had signed to play for another coach who had a different
philosophy and had come to Tennessee with different expectations than ours. But
we needed to make it clear that we expected them to adhere immediately to our
policies and expectations. We left no room for discussion, dissension, or a slow
period of transition. If they could not or would not commit to our way of doing
things, we supported their decision to leave the program and helped them find a
place that better fit their personality and desires.
As the years went by and the culture of our program solidified, we included
players in the formulation and adjustment of policies and expectations. You should
review your policies on a yearly basis. Some may have outlived their usefulness or
necessity. I don’t believe in making rules just to have rules. Each policy must have
a purpose, one that reflects your priorities and can be clearly understood and fol-
lowed by your players. We have made changes over the years, in consultation with
staff and team captains. We have added, deleted, and sometimes simply changed
the wording to enable clearer communication. Players are more likely to adhere
to team policies when they feel a sense of ownership. Ownership occurs when
they are a part of the policy formulation process. We are pleased and amazed to
see the sense of collegiality that develops among current and former players in
the program when they know that everyone is representing Tennessee in the same
manner and doing things on and off the field the Tennessee way.
Following the team meeting when we review and explain the policies, each team
member signs a document stating that she agrees to adhere to the softball program
policies and understands the consequences for failure to do so. The following is
an example of our team policies at Tennessee:
Lady Vols Softball Pride Policies

1. Respect Policy
I will respect myself. I will respect the people around me (coaches,
staff, teammates, administrators, faculty). I will respect the Lady Volunteer
tradition. I will respect university and team rules.
2. On-Time Policy
I will be on time for all scheduled events—classes, practice, team
meetings, medical appointments, weights, study hall, tutors, and so on.
3. No-Miss and Up-Front Policy
I will attend all classes and sit in one of the front three rows. I will attend
all assigned functions such as study hall, practice, tutor sessions, medical
appointments, banquets, team meetings, and so on.
4. Academic Policies
I will follow all Thornton Center policies and procedures. I will complete
all assigned study hall hours. I understand that I may do no more than two
hours of study hall in the computer lab. I understand that I must complete
study hall hours by noon on Friday. I will develop good relationships with
my professors and maintain frequent communication with them.
5. Effort and Hustle Policy
I will give 100 percent effort in all that I do—classes, practices, games,
strength and conditioning workouts, rehab sessions, and so forth. I will
hustle on the field at all times. I understand that my effort and commit-
ment are key to my success as a student-athlete and the success of the
Lady Volunteer softball team.
6. Dressing Room and Equipment Policies

I will take care of all equipment I am issued as a softball team member.
I understand that I am responsible for any losses or damage to equip-
ment. At the end of the season, I will turn in all equipment to the head
manager. I will take pride in keeping my locker room neat and clean and
will not leave items out.
7. Dress Policy
I will dress like a winner. “You never have a second chance to make a
first impression.” I realize that the image I project will be a reflection on all
of us. Tattoos and body piercing (except ears) are not to be visible during
any Lady Vols function including practices, games, meetings, camps,
office, travel, and so on.
I will abide by the athletic department policy regarding wearing Adidas
products and will follow the Varsity Inn dress code. I will wear assigned
game and practice attire as designated by the coaching staff.
8. Alcohol, Drug, and Tobacco Policy
I will not consume alcohol, drugs, tobacco, or any other banned sub-
stances during the practice and playing seasons or in the presence of
recruits. I will not purchase alcohol, drugs, or tobacco products for, or
provide them to, minors.
9. Communication and Follow-Through Policy
I will return all phone calls and answer all e-mails within 24 hours. I will
follow through and communicate until an assignment or task is completed
(“I left a message,” “I called and no one answered,” or “I stopped by but
they weren’t there” is not sufficient).
10. Housing Policy
I understand that I must obtain written permission from the cohead
coaches before I enter into an agreement to live off campus. I understand
that I must coordinate my selection of roommates, on or off campus, with
the cohead coaches before the beginning of the academic year.
I have read and understand the preceding team policies, which I must follow
to be eligible to play at Tennessee. I understand that violation of the policies
may result in disciplinary action up to and including dismissal from the team
and revocation of my scholarship.
_____________________________________________\_______________
Name Date
Courtesy of the University of Tennessee.
In addition, we have some policies regarding team travel that are worth men-
tioning. With rare exceptions, we require our players to eat meals together on road
trips. We believe that this practice creates a sense of togetherness and camaraderie.
Unless we are involved in pregame scouting or preparation activities, coaches are
present at team meals as well. We do not allow our players to talk on their cell
phones while on the team bus or to have their phones out during meals. We want
them to use this time to grow closer in their relationships with one another and
enjoy each other as people without outside disruptions. At curfew we collect cell
phones and keep them in a staff member’s room until breakfast the next morning.
This procedure allows our players to get adequate and necessary rest so that they
are able to perform to their fullest potential. It is also a courtesy to the roommate
who might be kept awake by a teammate talking on her phone into the night. We
expect our players to go to sleep at curfew, so they have no reason to have a cell
phone after that time. In case of emergency our players’ families know that they
can always call us if they need to reach their daughter. Our players have come to
appreciate and support the policy of having no cell phone after curfew.
COMMUNITY AND FAN SUPPORT

At the earliest opportunity possible, you should make a plan for building support
for your program within the community and developing a loyal fan base. Everyone
loves to follow a winner, but if you are tasked with building a successful program,
chances are that you are starting from scratch or taking over a losing program.
We took over a program that had suffered through two consecutive losing seasons
and had advanced to postseason play only once in six years. We did a number of
things to generate community and fan support.
One of the first things you should do is reach out to the youth softball commu-
nity. Team and youth discounts are available at all our games. Teams are allowed
to participate in “dugout run-out,” in which a youth team forms a tunnel for our
team to run through during pregame introductions. If teams attend our games,
we invite them onto the field afterward to participate in our postgame meeting.
Our players are available to sign autographs after every home game. Our team
participates in two free clinics each year to help expose inner-city kids to the sport
of softball. In addition, we offer free postgame clinics on SEC weekends. These
are all great ways to connect with kids and provide positive role models. In turn,
the kids want to keep coming back to support our players and team.
We extend an open invitation for softball coaches to attend practice any time,
and we make ourselves accessible to them. During our first year at Tennessee, we
hosted a free clinic for all high school and youth coaches in East Tennessee. We
run several camps and clinics throughout the year to help grow softball in our area.
Another way to generate community support is to volunteer to speak at local
Rotary, Kiwanis, and other clubs’ lunch meetings. We typically do four or five such
speaking engagements each year, and these events provide a great opportunity
to sell our passion and program to a wide range of community leaders. Many of
these attendees become fans and may even provide significant financial resources
for our program needs. People will support something they believe in, and the
only way to convince them is to get out in the community and share your vision.
Community service has always been a cornerstone of the Lady Volunteers
athletic department. Our players participate in a variety of activities throughout
the academic year, including Habitat for Humanity, sponsoring needy children
at Christmas, canned food drives, helping with the Juvenile Diabetes Research
Foundation gala, spending an hour each week at a local inner-city elementary
school mentoring young children, children’s reading programs, and the Martin
Luther King Day parade, among others. All these programs are terrific ways to
give back to the community and form personal relationships with people who
inevitably become big supporters of our players.
After you get fans to come to your games, you need to make the experience one
that will entice them to keep coming back. We are fortunate to have an outstand-
ing marketing department at Tennessee that does an excellent job of creating a
fun, family-oriented game atmosphere. Anything that gets the crowd involved and
gives people an opportunity to win a prize is always a big hit. We offer several
giveaways at our games, including free pizza to the loudest group, free T-shirts
when we hit a home run, trivia contests between innings, and so on. Such events,
combined with the excited fast-paced brand of softball that we play, make our
games fun for everyone.
GOAL SETTING
Along with creating an overall vision for your program and its future, you should
have a goal-setting program that will guide you in the short term. As a staff, we
sit down each off-season and evaluate the previous season. What did we do well?
What do we need to do better? What new or different dimensions would we like
to add to our program? What did we learn from another successful program? We
evaluate everything—our statistical outcomes in every phase of the game (pitching,
defense, hitting), team chemistry and cohesion, game preparation, practice plans,
medical training and injury management, nutrition, strength and conditioning
training, teaching methods, player–coach relationships, staff responsibilities, video
analysis, and so on. This honest and thorough evaluation provides the feedback
we need to drive our goals for the following season. Staff should give one another
constructive criticism when warranted. A coach, like any professional, can become
complacent or stuck in old methods that may not work as well as they did previ-
ously. Like our athletes, we need challenges to help us grow. Exploring new ideas
and approaches is not always comfortable, and most of us are not naturally adap-
tive to change. But I find that the coaches who are most successful over a period
of years are the ones who actively pursue excellence and are willing to adapt their
methods when necessary while remaining true to their core values and principles.
Plan of Action
Our players also participate in a goal-setting program. As a team, we meet each
year to set goals for the season. Each player sets goals as well. We ask them to set
three types of individual goals on a monthly basis: (1) softball skills goal, (2) mental
game goal, and (3) fitness goal. The plan of action that accompanies the goal is
probably more important than the goal itself. Without a specific plan of action,
goals become dreams that are never achieved. For example, if a player wants to
improve her bunting skills, a plan to “bunt more at practice” is not specific enough
and doesn’t invite a level of measurement and accountability. An appropriate plan
of action and one that would ensure successful achievement of her goal is “bunt
25 balls per day off the pitching machine three days per week.”
Make Your Goals Attainable and Measurable

Goals must be specific, measurable, and attainable. If you establish goals that are
not attainable, you are setting yourself up for failure and will likely be disappointed
early in the season. I remember going into the locker room of a conference oppo-
nent several years back. This particular opponent had struggled to finish above
.500 most years and had never won a conference championship. The team goals
posted in the locker room included the following: win the conference champi-
onship, win every conference series, go undefeated at home, and advance to the
Women’s College World Series. These goals were all unattainable for that team
at that point in time. Their first conference series was at home against one of the
top teams in the nation, so they were likely to lose any shot at two of those goals
early in their season. A team can quickly become deflated if they set goals that are
too far out of their reach.
Goals must also be measurable. Players often state a goal in terms of “getting
better,” but measuring a vague goal like that is difficult. A hitter who wants to
improve her batting average, for example, would be better off to have a specific
goal to hit .350. Although that goal is certainly measurable and the player can
easily judge whether she achieved it, I suggest using a variation that focuses more
on the process and things that are within the hitter’s control. A hitter can have a
great at bat and hit a screaming line drive that goes right to a defensive player for
an out. Conversely, the same hitter can have a terrible at bat in which she swings
at a bad pitch off balance but bloops a single just over the shortstop’s head. The
second scenario results in a base hit that helps her reach the .350 batting-average
goal. But the process is much better in the first scenario and over time will result
in more successful at bats, which will likely lead to a positive outcome. For this
reason, we like our players to focus on process-oriented goals rather than outcome-
oriented goals. Process-oriented goals are also typically controllable and afford
the player an opportunity to achieve the goal more consistently (having a good at
bat versus batting .350).
CREATING TRADITIONS
Developing traditions that define your program is essential in building a successful
college program. Some of these will naturally evolve over time, whereas others will
result from a concerted effort on your part and reflect your values and principles.
We have several traditions that are part of the fabric of Lady Volunteers softball.
Many of these have been part of our program at every coaching stop, and some
are unique to Tennessee. Traditions help to form a bond between players and are
a bridge that connects all Lady Volunteers past and present.
A couple of postgame traditions have been part of all our programs. During
our team meeting after each game the players “throw bouquets” to one another.
Teammates complement each other on a great performance, a well-executed play,
an example of great hustle, providing positive leadership or support from the bench,
or anything else that contributed to the game that day. Players are empowered by
hearing these things from one another rather than just from the coaching staff.
These “bouquets” are especially meaningful after a difficult loss or when a player’s
effort inspired her teammates even if the outcome wasn’t in our favor. Our second
postgame tradition is to join hands and end every postgame meeting with a team
prayer led by a coach or player.
As part of our pregame ritual, the players come together shortly before intro-
ductions and say the Lord’s Prayer. The players started this tradition early in our
tenure at Tennessee. We can’t remember how or why it began, but it has remained
an important part of their pregame preparation.
Hoosiers Night is a long-standing tradition on all our teams. Every freshmen
class comes to the head coach’s house to have dinner and watch the movie Hoosiers
early in their first semester. Hoosiers contains several valuable lessons for success in
athletics and life and is a powerful teaching tool. After the movie we talk with the
freshmen about inspirational parts and the lessons learned from them. The hero
in Hoosiers is a character named Jimmy Chitwood. Jimmy is the best basketball
player at a rural Indiana high school of fewer than 100 students. His team faces a
powerful urban school of over 2,000 students in the state high school champion-
ship. Despite being huge underdogs, Jimmy’s team has a chance to win the game at
the end, and Chitwood wants to take the shot that determines their fate. To reflect
the importance of wanting to be in a clutch situation and having the confidence
to succeed with the game on the line, we award “JC” stickers for the most clutch
performances, offensive and defensive, each game, and the players place these
stickers on their helmets.
“JC” is part of another tradition in our program. During practices and games,
whenever a player receives a compliment from a member of the coaching staff,
the player responds by saying, “JC.” This response lets the coach know that the
player heard and acknowledges a job well done. When a player receives constructive
criticism from a coach, she responds by saying, “Magic.” In this context, MAGIC
is an acronym for “Make A Greater Individual Commitment.” By responding in
this way, the player is communicating that she heard and understands the criticism
and will make an effort to improve. These oral acknowledgements are important
pieces of communication in the teaching and learning process.
Many teams have traditions that help to form stronger team bonds, and ours
is no different. Each year shortly before the season begins we have Family Night,
when each player brings pictures of her family members and tells the rest of the
team about her extended family (parents, siblings, grandparents, and so on). This
time of sharing can be emotional as players talk about family members who are
meaningful and influential in their lives. The activity helps us grow closer to one
another and deepens relationships away from the field, all of which assists us in
becoming a stronger unit on the field.
A traditional event we did at UT–Chattanooga and recently rekindled at Ten-
nessee is to go on a team retreat. We traveled to a lodge in the Smoky Mountains
for a weekend in the fall. Senior captains held a draft and divided the team into four
smaller teams of four or five players each. Each team was responsible for prepar-
ing and serving a meal for the whole group, and the teams competed against one
another throughout the weekend in fun games like egg toss, lip sync competition,
team Pictionary, scavenger hunt, foosball, and others. A retreat is a terrific way to
appreciate one another’s personalities and talents away from the softball field and
come together under one roof to enjoy a weekend of fun, food, and fellowship.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Building a successful college program takes time and patience. Like a house, a
team must have a strong foundation to withstand the storms that will inevitably
occur. Build your foundation on solid principles and values that reflect who you
are and what you stand for. In this age of the quick fix, getting caught up in the
win-now mentality and compromising yourself can be easy. Remember that you
are not building a team that will be a one-hit wonder in the short run; instead,
you are seeking to build a program that will enjoy long-standing and consistent
success. Take time to make a detailed plan that encompasses everything important
in a successful program. Share your plan and vision with everyone involved in your
program. Understand that building a program, like anything important in life, will
take a tremendous amount of time and work. Then go about it passionately and
with great enthusiasm!
CHAPTER
8
Selecting and Mentoring
Your Staff
E l a i ne Sor tino
Throughout the past three decades as a Division I softball coach, I have had the
good fortune to be associated with many fine young women who have aspired to
coach our great game. Although constant change has made its mark on many aspects
of our sport, the roles that we play in mentoring our assistants remain the same.
This chapter is divided into sections that describe a head coach’s most important
obligations. Although they are not in any particular rank or order, none of these
categories is optional. I would venture to say that all successful coaches will have
these on their list in some form.
CREATING A CULTURE OF LOYALTY

We all want loyalty, and I am sure we would find this on the list of every head
coach. Although we all expect to have it, loyalty within a coaching staff requires
hard work on the part of everyone. Our assistants should know that at all times
they can rely on our loyalty toward them.
As we begin to build our relationship with our assistants, their loyalty is most
often the first thing we ask for in return. From that point on, the responsibility
is ours to make sure that we create an atmosphere in which that loyalty can be
nurtured and grown. Loyalty is a two-way street; therefore, we should expect from
them only what they consistently receive from us.
It begins with the way the head coach respects, honors, and treats them. Our
assistants must know that when issues arise that may concern them, whether with
administrators, departmental coaches, coaching peers, team members, parents, or
fans, we will always speak about them with high regard. If an issue that concerns
them arises with any of these constituencies, they should hear about it from the
head coach first whenever possible.
Additionally, the head coach should always show respect and honor toward an
assistant in the presence of the team. Head coaches who praise and speak highly
79
of their assistants contribute to the team’s level of competency and the program’s
future success. Players thrive in an atmosphere that is rich with respect and com-
petent coaching.
Any head coach who would publicly reprimand or embarrass an assistant, in any
situation, is giving the players permission to do the same. Such an example frees
our players to be disrespectful not only to the coaching staff but also to each other.
ENCOURAGING COMMUNICATION
Making the time to talk is one of the most challenging aspects of our profession.
We seem to run harder and faster with each season. More often than not, we think
that we barely have time to coach our team. Additionally, we operate in a culture
that is driven by e-mails and texting! This environment presents one of the most
difficult obstacles to our success.
There is no substitute for communication in the form of talking in person. We
are most effective when we have the opportunity to look into someone’s eyes and
have dialogue. If we hide all day behind our e-mails and texts, we will never see how
the other person is reacting in a given circumstance. We need to take advantage
of every opportunity to deal with each other face to face.
No head coach among us would want to teach or train our players without having
the advantage of daily interaction because we learn and understand so much from
body language. Yet we often will not sit down and confront tough or uncomfort-
able situations with our assistants. If an assistant does something contrary to the
way we want it done, we need to provide the feedback necessary so that she or he
can make adjustments and improve. Issues that are left alone may end up causing
many problems down the road.
Through constant communication, especially positive and negative feedback, we
can actively process and refine our teaching skills, and communicate our principles
to our players with greater consistency and clarity. Most staffs do their best work
in this area, but it is all the other stuff that requires more attention.
Taking time to check in on how we are all feeling about what we do every day
is important. Through this process our assistants have the chance to learn and
understand our core values and the standards we hold for our program. When our
daily responsibilities consume us, we are not attentive to taking the time needed
to check in with each other. We need to set aside time each day not only to plan
practice but also to make sure that everyone is OK!
These daily conversations allow our staff to become more deeply invested in
our goals and expectations. We minimize confused messages from the coaching
staff to the players, prospects, parents, and fans on everything we are about. We as
a staff feel a sense of ownership and sense that we are all in this together.
Encouraging an atmosphere of daily conversation also allows our assistants to be
able to disagree, which is vital to the growth of the relationship and helps everyone
break out of the box. Although we may be uncomfortable while it is happening, in
the end we are all in a better place.
Selecting and Mentoring Your Staff 81
Here is where the greatest leadership originates, because we all have to settle
on one course of direction. After we choose a direction or make a decision, the
entire coaching staff needs to present a united voice. Anything other than that is
unacceptable and will create a chaotic environment for the program.
If we disagree, the head coach must make sure that the decision is clarified.
Nothing should be assumed as understood or left to chance. Regardless of the
issue, an assistant coach should not have to take the initiative to rectify a situa-
tion. All conflict needs to be resolved, and when it can’t be, we need to agree to
disagree and move on.
A coaching staff should never go to practice or to a game with any sense of
anger or frustration with each other. The negative energy produced by this type of
situation is unproductive and no use to our players or each other. The bottom line
here is that without frequent and constant communication, staying in sync with
each other is difficult, and most problems begin at this point. Players have effec-
tive radar in these instances, and many other problems can develop for the team.
Establishing Boundaries With Staff

In our coaching staff interactions and relationships, the establishment of bound-
aries is also important. The more muddled our interactions become in terms of
who we are to each other, the more difficult it becomes to address issues. Although
familiarity offers comfort in day-to-day operations, it also presents an obstacle
when we have to deal with challenging situations.
When head coaches choose to say nothing after observing something they do
not like, deterioration of relationships within the coaching staff and between the
staff and players will begin immediately. Loyalty means being honest in good
times and bad, no matter how hard being truthful might be, and we always need
to trust each other. Regardless of the chronological age of staff members, the head
coach needs to take care of the situation as soon as it arises. For example, a head
coach who observes an assistant coach acting disrespectfully toward an umpire
should address the issue privately with the assistant as quickly as possible. The
head coach may want the assistant to apologize to the official and then perhaps
address the team (who probably observed the behavior) to explain that his or her
response was not appropriate. Obviously, the head coach would not expect to see
such behavior occur again.
Establishing Boundaries With Players

Although communication within the staff is critical, communication from the
coaching staff to the players is equally important. As head coaches, we need to
have respectable relationships with all our players, and we must encourage our
assistants to have the same. Because of the age proximity between players and
assistants, a player is more likely to confide in an assistant coach than in the head
coach. This sort of interaction can be helpful for the team and can prevent major
setbacks in some cases.
As younger coaches start their careers, they may be drawn into the team’s
dynamics more as peers than as coaches. In these instances, the head coach needs
to provide feedback, direction, and guidance to make sure that the assistants are
able to establish themselves as coaches, not teammates. Assistants should be encour-
aged to build strong, trusting relationships while establishing clear boundaries
with the players.
For a number of reasons, assistants often have problems relating to certain
players, or particular players have a problem with an assistant coach. Again, our
job as head coaches is to step in and help them find common ground. This issue,
although difficult, is not up for negotiation, and we need to make sure that mutual
respect exists between player and coach. These situations need to be addressed
immediately and will often need more than one attempt to resolve.
CLARIFYING STAFF ROLES

Regardless of the number of coaches within a staff, all of them should know and
understand their roles. We are crystal clear with our players when it comes to
defining playing roles, and we should do the same for our assistants.
Although the task is painstaking and time consuming on the front end, after our
staff is organized, accountable, and responsible for defined aspects of the softball
program, things certainly run more efficiently and effectively.
In practice and games, head coaches frequently overlook the talent and expertise
of their assistant coaches. Although the planning aspect of practices typically falls
under the auspices of the head coach, dialogue and discussion should occur about
the plan and its implementation. Everyone needs to be on the same page about
the practice plan and aware of why it is being done in that fashion.
With regard to games and practices, assistants should be assigned to areas that
most accurately match their level of expertise. All positions and aspects of the game
should be discussed at daily meetings so that all are familiar with what is going
on, regardless of position.
Before the start of each season, the head coach should ask assistants to make a
list of the elements within the game that they think will be important to overall
success. In daily prepractice meetings, they need to make sure that these parts are
being implemented throughout the season. After practice is designed, assistants
need to be trusted to implement and execute the plan with the team.
Assistant coaches, particularly younger ones, should receive daily oversight and
feedback from the head coach about practice implementation. One of the most
important parts of the head coach’s teaching and mentoring of staff is observing
the execution of practices.
Assistant coaches should always be delegated certain game responsibilities to
make the program stronger in competition. More often, these are areas in which
they are comfortable and knowledgeable. Assistant coaches are not just drill facili-
tators, but rather teachers and role models who represent the future of our game.
Professionalism should always be discussed as a staff. The way that we present

ourselves in all situations is important. Head coaches should be role models in how
they appear at practice, competitive, recruiting, departmental, and formal func-
tions related to our sport. The attire that we wear as a staff should always reflect
appropriateness and class. Our body language and personal appearance contribute
to the perception of our program by players, parents, and fans.
DELEGATING DUTIES
Behind the scenes, a multitude of program aspects contribute to its success. If
assistant coaches are delegated only the lower levels of responsibility, neither they
nor the program can develop to the highest potential.
Duties should be clearly assigned throughout the program, and assistants should
understand that outcomes and expectations are attached to each. Coaching and
administrative assignments should be discussed, defined, and frequently clarified.
If shortcomings arise in any assignment area, the head coach needs to assume the
oversight and communication necessary to resolve the situation. This responsibility
is one of the most challenging jobs for a head coach. A giant leap of faith goes with
delegating responsibility and letting assistant have control of a situation.
An approach that can facilitate less obtrusive oversight from the head coach is
a weekly check-in time. During this meeting each staff member gives an update
on his or her area of concern so that the entire staff is informed about each part
of the program. The head coach will have the opportunity to learn what is going
on without the assistants feeling that someone is hovering over their shoulders.
We should be willing to delegate responsibilities that will prepare our assistant
coaches to become head coaches. We often assign responsibilities that match a
person’s strength or affinities, but we might consider changing these from year to
year to make sure that each assistant receives as much experience as possible within
the duties of the program. Budgets, travel, academics, strength and conditioning,
media relations, marketing, game management, clinics, and fielding duties, among
many others, are all significant parts of the coaching profession that we should
address as we mentor and prepare our staffs for the future.
Occasionally, head coaches have given major responsibilities to their assistants
and later have identified that as the reason that the program struggled or failed.
Training our assistant coaches and allowing them to grow is far different from
being lazy and not wanting to do the work. Every duty delegated to an assistant
coach is ultimately the responsibility of the head coach if execution falls short.
Regular check-ins with our staff ensures that nothing will be forgotten or left to
chance. Checking in also provides the opportunity to rectify any actions that may
warrant a change of course or other type of adjustment to meet the goals of the
program. As stated earlier, this process takes time, but it provides the best possible
opportunity for our staff to reach maximum potential. In the end, a coaching staff
will function at a much higher level of efficiency and productivity.
CREATING A CULTURE OF TRUST

As we develop as a staff, our assistant coaches should feel that they are trusted.
Trust is not given; it is earned, and winning trust obviously requires time. If we are
effectively communicating our thoughts, beliefs, values, and goals on a daily basis,
our assistants will likely be aware of these characteristics and incorporate them
as their own. Discussions among the coaching staff should be about more than
just the technical skills of executing the game. Trust encompasses many aspects
within the program.
Head coaches who have done their jobs effectively to this point should have
few problems in this regard. Assistant coaches are far more effective when they
are confident in what they are speaking about to the players. Having a staff that
is empowered to communicate with the players only makes the program better.
After practice has been discussed and planned, assistants must be trusted with
implementing things in the way in which they were planned. Again, this comes
down to clarity of communication and making sure that staff members are all
on the same page. Players will receive more effective training and have greater
opportunity to solicit feedback about their game.
In regard to the external view of the program, head coaches need to know and
trust that the assistant coaches will carry the message of the program with pride
and credibility. As they speak to parents, coaches, and players in the recruiting
process, this point is crucial. Most important, however, is the opportunity that
head coaches have to foster and improve our sport by mentoring assistants and
making sure that they are in the sport for the right reason. If we care about our
program, then we certainly must articulate and share its values. Assistant coaches
need to be committed to the core values of the program. This is all about sharing
what we believe and knowing what we stand for!
SHOWING GRATITUDE
Every day we hit the ground running hard, and many days are filled with crisis
management. We are constantly delegating tasks and barking orders about mun-
dane things to our coaching staffs. The more success a program has, the higher
the expectation of the head coach seems to be. Each season we are doing more
and asking our assistants to do the same.
As we become more harried, we seem to have less time to remember to say,
“Thank you!” Nothing validates the hard work we do any better than hearing those
two simple words. We all flourish when we know that what we do is appreciated.
We must always remember to be grateful for the contributions that our assistant
coaches make each day.
In a high-functioning staff, assistant coaches who are capable of reading the
head coach’s mind may think of tasks or issues before the head coach does and
take care them without being asked. This circumstance comes with the familiarity
and understanding that can develop over time. Unfortunately, assistant coaches
are often taken for granted in such situations. We all need to remember to validate
and appreciate the time that our assistants spend doing everything. For example,
we may want to give them an unexpected day off. A head coach who likes to cook
could give them a home-cooked meal. The head coach who knows what’s going
on in the assistants’ lives could perhaps contribute toward a purchase of something
that they are working on buying.
ENCOURAGING STAFF FEEDBACK

The best forum for teaching assistant coaches occurs on a daily basis when all are
together as a coaching staff. This opportunity applies not only to the game but
also to all the principles and values of the softball program.
Talking shop presents a tremendous opportunity for all of us to share our beliefs,
to explain why doing it this way might be better than doing it that way. For those
of us who are passionate about teaching, this is the best part of the day. Although
we can quickly say why a particular skill should be executed, we should actively
encourage our assistants to give their opinions as well. We need to provide a safe
environment where all the members of the staff feel respected for their knowledge
of the game.
In the case of a younger staff, achieving this type of dialogue will require patience
and time as they begin to feel safe about voicing their opinions. We need to continue
to stay the course and foster their confidence over time. This type of interaction
guards against stagnation and allows assistants to improve their knowledge and
understanding of the game, which in turn keeps the program on the cutting edge
in terms of development.
We should encourage our assistants to have discussions with their coaching
peers as well, because we all become better teachers of the game with this type
of dialogue. Head coaches are critical in this atmosphere, and they need to be
competent and confident in all areas to mentor their staffs. Coaches who are not
secure in their knowledge will not be effective in engaging in any dialogue that
might reveal this shortcoming, so they need to be persistent about improving their
ability to teach, analyze, and understand the skills and offensive and defensive
strategies of the game.
We have discussed why skill and strategy discussions should occur on a daily
basis, but it is also important to check in on our thoughts and values regarding
other aspects of the program. Head coaches should be diligent about including
these aspects in discussion when possible. Assistants will then have the opportunity
to discover what is important to the head coach and to develop a better foundation
for implementing their own programs in the future.
IMPROVING STAFF RELATIONS

Each year, coaching staffs usually have a series of meetings with their players
to check in and see how things are going. An individual meeting should also be
offered to assistant coaches. A meeting provides an opportunity for an assistant
to grow, to rectify mistakes, and, most important, to feel appreciated. Assistants
will be allowed to express what they thought went well, voice their concerns, and
discuss their future.
This meeting also provides the head coach with the opportunity to receive
feedback on vital issues that can strengthen the coaching staff. Assistants should be
asked to speak to their sense of ownership and their level of comfort with offering
suggestions. They can assess their areas of responsibility and their effectiveness in
managing those assignments. The staff can make sure that there is organization,
effective management, interpersonal communication, and a constant increase in
their knowledge of the game.
A head coach can be extremely helpful in mentoring an assistant. The head
coach can serve as a sounding board to help assistants negotiate their way through
difficult coaching challenges, assure them when they lack confidence or direction,
and support their aspirations and hopes for the future.
FINAL THOUGHTS
One of the most difficult tasks for me is to sit still and write. The challenge of put-
ting my thoughts on paper in some logical form was difficult for me. But although
writing this chapter was not easy for me, I believe that doing it was invaluable. The
process of organizing and explaining my coaching ideas will help me be a better
coach in the future, and I am sure that my assistant coaching staff will appreciate
it as well.
CHAPTER
9
Promoting Your Program
Frank Gr iffin
In 1996 the Stetson fastpitch team played and practiced 6 miles (10 km) from
campus at a city ball park. I inherited one set of five-year-old uniforms, 2.3 scholar-
ships, a volunteer assistant coach, and a legally blind outfielder on which to build
a program.
Fifteen years later, we play on a $2.5 million state-of the-art playing facility
located in the center of the university’s residence hall district. We have a fully
funded scholarship program, two full-time assistant coaches, and eight sets of
uniforms to choose from. Obviously, this didn’t occur overnight; it was more of
an evolutionary development.
THE APPROACH
Henry Ford said, “If you think you can or you think you can’t, you are probably
right.” And the Stetson fastpitch program adheres to this philosophy. We take a
positive approach to the overall development, marketing, and promotion of our
program.
The four Ps, or principles, of marketing are useful tools to apply when promot-
ing any product, especially an athletic program.
Product
Fastpitch at its finest is composed of fun, entertaining, and amazing athleticism.
Knowing your market constituency is important. Who wants to have fun and be
entertained? The answer: families, fans of the sport, and young athletes. Who
enjoys the demonstration of top-notch skills and athleticism? Again—families,
fastpitch fans, and young players, as well as visiting teams, recruits, and potential
donors. Who wouldn’t want to see a young woman throw a 60 mph (95 km per
hour) fastball?
87
Price
Price is a key factor for building a fan base. No one wants to be gouged at the con-
cession stand or the souvenir kiosk. Your aim might be to get team memorabilia in
the hands of every fan and not let cost become a factor. Sell your T-shirts and ball
caps at cost and offer free game programs and team posters at the gate. Although
making money is important to a program, making it from marketing tools should
not be the priority. I have found that selling a hat at cost is appreciated and often
reciprocated with a generous donation. Making friends is also important; after
all, enemies don’t give you money. A family of four needs to know that they can
afford a visit to the ball field and a trip to the concession stand without breaking
the bank. Retirees will spend many more days and nights at the ball field if doing
so is affordable. Senior discounts, season tickets priced at less than a dollar per
game, and family packages will put softball on the list of things to do in any town.
Place
We’ve come a long way from playing ball at the city park, but it didn’t happen
overnight. The dream was to have a ballpark that we could be proud of and
where a team would feel safe practicing and playing. We also wanted the field to
be aesthetically pleasing. After clearing the empty lot and establishing a rough
field, it became apparent that I could not coach, recruit, and hold practice while
weeding, seeding, and feeding. The university graciously funded the hiring of a
field maintenance technician, George Marshall. George understood what I as a
coach knew to be crucially important to our program and the programs of visiting
teams. Annual tilling and laser grading improved the quality of the playing field
and created a level surface free of valleys and hills, thus reducing the potential for
broken noses and chipped teeth.
Furthermore, batting cages were a welcome addition to our evolving complex. As
any coach will attest, a poorly designed batting cage is a safety hazard. The metal
poles supporting the net’s cable system must be at a distance sufficient to prevent
ball deflection. I have put into place a protective netting system that prevents balls
from dropping from the ceiling of the cage. A protective screen was designed and
built by DeLand Metal, a local metal fabricator, to protect the pitcher overhead
and in front. With these measures, I made sure that my batting cages were effec-
tive and safe. Consider also the following features:
◆◆ Hitting stations should be distanced from one another and numerous enough
to accommodate a team. Backstops should be padded for safety and low to
the ground for the fans’ viewing pleasure. Brick backstops and other hard
surfaces can cause serious injury to players and umpires. We want teams—
and umpires—to return.
◆◆ A sizable warning track—ours is 12 feet (3.7 m) of crushed red rock—lowers
the potential for collision with fencing or poles and reduces the risk of
injuries.
Promoting Your Program 89
◆◆ Incorporate your team colors for a cohesive look. This program could be as
elaborate as painting the team logo at the sidelines or as simple as hanging
a team banner on the ticket booth. You can even paint the trashcans outside
the stands to match the team colors.
As previously stated, visiting teams are key targets in our promotions plan. The
safety of players and fans is essential to the success of that plan. Safety on and off
the field communicates our commitment to our visitors’ well-being just as does the
number and cleanliness of restrooms and water fountains. Adequate, comfortable
seating and shade is also imperative for an enjoyable experience. Trees are attrac-
tive on the perimeter of the park, but they are a groundskeeper’s nightmare when
used as shade for bleacher seating. We have opted for numerous picnic tables and
market umbrellas to provide seating, shade, and picnic facilities. The comfort of
our field keeps our fans coming back year after year.
Promotions
A key factor in the process of promoting our program is the team itself. Attitude,
athleticism, and achievement speak volumes to potential recruits and their families,
as well as sponsors, administrators, visiting teams, and fans.
A positive attitude and good sportsmanship leave fans, umpires, and visiting
teams with a favorable impression. A few years ago, one of our fans made a rude
comment to the umpire for which I apologized, and I promptly addressed the
crowd in the stands, “We don’t behave that way!” Well, the crowd suddenly became
quiet. One fellow raised his hand and said, “It wasn’t me, Coach.” That fellow was
university president Dr. Doug Lee. He was fond of repeating that story every year
at the athletic department kickoff as he reminded us that sportsmanship should
be stressed as much as academic and athletic success. If your team and your fans
know that you appreciate and expect first-class behavior, they will strive to live up
to those expectations. Your fans as well as the visiting team will enjoy the positive
atmosphere. Prepared and competitive athletes convey a winning attitude, and
everybody loves a winner. Stetson University has a long-standing reputation for
producing outstanding student-athletes. This year, the Stetson fastpitch team was
ranked in the NCAA Division I top 10 GPAs as well as the National Fastpitch
Coaches Association’s top 10 all-academic teams. Achievement on and off the field
establishes our student-athletes among the finest in the nation.
THE SIGNAL
Sending the right signal sets the tone for the overall experience. Whether you have
a large, well-equipped facility or are using a public space, keeping the grounds
maintained and pristine is important to giving visitors a great first impression.
Your field should lack in neither prestige nor class, regardless of size or budget.
And visitors see more than just the field. You can enhance the overall experience
by keeping any amenities, like the field house, training room, locker room, press
box, and concession stand, in top shape, too. These facilities provide a practical
and aesthetically pleasing welcome to visiting teams, potential recruits, and visitors
to your fastpitch facility. Pride of place should be your calling card.
Another key component to the experience is making your visitors feel welcome.
When a recruit visits your complex with her family, give them the tour, which
consists of a meet and greet with current players, a walk about campus, a class-
room visit, and lunch or dinner at one of your local sponsors. Provide the full-on
fastpitch experience to your guests. As a youngster growing up in the South, I was
taught early on that you always offer your guests a glass of iced tea and something
to eat. The same holds true today. We offer our visitors something to drink and,
depending on the season, something fresh from the garden. That’s right; part of
our landscaping includes fruit and vegetables along with plants native to Florida.
Even the dugouts are flanked with upside-down tomato plants. Every year, visiting
teams ask about those crazy tomato plants, which have even piqued the curiosity
of the local newspaper. One afternoon, a local sportswriter stopped by to check
the progress on the field and noticed my tomatoes growing upside down from
a five-gallon (20 L) TPS bucket. He asked what TPS stood for. Feeling a little
cheeky, I replied, “Tomato plants, stupid.” He led the headline with my remark,
and we gained four column inches (10 cm) on our program and a photo of the
tomato plants.
Many visitors have taken away a jar of pickled green tomatoes or hot peppers,
and they’ve returned the gesture with their own veggies, jams, or jellies. Visiting
teams are offered oranges in the dugout. Little brothers and sisters are given an
ice pop while they tour the facility. A potential donor should never leave without
an autographed ball, ball cap, or T-shirt. You want your visitors to feel welcome
and leave with intentions to return.
Make use of all your resources. Does your athletic department have a marketing
department? If not, solicit your college of business or local business association
for ideas from their marketing majors or employees.
Here are a few of the ideas we like:
◆◆ Pocket schedules can be made available at the checkout registers in restau-
rants and stores.
◆◆ Table tents featuring a team picture and schedule can be placed on the tables
at our favorite restaurants and sports bars in the community.

◆◆ Team posters can be given away at the gate and posted in the windows of
stores in town.
◆◆ Yard signs on game day attract a great deal of attention.
◆◆ Press conferences are a wonderful way to send a positive message—win or
lose.
◆◆ Selling banner ads or trading them for services establishes a relationship
with the community and brings in sponsors.

◆◆ Make promotional items easily accessible to your fans. They shouldn’t have
to make a trip to the bookstore to get a T-shirt. Set up a souvenir kiosk or

make items available in the concession.
◆◆ Bumper stickers with catchy slogans such as “If it’s a pitch, make it fast” and
your organization’s logo will get the attention of folks all around town. Large
plastic drinking cups with the team logo that entitle the bearer to refills for
the remainder of the season can be sold. Ball caps should also be available.
◆◆ Calendars or calendar posters are also a great promotional tool. The August
page could have a photo of the newest players on the team. The calendar
could have other photos of the team, including May’s graduating seniors.
Note your fall schedule of games, alumni game, open practices, barbeques,
and booster club meetings.
During the construction of the first phase we had little time to seek out donors.
Instead, the donors came to us. Visitors would stop to say hello or see how things
were progressing and hand me a check as they left. When the money ran out and
the backstops and dugouts had yet to be completed, we had to make a decision.
Do I wait it out and hope that the money comes in, or do I keep working and hope
that the money comes in? I kept working, from sunup to sundown. During that
time, I hired Tracy Rieppenhoff to be my assistant coach. Instead of handing her
the key to her office, I handed her a hammer and we kept working. And people
kept stopping and asking whether they could help; they would give me a check and
come back the following week with a friend who would give me a check. Without
sounding egotistical, although I am a coach and it comes with the territory, I believe
that folks are attracted to success and want to be a part of it. People were literally
stopping by and handing me checks! I attribute this generosity to their inclusion
in the process. We gave them tours, discussed the next phase, and solicited their
input. With construction nearing completion, it occurred to me that everyone who
stopped by wanted to be part of what was happening. We always made time for
visitors. So when it came time to pave the sidewalk, we did it with good intentions.
We made brick pavers available to donors for a nominal fee, and in no time our
seating was fronted by a brick path paved with the good intentions of our Stetson
family and friends. Years later, brick donors stop just to look at their names on the
bricks or to take a picture of the field. Give your fans an opportunity to be a part
of the experience and be sure to express your appreciation for their involvement.
THE WINDUP
Stetson is a small, private university but makes no bones about the importance of
education and the cost involved in delivering a quality education. The green light
to commence construction was based on one contingency: All construction must
be donor funded, and no tuition money would be used. Obviously, the ballpark
construction required a chunk of change, so fund-raising became a priority. With
the assistance and support of Athletic Director Jeff Altier, President Doug Lee,
and Vice President for Development Linda Davis, we raised more than $2 million.
On more than one occasion I’ve asked myself, “How did we do it?” The answer is
always the same: “With a little help from our friends.” Correction—with a lot of
help from a lot of friends. Fund-raising, marketing, and promotions are all about
building relationships.
Initially, we focused on phase 1—building the field. After we were informed

that restrooms would be necessary to make play a possibility, we developed a few
additional phases. While completing the backstops and dugouts, we were visited
by the city manager and director of parks and recreation, who were looking for
ideas for the new city dugouts. During their visit we learned that portable facili-
ties would allow us to play ball. With that, Stetson University became the proud
owner of some first-class port-a-potties!
Involve the Community

The next four phases would require additional friends. Before building a softball
field, I was an avid fisherman. Fishing, like golf (which I stink at), is one of those
activities that can be used to help develop relationships. Out on the water you
want to catch fish, not talk, but when the fish aren’t biting the talk turns to soft-
ball. Before you know it, you’ve got a bite! It may seem as though fund-raising
takes precedence over marketing and promotions, but they go hand in hand. If
your program relies on donor funding, you can’t have one without the other. For
example, fans like to watch games under the lights from nice seats in front of a
state-of-the-art scoreboard. Our lights were donated by friends of Stetson fastpitch.
So, I fished and golfed and even learned to smoke. First, I went out and bought a
smoker—not just any smoker but a custom-made 250 gallon (1,000 L) propane tank
with a fire box on the rear capable of holding 30 Boston butts, which would feed
up to 300 friends. That smoker has been the key component of my fund-raising,
marketing, and promotions program. Who knew? I have auctioned off Super Bowl
parties featuring my now famous butts and beans barbeque with homemade sauce
recipe that I will gladly sell to you at a reasonable price. We start the season with
a barbeque, and we end it with a barbeque. By the way, the tip jar accepts cash as
well as checks. The alumni game is our favorite event. Fans want to see the alumni
they have come to love, meet the newest members of the Stetson team, and enjoy
a little BBQ. Community events like the Progress Energy game in which we play
a group of power company employees with the help of one of our pitcher–catcher
combos brings out the locals as well as our steadfast fan base. The fun doesn’t stop
there. When the game is over we typically feed 400 people and win a new set of
fans. Seriously, if you can’t play golf, you should get a smoker!
As I’ve said, I am not a golfer. Yet, year after year, I play fifth to a group of fairly
good golfers in the Chipper Jones Celebrity Golf Tournament. Why embarrass
myself? Because Chipper Jones is a friend of Stetson University and Stetson fast-
pitch, and the tournament contributes to a children’s charity as well as Stetson
University’s athletic department. The team I play with would do well to find another
player, but they are also friends of Stetson fastpitch and want a chance to bring
the trophy back. And we have—twice. Chipper’s presence on campus is also a big
draw; donors and fans show up to get an autographed baseball and a handshake.
If you can’t get a smoker, get a celebrity.
Professional marketers know that the customer belongs to them if they can get
them in the door three times. I believe this principle also holds true for softball.
Take stock of your surroundings. Does the facility look its best? Are the restrooms
plentiful and clean? Does the concession provide quality products at an affordable
price? Is the seating comfortable, and does it offer an unobstructed view? Is your
announcer positive, professional, and entertaining? Do your guests feel welcome?
Are they going to have fun and feel safe in the environment?
Involve the Fans

Invite your fans to become part of your fastpitch family. Host an open house the
weekend before your season opener. Invite local organizations like the Rotary Club,
Lions Club, and Kiwanis Club; veterans’ organizations; 12-and-under teams; Girl
Scouts; campus organizations; and the faculty. Give your guests a program and
a map of the stations they will visit during the open house. Place team members
at each stop to demonstrate the features of that station. Encourage your team
members to make it a positive experience for your guests by interacting in a fun,
positive manner. I am particularly proud of my players for being gracious with our
visitors. They go out of their way to meet and greet our fans, to learn their names,
and to give a wave to the stands in an effort to make them feel welcome and part
of the Stetson fastpitch family.
Bring them into the club. Your athletic department doesn’t have a lock on the
booster club. The Diamond Club starts the season with a barbeque and a guest
or celebrity speaker. Club members are acknowledged for their contributions and
celebrated for any milestones that may have occurred since last season, such as
new grandchildren, a 50th birthday, or for bringing in new members. This is also
a good time to solicit suggestions from your most loyal supporters. Their input is
valuable, and because they love your program, they will be kind.
Get your team involved in the community. It’s good PR for the university, and
that’s good PR for you. Free clinics for kids and talks to local organizations and
high school or recreational coaches’ associations will draw positive attention to
your program. Organize your team to sponsor a cause near and dear to the team.
Kennesaw State (Georgia) does a terrific job of this by sponsoring Lexi’s Day to
draw attention to children with special needs. Before the game, they introduce
Lexi and tell the crowd about her life with cerebral palsy. They take a collection
to benefit her charity for cerebral palsy and children with special needs. To honor
Lexi, the home team wears pink jerseys and the visiting team wears purple jerseys.
At Stetson, the baseball team hosts a blood drive to benefit the Red Cross. Our
team volunteers their time to support the Lions Club to provide glasses for the
visually impaired. By getting involved in your community, you will build interest
in what is happening in your program.
The following events have proved to be worthy of a repeat:
◆◆ Theme days—Girls Scouts get special seating and an opportunity to sell
cookies to the crowd.
◆◆ Raffle off seats in the VIP room with a primo view, heating and air condi-
tioning, cushioned seating, and food.

◆◆ Greek Day—Recognize sororities and fraternities.

◆◆ Brrr, baby, it’s cold outside! The start of the season is frequently chilly
because spring is yet to arrive. Try a fleece blanket giveaway to 10 lucky
ticket holders.
◆◆ First pitch—Honor the university’s first lady by asking her to throw out
the first pitch of the season. Veterans, celebrities, and major donors also
get top honors.
◆◆ Breast Cancer Awareness Day—Order pink T-shirts for the team and the
visiting team.
◆◆ Little Hatter Day honors our local 12-and-under fastpitch team with special
seating, a walk onto the field as they are announced, and a meet and greet
with the team.
◆◆ Veteran’s Day—Honor local veterans groups by trouping them onto the field.
Play the national anthem and invite the high school ROTC to bear the flag.
◆◆ Team Up Against Hunger—Host a canned food drive to benefit a local
food pantry.
Whether you use auctions, barbeques, in-game promotions, or celebrities, find
a way to bring in the fans. Show them a good time, and they’ll come back.
THE RELEASE
Computer technology has broadened our release of information through the use
of the university’s website, GoHatters.com, and social media. We don’t sit around
anymore waiting for the local newspaper to throw us a bone. You should take charge
of the information that your fans and prospective recruits receive; polish it and
make it positive. Enlist the talents of a skilled professional. Too much information
can be mind numbing. Make it specific and attention getting. The schedule, roster,
and team statistics are the essentials. Current team news with live stats, audio, and
video stream is a plus. Develop the reader’s interest with winning headlines and
eye-catching photos—lots of photos. Provide links to camp information, Facebook,
Twitter, and YouTube. Update your information regularly; no one wants to see old
stats or photographs from last season. I will admit that I am the last person I would
hire to build a web page, but I know a good release when I see one, and so do you.
Maximize Technology
The most efficient way to promote your program is through the use of technol-
ogy. Everyone has access to a computer or smart phone, and nearly everyone is
using them. Posting, tweeting, linking, texting, e-mailing, and blogging make
communicating 24 hours a day, 7 days a week inexpensive and convenient. We
use social media because it is the fastest way to connect with fans, players, and
sponsors. The stream of information is available through cell phones, tablets, and
computers on a 24-hour basis anywhere in the world. We have linked our Twit-
ter and Facebook accounts to post and tweet the same sentiments. We use these
formats to make a positive connection with our fans. Unlike the box score, social
media give our team a human side. Stetson sports information liaison for softball
Jesse Cazakoff uses Facebook and Twitter to promote upcoming events and as a
link to recaps of games on our website. He describes social media as a resource for
monitoring the conversation about Stetson fastpitch, particularly on Twitter. Part
of that monitoring is rebroadcasting (retweeting) when he comes across something
interesting and positive that someone has said about the program, such as “Con-
grats on winning today. Go Hatters!” According to Mr. Cazakoff, assistant coach
J.J. Payette makes Stetson fastpitch the most active on Facebook and Twitter of
any of the sports at Stetson.
Making use of technology to promote our program has enabled us to take Stet-
son fastpitch literally around the world. I am delighted when a prospective recruit
connects with us by social media or an online search. We have been able to reach
more students and narrow our search with less travel in part because of the use
of an athletic recruiting software program. The program allows us to manage our
prospects with a customized search featuring online questionnaires to add to our
Facebook page or Twitter stream for recruits to use to inquire about our program
and update their information. These tools are yet another way in which fans and
recruits connect with the program. We strive to make them pop with action shots
of the team, images of the facility, and attractive banners.
Never Forget the Personal Touch

Now for the curve ball. Although I am sold on the use of technology, I believe
that the personal touch is the most effective way to reach fans and prospective
athletes. I don’t like voice mail, and I try to avoid using it. Because I am usually
away from my office, I forward my desk phone to my cell phone. I also believe
that a handwritten note still makes the strongest impression. To personalize your
technological approach, use an e-mail list management software program and
make weekly or monthly contact in the form of an online newsletter. Items of
interest for your newsletter might include a quote from the coach, quotes from
fans or recent visitors to your facility, photos of the team, and news related to the
team’s success, such as “Academic All-American,” “Pitched a No-Hitter,” and my
favorite—“Hatters Win!” Don’t forget to add a schedule of events that includes
fall practice, team workouts, BBQ fund-raisers, telethon dates, charitable work, and
team birthdays. Insert notes of appreciation to sponsors and booster club members
for their support. An online newsletter is also a great way to collect information
from your fans like birthdays to acknowledge later at games and phone numbers
to collect for an autodial system. Many schools currently use an autodial system
or text alert to notify students of important information and deadlines. Turn your
autodial into a fastpitch connection and send automated calls to inform your fans
of game dates and times. Marketing and promotions by written word or personal
contact should be about establishing a meaningful and engaging relationship with

your fans. From 2008 to 2011, we have seen a 114-percent increase in attendance
at home games. The process of promoting our program is evolving. Given our
increasing attendance, I believe it is working.
FINAL THOUGHTS
When the day is done, whatever the result on the field, our goal is to make everyone
feel a part of the Stetson fastpitch experience.
CHAPTER
10
Recruiting the Right Way
B onnie Tholl
Although the culture and rules in college athletics have changed in the last 100
years, effective recruiting has always separated the most successful programs from
the rest. Good recruiting does not always ensure a good team, but a coach’s ability
to identify and secure the best talent that satisfies program needs gives the best
opportunity to win on the field.
The culture of today’s college recruiting is different from what it was even
10 years ago. Recruiting practices that were once associated only with big-time
revenue sports are now common in college softball. The way in which we identify
prospects and communicate with them has changed drastically, causing coaches to
restructure their recruiting efforts.
No exact formula will produce great recruiting classes, and the process is school
and program specific. In our quest to find and secure top-tier talent, we likely
have individual considerations that are specific to the culture of our program and
university. Identify your program culture and make that the starting point for
determining the type of student-athlete whom you want to pursue. Begin building
that brand or identity. Sports have become a huge part of our socialization process.
The commercialization of college athletics has a significant emotional bearing
on today’s young prospect, so creating a brand can help them identify with your
school and program.
DETERMINE A PHILOSOPHY
Determining a recruiting philosophy for your program will provide you with
a roadmap as a reference for current and future recruiting seasons. Creating a
philosophy establishes a solid foundation that will provide consistency in your
recruiting efforts. This philosophy will assist in guiding you when you are evalu-
ating prospects on the playing field and in the classroom. Example questions that
may stir discussion among your staff when developing a recruiting philosophy
may include the following: Will you pursue prospects who are regionally located,
or will you recruit on a national scope? Are you dedicated to pursuing prospects
who are multipositional? Will you focus on a pitching prospect who can be in
your offensive lineup? Do prospects need to have a minimum academic grade
97
point average before you will consider them? These questions may become the
structural foundation of your program’s recruiting philosophy.
At the University of Michigan our philosophy is tailored toward student-
athletes who understand the value of a Michigan degree. We have the greatest
success when we identify prospects who are attracted to this type of competitive
academic environment and want to compete at the highest level of Division I col-
lege softball. Because we have a large alumni base in many regions of the country,
we pursue athletes regardless of their geographical location. More important, we
try to identify prospects who are not afraid to experience something different for
four or five years of their life, considering that the personality of their hometown
may not match that of Ann Arbor.
Make a Selling Point

Every school, large or small, urban or rural, has its own distinctive feature.
Highlight that feature and make it a selling point that is attractive to the pros-
pect.
Regardless of the philosophy that you and your staff decide on, be sure to
make recruiting a priority. The entire staff should agree that recruiting is of great
importance because any resistance to this belief will hinder your efforts. Involve all
members to some extent. A congruent staff that understands its role in recruiting
will assist in making your recruiting efforts more productive. Recruiting needs to
be a full team effort.
VALUE OF A RECRUITING COORDINATOR

Let me first speak to the value of establishing a recruiting coordinator on your
staff. Having a coach who dedicates the majority of the workday to your recruiting
can enhance your efforts. Naming a coordinator negates any uncertainty that can
occur when trying to identify, evaluate, or communicate with prospects. The head
coach creates the mission of the entire program, and recruiting is one facet. The
coordinator should work within the framework of this mission to help realize all
your recruiting objectives. Often, the head coach may not serve in this role yet will
direct the coordinator about what the goals may be. The coordinator’s responsibility
is to organize those recruiting thoughts for your program. This organization will
come in the form of scheduling off-campus evaluations, researching and commu-
nicating with prospects, networking with coaches, and scheduling campus visits
for prospects and their families.
Willingness to Invest the Time

Choosing the coach on staff who is the right fit to lead your recruiting efforts
requires careful thought. The position requires a tremendous time commitment,
and no shortcuts can be used when it comes to deciding on recruits. There is
Recruiting the Right Way 99
plenty of truth to the saying “Your time is not your own” when referring to work
hours. The coordinator needs to be available when recruits can speak with the
coach on the telephone after school or practice. Follow-ups by Internet research
or communication with a club coach cannot always be completed during tradi-
tional work hours, so the coordinator needs to be prepared to sacrifice personal
time to advance your program’s recruiting. Consider which coach on staff has an
established rapport with club team coaches or high school coaches. Examine other
program responsibilities to determine which coach has the ability to devote most
of the day to the recruitment of prospects.
Choosing a Detail-Oriented Coordinator

A strong work ethic is an obvious requirement, yet because of the volume of
recruiting communication today, the staff member who demonstrates a knack for
attention to detail may be a natural fit. Whether it’s organizing your on-campus
visits or evaluating talent off campus, describing the uniqueness of your program to
a prospect and her family may pay dividends when a prospect is deciding whether
to attend your school. A considerable understanding of what separates your school
from your competitors in the recruiting process often requires this attention to
small but relevant details.
An example of attention to detail can be simple communication with the pros-
pect’s high school or club coach to find out what style of coaching resonates with
that prospect. This information can be used as a talking point with the prospect
or as a determining factor in whether that prospect will be a good fit in your pro-
gram. You may even take note of the type of equipment the prospect uses when
she competes and incorporate that information into your recruiting conversations.
The prospect will be impressed that you pay close attention to specific details.
The coordinator should not be afraid to make tough decision when choosing
between prospects. Often times, the head coach seeks the opinion of assistant
coaches to make a final recruiting decision. The coordinator should feel empow-
ered in sharing an opinion, having placed significant effort into researching and
evaluating the prospect.
After you have chosen a coordinator, make plans to use all coaching staff mem-
bers and support staff in your recruiting framework. Use your athletic director,
admissions officer, strength coach, academic advisor, or anyone else who can assist in
providing information to the prospect and her family. Each of these staff members
can offer a prospective recruit a different perspective about what her experience
can be as a student-athlete at your school. Therefore, the prospect can gain the
knowledge needed to make an educated decision, regardless of her list of priorities
when choosing a school. Use every resource available that can be relevant to the
prospect’s recruitment.
CHANGING TIMES
The recruiting landscape has undergone major changes over the past few years,
forcing coaches to adjust their philosophy and strategy. Some of the contributing
factors include a greater emphasis on sport specialization of student-athletes at

a younger age, the trend of early commitments, changes in competitive playing
schedules, and the ongoing development of Internet websites that promote the
visibility of prospects. Regardless of whether you believe that these factors have
had a positive or negative effect on the recruiting process, all have provoked change
in the way that coaches recruit.
For example, Michigan softball has historically recruited prospects who have
competed in multiple sports at the high school level. Our reputation was such that
we recruited athletes who excelled in more than one sport. The opportunity to
attract a multisport prospect to Michigan does not present itself as often today.
Fewer top-tier athletes are participating in more than one sport because of an
expanded playing season that has led to increased sport specialization. We now
see fewer college softball prospects competing in other activities at their high
schools. Because we can no longer easily achieve our (Michigan) philosophy of
assembling a team of well-rounded multisport athletes, we now pursue prospects
who have the ability to play multiple positions. We have adapted our strategy to
the changing recruiting culture.
Implications of Expanded Playing Seasons

As you will notice, one factor affecting the recruiting process often influences
another. The trend of prospective student-athletes committing earlier to schools
can be considered a result of expanded playing seasons. The argument is compel-
ling because expanded playing seasons allow college coaches to evaluate younger
players more often than they could in the past. One implication of early commit-
ments for you as a college coach may be that you will choose to recruit athletes
who play various positions and are not fully developed at one defensive position.
Instead of charting a defensive lineup during the recruitment process, a more useful
approach may be to consider the prospect’s offensive prowess, knowing that her
defensive position may change after she arrives on campus.
21st Century Recruiting

The Internet has had a profound effect on our daily lives, from the way that we
communicate to the accessibility of information on a number of topics. As we have
come to experience, athletics is a huge cyber industry that has reached the softball
nation. A multitude of Internet sites promote the visibility of the sport of softball
in one way or another. Prospective student-athletes use these sites to promote
their talents, a method barely used a decade ago. This information can be useful
to you during the recruiting process. You can now become far more familiar with
the student-athlete’s achievements, playing statistics, families, and outside interests
by surfing the web. You can learn all this information without ever having had a
conversation with the player’s coach or seen her compete on the field. Why is this
relevant to your efforts? The answer is that you have a base knowledge and talk-
ing points when you do engage in conversation with the prospect or her coach.
WHOM TO RECRUIT
In the summer of 1979 a group of talented amateur hockey players gathered at the
Olympic Training Center. From that group of 68, 20 would be chosen to represent
the United States on what would become the most celebrated Olympic hockey
team in the nation’s history. Coach Herb Brooks faced criticism when the posted
roster included players considered less physically talented than some who were
left off the list. Brooks’ sentiment was that his priority was not about getting the
best team, but about getting the right team. Coach Brooks had a vision for his
hockey team that would come to serve as the guideline in selecting the 1980 U.S.
Olympic Team.
The Right Fit

Great value often results from choosing the prospect who is the right fit for your
school and program, as opposed to the better talent. After you have determined
the type of athlete who fits into your philosophy academically and athletically,
examine the other variables that may give you a recruiting and competitive edge.
For instance, after you have identified a desired benchmark of talent and found
several prospects who possess that level of talent, prioritize the person who has
shown greater attentiveness to your school. Cultivate the recruiting atmosphere
of wanting those who want you! What you might sacrifice in talent can be made
up by attracting a quality prospect who thrives in your system. She may not have
been the big-name recruit at your level, but she becomes more valuable in many
ways. And she often outperforms the big-name recruit as well.
In the fall of 2005, our staff here at Michigan was pursuing two pitchers who
were seniors in high school. One prospect had been competing at the highest
level of 18U, attending top tournaments, and attracting interest from traditional
top 10 softball programs. The second pitcher had not competed in one inning of
gold-level softball up to that point, so she was not a recruiting target for many top
programs. The second pitcher had intriguing athletic qualities that our staff did
not identify in the first pitcher. The second pitcher was from the state of Michigan,
was familiar with our program’s history, and grew up wanting to be a Wolverine.
Though she was not as developed as the top-level player was, we believed that
the second pitcher would become a greater contributor to our program because
of her many intangibles. We decided to make the second pitcher our first choice.
She was the right fit for our program and ended her Michigan career as a three-
time All-American.
Determine whether your prospects’ ideals parallel the ideals of your program.
Pay attention to the rhetoric of the prospect and those close to her. Does she speak
your language in terms of softball ambition, or is she concerned only about securing
a scholarship? Unfortunately, the many youth tournaments inadvertently encour-
age a showcase environment instead of a competitive environment. Remember
that you coach your team to reach their potential and win, so build your team with
people who desire the same things.
Controlling the Process

You may be highly invested in the pursuit of a particular athlete, but don’t allow
any prospect to hold your program hostage. Your primary objective is to look out
for the welfare of your entire program, which includes dozens of people. The
prospect’s priority is to satisfy her wants. So although you may allow the prospect
a reasonable amount of time to make a thoughtful decision, consider having a
deadline so that you can control your own destiny.
Maintaining control of the recruiting process can become difficult. College
coaches are confronted with timelines that vary for prospects who are making
their college choice. Your top prospect may delay your ability to move on another
player. If you decide to wait on that top prospect, you risk losing choices two,
three, and four in the meantime. The best approach may be to communicate early
in the process that a timeline needs to be met. Your timeline may not offer an
adequate amount of time for the prospect, so expect various reactions. Regardless
of the reaction, developing a recruiting depth chart is imperative because your top
prospect may choose another school or lose interest in your school. A recruiting
depth chart is a simple way to project your future team needs with a graph that
plots your existing players and prospective players. Post this chart in your office
or somewhere that is visible on a daily basis to serve as a reminder of your recruit-
ing needs. Most recruits seriously consider three or four schools, so you should
consider the same number to fill that position need.
A colleague of mine compares recruiting to airplane overbooking. Airlines
typically oversell seats on a flight to assure a full plane, because some ticketed
passengers will be no-shows. To secure greater profit, airlines have passengers
readily available to fill their airplanes. If airlines don’t exercise this policy, they
will be left with fewer clients, which means less profit. Likewise, college coaches
should have an extended list of talented players. If your top-tier prospect chooses
another school, you will need to have another quality player to pursue.
Short-Term Versus Long-Term Vision

Spend time evaluating your strengths as a team and the areas that will need
improvement. Identify your short-term needs. You may have to act on these needs
more often. For instance, you may need depth in your catching position because
a player has sustained an injury that forces her to switch positions. You may need
to investigate the option of a junior college transfer in this scenario. Identify your
long-term needs as well and project a player’s value to your team performance long
term. As much as you would like your entire incoming class to have an immediate
impact on your team in the conference and nationally, expect only one or two to
make an exceptional transition at your level.
When it comes to prioritizing for the long-term future of our program here at
Michigan, we choose pitching, offense, and defense, in that order. We consider it
a bonus when we recruit a dual-threat competitor who can contribute as both a
pitcher and a hitter. Of the nine All-American pitchers in the program’s history,
three solely pitched, and the rest contributed as pitcher–hitters. We have benefited
greatly in our recruiting efforts by having dual-threat athletes, but if we need to
choose one or the other for our program, pitching wins out.
Softball has become a game of offense. Secondary only to strength in pitch-
ing is having players who can produce at the plate. Offensive ability should be
a huge factor when creating a list of prospects to pursue. These players come
in all shapes and sizes. Some run to first base in less than 2.8 seconds and gain
their advantage by placing pressure on the infield defense. Others hit the ball
with power and pose a huge RBI threat. The common denominator here is that
both types of players produce offensively and force pitchers to be at the top of
their games to win.
Of course, defensive ability is not to be overlooked, and a championship team
needs key people at skilled positions outside the circle. Two position players that
should be of the highest importance in your recruiting efforts are your shortstop
and your catcher. Shortstops are typically the best athletes on the team. They have
the ability to play other positions because of their all-around athleticism. The short-
stop position requires nimbleness on the defensive side that many other players
do not possess. Catching is a skilled position because the athlete needs experience
handling pitchers and must undergo specific physical preparation.
Players Who Know How to Win

Recruit players who are proven winners, who are products of a winning culture.
They understand the challenges faced and perseverance needed to win at a high
level. Magic dust does not surround proven winners. By becoming accustomed
to the difficulties of preparation and the adversity faced in games, they develop a
competitive trait. They learn how to win from winning. So take a close look at the
history of your prospect’s teams, and then determine whether that track record is
a standard that you wish to have in your program.
Recruiting the Family

The prospect’s family will have a huge influence in decision making, so take time
to recruit them as well. In many cases the youth softball experience has become
a huge family investment, both emotionally and financially. Playing softball and
subsequently choosing a college has become a family endeavor. Getting to know
the family’s values may help you decide early in your pursuit whether the prospect
is someone who will be a good fit for your program. As stated earlier, prospects
are making oral commitments to colleges at a younger age than ever before. Pay
attention to family involvement, because younger prospects are more likely to
rely on the direction of their parents. You will eventually coach the prospect, not
the family members, but it will serve you well to know the type of influence your
player will receive.
The following list includes the five factors that we have historically relied on
to make recruiting decisions at the University of Michigan.
Five Factors When Considering a Student-Athlete

for the University of Michigan Softball Program
1. A person who has the athletic ability to compete at the highest level, which
means that she offers power, speed, and the versatility to produce offensively
and defensively
2. A person who is the right academic fit for Michigan
3. A person with high character who has demonstrated a passion to compete
with a diligent work ethic
4. A person who offers outstanding leadership skills on and off the playing
field and will keep the mission of the program a top priority
5. A person who understands that Michigan is a special place, has researched
our university and program, understands its rich tradition, and wants to be
a part of continuing to make it great
WHERE TO RECRUIT
Many of you have had great success in previous years recruiting student-athletes to
your school. Whether it was a specific academic curriculum offered, your school’s
location, or your program’s winning record, you provided recruiting information
through traditional forms of communication. As coaches, we rely heavily on the
printed material produced by the school or our own office to capture the attention
of the coveted prospect.
How Does the Prospect See You?

Today’s high school students relate to electronic media, where they spend hours
perusing social media sites. Changing your strategy to use Twitter, Facebook, and
Skype is a necessity. For most of you, rules govern all these avenues of communica-
tion, yet creating an environment that prospects relate to will certainly enhance your
recruiting. First, become familiar with what forms of communication are permissible,
and then become familiar with how these mediums can spark the interest of your
prospect. Prospects can learn a great deal about you and your program, and in turn
you can learn a great deal about them.
Establish a Geographic Relationship

Coaches are often attached to certain regions of the country that have histori-
cally been productive for them. You may attract great interest from prospects
who live in those regions, or you may have identified a big talent pool in that
area. Regardless of your specific reason, maintaining your visibility in that area
from year to year is often helpful. High school and club programs can create a
relationship with you because of your visibility, even if you have not initiated
formal communication with them. You can also evaluate the level of a program
and prospect over a longer period, which can help you make a better decision
on the talent. I have found that forming relationships with coaches in specific
areas helps to create a recruiting bond. The coaches come to understand the
type of student-athlete I frequently pursue, and they often become an extra
set of eyes for me. When they encounter a prospect who they believe has the
characteristics that I am looking for, they communicate that information to me.
I often say that I miss many more athletes than I ever see during the recruiting
process. Recognizing that, I need to establish a network of people who have seen
these prospects compete.
WHEN TO RECRUIT
I cannot overstate the importance of evaluating a prospect over time. Committing
to having a person on your team is a huge investment. Treat it as such, because
the time that you spend making an additional trip or two to see her play is insig-
nificant compared with the time you will regret recruiting her if she ends up not
filling your program need. Make these multiple evaluations on separate weeks of
play so that you can get a true read of her ability. If budgetary constraints prevent
you from making numerous trips to see a prospect, find a way to evaluate her at a
camp that you may be hosting or working.
Importance of Practice and Game Evaluations

Limiting your evaluation to only a game or only a practice prevents you from
obtaining crucial information about the prospect’s ability. What you observe a
prospect demonstrating during a practice setting is not always what occurs on game
day. Make time in your recruiting schedule to watch the prospect in competition
to see what that practice swing produces against opposing pitching. Her swing
may look great in the batting cage off the tee or front toss, but you need to see
what she can produce in a game. Don’t be afraid to be result oriented because it
may be an indication of how the prospect competes at game time.
Likewise, expand your knowledge of the prospect by observing her in a practice
setting. Sometimes a player’s athleticism shines in this environment, which may
sway your opinion. The number of repetitions that you witness in practice will
usually exceed what you will see during a game, so allow yourself the opportunity
to evaluate in this setting. Many of the intangibles of a player can further be identi-
fied during practice, and this information can be invaluable.
Watch how the prospect conducts herself during warm-ups. You may not have
the opportunity to watch an outfielder field the ball and make a throw to the plate
during a game, but you will see her perform that skill often during a warm-up rou-
tine. Offensively, the prospect swings more during pregame than you will typically
see during the game, so take advantage of this chance to evaluate her. Consider
warm-ups to be a minipractice during which you can gather information, so arrive
at the ball field in time to see this pregame routine.
Notice the Intangibles

Observe the prospect’s mannerisms in the dugout when she’s not playing defense.
Is she engaged in the game or in her teammate’s at bat? How the prospect reacts
to adversity often reveals itself inside the dugout through either simple body
language or the manner in which she communicates with her coaches and team-
mates. Pay close attention to this behavior, whether you characterize it as positive
or negative. This aspect may become another consideration in deciding whether
to recruit her or pursue someone else.
Being the first school to recruit a player can be a powerful advantage. As college
coaches, we forge relationships with young people who are highly impressionable.
Young players remember the first school that shows interest in them, whether it is
through a letter received or a game attended. Of course, showing continued inter-
est in the prospect is imperative, but making the first impression in the recruiting
process can be valuable. As a coach, you may not always be aware of the chronology
of your prospect’s recruitment, but recognize the benefits of your early arrival on
the recruiting scene.
Campus Visit
A prospect’s visit to your campus can be one of the defining moments in the
recruiting process. The athlete and her family will undoubtedly evaluate your
academic environment, your campus facilities, your team camaraderie, and your
coaching style. The campus visit offers an inside view of your program, allowing
the prospect to determine whether her future can be at your school. Consider this
your time to shine!
The campus visit is revealing of the prospect as well. First, her commitment to
spending time on your campus speaks to her interest in your school. The visit also
reveals the prospect’s personality and character traits, which you have evaluated
only from a distance. Commit time in the visit itinerary for one-on-one interac-
tion with the prospect so that you can further assess her individually. Allow your
players time to connect with the prospect as well. Your players who understand
the mission of your program can be your greatest asset in recruiting. They attract
prospects who are the right fit, and they often share their concern if a prospect
displays behavior that may be detrimental to your program.
FINAL THOUGHTS
College athletics is a people business, driven by young athletes who have dreams.
Understanding the value of appealing to those dreams will benefit you greatly in
recruiting. Steve Jobs, cofounder of Apple, was passionate about his company’s
philosophy of selling dreams, not products, to people. He thought that it was
important to connect on a personal level and allow people to imagine improve-
ments to their everyday lives realized through Apple products. As coaches, we have
the same opportunity to present possibilities to young athletes who view college
softball as an avenue to achieve their dreams.
PART THREE
EFFECTIVE PRACTICE
SESSIONS
CHAPTER
11
Structuring Indoor
and Outdoor Practices
Mi ch e lle Venturella
A difference is always apparent between the good teams and the great teams. One
of those differences comes when looking at how a team practices and what they
accomplish during that time. I can remember as a new head coach being eager to
go to practice with my new team and then quickly realizing that it’s not as easy
as it looks. Great coaches make practice look easy by the way each session flows
as well as by the manner in which they help that group of athletes come together
a little more each day. We have several challenges when it comes to structuring
efficient practices in various situations. For example, teams in some areas of the
country have to deal with inclement weather. Others have limited space and time
for practice, although the expectations for winning don’t seem to change. Some
coaches have to deal with not having everyone for the whole practice because of
class schedule conflicts, injury, or illness. Regardless of what we are dealing with,
we are all expected to find a way to get it done. I will give you several ideas about
using what you do have to put the most prepared team possible on the field.
Let’s start by working backward and look at what we ultimately want to accom-
plish during practice, regardless of what level we are coaching. We want our team
to be prepared mentally, physically, and emotionally. We need to make sure that
everyone understands the long-term goals of the program so that we all know
where we’re headed. We want the players to be fundamentally sound so that they
can keep up with the speed of the game. We want them to have been in as many
strategic situations as possible so that they know how to respond without thinking.
We need to make sure that our communication is consistent so that everyone is
talking the same language. We also want them to be able to handle the game on
an emotional level by being able to stay in control. Our players need to be able
to trust one another. They need to be accountable for themselves and must learn
to deal with conflict. Ultimately, they need to master their minds! Their sense of
trust must be tested to make sure that they stay together and do not separate from
one another in difficult times. We need to prepare them to feel the confidence
they need to compete in any situation. We need to make sure that team chemistry
109
is building, and we want to create situations that allow leaders to emerge. And, of
course, all this needs to have an element of fun!
Now we can start to get a sense about what makes good teams great. We have
to remember that although we are always trying to create leaders, the coach is
the ultimate leader. We need to foster this atmosphere with our teams and get
them to come together at the right time. Structuring successful practices is much
more than working fundamentals and situations. My goal is to provide a variety of
ideas to foster this kind of inclusive approach, whether you are practicing inside
or outside, whether you have a big facility or a small one, and whether you have
a short preseason or a long one.
THE START OF IT ALL

I did something different this year at our first team meeting. We went over the
expectations of the program both on and off the field. We talked about where this
team is headed and about what was going to get us to the next level after coming
off one of our strongest finishes in the past seven years. But at the end I told them
that they had a project to do for me and that it was their ticket into practice. I
wanted to find out a little more about them, so I asked each of them to create a
CD for me—not just any CD, but one with their all-time favorite songs. It had to
include a minimum of 10 songs, but the important part was that they had to write
out why they chose each song. My goal with this assignment was to learn a little
more about them as people, and ultimately I got 15 new CDs and a lot of new
music! When I explained the project to them, they all looked at me in the way
that kids do when they think you’re a little weird for saying what you did, but this
activity was one of my favorite things I’ve ever done with any of my teams. Many of
their songs gave me insight into some of their values. Many players included songs
that reminded them of their parents, their best friends, winning state champion-
ships with their high schools, or winning nationals with their summer ball teams.
I also learned which songs pumped them up. I created playlists for them to use
during our hitting circuits because music has a way of bringing out their emotions.
Learning about their music made for great for conversation too. I have to admit
that one of my favorites was a song called “Santa Lost a Ho.” The explanation was
that this kid’s father dresses up like Santa every Christmas and makes a playlist
of Christmas songs that no one knows and passes them out. Really? It made me
laugh when I read this and definitely gave me something to talk about with this
student-athlete. The players were open with this project, and I absolutely loved
learning more about them.
Everyone knows the saying “Kids don’t care how much you know until they
know how much you care.” I think this was a good step in the direction of my
taking the time to start to get to know my new kids and get to know my return-
ing players even better. The CD project was also a way to find a common theme
within my team to get them to start coming together. Doing something like this
can break the ice in the beginning of the year and help you laugh and connect
with your kids off the field.
Structuring Indoor and Outdoor Practices 111
PRACTICE BEGINS
When we first start practice everyone is enthusiastic! I think it’s sometimes how
we are programmed. We are excited to start exercising, but a month down the road
we lose a bit of that excitement. We are excited when we buy a new car or a new
TV, but then we want something else. So how do we keep this enthusiasm with our
teams? I hope that the things that we’re doing are more motivating than getting a
new car or new TV, but we all go through times when the energy doesn’t seem to
be there because practice has become routine, or everyone is a little more tired, or
the practice slot at 5:30 a.m. is not as fun as it was when everything first started.
PRACTICE SLUMPS
We have all played or coached long enough to know the cycles. For those of us who
coach college, I can say that the first four weeks are usually good because every-
one gets to see each other again after being away for the summer. The weather in
Chicago and most parts of the country during fall is amazing, so we get to practice
outside. When we hit weeks 4 and 5, we get the first rounds of midterms, so you
can start to see the distractions creep in. Because we lift at 6:15 a.m. on Monday
and Friday, players are now burning the candle at both ends. I haven’t met too
many college athletes who go to bed at 10 p.m. get the sleep they need to meet
the demands of their schedule. They are staying up late to study, they are still
getting up for lifting and practice or classes, and we are playing our fall games, so
they get only one day off a week. The excitement may tend to diminish. Here are
a few things that I do if I sense that this is happening.
Change It Up
The decisions that you make as a head coach should reflect what you are about. We
talk a lot about how important grades are, so I may make practice a little shorter
or even give them a day off depending on how many are dealing with a busy week.
They always appreciate this! Sometimes I tell them that we have to accomplish
certain things at practice that day and when we get through them we are done. This
approach offers them the chance to finish early, so they tend to be more focused,
which is always a good thing. I’m OK with doing some or all of these things as
long as they earn it. Doing some of these things helps build trust between us and
lets them know that I want them to succeed both on and off the field. I have also
found that the more a student-athlete trusts me, the more she can and will give
because she does not hesitate to do what I ask of her.
Money Game
We have put something simple into practice that has worked like a charm during
those low-energy times. We call it the money game. Now before anyone turns us
in for paying our players, I will tell you that no real money is involved. It is simply
like playing 500. Remember? If you caught a ball in the air it was 100 points, one
hop was 75, and so on. We said that if they caught the ball in the air it was $1.00,
one bounce was .75, and two bounces was .50. An extraordinary play was $2.00!
Now if a player missed a fly ball, it was minus $1.00 and so on. We used this in
our shagging station for our live hitting station. We have to remember that our
athletes are competitive, so any time we can give them a challenge, they are usually
excited about it. They were diving for balls, sliding in front of balls to cut them
off and get them on the second bounce, and trying to distract each other so that
the other would miss. I have to admit that our shorter kids got picked on. They
would be set to catch a fly ball and someone taller would simply reach over them
and take it right out of their glove! This fun game kept the energy up in a station
that usually doesn’t elicit much interaction between teammates.
Demonstrate Ideas
Demonstrating something for your players can be really effective. You can incor-
porate concepts that are important to you into a quick demo that makes the point.
One time I brought my dry erase board to practice so that I could draw a concept
for them. I talked about a concept called the dip. We all have the outstanding
athlete who comes into our program. She goes through her career steadily and
does pretty well, but she has trouble ever trusting herself enough to go through
the dip, the period when she is learning a new skill or tweaking something she
already does, which usually results in her getting worse before getting better. You
also have the athlete who is willing to get out of her comfort zone and might even
fail for a while. Because she buys into what you’re telling her, she ends up going
through the dip but eventually becomes a lot better than she was when she started.
The dip encompasses three steps: (1) getting out of your comfort zone, (2)
rebuilding, and (3) becoming better than before. Now, most athletes will try
something new, but as soon as it doesn’t work they come right back to you and
say, “See, it doesn’t work.” They go back to their old ways and never trust enough
to find out what they are really capable of doing. Athletes who are willing to get
better will understand that they might not succeed right away but that something
really good is going to come of this. By going through their struggles, they learn
the lesson. They become a little stronger than they were before. When they get
the new concept or drill, they have a confidence that will help them succeed again
because they learned what they need to do to get better and grow. That process
usually starts with their getting out of their comfort zone. This athlete will be
able to give you more than the athlete who is not willing to get past the first step.
Open for Change

The other concept and demonstration that is simple but fun is this: Take four
glasses of water—three that are almost full and one that is only about a quarter
full. Have one of your athletes hold the glass that is almost empty while you take
one of the other full cups and start pouring the water into her cup. What hap-
pens? Her cup gets fuller. Then take another athlete and have her hold a cup that
is almost full. Take another full cup, start pouring your cup into hers, and watch it
overflow. Keep pouring so that it spills all over (I made a freshman hold this cup).
I explained that the idea was simple: When the cup is empty, then water can go
in, just as an athlete who has an open mind will take in what we tell her. When the
cup is full, water spills over, just as the athlete who is not willing to try something
cannot take in anything new. No knowledge from us can be absorbed because
there is nowhere for it to go. The last thing I tell them is that when they receive
more water and their cup starts to get full, get a bigger cup!
These kinds of things are great attention getters and mix things up to help
players keep their focus. There is no getting around the fact that you have to put
time into developing any skill at which you expect to excel. In a society focused on
instant gratification, one thing stays the same. You can’t rush mastering a skill! If
you want to be the best at something, you are choosing to live a particular lifestyle.
NO GETTING AROUND IT
Laying a solid foundation is the first step in creating good practices, whether you
are indoors or outdoors. You might have a brand new group of athletes, or you
may be replacing only a few kids, but in looking at laying a solid foundation we
can start with expectations.
Here are some questions to ask yourself as a coach that will set the tone for your
team. How are they going to look each day when they show up? Are they going
to wear the same practice gear with their shirts tucked in, or at the minimum are
they are going to have your school or organization represented so that they know
who they represent as a team? Understandably, not everyone will have the same
budget, but we can make sure that when they show up each day they look like a
team. I believe that before you become champions, you have to start acting like
champions. How they look is a sign of respect for themselves, the program, your
school or organization, and, of course, the game.
What kind of structure or routine can they expect from you? Do you start
practice in the same spot each day? Do they know that practice is starting when
you say something as simple as, “Here we go.” You should do something consistent
so that everyone knows that practice is starting. If you like to start practice at a
specific spot, do they walk out there, or are they expected to hustle out to you?
Do you have the expectation that any time they step foot on the field walking is
not permitted? If you were sitting in the stands watching your team practice, what
would you want to see from start to finish? Make sure to create that atmosphere.
Again, working backward, we can look at our ideal scenario of where we want our
team to be when we start our first game. We know where we need to go, whether
we have a three-week preseason or months to prepare.
Each day I start practice by calling my team up and giving them the structure
of practice so that they have an idea of what to expect. I then give them a goal to
have in mind, usually something more on the mental side. For example, we might
talk about focus and refocus and remind them that elite athletes have mastered the
process of letting things go and getting back to being in the moment. Because our
team has talked a lot about being the best and winning championships, I think it
is important to talk to them about the things that successful athletes and people
do to get there.
BUILDING A SOLID FOUNDATION

No matter what level you are coaching, you need to work on the fundamentals
every day. I believe that coaches need to develop a series of drills that they can
have the team go through in a set amount of time. I have created a set of drills
called TRs (throwing and receiving progression) and FPs (fundamental progres-
sion). Everyone does some drills together, and then I break up the infielders and
outfielders so that they get what they specifically need. They do these drills with
partners. Depending on your philosophy you can have your middles work together
so that they take as many repetitions as possible together, or you can have your
partners switch up each day. As they are doing their drills, I am walking around
reminding them to do the little things well. I emphasize what they should be doing
and reinforce all the good things that they are doing well. They get used to the
language that I use, and they are hearing positive reinforcement.
Your philosophy as a coach should be reflected in what you emphasize at practice.
For example, if you think it is important to work on good throws, then you should
be teaching the proper throwing mechanics and have drills that measure what
constitutes a good throw. I believe anything that is measurable can be improved.
If the goal of the drill is to have 9 out of 10 good throws to the first, you can have
the first baseman simply say, “Yes,” when she catches a ball. If you emphasize get-
ting the lead out as part of your defensive philosophy, then you should work on
getting the lead out at practice. We use a stopwatch on occasion to make sure that
all players have the same internal clock and know whether they have a chance for
a play or not. If you have not done this before, I highly suggest using a stopwatch
so that your players can understand game speed, especially if you are facing a team
that has quick athletes or slappers who will put pressure on your infielders. When
working on your slap defense you can say that all plays have to be made in 2.70
seconds or under or whatever time is appropriate for your level of play. When I
first started doing this with my team, they thought they had a lot more time than
they did. Saying the times aloud started to teach them what 2.70 seconds was in
terms of making a play.
LEARNING HOW TO HANDLE PRESSURE

As our team comes together and we start to get to know our kids, we begin to learn
who loves to be in pressure situations and who tries to avoid them. We need to
know where each kid stands so that we can help the ones who might need a little
more confidence to become the person who comes through for the team when
needed. We can create these situations in practice to start, so the success rate is
fairly high. We create an atmosphere that shows competition as a good thing. As
we progress with various drills, we make the challenges more difficult to see how
we can get our players to make those plays, to keep their composure, and to be
motivated to want to try again at the next opportunity.
For example, I heard about a program that did challenge drills last year, so
we tried it. The kids loved it! You can have the challenge be for your defense on
Monday, pitching on Tuesday, offense on Wednesday, baserunning on Thursday,

and catching on Friday. One of the aspect that I liked about this is that at the
start of the week everyone is eligible to do the challenges, but after a player goes,
whether she succeeds or not, she is done until everyone on the team goes. This
way, everyone has a chance to do something that she thinks she can be successful at
doing, and everyone has to take part throughout the week and knows that she will
have an opportunity. When a challenge is presented, the players get together and
decide who is going to do the challenge. The only thing you need to do as a coach
is tell them what positions will be involved in the challenges that week because if
Friday comes and your catchers have already done an offensive challenge earlier
in the week, you would have a noncatcher doing a catching challenge. Here are
examples of various challenges.
Challenge Drills
Offense
Three players are needed; each player gets to hit five pitches off the machine. The
goal is to hit 12 to 15 balls well to the opposite field. (Coaches judge.)
Defense
Two outfielders and one catcher are needed; each player gets two balls hit to her.
The outfielder needs to come up clean with the ball and make a good throw to the
catcher; the catcher needs to catch the ball and make a tag to end the game. You
don’t need to have a base runner for this challenge; you simply decide whether
the defense would have made the play. The nice thing about this drill is that it puts
some pressure on the ones doing the drill because they want to do well for their
teammates.
Pitching
You need a pitcher and a catcher, and the catcher can call pitches. For example,
the pitcher needs to get a strike on one of the first two pitches. If she does this, then
she can continue; if she doesn’t, she loses and her challenge is over. If she gets
to go on, she needs to hit six out of eight pitches. You can also have a batter stand
in to create the same kind of situation. You can have a live situation as well and
have the goal be to get the out, however that can happen. If you have a younger
pitcher, you can make it less difficult by having her hit three out of six to the right
or left side of the plate. You know your kids best, so you can adjust accordingly.
You can put your kids in any game situation and create several challenges to
help build their confidence. We usually ended practice with this activity, but we also
mixed it in and tried to be unpredictable, just like the game.
THERE’S ALWAYS A NEED FOR FUN

I think some of us who have chosen this profession did not have a coach who really
brought fun into practice. We showed up and got the work done, and the reward
was getting better, winning! If you ask kids, they inevitably seem to want to have
fun. I think a mix of hard work and fun is a great combination! If you think that
your team is lacking enthusiasm, then you can start practice by playing a game
instead of doing the dynamic warm-up that they usually do. You can play ultimate
football or freeze tag. Almost instantly they start to laugh and smile. Let them
finish getting loose to make sure that they are ready to go. This kind of activity
is especially valuable if you have long periods when you don’t have a game or the
chance to scrimmage. When we come back in January and start our four weeks of
preseason practice inside a gym, the sessions can be monotonous, so we change a
part of practice to add a fun element while still getting our work done. You can even
modify part of your regular warm-up, such as throwing. After everyone is loose,
see how many throws they can do back and forth with a partner in 10 seconds.
This condition adds pressure and competition, which are elements of the game.
Another option is to play a Wiffle ball game, especially if you are inside. You can
put a ball on a tee or have someone pitch. Play for a couple of innings or 15 to 20
minutes, and require the losing team to do 50 crunches or 20 mountain climbers.
Having a winner and a loser will encourage the players to compete.
Let’s put some of these suggestions into practice plans and give you some con-
crete idea of what they look like. The first program, which I call my TRs (throwing
and receiving progression), is how we start defense every day.
Throwing and Receiving Progression

Infielders (including pitchers and catchers)
One-knee drills (three positions)
10 open position: Start in an open position with feet shoulder-width apart; step
and throw
Long toss: keep backing up to get fully loose and to build arm strength
10 glove to glove
10 underhand flips—hit target, good tag
10 backhand flips—hit target, good tag
10 three-quarter throws—hit target, good tag
10 quick throws
Outfielders
One-knee drills (same as for infielders)
10 open position (same as for infielders)
Long toss (same as for infielders)
1×5 relay throws to cut
10 one-hop drill alternating to target (70 feet, 80 feet [21 m, 24 m])
10 touch throws (throws on the run)
Receiving
Be athletic, in good position for regular catches and tags
Get behind the ball
Transfer from the glove to throwing hand at game speed!
Work both tags: straight down and swipe
You can add whatever you think is important to your throwing and receiving pro-
gression. The idea is to incorporate all throws that each infielder and outfielder may
possibly make. This activity takes approximately 10 to 15 minutes. I try have both
the infielders and the outfielders finish at the same time so that it is easy to manage.
Fundamental Progression
Infielders (Five Reps Each)
On their knees:
Ground balls: middle, forehand, backhand, no glove
Ground balls: middle, forehand, backhand, with glove
Short hops: middle, forehand, backhand, with glove
Standing or ready position:

Short hops: middle, forehand, backhand
Two-step drill: roll to partner and make sure that the ball is fielded at the same
time as the glove foot lands
Loopdy: middle, backhand; partner tosses the ball in the air and fielder tries to
field it as soon as it hits the ground; same for the backhand
Throws on the run
Groups of three (distance is approximately 20 feet [6 m] from each other):

5-5-5: one person rolls to another, who fields and throws to the third person;
five to the middle, forehand (can use flips if close to target), backhand
(continued)
Fundamental Progression (continued)
Outfielders
On knee in lunge position:
10 partner rolls, fielding on the outside of the foot
Lunge position (back knee is just off the ground)

Five ground balls: field on outside of glove foot, no glove
Five ground balls: field on inside of glove foot, no glove (stance will be wider)
Five ground balls: field on outside of glove foot, with glove
Five ground balls: field on inside of glove foot, with glove
Five 5-yard (4.5 m) step-throughs, right at, no glove (to throwing shoulder)
Five 10-yard (9 m) step-throughs—three-way, right at, right, left, with glove (to
throwing shoulder)
Five 10-yard step-throughs—three-way, right at, right, left, with glove (to throw-
ing position)
Five touch throws (similar to infielders’ throws on the run)
Depending on how much time you have you can do your TRs every day and
your FPs three times a week, especially if you have only two hours or less of
practice. After they do these fundamental drills correctly you can encourage them
to do these on their own.
When I say correctly, all coaches have their own philosophy about how they want
their team to do their fielding and glove work. Whatever you teach make sure that
they do the drills the way you want them done because they will do thousands of
these throughout their training.
The reason I gave you a sample of what we do is because when I incorporated
this into our team a year ago, we went to the top of our league in defensive stats.
Our goal was .975 and we came in at .971, up from the previous two years. When
I looked up the best teams in the country, .975 was the fielding percentage for the
number one team in the country. The useful thing about this series of drills is that
they can be done in a limited space, which most of us have to adapt to at some time
during our training. The drills also match up with my philosophy as a head coach
that the little things matter. We must be fundamentally sound to have a chance to
compete against the top programs in the country.
INDOOR TRAINING
Let’s turn to training inside and look at a few examples of what we need to address
when structuring our indoor practices. Sometimes things that look like negatives
can turn into positives. If we have chosen to coach in a cold climate, then we
shouldn’t complain about not having the same opportunities as someone who
coaches in a warm climate. If we present things to our athletes as negatives or
make them feel as if we aren’t well prepared, then they will use that as an excuse
later. Accountability is one of the things that we try to teach our kids, so we need
to be the example of that.
I am going to provide sample practice plans with explanations of what I am
trying to accomplish during that practice. We all have different situations, so you
can take parts of the various practice plans and merge them into something that
works for you.
Modifications for Indoor Training

Many of us use a gym at some point. Even if you coach in a warm climate, you
still have to deal with rainy days, so all of us must learn to make the most of our
situations. When we are inside, we usually have limited space. I know successful
Division I programs that have only a gym to practice in, and they seem to get it
done. In this situation you can work on the little things that make a big difference.
We do many partner drills and modify the distance. Instead of hitting fungo from
a normal distance, we roll balls from 15 to 20 feet (4.5 to 6 m) and still get better
each day. We also have our kids take a ball, throw it against a wall, and work on
glove work drills. Standing 8 to 10 feet (2.5 to 3 m) from the wall, they can toss it
themselves to create short hops, so they don’t even need a partner. If they have a
partner they can compete against each other by seeing who can go longer without
making a mistake.
Communicating Indoors
The acoustics are usually challenging inside gyms, so communication becomes
critical. How do you communicate with your outfielders to move them where
they need to go? Your athletes need to focus on the voices of their teammates and
nothing else going on in that space. This environment is similar to what you will
face in the postseason in front of big crowds. We use hand signals, so regardless
of the acoustics they know what we are doing with our positioning. For example,
in a game-winner situation we have three signals that we use for our outfielders
to distinguish nothing over their heads, be able to throw the R2 out, and nothing
drops in front. That way they know where to set up, and they can communicate
that with one another. Incorporate whatever makes sense for you and your team.
Indoor Practice Surfaces

Another factor is the surface that you are practicing on. If you are on a gym floor
you have to decide what ball to use. The surface I have in winter is a gym floor,
and we use regular balls. The benefit of that is that the surface plays faster than
dirt, so we have to be good at executing our first steps and recognizing the speed
and direction of the ball. If you have a turf field to practice on, you can slide and
dive and not worry much about the surface. The ball on the turf tends to bounce
a little more than it does on dirt, so when you go back outside players need to
remember to stay down on the ball.
How can we turn these factors into positives in our training? If your team’s
opponents play in the same elements, then everyone is in the same situation. If
you coach at a university where you travel for the first several weeks of the season,
you have to be just as prepared as the team that has been training outside for the
entire preseason. How you talk about these factors will be how your team perceives
things. You can have a team coming out of a cold climate that had only a gym
and batting cages feeling that they are prepared fundamentally with all the glove
work they did. You can talk about how well they will hit because the cages made
them visualize hitting everything up the middle. Or you can choose to tell them
it will take a few games to get used to the field again or that after they’ve played
10 games outside things will even up. As coaches we always need to keep in mind
that we are shaping their perceptions. If we talk about how all the good things
we did prepared us, the players will be more confident when they take the field.
Staff Roles for Indoor Practices

When considering how to structure your practices, use your staff and players to
make your practices as efficient as possible. When you are in a limited space for
practice or have limited time, use your kids during practice so that you can get in
the greatest number of repetitions. Players can also learn how to help each other
or at least know what to look for, which is an excellent way for them to gain greater
understanding of the game. When you can explain something, you have a different
level of understanding. I believe that every athlete who comes out of my program
should understand the game enough to teach it, whether she does or not.
If you have assistants you can be really efficient because you can split practices
and spend more time breaking skills down because you won’t have people standing
around. For example, if you have a hitting coach and a defensive coach, you can
break into two groups. The defensive coach can take the infielders, while the hit-
ting coach takes the outfielders for hitting. A pitching coach, if you are fortunate
enough to have one, can pitch to the hitters or be used in whichever way fits your
practice plan. After 45 minutes you can switch and give the attention you need to
each group. You can bring the groups back together for a short 15- or 20-minute
segment so that they get the benefit of working together.
If you are the only coach, I suggest that you take the time to teach a few drills
each day in the beginning of your preseason until they understand how you want
things done. Then you can let them do some things on their own. To increase the
efficiency of your practices, make sure that your drills all have names so that you
don’t have to describe them each time. You could still split practices. You can have
them do tee work and front toss drills for 20 minutes and then switch groups. At
the end of that time you can have a longer period with the group working together
on defense. When you are finished you can go back to hitting and work more
strategy and situational hitting with you there to direct it.
Here are a couple of samples of indoor practices incorporating the ideas we
have discussed.
Sample Indoor Practice 1
3:00–3:05 p.m. Talk to the team about structure and the goal for the day
3:05–3:15 p.m. Dynamic warm-up
3:15–3:25 p.m. TRs (throwing and receiving progression)
Glove work off the wall for IF and OF, 3×10
3:25–3:30 p.m. Quarterback drill—works on first step, breaking down,
and getting to a throwing position
3:30–3:45 p.m. FPs (infield and outfield split to do their own)
3:45–4:05 p.m. Infield and outfield split
Infield
Corners: 10 partner bunting, 10 bad throws, 5 pickoff tags
Middles: 2×5 transfer drill working double-play footwork
Reps: no throws
Outfield
2×5 relay drill to cut (about 60 feet [18 m])
Fence drill
3-3-3 with throws—directions are overhead, angled back right, angled back
left
Reps: middle, right, left; grounders and fly balls
4:05–4:10 p.m. Water break
4:10–4:30 p.m. Infield and outfield together
Reps with throws—throws to bases
Infield
Throws to 1B, 2B, home
Outfield
Left: 2B, 3B, Home
Center: 3B, Home, 2B
Right: Home or 1B, 2B, 3B
Challenge: Defense
4:30–4:45 p.m. Baserunning circuit (2)
Base leads: short game
R1: run and hit
R2: beat the ball (any ball hit up the middle get across
to 3B)
R3: sac fly to LF (tag and score)
(continued)
121
Sample Indoor Practice 1 (continued)

4:45–4:50 p.m. Explanation of hitting circuit
4:50–5:50 p.m. Hitting circuit
5:50–6:00 p.m. Clean up, stretch, messages
Sample Indoor Practice 2

3:00–3:05 p.m. Talk to the team about the structure and goal for the day
3:05–3:15 p.m. Freeze tag, finish stretching
3:15–3:40 p.m. TRs and FPs
3:40–4:00 p.m. Infield and outfield split
Infield
Reps (no throws; change your own footwork)
Reps with throws: first, second, home (R3, bases loaded)
Short game defense with stopwatch
Slapper defense with stopwatch
Split the infield (alternate situations): (1) left side, R12 (get the lead out if
you can); (2) right side (no one on, slapper, communication between 1B
and 2B)
Outfield
Relay drill off wall (five angle right; five angle left)
Reps (no throws; all directions—middle, right, left; grounders and fly balls)
4:00–4:05 p.m. Explanation of hitting circuit
Challenge: Offense
4:55–5:00 p.m. Clean up, stretch, messages
OUTDOOR TRAINING
Let’s turn our attention to outdoor practices. Some of the elements we might have
outside are variable temperatures, a wet field, sun, and wind, to name a few. Any
time we’re outside and it happens to be windy, I automatically modify practice so
that the outfielders can learn how to stay with a fly ball in the wind. If we have
the sun in a bad spot, we intentionally use it to teach kids how to be successful at
catching a ball in the sun. We have practice in the mornings a couple of times a
week so that we have to deal with the dew from the morning. These conditions are
perfect for teaching the outfielders how to adjust when throwing a wet ball. The
temperature is another major factor that we deal with where I coach, so we may
have to modify the game plan if it is really cold. We have played games in the low
to mid 20s Fahrenheit (−5 degrees Celsius), and it is a different game. You have
to teach your kids that although the extreme cold can modify a game plan, they
can’t use it as an excuse because the other team has to deal with the same elements.
Have your kids take on the idea that they are always better than the other team at
handling any conditions that occur.
Sample Outdoor Practice 1

3:00–3:10 p.m. Offer motivational quotation or article, explain structure,
and give the focus for the day
3:10–3:25 p.m. TRs
3:25–4:05 p.m. Split: infielders on defense, outfielders hitting
FPs
Slapper defense
Reps
Situations: R1, R2, R12, R13
4:05–4:50 p.m. Switch: infielders hitting, outfielders on defense
FPs
Quarterbacks with throws
Fence drill
Balls in front
Reps, no throws
Reps with throws to bases (five OFs, everyone needs to
throw one good one in a row until everyone gets it)
4:50–5:05 p.m. Together segment
Situations
5:05–5:10 p.m. Defensive challenge
5:10–5:50 p.m. Pitchers’ and catchers’ workouts
Baserunning circuit, extra work, stand in for pitchers
when they are ready
5:50–6:00 p.m. Stretch, clean up, messages
Sample Outdoor Practice 2

3:00–3:05 p.m. Explain structure and focus for the day
3:05–3:20 p.m. Warm up by playing ultimate football
3:20–3:35 p.m. Baserunning circuit
(continued)
Sample Indoor Practice 2 (continued)

3:35–4:10 p.m. Pitchers’ and catchers’ workout with pitching coach
Everyone else on defense
4:10–4:40 p.m. Short game live off pitchers
Incorporate signals for base runners and hitters
Chart pitcher’s first two pitches; one needs to be a strike
5:30 p.m. Stretch, clean up, messages
FINAL THOUGHTS
I hope you can see that indoor and outdoor practices, when structured well, incor-
porate not only the physical aspects but also the mental and emotional aspects of
the game. The atmosphere that you create for your athletes is just as important as
the drills that you are teaching them. The teams that have good chemistry have the
edge over teams that don’t, so if we can create a fun, challenging, and fundamentally
sound practice every day, then I believe we have a good chance of being successful
each year. Remember, you know your kids the best, when to push them and when
they need a break, so create what they need without compromising your values and
philosophy as a coach. Be organized with the structure of your practice, consider-
ing the number of coaches you have, your facility, and whether you are inside or
outside. Remember that the language you use with your players will shape their
perception. Something that can be initially viewed as a disadvantage can become
an advantage to your training. Keep the interest of the kids by changing things
up occasionally. Varying your practices will be good for you as a coach as well.
CHAPTER
12
Minimizing Monotony
B eth Tor ina
Although I believe that it is not our job as coaches to entertain our players, I do
believe that we should try get the most from them anyway we can. That being said,
I think that by planning interesting and innovative practices and engaging them
in fun and challenging activities we will get more from our athletes. Although
softball is a job for most us, we fell in love with it because we enjoyed the game.
As we work with our teams we cannot forget that we need to allow them to enjoy
it in the same way that we did. Many will argue that winning is what makes it fun,
and, yes, winning is fun. But in my opinion, the process of playing the game is
what we all really enjoy.
I use several strategies with my players to keep them focused and interested
during practice. The key to all of this is good organization. Each day I have a thor-
ough practice plan set up by practice time and usually balanced between offense
and defense. On days when we do not perform a skill well, I may get caught up on
one part of the plan, but for the most part I stay with the plan. By moving from
one skill and one task to another quickly, I believe that we can hold their atten-
tion better and get more out of them. Along with my daily practice plan, I have
a weekly and monthly plan. Before the season starts I try to designate how many
days we will scrimmage, how many days we will face live pitching, how many
days we will need to work on our defense together as a team, and how many days
we will need to work on fundamental, position-specific skills. We also focus our
offense by knowing how many days we need to spend on outside contact points,
lower-half fundamentals, and so on. By setting this calendar ahead of time, I fight
off the urge to repeat the same thing over, and I also know that I have covered all
the skills necessary to prepare them for the game. This process is how I start to
formulate my plan. Of course, you can adjust your plan as your week or month
goes on if they need more work in one area or another that you were not expecting.
Before I even start marking up the calendar and organizing our practice weeks, I
develop a list of every skill or situation that we need to cover. I make a list for each
position, team defense, offense, and baserunning. As we start preparing I check off
skills and situations as we cover them. This way I make sure that we do not skip
anything. I choose skills off the list for us to cover each day in practice, and these
skills form the basis of my practice plan. After I decide what we will cover each
125
day, I choose drills that we can use to practice those skills. I always choose drills
that are productive and help us accomplish what we are trying to get done. I love
drills as much as any coach out there. I am the first to check out new gadgets and
things that are fun for our players to try. I never do a drill just for the sake of doing
a drill. We have a purpose and focus for everything we do. First, we put together
the task, and then we decide how we will teach it and reteach it each day.
Now that we are sure our practice is organized and productive, we can use several
ideas to make practice interesting and fun. Competition, drills, and measurable
goals will challenge your team, create some intensity, and increase the focus of
your athletes.
SCRIMMAGES
For many of our players, what they love about the sport is the competition. They
love to win, and they love to compete. There are many ways to make your prac-
tices competitive and challenging while still being productive and accomplishing
the task at hand. Scrimmages are the obvious ways to have our players compete.
Scrimmages can be presented in many ways. Of course, you have your standard
two-team scrimmage, during which we attempt to simulate a live game scenario.
These days are important in preparing your team for competition because some
situations that occur in games are difficult to re-create in practice. Scrimmages also
get your team mentally prepared to compete against another team. Full scrimmages,
however, can be lengthy, and many teams do not have the personnel to make up
two full teams. For those teams and for coaches not wanting to spend their entire
practice on a two-team scrimmage, here are some ideas to get a similar result.
Hustle Scrimmage
This variation is a good way to speed up a scrimmage if you are short on time. All
the hitters start with a 1-1 count, and the defensive team stays on the field for six
outs. When the teams switch, they have 30 seconds to be at their positions. If they
fail to be ready on time, a penalty is awarded (i.e., a ball or a strike on the batter).
One-Pitch Scrimmage
This scrimmage is beneficial for your defense because they will get numerous
chances, and it encourages aggressiveness in your offense. We often do this with a
coach pitching from behind a screen, but you can do it with a pitcher. Each batter
only gets one pitch, which is either a strike for a strike out, a ball for a walk, or a
ball put in play. All other rules can be played normally.
Three-Pitch Scrimmage
This variation is similar to the one-pitch scrimmage, but each hitter gets three
pitches. The difference in this version is that if the hitter does not swing at the first
Minimizing Monotony 127
two pitches, the third pitch becomes a hit-and-run. This drill keeps your hitters
in an aggressive, attacking mind-set.
Situational Scrimmage
In this scrimmage you create a specific focus for the offense and the defense. Start
with a different situation each inning. For example, if you start with a runner on
second, the offense focuses on doing their job of hitting behind the runner, the
pitching staff figures out what to throw in this situation, and the defense decides
how best to defend it.
Three- or Four-Team Scrimmage

This scrimmage is useful if you do not have 18 players to participate. Divide your
team into three or four equal teams. I often divide the team into as many teams
as I have pitchers. If I have three pitchers, each one gets a team. This way you
know that all your pitchers throw the same number of innings. If you only have 15
players, then you might make three teams of 5. Two of the teams play defense, and
one of the teams is at bat. Teams rotate after three outs, so each inning is nine outs
instead of the typical six. You get to see different combinations of people working
together on defense, and if you have utility players who need to work in multiple
positions, you can accomplish that as well.
Short-Bat Scrimmage
This variation is another way to speed up a scrimmage. The offense is given a
short wood bat. The hitter still swings with two hands, but the bat is about half the
length of a full-size bat. In this scrimmage we usually have a coach pitch. The short
bat allows the defense to play shallower because the ball doesn’t travel as far. The
game moves along faster, and it helps with communication and short-game defense
because the fielders have to come get the ball. Some of your stronger kids will still
be able to hit the ball well with the short bat, so the defense has to stay honest.
Tee Scrimmage
If you really want to challenge your defense and have a lot of balls put in play,
simply let the offense hit off a tee. They can then hit the ball to any part of the
field they choose.
Half-Field Scrimmage
In this scrimmage you set your defense on half the field. If you set up on the right
side then you play only a first baseman, second baseman, center fielder, and right
fielder. If the hitter pulls the ball to the left side, she is automatically out. The
hitter must hit the ball to the right side or the area that you are working on. By
using this restriction you force your offense to focus on their job and you get some
defensive work done as well. The fun part comes when running bases, because
hitters are allowed to use only the bases on the right side of the field. They must
run from home to first, first to second, and then second to home. The field can
also be set up on the left side. This hitter runs the bases as described earlier, and
the defense just plays the other half of the field.
Around the Horn

This fun scrimmage focuses on catch and throw with your athletes. It is a great
back-up drill for your team to make sure that everyone is in position. The hitter
puts the ball in play. The defense must throw the ball around the horn to get the
hitter out. The hitter continues running until the ball has gone from first to second
to third and then to the catcher. If the hitter hits the ball to the outfield, the out-
fielder throws to the correct base (the base ahead of the runner). The infielders
then throw it around the horn from that point on. For example, it might go from
second to third to home and end at first. The offensive team gets a point for each
base the hitter touches before the ball goes all the way around the horn.
Backward Softball
This game is entertaining for a day when your team needs to lighten up or take
a break. The hitter hits the ball off the tee, off front toss, or however you choose.
The key is that after hitting the ball she runs to third. The defense must try to get
the force-out at third instead of first. The rules seem simple, but the tricky part
is that if the hitter takes one step to first base after she hits, she is automatically
out. In addition, as soon as the defensive team gets three outs and gets their entire
team off the field (outside the foul lines), they can start hitting. If your team ever
needs a good laugh, this one will give it to you!
These scrimmages are just a starting point for creating a great practice. First, think
about what your team needs to work on. Is it situations? Communication? Being
aggressive? Then use this information to create what you need. All the scrimmages
here can be modified in many ways. Be creative and get the most out of your group!
COMPETITIVE DRILLS
Through drills we help break down fundamental skills for our athletes. We try
to give them a better understanding of all the parts that make up a skill, and we
explain the reason why we want things done a certain way. By learning all angles
of the task our athletes understand why they are doing something and will buy in
to the current task. We have all had the athlete who understands exactly what we
ask her to do on our first instruction. We tell her once to do something, and she
instantly gets it. Some players are just extremely gifted and athletic. But this is not
the norm. For all the others we are trying to teach their bodies to make a specific
movement or trying to teach the timing of an action. By using a drill we often get
them to understand the motion more easily. Of course, we always want to spend
some time in our practices just taking reps and doing the skill at full speed. Still,
we want to spend some time in detailed drill work. This is also a good way to stop
your team from going through the motions. By giving them a drill with a specific
focus, you can get them to zone in on a particular skill. Also, by switching quickly
from one drill to another you can keep their focus for longer periods.
OFFENSIVE DRILLS
When we set up our offensive practice we always include some drill or station
work and some live hitting on the field off pitches from either a coach or one of
our pitchers. Typically, we have one group in the cage doing drill work, one group
shagging (always playing their true positions and working on live reads off the
bat), and one group at a live station. While they are at the live station, they are
also running bases. They split up at each base and read each ball. They do not
run the ball all the way out, but they take their leads and then react to the ball
with a few steps. This way they make 10 to 15 decisions at each base. During the
drills or cage group, the players split up into stations. We typically have enough
stations for each girl, so there is no standing around in the cage. They are swing-
ing constantly throughout this time. Each day the offense has a specific goal and
focus. We do hundreds of drills to work on all aspects of the swing. I am going to
focus on fun ways that we create competition during our hitting time while still
accomplishing our daily hitting goals.
Situational and Partner Hitting

Objective
We do this drill many different ways, and no matter how we do it, the players love
it. Modify it to work for your team.
Setup
I usually assign partners for the drill and often try to match a power hitter with a
contact hitter or slapper. I then tell them that they must divide up the four situations:
no one on, runner at first, runner at second, runner at third.
Execution
Partners must each hit in two of these situations. At the end of the four situations,
both players hit in the bases-loaded situation. In each situation they must do their
job. For example, with no one on they must get a base hit, with a runner on first
they must move her to second, and so on. They hit their situations and continue
to get pitches as long as they continue to get their job done.
(continued)
Situational and Partner Hitting (continued)

Coaching Points
When they fail at their job they are out. You may want to cap off each situation at
a maximum number of points if you are short on time. If anyone hits a home run
she gets as many points as the round she is on (runner at second is two points,
bases loaded is four, and so on). The winner is the team that scores the most
points. Often I make them choose which rounds they hit, and then the next day I
keep the same partners and make them switch with their partners and hit the other
two rounds. This can also be done as an individual game, and each player can hit
all situations. Modify it however you like!
Cones Around the Field

Objective
This drill helps your hitter understand contact points and learn to have good bat
control.
Setup
Place six to eight cones around the outfield evenly spaced apart.
Execution
The hitter must hit the ball between all the cones in order. She must even hit to the
foul areas. You can start it off a tee and then progress to toss and live.
Coaching Points
Keep score of how many they hit in the correct spot. This drill can also be done in
the cage by placing the cones around the base of the net.
Horse
Objective
The cones on the field are the lead-in to this game. After they have mastered put-
ting the ball between the cones, then you can play Horse in the same manner.
Setup
This drill has the same setup as Cones Around the Field.
Execution
This game is played just like horse in basketball. The first hitter calls her shot, such
as a line drive in the right-center gap or a ground ball through the 5-6 hole. If she
hits the spot, the next player has to hit the same spot. If she doesn’t hit the spot,
she gets a letter—H. The first one to spell the word horse loses the game.
Ground Ball, Line Drive, Home Run

Objective
This drill is similar to Cones Around the Field in that it teaches bat control, contact
points, and especially correct extension.
Setup
Set up a tee at home plate on the field or in the cage. You can also do this drill off
front toss or live pitching.
Execution
The player must hit a ground ball, a line drive, and then a home run (or deep fly
ball) in order.
Coaching Points
You can start off the tee and progress to live. Players can go in rounds of hitting
a ground ball, a line drive, and a home run until they do not accomplish the task.
They receive points for how many correct rounds they hit.
Long Tee Contest

Objective
This drill works best in the cage and can be done several ways.
Setup
You can hang hula hoops or tape circles on to the back of your cage. Hang one in
center, one in left, and one in right.
Execution
The players try to hit off the tee into the hula hoop. The ball must stay on a line and
hit the hula hoop without hitting the ground.
Coaching Points
You can devise a point system for this game any way you like and challenge your
players to a long tee duel.
Offensive Olympics
Objective
One season our offense really lacked confidence. Instead of doing one of our
typical practice routines, I told them to bring only their bats to practice because
we were having the Offensive Olympics. On this day all the events involved were
aggressive, requiring them to swing hard to produce the result.
(continued)
Offensive Olympics (continued)

Setup
You can create any event you like. If your team needs work on the short game or
hit-and-run, work those into your event.
Execution
We included events such as self-toss from home plate and hit the ball out of the
park, long tee, home run derby, and others.
Coaching Points
After each event we crowned a champion, and at the end of the day we had a gold
medalist. This activity was an excellent way to help our players enjoy hitting again
and remember that hitting was fun. Also, the change of pace lightened the mood
and helped us win the next five straight!
DEFENSIVE DRILLS
The defensive portion of our practices always starts with a short fundamental
skill time. This time is position specific, so the outfield has a drill different from
the infield. The catchers even have specific fundamental skills that they work on
during this time. After this short warm-up we begin our team defensive practice.
If we want to break things down more and work fundamental skills with the
infield and outfield, we might keep the infield on the field and send the outfield
to hit in the cage. Then after 45 minutes or so, we would switch the groups. This
approach prevents us from standing around. If we keep them all on the field at
the same time, we are typically working on things that we need to do together
such as relays, communication, or situations. I always have a specific time frame
in which to cover a variety of areas. I try to switch quickly from one to the next
to help the players keep their focus. Again, as with the offense, you can use many
drills to work on the various aspects of defense, but I am going to focus on just a
few that will keep your players on their toes.
Runner at Second Challenge

Objective
This drill pits the outfield against the infield.
Setup
You will need balls, a coach to hit fungo, and helmets for the base runners.
Execution
At first you have one group on the field (either the infield or the outfield) and one
group running the bases. The baserunning group starts with a runner on second
and a runner at home. Every time the runner at second scores, the baserunning
team gets a point. When the infield is on the field, the coach hits hard ground balls
between the fielders. The infield has to keep the ball on the dirt to keep the runner
from scoring. They try to field the ball and get an out somewhere, either the force
at first or the runner going home. When the outfield is on the field, the coach hits
ground balls anywhere in the outfield. The outfielders attempt to throw out the
runner at the plate or get the runner out at second starting from home, whatever the
ball dictates. The outfield needs a couple of infielders to stay on the field to cover
bases and act as the cut to home. Each team needs a catcher to cover the plate.
Coaching Points
Each team stays on the field for a designated number of outs, such as 6 or 12.
The team that scores the most runs before the other team gets their outs wins.
21 Outs
Objective
This drill gives your team reps, creates communication among them, and forces
them to perform under pressure.
Setup
Your team takes their positions on the field, and a coach hits fungo.
Execution
The defense must field 21 balls cleanly and get 21 outs in a row. If they bobble
a ball or do not get the out, they must start over at the beginning. The drill ends
when they get 21 outs in a row.
Coaching Points
The closer they get to 21 outs, the more the pressure builds!
Hit the Grass or Tweeners

Objective
This challenge creates communication between your infield and outfield and
involves not letting the ball hit the grass.
Setup
Your team takes their positions on the field, and a coach hits fungo.
Execution
The coach hits fly balls all over the field or tries to hit ground balls through the
infield. Every time the ball hits the grass, the team loses a point or the team owes
something (five push-ups, a sprint to the fence, or other task). When the team
(continued)
Hit the Grass or Tweeners (continued)

keeps the ball from hitting the grass, they get a point. The drill ends when the team
reaches a designated number of points.
Coaching Points
Remember to set your team in all of their different defenses to do this drill. The
space between the players will be different when the infield is in for bases loaded,
when you are covering a slapper, and so on.
Throws to Bases
Objective
A simple way to get a lot of reps and work on throws to bases is by having one
coach hit to the outfield and one hit to the infield.
Setup
Your team takes their positions, and two coaches hit fungo.
Execution
The outfield always throws a base behind where the infield is throwing. For example,
the infield throws to first and the outfield throws to second. Put buckets at each
base so that you can collect the balls when they are thrown in and keep them out
of the way.
Coaching Points
This alone is a great drill, but then we add a challenge. We have the infield com-
pete against the outfield. Every time a group makes a good throw, they get a point.
When they reach a designated number, they win the round. Then the next round
begins; the infield throws to second, and the outfield throws to third. This sequence
continues until the fielders have thrown to all the bases.
Defend the Island

Objective
This drill works on change of direction, dives, and especially taking the first step
in the correct direction and reacting correctly to the ball.
Setup
Place four cones or markers in a square. One player is needed to stand in the
square and the coach hits fungo.
Execution
Some people call this drill popcorn because the coach feeds 10 balls up in the
air quickly all over the square. Every time the player catches the ball, she gets a
point. The player with the most points wins.
Caterpillar
Objective
This game is fun because all the players must react to the sound of the ball hit in
case it is their number.
Setup
In this drill the players line up in single-file line. Each player is given a number.
Execution
As the coach hits the ball, she or he says a number aloud at the instant of contact.
The player whose number is called must step out of the line and field the ball cor-
rectly. If she does not field the ball or misses her turn, she is out. The last player
remaining wins the game.
Coaching Points
Players must think about their first reaction step every time the ball is hit whether
the ball is for them or not, so they get something out of each rep.
Backward Ground Balls and Fly Balls

Objective
This drill helps your players react correctly to the ball and take the correct first step.
It really helps them keep their feet moving on defense and learn to use clues, such
as the sound of the bat, to know how hard the ball is hit at them.
Setup
Put your players at their positions and have a coach hit fungo.
Execution
This drill has many variations. One is to have the players start at their positions
with their backs to the plate. As soon as they hear the contact of the ball, they turn
around and field the ball. If they do not field it correctly, they are out of the game.
Coaching Points
This drill can also be done with the players lying on the ground, facing sideways,
or in any other position you can think of.
Infield on Timer
Objective
This was always one of my infield’s favorite drills. We often worked on this during
the week before we faced a team with a lot of short gamers.
Setup
Before you start, designate the time by which they must get the ball to first base,
such as 2.7 or 2.8. Then tell them that they have to get a certain number of outs
in less than that time.
Execution
Have a coach hit fungo or have one of your slappers hit off a toss. Every time the
fielders get the ball to first in less than the allotted time they get a point.
Coaching Points
I find it hard to create pressure in practice without base runners running to first,
but by having the players race the clock you can cause them to rush in the same
way they would if a runner were present.
BASERUNNING
Baserunning is a skill that we as coaches often schedule last, and we often seem
to run out of time to cover it. But we should never neglect baserunning because
it can often change the outcome of games. Each day in my practice I always run
bases first. If I schedule it last, I will never get to it, so I always put it first. Each
day we work on our paths to the base and making turns at all bases. Then we have
a specific skill focus. The skill focus might be fly ball reads or bunt leads, but we
cover something each day. Here are a few ways to work on this skill and make
baserunning more enjoyable.
Hit and Fetch (or Cat and Mouse)

Objective
This drill works on proper rounds at bases. It also helps your team develop leader-
ship because they must use a strategy that they come up with on their own.
Setup
Split the players into two teams. The team at the plate hits the ball and runs bases.
The other team splits into two groups—half at first and half at third.
Execution
As soon the hitter contacts the ball, one player from first and one from third run
to where the ball is hit. They cannot pick up the ball, move it, or throw it to their
partner. The player who hits the ball runs until both players from the other team
have touched the ball. She gets a point for every base she touches.
Coaching Points
By rounding bases correctly and taking proper turns, players can run more effec-
tively and score more points. This drill is helpful for conditioning as well.
Whistle Blower
Objective
This drill helps your players understand the correct timing of their leads and get-
ting off the base.
Setup
In this drill a coach or a pitcher is pitching from the mound and another coach is
coaching first base. Both coaches have a whistle. The players are all at first base
and are working on taking their leads off the pitcher.
Execution
When the pitcher lets go of the ball, she blows a whistle exactly at release. The coach
at first blows her or his whistle right when the player at first base leaves the base.
Coaching Points
If the lead is correct both whistles should sound at the same time.
Base Race
Objective
This drill works on rounding the bases correctly and improves your players’ condi-
tioning. Eight players at a time run in this drill.
Setup
One player is on each base, and one player is between each pair of bases.
Execution
When the coach says, “Go,” the players start running the bases. When a player
catches another player and tags her, the tagged player is out. The winner is the
last player left running.
Coaching Points
To make this drill more competitive, you may want divide up your team by similar
speeds.
GOAL SETTING OR REWARD SYSTEM

One final idea for motivating your team in practice is through goal setting or a
reward system. Both will help keep your players on task and focused on achieving
something throughout the day. Of course, the ultimate goal is to win ball games,
but to win games we must have many smaller victories.
Goal setting can be done in several ways. One idea is to have a prepractice
meeting each day when the team will set goals for that day in practice. The players
will decide what they want to do well and what their focus will be. Make sure that
the goals are measurable so that you can evaluate the team’s performance at the
end of each practice day and decide whether they were successful in accomplish-
ing their goals. Another way is to write the purpose of each drill on the practice
plan or go over the purpose with them before the activity. Again, we are not just
doing a drill. We always have a goal in mind. If your team knows why you are
asking them to do something, they will buy into it more. Another way to do this is
through a captain’s meeting. Pull your captains aside and tell them that you need
to do a particular drill that day and explain why. Then, if they hear complaining
or if teammates are tentative, they can reassure them by explaining why they need
to do the drill. You give your captains power and credibility, and your team may
work harder for their teammates.
You might also create a reward system for your players to help motivate them
throughout practice and skill work. You can do this in many ways. Create an award
for practice player of the day or week. You could excuse this person from field
chores that day or allow her to choose uniforms for the weekend. You could hang
her photo on a board in the dugout or locker room to recognize her hard work
and focus. This award does go to the player who played best; it goes to the one
who exemplified the hard work and focus that you were looking for during the
week. You can also reward players for outstanding acts, perhaps with stickers for
their helmets or by posting their names on the board. These awards can be given
whenever someone goes beyond what is required. Maybe they make a great diving
catch or help a teammate with a skill that she is struggling to master.
Whatever the task, they receive some type of recognition for their performance.
Teammates can also give these awards. I’ve heard of some teams that place paper
bags or banks in their lockers. Teammates can write notes and place them in their
bags when they see good work. Peers are the best motivators for some athletes.
The players can nominate or vote on who the practice player of the day or week
is. This system gives them even more ownership into that week’s practice.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Softball is a game of repetition. The more we repeat an action, the better we get at
it. Even if we do not have perfect mechanics, the more ground balls we attempt to
field, the better we will become at reacting and catching the ball. The more pitches
we throw, the better we will become at hitting a location. We can easily recognize
that giving our athletes repetitions and having them take swing after swing and
ground ball after ground ball is sure to make them better players. By being creative
with our practices, however, we make things much more enjoyable. We teach them
how to tackle a challenge and how to compete. We keep them engaged and focused.
We help them enjoy the sport and maintain their drive to excel.
PART F OU R
PLAYER SKILLS
AND TEAM STRATEGIES
CHAPTER
13
Batting Practice for
Power and Consistency
Jenny Allard
Batting is a dynamic and complex skill, one of the most difficult skills in sport
because both objects (the ball and the bat) are in motion at the same time. Hit-
ting the ball at the correct time with the correct technique to register a hit does
not happen often, which is why a success rate for a hitter of 3 hits in 10 chances is
considered a success. Over the last 20 years, run production has increased. We are
witnessing record-breaking offensive performances by individuals as well as teams.
We have observed improvements in the technology of bats and advancement in
batting techniques that have produced more powerful hitters. We are seeing great
hitters become increasingly more consistent and teams shattering home run records
by developing more power. The three keys to achieving power and consistency
in the swing are for the hitter to be balanced, to arrive on time, and to stay on
the plane through the ball. Batting practice should stress fundamentals through
consistent drill work. Practice should also include execution opportunities that
resemble game situations. Creating pressure situations in practice is necessary to
prepare hitters to execute in games. By stressing fundamentals in the swing and
putting together a quality offensive practice with drills and situations, you can
improve consistency and increase power in your hitters.
FUNDAMENTALS FOR POWER AND CONSISTENCY

The following list outlines points of emphasis for coaches as they train their players
to achieve both power and consistency. The list is laid out in an order that builds
the development of the swing. Individual players may vary in their hitting style,
but accomplished hitters consistently execute these key principles.
◆◆ Stance—The hitter should be balanced with weight distributed on the balls
of the feet, knees flexed, body stacked, and elbows loose.
◆◆ Negative move, also known as a load—The hitter starts with weight at
50-50 and takes weight from the front foot into the back leg, thus loading
the back leg. The front shoulder rolls in, and the bottom hand is cocked.
143
◆◆ Weight transfer—Being on time is important. The front foot is down and

the weight is back at 50-50 before the ball enters the hitting zone.
◆◆ Back elbow and hip connection—The hands stay inside the ball by keep-
ing the back elbow and back hip connected in a linear movement to contact.
◆◆ Point of contact—The hands are in correct position (top hand is palm up
and bottom hand is palm down) as the ball arrives in the hitting zone; the
hitter has good barrel control.
◆◆ Big zone and extension—The hitter finishes forward and stays through
the ball as long as possible.

◆◆ Follow-through—The hitter releases the top hand off the bat, finishes the
swing, and takes the bat off the line of the ball.
Key principles that hitters need to produce a consistent and powerful swing
include timing, back elbow and hip connection, and the path of the barrel. Coaches
should focus on training hitters to be on time, meaning that the front foot is down,
the weight is at 50-50, and the hands are in the proper position at contact. Hitters
need to have a good back elbow and hip connection into contact to get to and
through the ball. To be as consistent as possible, hitters must direct their energy
through the ball up the middle, keeping the barrel in the hitting zone as long as
possible. This is also known as staying on plane.
CURRICULUM FOR BATTING PRACTICE

Establishing consistent routines and exercises that athletes perform every day is
critical to their success. Each player should establish routines that will translate
to success in game situations. The following categories should be included in
practices on a consistent basis:
◆◆ Warm-up
◆◆ Tee drills
◆◆ Center toss
◆◆ Visualization drills
◆◆ Explosive exercises
◆◆ Live situations and situational hitting
◆◆ Mental game
The following matrix (table 13.1) can help coaches select certain exercises to
use in their practice plan. Having consistency is important, but it is also necessary
to mix up the drills to keep hitters challenged.
TABLE 13.1 Drill Matrix: Batting Practice
for Power and Consistency
Warm-up Bat stretches
Dry swings
One-arm ball tosses into net
Tee drills Four-corner point of contact
One-arm
Bat stop
Point of contact
Tee distance (tee to tee)
Load or dance
Weight transfer
Stride, hold, and swing
Deflated soccer ball or basketball
Extension
Double tee (two tee)
Center toss drills Point of contact
One-arm
Upper-body
Three-plate
Weight transfer
Balance step
Tennis ball bounce
Visualization Stand-in
drills Numbered tennis ball toss
Explosive Bridges or planks
exercises for Bat raises
power
Medicine ball twists and tosses
Forearm exercises
Live situations Situational hitting
Challenge competition
Mental game Being patient at the plate
Hitting your best pitch
Working counts
Zone hitting
Two-strike battle
145
Warm-Up
A good warm-up is necessary to be both physically and mentally ready to hit.
As the athlete grabs the bat, she should begin focusing on the hitting process by
stretching out the body, executing the swing, and seeing the ball.
Bat Stretches
Objective
Warm up and mentally prepare to hit.
Setup
Athlete with a bat and an open area to stretch.
Execution
The athlete places one hand at each end of the bat and holds the bat at shoulder
height in front of her. She twists left and right, warming up the core through rotation.
With the bat overhead, she pulls the right arm down with the left arm overhead
and vice-versa. Warming up the body and having a prestretch is important. With
one hand she can then hold the bat out in front and draw a small number eight in
front of herself to engage the shoulder, forearm, and wrist.
Dry Swings
Objective
Warm up and isolate technique.
Setup
Athlete with a bat and an open area to swing.
Execution
The athlete can start getting loose by swinging the bat back and forth before set-
tling into her formal stance and practicing good technique through her dry swing.
Watching hitters take their dry swings offers the coach an opportunity to watch them
at various parts of the swing—stance, load, point of contact, and follow-through.
A coach can also add resistance at the load phase, point of contact, and follow-
through to help them develop core strength.
Batting Practice for Power and Consistency 147
One-Arm Ball Tosses Into Net

Objective
Learn proper path of the arms.
Setup
Athlete with a ball and catch net.
Execution
The athlete places a ball in each hand to learn the proper path of the arms. Using
the front arm the hitter’s first move is forward, pulling with the front elbow and moving
the hand forward while tossing the ball into a net in front of her in the direction of
the pitcher. Similarly, with the ball in the hand of the back arm, the elbow moves
into position inside the back hip and the hand tosses the ball forward in the direc-
tion of the pitcher.
Tee Drills
The tee is a valuable warm-up, practice, and teaching tool. Working on a tee pro-
vides an opportunity to isolate and focus on the dynamic movement of the body
while the ball is still.
One of the most important aspects to stress on the tee is point of contact. Often,
hitters do not know where to stand in relation to the tee. They are often too far
away from the tee (off the plate) and too far behind the ball on contact. The tee
should be placed so that the point of contact is slightly in front of the hitter’s stride
foot before she takes her stride. For younger hitters I like to have them hold the
bat in one hand with the end of the barrel touching the ground. While extending
the hand forward and up in line with the belly button, the tip of the bat should
touch the outside corner of the plate. This action helps position the hitter properly
on the tee. After the hitter is properly set up, she should take 10 or 12 warm-up
cuts off the tee while working on keeping her hands inside the ball and finishing
with the barrel forward.
Here are several tee drills that you can use in developing your offensive practice
plan.
Tee Drills for Greater Consistency

Working on a tee provides a valuable opportunity to develop consistency in swing
mechanics, which is a crucial element in achieving exceptional results. These drills
help athletes develop that consistency.
Four-Corner Point of Contact

Objective
Learn point of contact for different pitch locations.
Setup
Athlete with a bat, ball, tee, and catch net.
Execution
A ball is placed on the tee in the following four positions, and the hitter takes four
cuts at each: low inside, high inside, low outside, and high outside. This drill should
follow some basic warm-up swings off the tee.
One-Arm
Objective
Reinforce the proper path of the arms to the ball.
Setup
Execution
A ball is placed in a good mid-center position on the tee. The hitter takes her top
hand off the bat and, if using a regular-size bat, chokes up to the top of the grip
with the front hand. Small or short bats are excellent in this drill, and the hitter
using a small bat does not need to choke up. With the focus on the front arm, the
hitter emphasizes pulling with the front elbow without opening the front shoulder.
This action will help the hitter keep her hands inside the ball. The hitter should
uncoil the front arm with the elbow moving forward first. Then the forearm extends
forward toward the pitcher, not away from the body, and finally the wrist finishes
through the ball.
The hitter should visualize drawing a line with her hands across the letters of
her uniform. Be sure to emphasize the forward finish through the ball, having the
hitter stay on the plane of the ball as long as possible before opening the front
side. Keep the hitter focused on hitting the ball up the middle. A coach can find
breakdowns in the hitter’s technique if she is not consistently hitting the ball up
the middle. Consistent hitters have the ability to let their hands work freely and
independent of their hips and shoulders. After several reps (10 to 15) with the front
arm, the hitter should switch to the top hand. Have the hitter take her front arm
and place it across her waist, which will help keep her front side closed during
the drill. As the hitter engages the top hand, she should emphasize a strong wrist
and start the elbow below the wrist. The movement starts with the elbow moving
forward and into the body close to the back hip. We want the hitter to establish a
good elbow and hip connection to maximize power while going down through the
ball, not up and under. Again, we want to emphasize the wrist position coming into
contact; the wrist should be cocked behind the ball and extend through the ball
on contact. Remind the hitter to stay on plane through the ball, extending forward
before coming off the line of the ball.
Bat Stop
Objective
Barrel control.
Setup
Athlete with a bat, ball, and tee.
Execution
After the hitter begins her swing ask her to stop at contact. Check where her hands
are in relation to the barrel. For inside pitches the point of contact is out in front with
the barrel slightly in front of the hands. For middle pitches the hands are slightly
in front of the barrel, and for outside pitches the barrel is farther behind the hands
on contact. Also at contact, check to see whether the hips are still behind the ball
or whether the hitter has cleared her hips too early. The shoelaces of the back foot
and the knees should be pointing at contact.
Point of Contact
Objective
Reinforce proper point of contact.
Setup
Execution
The tee is placed in the proper position relative to the plate. For single-location tees
that place the ball in the middle of the base, place a home plate under the base to
show hitters the point of contact for inside versus outside pitches. Emphasize hitting
the ball in the correct location relative to the body. A hitter should focus on hitting
an outside pitch farther back in the hitting zone relative to middle or inside pitches.
Also, teach hitters to make adjustments on high and low pitches. Low pitches are
contacted deeper in the zone, whereas higher pitches should be hit farther in front.
Tee Drills for Developing Power

After an athlete has used the tee for warm-up and point of contact drills, a good
next step is to push her to increase the power she generates through tee drills.
With the ball stationary on the tee the athlete will have the freedom to use her
body more efficiently through the path of the ball.
Tee Distance (Tee to Tee)

Objective
Emphasize proper contact position and power through the ball by moving the tee
farther from the catch net.
Setup
Athlete with a bat, balls, tee, and catch net or batting cage tunnel.
Execution
The best place for this drill is in a batting cage. The hitter stands at one edge of the
cage and works on driving the ball on a linear path to the other end of the cage.
We want to see the ball hit the back of the net rather than the side of the net to
emphasize hitting the ball up the middle. The Tee Distance Drill requires the hitter
to stay inside the ball and extend forward to hit the back end of the net. If the hitter
pulls off the ball or slices inside the ball too much, the ball will hit the side nets and
not make it to the back net. This is a good individual and partner drill.
Load or Dance
Objective
Learn proper technique for negative move, or load.
Setup
Execution
Standing at the tee, the hitter steps forward with the stride foot, steps back with
the pivot foot, and steps forward again so that the stride foot lands in the same
place as the first step. The hitter swings as the front foot lands. This step sequence
allows hitters to feel the load, or negative move, back into the pivot leg and the
subsequent weight transfer forward.
Weight Transfer
Objective
Emphasize proper weight transfer.
Setup
Execution
The hitter begins with the stride foot touching the inside of the back foot without any
weight on the stride foot. The hitter strides forward and falls into the ball (using an
extended stride to overemphasize the weight transfer), getting the front foot down
before contact. This drill will help with proper weight transfer because by starting
with both feet in the load position, the hitter has to come forward more aggressively
as she falls forward on the front foot.
Stride, Hold, and Swing

Objective
Emphasize timing in the swing.
Setup
Execution
The hitter takes a normal stride and, with her hands back, pauses for a moment
before continuing with the swing. This drill removes the timing element and allows
the hitter to focus on getting her hands through the ball. This drill helps the hitter
work on getting her hands in the proper position while also transferring weight
through the swing.
Deflated Soccer Ball or Basketball

Objective
Emphasize driving through the ball.
Setup
Athlete with a bat, a deflated soccer ball or basketball, tee, and catch net.
Execution
Place a slightly deflated soccer ball or basketball on the tee for the hitter. If the ball
does not balance, use a funnel. The point of emphasis is having the hitter drive
the barrel through the ball while staying on plane as long as possible. The hitter
will feel resistance from the weight of the larger ball that will help produce more
power in the swing.
Extension
Objective
Emphasize follow-through in the swing.
Setup
Athlete with a bat, ball, and tee.
Execution
The hitter takes a swing and then focuses on finishing the swing with the end of
the barrel pointed at the pitcher. The hitter is forced to direct the barrel through the
ball and finish forward on plane, rather than opening the front shoulder too early.
Double Tee (Two Tee)

Objective
Emphasize staying through the ball after contact.
Setup
Athlete with a bat, ball, two tees, and catch net.
Execution
Place a ball on each of two tees, one directly behind the other about 12 inches
(30 cm) apart. Have the hitter focus on driving the barrel through the first ball while
staying on plane through the second ball. Both balls will be sent forward to the net.
Center Toss Drills

Center toss (also known as front toss) is used extensively by coaches as both a
warm-up to games or in practices as a teaching tool. The coach is centered behind
a screen about 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.5 m) from the batter, who is standing at the
plate. The coach can then throw pitches to various locations—inside, outside, high,
and low—and speeds to prepare and train hitters. For coaches who do not have
access to screens or cages, center toss can be performed with small Wiffle balls.
The following center toss drills will help hitters achieve consistency and power
in their swings.
Point of Contact
Objective
Work on point of contact with a moving ball.
Setup
Athlete with a bat standing at a plate and a coach behind a toss net approximately
10 to 15 feet (3 to 5 m) away with a bucket of balls.
Execution
The coach mixes locations and the speed of the toss to hitters, who have to adjust
their timing and point of contact to hit the ball consistently well. This is a great first
drill after a brief round of 10 to 15 cuts to get the hitter loose. For center toss to be
effective, the coach must vary locations and speed.
One-Arm
Objective
Train proper arm path to the ball.
Setup
Athlete with bat standing at a plate and a coach behind a toss net approximately
Execution
As with the One-Arm Tee, have the hitter isolate each arm to emphasize the different
core fundamentals (refer to One-Arm Tee for technique emphasis on each arm).
Upper-Body
Objective
Emphasize staying through the ball as long as possible.
Setup
Execution
Have the hitter start her swing with her balance at 50-50 (she has loaded and is
stacked). Now that the lower half is engaged, toss the ball and have her work on
bringing her hands inside the ball to and through contact. The emphasis is on con-
tact and getting through the ball while staying on plane as long as possible. Make
sure that the hitter has effective back elbow and hip connection before contact.
Three-Plate
Objective
Work on timing and point of contact with balls thrown at various distances.
Setup
Athlete with a bat standing at a plate, a coach behind a toss net approximately 10
to 15 feet (3 to 5 m) away with a bucket of balls, and three home plates set up in
front of the center toss net at various locations (close, middle, far).
Execution
Have the hitter take five swings at each plate, moving between the plates in a
random fashion. This drill keeps the hitters honest by not allowing them to become
too patterned with the speed at one location.
Weight Transfer
Objective
Emphasize proper weight transfer.
Setup
Execution
The hitter begins with the stride foot touching the inside of the back foot without any
weight on the stride foot. The hitter strides forward and falls into the ball (using an
extended stride to overemphasize the weight transfer), getting the front foot down
before contact. This drill will help with proper weight transfer because by starting
with both feet in the load position, the hitter is forced to come forward more aggres-
sively as she falls forward on the front foot.
Balance Step
Objective
Emphasize weight coming through the swing.
Setup
A coach is located behind a toss net approximately 10 to 15 feet (3 to 5 m) away
with a bucket of balls. The athlete stands with a bat at the plate and places a small
6-inch (15 cm) round inflatable balance step under her back pivot foot. She places
it toward the inside of the ball of the foot so that as she swings she must pivot on
the inside of the back knee to allow proper knee, hip, and elbow connection for
power. A decline board or doorstop can also be used.
Execution
The coach tosses the ball toward the athlete, and the athlete swings normally with
the balance step under her pivot foot. She resets on the balance step before every
pitch if her foot slips off.
Tennis Ball Toss

Objective
Emphasize letting the ball get into the hitting zone.
Setup
An athlete with a bat standing at a plate, a coach behind a toss net approximately 10
to 15 feet (3 to 5 m) away with a bucket of tennis balls, and a flat surface between
tosser and hitter.
Execution
Standing behind a net, the coach bounces a tennis ball into the hitter’s zone. The
hitter works on being on time by getting her front foot down and her hands in the
proper position. This drill allows the hitter to work on different points of contact
with inside, outside, high, and low pitches. Make sure that the hitter has proper
placement of the barrel.
Visualization Drills
Drills that allow hitters to focus on seeing the ball and recognizing the release
point, spin, and location are important in developing greater consistency.
Stand-In
Objective
Allow hitters to see pitches and work on timing.
Setup
During the second half of a pitcher’s bullpen workout, allow a hitter to stand in at
the plate with a bat and helmet.
Execution
Challenge hitters to recognize balls and strikes as they track the ball into the hitting
zone. Hitters can also be challenged to recognize in and out pitches and fast or off-
speed pitches. They can say yes or no to indicate whether they would swing or not.
Numbered Tennis Ball Toss

Objective
Work on visual acuity.
Setup
Athlete with a bat standing at the plate. A coach serves as side tosser and has a
bag of tennis balls with number one or two written on the balls.
Execution
The coach tosses up two balls—one with the number 1 on it and the other with
the number 2. The coach calls out which ball the hitter must hit.
Explosive Exercises for Power

One of the best ways to increase power in the swing is to develop your athletes’
core strength. Generating an explosive back hip through contact will produce a
more powerful swing. The core, defined as the area from the upper thighs to the
armpits, is the power base for the swing. Having a strong core allows athletes to
stabilize their extremities for greater bat control, extension, and follow-through.
Structuring stations during batting practice to improve your athletes’ cores will
translate directly to better hitting. Listed here are a few core exercises that are
simple to integrate as a station in practice.
Bridges or Planks
Objective
Strengthen the athlete’s core.
Setup
The athlete lies on her belly with her feet together. She makes a fist with her hand,
bends at the elbows, and places her forearms underneath her body.
Execution
The athlete raises up so that all her weight is on her forearms and toes. She holds
the position for 30 seconds, rests for 30 seconds, and holds again for 30 seconds.
Side planks, a more difficult exercise, would be the next progression. The athlete
is on her side (right or left) and raises up on one elbow. Make sure that the elbow
is directly below the shoulder. You can adjust the length of time that your athletes
hold the position according to their fitness level. This exercise improves inner sta-
bility and is one of the best core exercises.
Bat Raises
Objective
Strengthen core.
Setup
The athlete lies on her back with her knees bent. She holds a bat horizontally
across her lap with her arms extended.
Execution
Have the athlete lift her torso up and bring the bat over her knees, keeping her
arms straight out in front of her. Difficulty can be increased by starting with the bat
in both hands overhead. The athlete can bring the bat forward to her waist and then
lift her torso up and stretch her arms up over her knees. This exercise focuses on
flexion and strengthens the abdominal muscles.
Medicine Ball Twists and Tosses

Objective
Strengthen core.
Setup
The athlete holds a weighted medicine ball in both hands and stands facing a
wall or partner about 6 feet (1.8 m) away. If facing a wall, she can move closer to
be just a few feet (a meter) away. She holds the medicine ball in front of her body
with both hands.
Execution
The athlete moves the medicine ball to the right side of her body by pivoting on
her left foot and bending that knee toward the right. She turns her shoulders and
twists, passing the right hip, and then, as explosively as she can, throws the medi-
cine ball straight forward to the wall or partner. The side coil to the right (negative
move) should be slow and loaded but, as she brings the medicine ball forward,
the movement should be fast and explosive. For medicine ball tosses, begin by
having the athlete lie on her back with her knees bent and feet on the ground. The
medicine ball should be placed at her belly with her hands on the side of the ball.
A partner should be standing 2 feet (60 cm) in front of her feet. She generates the
toss by raising her torso and extending her arms out as she tosses the ball to her
partner. A more difficult toss would have her start with the medicine ball over her
head. She generates the toss from the torso and extends the arms forward to toss
the ball to her partner. Have the athlete focus on tightening her core as opposed
to bending or arching her back. A lighter medicine ball should be used for over-
head tosses. This exercise emphasizes rotation and flexion, using both abdominal
muscles and obliques.
Forearm Exercises
Objective
Build forearm and finger strength.
Setup
A bucket full of rice.
Execution
The athlete should dig to the bottom of the bucket and then open her fingers con-
tinually as she brings her hands out of the bucket.
LIVE SITUATIONS AND SITUATIONAL HITTING

The mark of a consistent hitter is the ability to execute in critical, pressure situ-
ations. Center toss is useful for stressing core mechanics, but live hitting is a key
element to developing confident hitters. Having a coach or batting practice pitcher
pitch live will keep your hitters fresh with their timing. As a coach I enjoy throwing
live, even from a shorter distance, so that I can see how my athletes are tracking
the ball, when they trigger their load, and whether they are on time with the pitch.
When you have your hitters take live cuts, have them do so in small sets. Their
first round might be 12 to 15 swings, but from then on have them rotate through
with 5 to 8 swings. When you give them only a small number of swings, they focus
better and you will see swings that are more productive because they know that
they are taking only 5 swings each round. Some at bats can last 15 or 20 swings,
but most are fewer than 5 swings. Train them the way the game is structured. If you
have a coach who can pitch to your players, you are able to target areas to work on
with each player. If one athlete is struggling with the low and in pitch, target that
area and instruct her to hit only those pitches while taking any other pitch, even
a strike. You can also target certain situations that you want your entire team to
execute regularly. For instance, for a runner on third with less than two outs, have
each player in the group work on executing that scenario. Teach them to recog-
nize and execute on a pitch that they can drive to the outfield until they have two
strikes. Recognizing the situation and executing is the mark of a consistent hitter.
STRESSING THE MENTAL GAME

The book Moneyball told the story of a system put in place by Oakland A’s general
manager Billy Beane, which stressed the importance of on-base percentage. The
author of the book asked an innocent question: “How did one of the poorest teams
in baseball, the Oakland A’s, win so many games?” The management’s system of
player analysis was complex, but they focused on something simple. The organi-
zation drafted players who excelled at getting on base. Players who consistently
got on base produced more runs, which produced more wins. Hitters who get
on base consistently incorporate three things in their mental approach: They are
patient at the plate, they know their best pitch (specific location), and they work
the count (by knowing the counts on which they have the advantage and the counts
on which they need to battle).
Being Patient at the Plate

Being aggressive and patient are not mutually exclusive. The key is to be aggressive
with the right pitches. Teaching hitters to be selective early in the count will allow
them the opportunity to hit better pitches. Oftentimes coaches say, “Hit the first
good pitch you see.” Encouraging hitters to be aggressive is never a bad idea, but
on the first pitch of the at bat we want hitters to see a pitch they can drive rather
than react to a pitch that is simply in the strike zone. Hitting a change-up on the
first pitch of the at bat is great if the hitter sees it early, makes an adjustment, and
is on time. If the hitter is fooled, encourage her to take that pitch and battle until
she sees a better pitch to drive. If we want hitters to hit with both power and con-
sistency, we need to develop sophisticated hitters who understand their tendencies,
the pitcher’s tendencies, and the game situation at the time of their at bat.
Hitting Your Best Pitch

Teaching athletes the location of the pitches that they hit best is simple. A basic
round of center toss can give a coach specific feedback that can be passed on to
the athletes. I have often found that hitters have little knowledge of which pitches
they hit with the greatest consistency and power. Challenging hitters with loca-
tion drills to hit balls that are not in their strength zones is key to developing
more consistent and powerful hitters. An athlete is usually not consistently hitting
pitches at certain locations because of a breakdown in technique. The hitter could
be opening her front side early, casting her hands away from her body, or pulling
off the hitting zone too early.
Working Counts
One aspect to incorporate in practices is hitting with various counts. Take the time
to explain to hitters the importance of knowing on which counts they can be selec-
tive (when they are ahead of the pitcher, known as power counts) and when they
need to expand their hitting zone (when behind in the count, known as consistency
counts). Naturally, we do not want our hitters thinking too much in the box or
trying to guess what the pitcher will throw, but they must know the situation and
the count to execute consistently. You will see results that are more consistent when
you regularly work with your hitters on counts, especially counts with two strikes.
In two-strike counts, stress to your athletes the need to expand their strike zone
and make the necessary physical adjustments to defend against both the pitcher
and the umpire. We do not want athletes to leave the last strike up to the umpire.
Zone Hitting
One of the techniques used to help hitters focus on locations within the at bat
is called zone hitting. For example, we can train hitters to look to hit the inside
pitch and adjust if the pitch is outside. Hitters are at an advantage when they have
a game plan for their at bat. If a hitter’s strength is on the outside, then we want
her looking to hit the outside pitch and adjust to the inside pitch when she has
two strikes. Zone hitting can also be used with off-speed pitches. You can instruct
the hitter to look to hit the fast pitch and adjust to the off-speed pitch with two
strikes. When a team faces a pitcher with a particular strength, the offense should
follow a game plan to challenge the pitcher’s strengths and take her out of her
comfort zone. A hitter who can take away the pitcher’s game plan will have both
a physical and a psychological advantage.
Two-Strike Battle
Objective
Teaching athletes to widen their zone with two strikes.
Setup
This can be done with tees, center toss, or live pitching drills.
Execution
Have your athletes practice hitting balls slightly outside the strike zone. They can
first do this on a tee placed in the proper position with the ball outside the strike
zone. Then, using the center toss drill, a coach can train the hitter to be aggressive
when managing pitches farther inside, outside, higher, or lower than her typical
strike zone. Encourage hitters to waste or get rid of pitches that are close but outside
the zone (by fouling them off) and to battle during the at bat. They should focus on
staying in the at bat until they draw a walk or get a pitch that they can drive fair.
CHALLENGE COMPETITION
At the college level our pitchers usually do not throw a simple batting practice by
just pitching the ball over the plate so that hitters can work on their mechanics.
Pitchers should always be placed in opportunities where they can succeed, so we
place them in competitive challenge situations with hitters. Having your pitch-
ers and hitters practice certain pitch counts is a great way to practice what they
will face on game day. Starting the at bat with the hitter ahead in the count (2-0,
for example) will force the pitcher to work hard to get back even with the hitter.
Likewise, starting the count with the batter behind in the count (1-2, for example)
will force the hitter to expand her zone and battle to look for a pitch that she can
drive. Working specific counts with pitchers and hitters in a challenge situation is
one of the best preparations for a game. You can also expand the drill to include
working situations with runners on base. We always want our hitters to drive the
ball hard, but being up to bat with a runner on third and no one out is different
from being up to bat with a runner on second and two outs. With the former, the
hitter needs to drive the ball to the outfield with a base hit or hit a long fly ball to
produce a run. With the latter, the hitter has to be more focused on driving the
ball hard through the infield.
FINAL THOUGHTS
To hit consistently with power is a focus of all hitters. Coaches want every hitter
in the lineup to be a tough out. Having a team that has a powerful lineup one
through nine is the goal of every coach. Stressing good basic mechanics in the
swing through consistent drill work, increasing the core strength of your athletes,
and improving their focus and mental game are steps toward achieving that goal.
Hitters need quality teaching and structured practices that develop their skills and
build the confidence necessary to hit with power and consistency.
CHAPTER
14
Firming Up Offensive
Fundamentals
E h ren Ear leywine
I dedicate my section of this book to my favorite ballplayers of all time:

Connor, Duran, and Larry Earleywine.
Make no mistake, hitting is personal, and it’s a war. And we need to make sure that
our hitter knows that the war is not between her team and the pitcher. The war is
between the hitter and the pitcher. Neither the coach nor her teammates can do
anything to help after the hitter steps into the batter’s box. And it’s war because if
truth were told, the pitcher not only wants to get the hitter out but also wants to
dominate her to the point of embarrassment if possible.
The hitter’s talent and preparation will be on stage in that moment, and she
needs to be fully equipped to deal with that truth. Her talent is what it is, and she
can’t do anything to change that. But she can control her preparation. So, how
does the hitter prepare and respond to a personal challenge?
The best way for a hitter to enter this battle or any competition is to learn every-
thing she can about the opponent (the pitcher). In a time of war, a great general
looks at all aspects of the enemy. How many troops do they have? What kind of
weaponry will they attack with? When will they strike? What location will they
attack from? Hitting is no different. The time that the player spends preparing
for her next at bat should be a process of collecting data about the pitcher she is
facing and learning her tendencies.
What does the pitcher like to throw when she is behind in the count? What is
the pitcher’s strikeout pitch? How does the pitcher attack batters like herself? By
having that information, the hitter is increasing her odds of getting the pitch that
she is looking for and giving herself a better chance for success. Sure, pitchers fool
us at times, and we anticipate incorrectly. But the benefits of knowing the enemy
will far outweigh the costs over the course of a season.
163
Many hitters become so caught up in cheering in the dugout or talking to friends

that they are unprepared when it’s their turn to hit. Can you imagine a military
general taking that approach and going into battle knowing nothing about the
enemy? The hitter wants to know everything she can about the enemy (the pitcher)
before declaring war, so that when she is in the batter’s box she is ready for battle.
BAT SELECTION
Finding a good bat takes time. After a hitter finds one, she should treat it with care
and hide it from her teammates! She may not find another one like it for a long
time. Here are a few things to consider when looking for the right bat.
Bat Weight
First, the hitter needs to find a bat that she can control. When deciding between
two different weights of the same bat, she should choose the lighter of the two.
Bat control is more important than bat weight, and here’s why: A heavy bat must
be started early in the swing, so the hitter loses the luxury of waiting on the pitch.
The longer the batter can wait, the better off she will be. Bats that are too heavy
force hitters to commit to their swing too early, thus making it difficult to hit off-
speed pitches and pitches on the outer half of the plate. In addition, bats that are
too heavy can alter swing mechanics and create a variety of bad habits that have
long-term effects.
Another variable that is important in determining the proper weight is the
end-loaded versus balanced bat. Younger, smaller, and weaker hitters should not
swing end-loaded bats because the added weight at the end of the bat prevents
them from effectively controlling their swings. Obviously, end-loaded bats add
power, but what hitters lose in consistency and mechanics isn’t worth the tradeoff.
Bat Length
If possible, hitters with short arms should try to swing a longer bat, whereas hitters
with longer arms can get away with a shorter bat. The length of a hitter’s arms plus
the length of her bat equals the overall length of the levers. Longer levers aid in
plate coverage and increase power. Keep in mind that we’re talking about only 1
to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) of difference. The handle of the bat should be thin for
hitters with small hands, but it can be thicker for hitters with large hands. Certainly,
there are exceptions to the rule, mostly in the form of hitters with large hands who
prefer a thin handle, but more times than not, hand size relates to handle thickness.
Hitters should be willing to consider the idea of having a lighter bat (1 ounce,
or 30 g) with them during the course of the season. On days when hitters feel tired
or weak and don’t have any bat speed, they can drop down in weight to help them
through. This concept is more relevant near the end of a season when hitters feel
the most fatigue.
Firming Up Offensive Fundamentals 165
POSITIONING IN THE BATTER’S BOX

Opinions vary on this topic, and there are many ways that can work. The two deci-
sions that hitters have to consider when positioning themselves in the batter’s box
are width and length. Width is how close or far from the plate they stand. Length
is how far up or back in the box they get. Here are the most commonly used phi-
losophies of professional hitters that will give hitters the best chance of success.
Distance From the Plate

In determining the first criteria (width), hitters must decide what they are trying to
do. In other words, if a hitter likes to hit the ball to the opposite field, she should
move farther off the plate. In doing so, most strikes that are thrown will be pitches
away from the hitter that she can hit the other way. Any pitch that seems inside
to this hitter should be a ball inside.
Likewise, if a hitter likes to pull the ball, she needs to move closer to the plate
so that every strike is a pitch that she can pull. A pitch that appears to be a pitch
that needs to be hit to the opposite field should be a ball outside. The hitter who
stays in the middle of the field (gap to gap) will find herself somewhere in between.
The primary factor for that type of hitter is to make sure that she can cover the
outside corner of the plate.
Distance Within the Batter’s Box

The second criterion (length) is fairly straightforward. Batters want to give them-
selves the maximum amount of time to see the ball because the longer they can
wait, the better off they will be. Therefore, getting to the back of the batter’s box
(on the chalk) is ideal. Most outstanding fastpitch softball hitters do their work
from the back of the box, as do Major League Baseball hitters.
The only negative from hitting in the back of the box is the chance that a pitch
will catch a corner of the plate when it crosses the strike zone and then move off
the plate for a ball after it gets deep enough to hit. In that scenario, the hitter can
scoot toward the pitcher to be able to hit that pitch.
In addition, many players prefer hitting from the front of the batter’s box. The
argument to move to the front of the box rests on the idea that the ball can be hit
before it moves or breaks. This theory is based on assumptions but has never been
proved physically. Nevertheless, good pitchers will simply throw a 40-foot (12.2
m) drop instead of a 43-foot drop (13.1) as the catcher moves up to the hitter.
Now, the batter not only cannot see the movement but also has her reaction time
decreased even further.
An added bonus of hitting from the back of the batter’s box is that the catcher
must scoot back several feet (up to a meter), requiring her to make a longer throw
to second base on a steal attempt. That distance makes a big difference for teams
who like to run a lot.
SOFTBALL VERSUS BASEBALL

One of the most common downfalls and destructive beliefs in the softball world is
that the baseball and softball swing are significantly different. They’re not. Because
of increased video technology in recent years, softball people have started to figure
out that the two swings are nearly identical. As a result, power numbers and bat-
ting averages have never been better than they are today. And the higher the level
(MLB and professional softball) is, the more similar the swings are.
So whether a player is hitting a softball or a baseball, the mechanics of the swing
are 99.9 percent the same. Certainly, timing can vary, but that shouldn’t change
the mechanics of the swing, just when to start the swing.
The only major difference between hitting a baseball and a softball is that
softball has a rise ball. Rise balls don’t exist in baseball because of the trajectory
of the pitch. Baseball pitchers throw over the top of their heads, and the mound
is 10.5 inches (27 cm) high. Therefore, all pitches in baseball must come down
to the hitter. For hitters to get a bat on the plane of the pitch, they must have a
slight uppercut.
In softball the mound is not elevated, and the pitcher releases the pitch below
the hip. Consequently, a ball can start thigh high and end up at the sternum (tech-
nically the top of the strike zone in softball) because of the backspin put on the
ball. And because the ball is now going up, the hitter must have a slight downward
swing to match the plane of the rise ball. Even so, all other hitting mechanics
should stay the same.
ABSOLUTES VERSUS STYLE

We can categorize all hitting mechanics into two groups: absolutes and styles.
Absolutes are things that all great hitters have in common, whether in softball or
baseball. Styles are various components of the swing that can or will differ from
hitter to hitter depending on the hitter’s anatomy and physiology. The absolutes
are the category of mechanics that cannot be compromised. The greatest hitters
in the world all have these elements in common, and all amateur hitters should
strive to obtain them.
On the other hand, style components can be changed and experimented with
until a hitter finds what works for her. Although these items aren’t absolutes, they
are arguably as important as the absolutes because they help hitters feel and move
in ways that work for their minds and bodies. For example, Albert Pujols has a
wide stance, but Ichiro has a very narrow one.
Matt Holliday uses a high knee kick to create his negative move, whereas Jim
Edmonds didn’t lift his knee at all. Chase Utley has a shorter positive move than
Babe Ruth did. At the point of contact, Wade Boggs typically kept his hands in
front of his barrel (inside out), but Josh Hamilton has his hands even or behind
his barrel most of the time (regular to hook), Mark McGwire had a one-handed
finish, whereas Ted Williams finished his swing with two hands most of the time.
These are just a few of many style-related aspects of the swing that differ from
hitter to hitter.
Keep in mind that the best hitters in the world experimented with hundreds of
different styles in their careers to create the final product that you see on TV. They
didn’t look like that when they were 12 years old. Developing a style is a process
that takes a lot of experimentation. And it requires taking some risks. But don’t
kid yourself: One change in style can positively or negatively affect the absolutes
in a number of ways. Hitters need to put in their time, keep track of the results,
and create a swing that works for them.
In regard to absolutes, the good news is that hitters don’t have to do all of them
right or be perfect to be successful. Although some hitters lack absolutes, they still
get hits and experience varying degrees of success. But if absolutes are missing
from the swing, the hitter is simply not maximizing her potential. Although many
style-related items are relevant to a discussion of the swing, I will address only the
absolutes in this chapter.
In addition, I will not be able to cover every hitting phase or topic in just one
chapter. Nevertheless, the concepts provided cover a wide variety of information
that should prove to be helpful to coaches and players at any level of softball.
THE SWING
We will discuss nine phases of the swing, starting with batting stance and ending
with finish. Each of these nine positions is an absolute and has other absolutes
within it. The terminology for each of these points differs, but the positions are
all the same.
◆◆ Batting stance
◆◆ Negative move (or loading)
◆◆ Positive move (or linear movement)
◆◆ Toe touch (or launch position)
◆◆ Rotation
◆◆ Bat path (or swing plane)
◆◆ Contact
◆◆ Extension
◆◆ Finish
Batting Stance
Batting stances differ from hitter to hitter in many ways. Style is king in this part
of the swing, but absolutes are also present in the batting stance of every great
hitter. First, all accomplished hitters have their heads turned straight toward the
pitcher and have both eyes in position to see the entire pitcher. Have all your hit-
ters get in their stances and close their front eyes. You want to see whether they
can see the pitcher with their back eyes. If the head is not turned enough or not
straight up and down, the hitter will not be able to see the pitcher clearly with
the back eye alone.
Head Position
An astounding number of amateur hitters stand in the box with their heads leaning
over the plate. Can you imagine trying to work on a computer or drive a car with
your head sideways? Hitting a softball is difficult, but when the head is sideways
it becomes even harder. In addition, having the head tilted over the plate puts the
batter’s balance and posture in immediate trouble.
Back Foot Position

The next absolute of batting stance is related to the back foot. All great hitters have
their back feet pointing straight or slightly tilting in towards the plate (pigeon toed).
When the back foot is tilting back toward the catcher, getting the hips turned to hit
the ball takes longer. This fault is common among female hitters and can be fixed
simply by turning the back foot straight or slightly inward in the batting stance.
Elbow Alignment
The third thing that we see in the batting stance of all great hitters is elbow align-
ment. The front elbow will always be lower than or even with the back elbow. We
will never see an exceptional hitter who has the front elbow higher than the back
elbow. This position puts the hitter in a tilted-back posture that causes problems
as the swing progresses.
Prepitch Movement
Finally, professional-grade hitters all have what we refer to as prepitch movement,
which can be with the hands, arms, legs, body, hips, or any combination of those
body parts. In making this movement, hitters create rhythm and timing and, more
important, stay loose. Loose muscles are fast muscles, and tight muscles are slow
muscles.
When amateur hitters try to incorporate prepitch movement after having none,
they generally look uncomfortable and “coached.” The goal is for the movement
to look uncoached and natural. Achieving that end takes time and experimentation
with various styles of prepitch movement, but it will ultimately make a difference
in the hitter’s development.
Negative Move or Loading

The first thing that hitters should do after getting into their batting stance is to
move back or away from the pitcher. This action is called negative move, or load.
The movement allows the hitter to gather energy, power, and timing before going
into the next phase of the swing.
The time when the hitter starts this

negative movement will determine
the timing of the swing. The start of
this load, or negative move, should be
based on timing the pitcher’s motion
and the particular pitch that the hitter
is looking for. After the hitter has
made her negative move, a few abso-
lutes can be applied to this position.
First, the hitter should have shifted
all of the weight to the back leg.
Second, the hitter should have proper
posture. The upper body should be
either level or tilted downward, and
the front shoulder should be lower
than the back shoulder. Finally, the
hitter’s head should be in front of
the core of the body to allow a good FIGURE 14.1 Negative-move position.
attacking posture before going into
the next phase of the swing.
How a hitter gets into this position is style-related (high leg kick, low leg kick,
long kick, short kick, and so on). All hitters differ slightly on how they generate
the negative move position, but the absolutes remain the same. See figure 14.1 for
the absolutes of negative movement.
Positive Move or Linear Movement

If a negative movement occurs, a positive movement must occur as well. Posi-
tive movement happens immediately after a negative move. This move toward
the pitcher should be a controlled glide. The positive move allows the forward
momentum of body energy to send the hitter into a more explosive rotation after
the stride foot lands. Technically, rotation doesn’t happen until the heel of the
stride foot hits the ground, but to avoid getting too detailed, hitters should think
about creating a violent rotation at the end of their positive move when the stride
foot hits the ground.
From a physics standpoint, objects in motion tend to stay in motion. This basic
concept fuels the need for positive movement. Simply stated, positive movement
creates power. Some hitters don’t move back (negative move) or forward (positive
move). Instead, they simply rotate or spin from a stopped dead position. These
hitters struggle to hit the ball with any authority because this basic rule of physics
works against them.
The distance of the positive move will

differ, but all great hitters have positive
movement. Most smaller and weaker hitters
incorporate a bigger positive movement in
an attempt to squeeze every bit of energy
they have into the point of contact. Bigger
and stronger hitters can get away with a
smaller positive move because their size
and strength can make up for the difference.
See figure 14.2 for the absolutes of positive
movement.
Toe Touch or Launch Position

Most hitting coaches argue that toe touch
is the most important position of the swing.
A good toe touch position can make up for
many flaws and shortcomings that a hitter FIGURE 14.2 Positive-move position.
might have in other areas. Toe touch is
defined as the moment when the ball of the stride foot hits the ground. At this
point, there are many things to look at, but the big-picture view is that hitters
should be athletic and strong at this position. More specifically, weight distribu-
tion should be 50-50; the upper body should be directly centered over the lower
body in a side or chest view. This guidance is contrary to the teachings of old,
when keeping the weight back at 80-20 or 70-30 was the norm. As technology
has caught up with the science of hitting, we now see that superior hitters land at
a 50-50 weight distribution as the result of a good positive move and the need to
be strong and athletic when delivering the blow.
In conjunction with weight distribution is the direction of the stride. Hitters
who stride “in the bucket” (away from the plate) will be good at pulling the ball
but won’t hit it the other way well. Hitters who dive in toward the plate will hit
the ball to the opposite field well but will be jammed a lot and have trouble pulling
the ball. In either scenario, if the opposition sees the flaw, it could be a long day,
season, or career for the hitter.
A stride that goes directly back at the pitcher gives the hitter the best chance of
being successful on either half of the plate. Other absolutes of toe touch are keep-
ing the front hip closed, having the front knee inside the front foot, and having
the front shoulder turned slightly inward. All these absolutes are connected and
allow the hitter to hit to all fields to maximize power. When any one of the hip,
knee, or shoulder opens too soon, the hitter loses the ability to adjust to different
speeds of pitches and to drive the ball to the opposite field. In conjunction with
this, don’t assume that the front foot also stays closed at toe touch. The stride foot
usually lands at a 45-degree angle (slightly open) to allow later rotation without
injuring or tearing the ankle or knee in the process.
When thinking about keeping the knee, hip, and shoulder closed, the hitter should
imagine someone pulling a rubber band back to shoot it and then slowly releasing
some of the tension before letting go. The result would be a rubber band that is
shot with less than maximum velocity. The concept of staying closed with front
shoulder, hip, and knee is no different. As soon as the hitter leaks open, power drains.
The positioning of the hands is another critical aspect of toe touch. Some
variation will occur, but for the most part, great hitters have their hands back at
approximately shoulder height and have a slight bend in the front elbow. Many
hitters are overcautious about being short and keep their hands too close to the
head and ear. Good contact can be achieved this way, but hitting the ball with any
authority is difficult.
Another checkpoint or absolute of toe touch relates to back elbow separation.
Some separation should be present between the back elbow and the ribs at toe
touch. Back elbow height can vary (style), and power hitters usually have a higher
back elbow than nonpower hitters do at toe touch. Regardless, back elbow separa-
tion at toe touch is imperative. Next, in looking at bat angle, be mindful of how
differing angles create certain strengths and weaknesses. Hitters who have straight
bats (vertical) at toe touch are generally good low-ball hitters but poor high-ball
hitters. Hitters who have flat bats (horizontal) at toe touch will be just the opposite.
Somewhere in between is the ideal positioning to cover both high and low strikes.
As we have seen, the hitter has many checkpoints to think about at toe touch.
The overall goal is for the hitter to be in an athletic position that allows her to be
strong before the swinging of the bat occurs.
Rotation
The quicker that hitters can rotate, the more bat speed they will generate. All hit-
ters rotate, but what happens before rotation is the key to maximizing rotational
speed and explosiveness. We talked about the positive move earlier. The purpose
of that positive movement is to create momentum before the rotation, which in
turn makes the rotation quicker. When rotation is quicker, hitters can hit the ball
harder. It’s a simple law of physics. If hitters rotate without any prior positive
movement, their rotation will be slower and less powerful.
The rotation of two cars under different conditions can illustrate this point.
Car number 1 is at a standstill. Then, with the accelerator to the floor and the
steering wheel turned all the way to one side, the car slowly begins to rotate, or to
do a doughnut. Eventually the rotation speeds up, but it takes time. Car number 1
represents the hitter who has no positive movement. Compare that to car number
2, which is traveling at 30 miles (50 km) per hour before the driver cranks the steer-
ing wheel all the way to one side. Because car number 2 is traveling at 30 miles per
hour before the wheel is turned, the rotation will be much faster. Car number 2
is the car with positive movement. The degree or amount of rotation that a hitter
will have depends on which field she hits the ball to. When she hits a ball up the
middle or pulls it, the rotation usually ends with her back facing home plate.
When the hitter hits the ball to the

opposite field, she usually keeps her
chest or belly button facing that direc-
tion (see figure 14.3). By doing so, she
avoids pulling off and cutting across
the ball. People have always debated
what starts the rotation or swing. Is
it the hips? Is it the hands? Now with
technology we have found that in great
hitters, the hips and hands start at the
same time. Actually, the back elbow and
the hips begin to move at the same time.
Because the back elbow starts the hands,
it’s safe to say that the hips and hands go
at the same time.
A common flaw during rotation occurs
FIGURE 14.3 Avoiding pulling off the ball
when the upper body and lower body by keeping the chest pointed to the oppo-
aren’t connected or aren’t working as site field is a major component of success-
one. Some hitters rotate the hips ahead fully hitting the other way.
of the hands. Others have good upper-
body action, but the lower half never rotates. Either way, this disconnection or
inability to engage those two gears can cause a number of problems in the swing.
Bat Path or Swing Plane

The goal with the path of the bat is to be on the same plane or path of the ball
for as long as possible. Hitters who are on plane for a longer time have a better
chance of making contact. Generally, hitters should not have big uppercuts or steep
downward chopping angles in their swings. In either approach the bat crosses the
path of the ball for only a short time. If the timing is even slightly off, the hitter will
miss the ball. That being said, a slight uppercut can be effective when hitting drop
balls because the line or plane of that pitch descends. Likewise, a slight downward
bat path can be effective in hitting a rise ball because it is going up.
Despite the different swing planes that might be used, most pitches have only
minimal up or down movement and require only a slight shift in approach. Most
outstanding hitters use fairly level swings. As you can see in figure 14.4, the hitter
who is on a level plane with the ball has many more chances for success. From a
coaching perspective, when the team is facing a drop ball pitcher, we encourage
hitters to try to lift the ball. In doing so, they will probably end up with more line
drives and fewer ground balls. Drop ball pitchers are trying to induce weakly hit
ground balls. To counter that, hitters must try to lift the drop. When coaching
against a rise ball pitcher, we do just the opposite.
By telling your hitters to stay on top of the rise ball and hit hard ground balls,
you give them the right ammo. Rise ball pitchers induce pop-ups and strikeouts
because hitters continually

swing underneath the ball.
To counter that, hitters
must do the opposite and
try to hit ground balls. If
the team buys in, we see
positive results. Nothing is
more frustrating to a rise
ball pitcher than to know
that hitters are hitting on
top of the rise. Likewise,
a drop ball pitcher who
knows that hitters are get-
ting underneath will have a
long day.
Contact
FIGURE 14.4 A level swing path creates more
Everything discussed previ- opportunity for success.
ously will add up to a pow-
erful contact position if hitters have good timing. Hitters must be aware of several
absolutes at contact, and at the top of that list is keeping the head down. Batters
can have great mechanics leading up to contact, but if they don’t see the ball, they
won’t hit it. This concept is a common fault among high school players who later
play college softball. They are so used to hitting off pitchers who have little or
no movement that the need to keep the head down isn’t as important. When they
see better pitching in college, the movement happens late and quick. As a result,
the high school hitter who hasn’t been tracking the ball all the way through the
hitting zone has trouble making the physical adjustment.
Next, the front leg needs to be firm, or locked out, to allow the hips to speed
up. Despite old teachings that the back foot must stay down (“squash the bug”), we
now know through technology that at contact the back foot does not stay down.
The forces caused by a good positive move and the back hip and knee driving into
the ball at contact cause the back foot to move forward into contact as well. The
hands will be in a palm up, palm down position. The top hand will be facing up,
and the front hand will be facing down. The arms will have some bend in them
and will not yet be fully extended (figure 14.5).
For the inside pitch, hitters should make contact with the ball out in front of
the front knee approximately 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm). For the pitch down the
middle, the ball should be deeper in the strike zone, about even with the front knee
of the hitter. The outside pitch should be hit deeper in the zone but approximately
in the middle of the hitter’s body. Surprisingly, many hitters at all levels are not
aware of the concept of depth and width. Therefore, coaches should revisit this
fundamental concept at least once per year.
No matter where they are hitting the

ball, hitters should aim for the inside of
the baseball. If hitters are early, they will
hit the middle of the ball. If they are on
time, they will hit the inside of the ball.
Both will result in hard-hit balls. Con-
versely, if batters aim for the middle of
the ball and are early, they will hit the
outside of the ball, causing them to roll
over and hit weak ground balls to the
pull side. This common flaw is probably
the biggest fault found in young hitters.
Extension
Extension happens after contact, not at
contact. Good extension includes both
arms being fully extended and pointed FIGURE 14.5 Proper hand position at
back in the general direction of the contact with the top hand facing up and the
pitcher. Staying palm up, palm down all bottom hand down; the arms should be bent
the way to extension is crucial because slightly.
doing so keeps the wrists from rolling
over the ball and hitting weak ground balls to the pull side. In addition, the arms
need to be approximately chest high. Some hitters extend their arms down toward
the ground, which leads to many well-hit balls being forced into the ground. Like-
wise, a hitter who extends her arms above the head can produce too many pop-ups.
Another common flaw in extension is extending the arms down either baseline.
Hitters who do this hit a lot of hard foul balls because they are cutting across the
ball and extending somewhere other than back toward the middle of the field.
More common, though, are hitters who never extend their arms at all. Generally,
this issue relates to strength, and as hitters get bigger and stronger extending the
arms becomes easier. But many strong hitters don’t extend either, only because
they don’t know any better. Through drill work and video, they can overcome the
mechanical flaw and see big improvements.
Finish
As discussed earlier, on any ball hit up the middle or pulled, the entire back of the
hitter should be facing home plate. On balls hit to the opposite field, the hitter
won’t always fully rotate because she wants to stay on the ball longer and drive it
the other way. In that case, the chest or back shoulder will be facing home plate.
Concerning one-handed versus two-handed finishes, it just depends on the hitter.
Often, you will find that stocky hitters who have a lot of physical restriction in
their finish will release with one hand to allow a bigger degree of finish. They may
be unable to do this with both hands on the bat. Leaner, lankier hitters have fewer
physical restrictions in their finish and are generally more comfortable finishing
with both hands on the bat with full rotation.
A scientific mystery exists about why more left handed-hitters finish with one
hand than with two. No one knows why, but it certainly has to do with the wiring
of the brain. The concept may be related to the tendency of lefties to wear their
hats off center while righties rarely do, or to the fact that left-handers can’t throw
a straight fastball. Regardless, coaches should note this difference when coaching
the finish in left-handed versus right-handed hitters.
We need to be aware of hitters who take too many swings and become tired and
lazy in the process. They are prime candidates for releasing with one hand and not
fully rotating their core because it’s easy. The cure is to have hitters finish with
two hands and fully rotate in practice to ensure that they are finishing properly.
When it’s game time, whatever happens, happens.
TOP FIVE HITTING ABSOLUTES

The abundance of information about hitting mechanics can be overwhelming when
a coach attempts to troubleshoot live hitters. To eliminate some of that pressure,
here are the five points that top the list in importance. Hitters at every level battle
with these critical items on a regular basis. If you and your hitters have mastered
these checkpoints, you’re way ahead of the game.
1. Positive movement
2. Athletic landing at toe touch
3. Explosive rotation
4. Hitting the inside of the ball
5. Extension
J CURVE
After we begin to coach these new techniques to hitters, they often get worse
before they get better. Timing, feel, confidence, and overthinking will all have
adverse effects on the hitters’ output. These problems exist in high doses for those
trying to incorporate new concepts that are contrary to a lifetime of bad habits. If
hitters are willing to go through a period of failure in hopes of eventually being
better, the results will be worth the wait. The J curve of performance represents
the hitter’s starting point and the decline that occurs when she begins to work
with the new technique. The hitter who is willing to take a risk and work hard
will see the numbers start to go back up and eventually surpass the old ones. This
period can range anywhere from three months to an eternity. The hitter needs to
make a choice. If she works hard and buys into the concepts, the turnaround time
can be fairly short. If she straddles the fence between old mechanics and new and
doesn’t put in the time, it could take years. The time when most hitters give up is
at the bottom of the J curve. They can’t deal with momentary failure and go right
back to their old habits. The downside of not taking the risk and trying the new
concepts is that the hitter will always have to ask the question, “What if I would
have bought into this?” Anyone who has experienced it knows that what-if is not
a good place to be. The better route is to take the risk and go for it. After all, the
greatest hitters in the world do it, so the new approach just might work.
NATURAL PROGRESSION
The hitter must follow a step-by-step process if she expects to be a great in-game
hitter. Part of that process is what we refer to as the natural progression. Here is
what it looks like:
1. Visualization
2. Dry swings
3. Tee work
4. Front toss
5. Pitching machine
6. Batting practice (off live arm at batting-practice speed)
7. Live pitching
If a hitter gets through steps 1, 2, and 3 with mastery but fails at step 4, she can’t
expect to be able to jump to step 7 and be successful. The natural progression must
be followed until conclusion if a hitter wants to see game-time results.
This concept mostly applies to hitters who are working on a particular mechani-
cal adjustment, but it also applies to hitters who just don’t have the kind of in-game
results they’re looking for. As coaches, we often submit advice to hitters and then
expect them to implement it immediately off live pitching. That approach can
work, but more times than not, hitters need to go through all seven steps to see
where they fall short. When they get to that problematic step, they should stay
there until they get it right. After that happens, they should move to the next step
of the natural progression and continue to the end.
COACHING DIFFERENT TYPES OF HITTERS

All hitters are not the same, nor should they be coached the same. All accomplished
hitters have some truths and absolutes in common, but they fall into different cat-
egories that require different coaching approaches. By tailoring our coaching to
the hitter, we can maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses, depending on the
particular skill sets that she brings to the table. Hitters can fall into one or more
categories. Regardless, knowing the type of hitter we are coaching is a key aspect in
getting the most out of the talent we’ve been given. Let’s look at those categories
Singles and Doubles Hitter

Besides hitting primarily singles and doubles, this type of hitter generally hits for
a high average and usually strikes out less than the doubles and home run hitters.
We won’t get much power from hitters of this type, but their contribution is vital in
getting on base and creating RBI opportunities for the power hitters in the lineup.
When coaching this type of player, emphasizing line drives and ground balls
is the key. Because these hitters lack power, the last thing we want them doing is
popping up or missing underneath pitches on a regular basis.
In addition, shortening up with two strikes is important to these hitters because
doing so allows them to put more balls in play, which results in more base hits.
Batting practice for hitters of this type should be focused on eliminating fly balls
and pop-ups.
Doubles and Home Run Hitter

These are your power hitters. Although they hit singles on occasion, these hitters
have power and should be looking for pitches that they can drive in the air. When
coaching power hitters, encourage them to hit line drives and fly balls rather than
balls on the ground. Ground balls will happen, but if power hitters are going to
miss, they should miss underneath the ball to maximize their role in your lineup.
Also, the doubles and home run hitters in most cases should not shorten up with
two strikes to put the ball in play. Over the course of a season, taking their regular
swings in two-strike counts will add many home runs and doubles that otherwise
would not happen. Certainly, by taking this approach the power hitter will strike
out more often, but that goes with the territory. In the end, the power hitter has a
vital role in a thriving offense, and we have to take the good with the bad.
The ideal candidate for making the change from singles and doubles hitter to
doubles and home run hitter would be the bigger and slower hitter who hits the
ball hard but mostly on a line or on the ground. Making the change will allow them
not only to hit more home runs but also to hit into fewer double plays. After all, if
we are looking for a singles and doubles hitter, we are better off getting someone
who has good speed who will offer better baserunning and more range on defense.
Therefore, the bigger and slower batters in the lineup should be thinking about
hitting for more power.
Encouraging this type of hitter to hit the ball in the air can often dramatically
increase the number of home runs that she can hit. I’ve seen players go from 1
or 2 home runs a year to 20 or more in a season by simply taking on the basic
approach of hitting more balls in the air.
Pull Hitter
First, the word pull must be defined. The pull side of the field for a right-handed
hitter is from center field to the left-field foul line. For left-handed batters, pull-
ing the ball means anything hit from center field to the right-field foul line. Pull
hitters should make sure to set their feet in the batter’s box close to the plate. By
doing so, any pitch that is thrown over the plate will be close and inside enough
for the batter to pull. Pitches that appear to be outside and would need to be hit
to the opposite field are likely balls off the plate that don’t need to be swung at.
In breaking this down further, the right-handed pull hitter should think about
hitting the pitch on the outside corner up the middle, the pitch down the middle
to left center, and the pitch on the inner half to left field. Just the opposite is true
for a left-handed hitter. As discussed later in the section “Having a Plan,” it is dif-
ficult for any hitter at any level to hit the entire plate, but this is the general idea
that a pull hitter can apply.
Because of physics, pulling the ball for power is much easier than hitting for
power to the opposite field. As a result, this approach is worth considering for the
player whom we think could hit for more power. Keep in mind that pull hitters
have to hit the ball farther out front, so they need to make their decision to swing
earlier. The earlier they have to decide, the more mistakes they will make. Batting
average can and will be lower, but power numbers usually become significantly
better. The coach has to decide what is in the best interest of the player and the
team.
Opposite-Field Hitter
Historically, these hitters hit for the highest batting average. By letting the ball
get deep in the zone and seeing it longer, the opposite-field hitter can make better
decisions. In addition, the opposite-field hitter usually hits the inside or middle of
the ball. Both approaches contribute to producing firmly hit balls.
Hitters who try to pull the ball often hit the middle or outside of the ball. When
they are a little early, they hit the outside of the ball, resulting in weakly hit ground
balls to their pull side. The opposite-field hitter eliminates that variable by hitting
the inside or middle of the ball, which results in a higher batting average.
To maximize their ability, opposite-field hitters should get off the plate far
enough to allow every pitch that is a strike to be away or outside to them. Now,
all pitches that can be hit hard to the opposite field are strikes. Anything that feels
inside or needs to be pulled should be a ball, so the batter can take the pitch.
In breaking down plate coverage for the opposite-field hitter, a right-handed
hitter should hit the ball on the inside corner up the middle, the ball down the
middle to right-center field, and the ball on the outside corner to right field. Just
the opposite applies to the left-handed hitter. Again, few hitters at any level can hit
the entire plate, but this is the general thought process of the opposite-field hitter.
The down side to being an opposite-field hitter is that hitting for power is
harder than it is for the pull hitter. In short, the coach has to decide whether a
hitter is best suited for batting average or power numbers. Opinions vary on this
topic, but going with the hitter’s strengths and natural tendencies is preferable to
creating something that is unnatural for the hitter.
Gap-to-Gap Hitter
Ideally, hitters would strive to be in this category. Gap-to-gap hitters keep the
ball in the middle of the field, from the left-field gap to the right-field gap. Most
coaches will tell you that the best hitters are the ones who often hit the ball right
back at them when they are throwing batting practice. This category of hitter can
be a singles and doubles hitter or a doubles and home run hitter.
Inside-Out Hitter
Whether the ball is outside, down the middle, or inside, these hitters try to keep
the barrel way behind the hands at contact and hit the ball to the opposite field.
Inside-out hitters are singles and doubles hitters because hitting for power with
this approach is physically impossible. With the barrel dragging behind and the
top hand never releasing fully, power is sacrificed for the ability to hit the inside
of the ball. This hitter will generally stand at normal width to the plate or on the
plate to ensure coverage of the outer half of the strike zone and to hit the ball the
other way.
GENERAL CONCEPTS
ON THE MENTAL SIDE OF HITTING
Players lift weights for hours each week. They condition religiously, and they hit
until their hands bleed. They are building muscles in preparation to be the best
players they can be. But the most important muscle that they should be trying to
strengthen is the brain. “Hitting is 90 percent mental,” they say. Then why do we
only practice and teach it 5 percent of the time? Here are some simple but effec-
tive mental concepts that will help develop the hitters’ brains.
Having a Plan
Hitters should have a plan about what pitches they want to hit. When hitters
don’t have a plan, they generally take the approach of swinging at every strike
they see regardless of the count. That type of thinking usually results in a whole
lot of contact and few well-hit balls. This approach is otherwise known as hitting
the entire plate.
Hitters can apply two basic principles in formulating a plan. First is pitch type
(rise, drop, and so on). Second is location (in, out, up, down). Hitters can choose
either or both of those criteria to develop their plans. For example, if the hitter
prefers pulling the ball, she can choose only the location criteria and look for an
inside pitch that she can pull. Nothing more, nothing less. If the pitch is a strike
on the outer half of the plate, it’s OK to let it go. Yes, the hitter can put it in play
but probably without much authority.
A more in-depth plan for the same hitter would be to look not only for a ball
to pull but also for a rise ball up in the strike zone that she can pull and hit in the
air. Now the hitter is combining both pitch type (rise) and location (up and in) to
formulate her plan. She should take any pitch that doesn’t match those criteria.
Obviously, many combinations of those factors can determine a hitter’s plan for
that particular pitch or at bat. Much of that plan is a result of knowing what types
of pitches the batter hits well and what type of pitcher she is facing. Each hitter
has tendencies that will influence those decisions. A critical aspect of having a plan
is understanding the count. The fewer strikes a batter has, the smaller the hitting
zone should be. With each strike, that zone should expand. After the batter gets
two strikes, she obviously has to swing at every strike thrown.
Another criterion that will influence the hitter’s approach is the caliber of pitcher
she is facing. Generally, the less accomplished the pitcher is, the pickier the hitter
can be. After all, bad pitchers shouldn’t be able to strike out the hitter, so getting
into a two-strike count isn’t much of a worry.
At times a hitter needs to do away with a detailed plan and be aggressive on
every strike thrown, such as when she is facing a high-caliber strikeout pitcher.
If the odds say that the hitter will strike out, then she needs to defy those odds
by getting in three good hacks in every at bat. If every hitter in the lineup takes
that approach, they may put a few balls in play and scratch out a run or two. That
result is the best to be hoped for against exceptional pitchers and is far better than
striking out.
The hitters who are most susceptible to not sticking with a plan are those who
have great eye–hand coordination and an unhealthy fear of striking out. That com-
bination generally results in far too many poorly hit balls that are easy to defend.
Don’t be confused; being a good contact hitter has its benefits, but over the course
of a season trying to hit every strike thrown will hurt the numbers across the board.
In addition, a plan can change from game to game, from at bat to at bat, or
from pitch to pitch. The hitter and pitcher are involved in a constant game of cat
and mouse. The hitter just needs to make sure that she is the smarter of the two!
Visualization
Most great hitters practice visualization, although many of them don’t do it pur-
posefully. Instead, they engage in visualization because of their love for the game.
They dream of big hits, of great at bats, and whether they know it or not, the
process helps their game immensely. Multiple studies have shown that visualiza-
tion is almost as good as the physical act itself.
It has been said that what the mind can perceive, the body can achieve. There-
fore, hitters who use visualization can be more prepared than those who don’t
use the skill. A couple of important aspects of visualization are always to visualize
good swings and hard contact and to include as many details as possible (colors,
sounds, smells, feelings, and so on).
Believing
As coaches, we need to convey the message that nothing will produce more hits
than belief in oneself. Coaches, parents, and friends will all let the player down
at some point relative to their belief in her as a hitter. But the hitter must always
remain confident in herself no matter how bad it gets. Doing this is far from easy.
All hitters have experienced the slumps and struggles associated with hitting, and
it’s a lonely place to be. Those who can stay confident regardless of the situation
will have better success than those who can’t. Some call it being cocky, and others
call it confidence. Either way, feeling that way is OK. Players don’t have to tell
others how they feel because most people are turned off by that type of attitude.
But make no mistake; hitters need it to be successful at any level.
In-Game Mental Hitting Progression

Coaches: Give this handout to your hitters for an in-game mental approach
to hitting.
In the dugout
• What does the pitcher have (up, down, change, and so on)?
• What does she like to throw when she is ahead? What does she throw
when she is behind?
• How does she pitch hitters similar to you (right-handed or left-handed,
power hitter, slapper, and so on)?
• Formulate your plan from those criteria.
In the hole
• Put your helmet and batting gloves on and get your bat out.
• Stretch.
On deck
• Time and swing with each pitch.
• Anticipate situations and signs that you may be given.
In the batter’s box

• Get comfortable.
• Think positive thoughts.
• Use a “Yes, yes, no” approach.
• Between pitches, adjust your plan as needed.
(continued)
In-Game Mental Hitting Progression (continued)
After a good at bat

• Leave it alone.
What is a good at bat?

• Hit the ball hard.
• Saw the ball well.
• Swung at good pitches.
• Took bad pitches.
• Had good timing.
• Had good mechanics.
• Saw a lot of pitches.
• Felt good.
After a bad at bat, remove emotion from the experience and ask yourself
three questions:
• What was I trying to do?
• What went wrong?
• What do I want to do next time?
Remind yourself of some simple truths if you fail:

• My emotions aren’t telling me the truth.
• I am a great hitter.
• I wouldn’t be here if I weren’t capable.
• I have done this hundreds of times before.
• The best hitters in the world fail 7 times out of 10.
• The best hitters in the world have all struck out and had major slumps.
• I’m one hit away from being happy again.
• Seasons are long; grind it out.
• My hitting doesn’t define me or my worth as a person.
PRACTICE COACHING VERSUS GAME COACHING

Practice is for the coach, and the game is for the players. In other words, we teach,
coach, and critique as often as we want to during practice, but when game time
rolls around, we have to let go. We can suggest adjustments at times during a game,
but generally we want our players to react instinctively as often as possible. When
in doubt, get out of their way.
FINAL THOUGHTS
As much as has been covered on the topic of hitting, much remains to be discussed.
Anyone who has played this game much at all knows that there is no such thing
as the perfect swing. No magic pill can transform an average hitter into a great
one. Talent, preparation, persistence, determination, attention to detail, and the
ability to stay loose and relaxed when it’s all on the line are what win in the end.
Players should commit themselves to mastering the absolutes even when it
doesn’t feel right, even when it’s not working at the moment. The best hitters
in the world look identical at those key positions. Hitters need to keep grinding
those absolutes until they own them. Technology has given us the gift of seeing
these truths with our own eyes, and players need to take advantage of that new
knowledge. Second, hitters should experiment with styles every time they practice.
They can imitate great hitters and let themselves dream, just as little kids have
done for decades playing Wiffle ball in the backyard. Players can stand like their
idols and emulate the best. A brief experiment or small adjustment may make all
the difference. And above all, nothing will produce more hits than believing in
oneself. To have a fighting chance, players need to believe in themselves when no
one else does.
CHAPTER
15
Developing Your Pitching Staff
E r ica Beach
Pitching is something that I have been passionate about all my life. I have gone
through many phases in my pitching and coaching career, but spreading the love
and knowledge of pitching is what I enjoy the most. The bottom line is that I
am constantly working to improve myself so that I can give back to pitchers and
coaches what I was given throughout my life.
Not every pitching coach was a pitcher in his or her career, but I highly rec-
ommend that all coaches try the skills they teach. When I work coaching clinics
I ask coaches to stand up and physically attempt to snap or do body-positioning
drills. Coaches respond positively to this because they have never tried to do their
own drills. You don’t have to be a skilled pitcher to get the feeling that each drill
involves, but you do need to understand how to communicate with your pitchers.
I have learned throughout my coaching career that every pitcher learns and
interprets what you say differently. I have come up with dozens of terms and say-
ings for various solutions to mechanical errors that occur in the pitching motion.
All you need is for one of those terms to click for the pitcher, and suddenly she
can make the change.
Developing a pitching staff takes time, patience, and a plan. I work primarily
in phases with the pitching staff. These phases are breaking down mechanics,
learning the art of deception, building consistency, preparing for game situations,
and using dynamic workouts. These phases are further broken down using drills
and lessons. When you finish this chapter, I hope that you will feel prepared and
confident to take your pitchers to the next level.
PROGRESSION
The first thing I want to discuss is the progression I use to train pitchers. The
progression is used to help transfer everything from drills to full motion. If you
have ever had a pitcher do something perfectly from half distance and then lose
the skill when she gets to full motion from full distance, this approach will help
you. Most coaches and pitchers move too quickly to full motion without preparing
properly. Most pitchers are effective at making changes from close distance and
185
using only part of the motion, but when they

move to full distance and full motion, they are
unable to transfer the skill. The progression
helps a pitcher relate each mechanic to her
full-motion movement by moving back at a
slower pace. The following are the steps in the
progression:
1. Wrist snap: 5 to 8 feet (1.5 to 2.5
m) from the catcher using very little
arm swing while standing sideways, or
“open.”
2. Curtsey position: 10 to 14 feet (3 to
4 m) from the catcher with both arms
swinging to four o’clock and eight
o’clock while in the open position
(figure 15.1).
3. T-position: 14 to 20 feet (4 to 6 m)
from the catcher with both arms in the
T-position while in the open position
(figure 15.2). FIGURE 15.1 Curtsey position.
4. Power position: 20 to 35 feet (6 to 10.5 m) from the catcher with the pitch-
ing arm slightly curved over the head and the glove arm pointing toward
the target or slightly higher while in the open position (figure 15.3).
FIGURE 15.2 T-position. FIGURE 15.3 Power position.

Developing Your Pitching Staff 187
5. Power position with legs: 30 to 35

feet (6 to 10.5 m) from the catcher
still in the open position but now
adding a step and drag while working
from the power position.
6. Superman position: 30 to 35 (6 to
10.5 m) feet from the catcher having
both arms pointing toward the
catcher while the feet are still in the
open position (figure 15.4).
7. Superman position with legs: 30 to
35 (6 to 10.5 m) feet from the catcher
still in the open position but now
adding a bigger stride and quicker
drag into the superman position
(figure 15.5).
8. Superman with swing position:
30 to 35 feet (6 to 10.5 m) from the
catcher with both arms swinging down
from the superman position and feet FIGURE 15.4 Superman position.
still in the open position (figure 15.6).
9. Superman with swing position using legs: 30 to 35 feet (6 to 10.5 m)
from the catcher still in the open position but adding legs to the superman
with swing position.
FIGURE 15.5 Superman position with FIGURE 15.6 Superman with swing
legs. position.
The most important aspect of the progression is having the pitcher step back
gradually so that she can feel how each spot in the progression is linked together.
Using the full progression, you are working from the bottom up, or backward. If
your pitcher moves to the next position and loses it, then move her back to the
previous position and let her get the feel back before moving on to the next step. You
have to be patient while using this progression and not rush your pitcher through
each step. If she does not grasp the concept of the skill that you are working on
at one position, do not let her move on until she is able to perform at that spot.
The most crucial position is the power position. If a pitcher can grasp a mechanic
at the power position, then she will usually feel the power position during the
positions that follow. When you move from the power position to superman, the
verbiage I would use is “Get to power, and then finish the drill.” This is the key
to a pitcher’s ability to relate mechanics to her full motion. If you can make your
pitcher feel her power position during her full motion, she should be able to do
any mechanic or drill that you are working on.
BREAKING DOWN MECHANICS

Pitchers join your team in many different conditions. Some will have only minor
flaws, whereas others may need a complete renovation. No matter what type of
pitcher you have, the first step is to identify her key mechanical errors. Some of
the common flaws that pitchers develop are the following:
1. Power line problems: One or multiple parts of her body are moving in a
direction away from the intended target.
2. Lack of leg drive: The pitcher may only step out from the mound or is
lazy when pushing off the rubber.
3. Snap issues: The pitcher snaps with her arm and not with her wrist and
fingers.
4. Body positioning issues: Her body is at an awkward angle at release or at
some point of her motion.
Let’s address ways to correct these common pitching problems.
Power Line Problems

The first step is to make sure that a pitcher understands what the power line is
and why it’s important. The power line is the invisible line between the middle
of the pitcher’s body and the intended target. On vertical pitches, fastballs, and
change-ups, you need to help the pitcher locate her pitches on the inside and
outside corners. The three most important things that must remain on the power
line during the motion are the stride, arm circle, and glove.
The next thing that you need to do is have your pitcher throw fastballs down
the middle to determine whether she is staying on her power line. You can draw
a power line in many ways. There are countless pitching mats with power lines
painted on them, you can use a string or chalk, and the easiest method is just to
draw a line in the dirt. Make sure that her stride, arm circle, and glove are staying
as close to the power line as possible.
Lack of Leg Drive

Leg drive is an important part of the pitching process, mostly because it builds
energy that should transfer into the snap. The following drills can help improve
leg drive. If your pitcher is not using her legs, meaning that she is just stepping
off the mound and not creating much momentum, you can do a few drills to help
her begin to incorporate her bottom half into her motion.
Walk, Jog, Run-Through

Objective
To help develop an understanding of momentum and train the legs to be explosive.
Setup
The pitcher starts a few feet (a meter) behind the rubber and walks forward into
her motion.
Execution
When her drive foot hits the rubber, the pitcher should go quickly into her motion.
She will feel the momentum going into her motion. Have her gradually speed up
every five pitches until she is running into her pitch. This will help quicken her tempo
and get her to push explosively off the mound. After a few of the run-through pitches,
have her get back on the mound like normal to see whether she can re-create the
momentum that she felt during the drills.
Load and Explode

Objective
To isolate the drive leg and work on explosion off the mound while taking away all
momentum from the motion.
Setup
The pitcher starts on the mound and bends forward so that all her weight is on
her front foot. Both arms should hang down by her ankles so that all her weight
is forward.
(continued)
Load and Explode (continued)
Execution
After your pitcher is in position, say, “Go.” She has to start her motion with no
negative movement. This means that no weight can go backward, and she can
use no back arm swing. This movement will isolate her drive leg and work on her
explosion off the mound. If she is having trouble getting out quickly and explosively,
then stand on her glove side and actually push her when you say, “Go.” She will
be off balance at first, but challenge her to explode out before you begin pushing,
to beat your hand.
One-Legged Pitching
Objective
To focus on the drive leg explosion while slowly adding momentum back into the
motion.
Setup
The pitcher stands on the mound on her drive foot with her glove leg off the ground.
This drill allows some negative movement and momentum.
Execution
Have your pitcher swing her glove leg back and then swing it forward to begin her
motion. The movement still emphasizes her drive leg, but it also allows her to build
some momentum and therefore lets her drive out even farther. Draw a line where
her foot is landing and challenge her to reach farther on each pitch.
Snap Issues
If you notice that your pitcher is long at her release point or is bending only at her
elbow, then she needs to work on snap. This is a common problem, and for some
pitchers creating great snap is one of the hardest problems to overcome. The big-
gest thing that inhibits snap is tension, so always make sure that your pitcher’s arm
is not locked or straight. Here are some drills to help improve your pitcher’s snap.
Towel Drill
Objective
To help your pitcher get the feel of a snapping or whipping movement toward the
end of her motion.
Setup
Have your pitcher grip the end of a hand towel.
Execution
Have your pitcher go through her motion from the power position and full motion,
focusing on whipping the towel down toward the ground. This action will help her
grasp the idea of being loose on the bottom half of her motion, which will help her
snap quicker.
Weighted Ball
Objective
To strengthen the fingers, wrist, and forearms using the resistance of the weighted
ball.
Setup
The pitcher starts about 4 or 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 m) from the catcher and stands in
an open, or sideways, position.
Execution
Allow your pitcher to use only her wrist and fingers to snap the weighted ball. This
action will isolate the snap and make her grip and forearm stronger. Although
pitchers should never use a weighted ball overhead or full speed, it’s a great tool
to work on quickening the snap. After she uses the weighted ball, have your pitcher
switch back to the regular ball and go through the same progression. Challenge
her to be even quicker with her snap.
Stop Drill
Objective
To help a pitcher feel the difference between the snap and the follow-through.
Setup
The drill can be done from any point in the progression, but the power position and
full distance with full motion is typical.
Execution
During this drill have your pitcher stop at her release point. I tell my pitchers to
pretend that a wall is in front of them and that the hand can’t go past it. Because of
the momentum of your pitcher’s arm, she will not be able to stop exactly at release
point, but she will definitely be able to feel her snap point. Challenge her to make
her snap as violent as possible.
Body-Positioning Issues
Body-positioning issues can lead to many other problems and should be one of
the first mechanical issues to be fixed. The most common body-positioning issue
is leaning forward during the motion. This issue will affect release point, leg drive,
and many other parts of the motion.
Drag and Push Back

Objective
To use resistance with the legs to enforce proper posture.
Setup
The pitcher starts in the open position and begins at the T-position.
Execution
Her upper body throws from the T-position, and her bottom half does the following:
1. Her plant foot lands.
2. Her plant leg stays strong and does not collapse.
3. Her drag foot drags hard into the figure four.
4. She resists on her front leg and pushes back.
5. Her drag foot falls back and lands back at its original position.
As your pitcher gets the hang of this, move her through the rest of the progres-
sion using the same lower-body mechanics.
ART OF DECEPTION
After your pitcher’s basic mechanics have been addressed, you can begin to teach
the moving pitches. I recommend teaching one pitch at a time and making sure
that your pitcher masters that pitch before moving on to a new one. Too many
pitchers out there have six or seven average pitches but have mastered none. I
prefer a pitcher to have three or four outstanding pitches that she can throw with
command and confidence.
Every pitcher should have the goal of being deceptive. She can achieve this by
doing several things—locating her pitches, changing speeds, and moving the ball.
A pitcher who uses a combination of these three tools can be extremely effective.
Locating Pitches
To hit locations with fastballs, change-ups, and vertical pitches, your pitcher must
make sure to move her stride, arm circle, and glove to each side of the power line.
One way to help your pitcher understand the idea of moving everything side to
side is to move a throw-down plate to the corner she is throwing to. After you
move the plate, tell your pitcher to throw at the plate as if it’s down the middle.
This visual helps to simplify the process of using the power line to hit locations.
Changing Speeds
Changing speeds is one of the most important aspects of pitching. Using either
a change-up or an off-speed pitch to break up the timing of the hitter not only
keeps the batter off balance but also makes the other pitches more effective. There
are countless ways to throw a change-up, but they all have one goal—to make the
hitter think that a faster pitch is coming by changing the speed without changing
the motion.
Most change-ups have a few commonalities, which include limiting snap, keep-
ing the fingers from pushing the ball at release, and using tension in the arm to
help slow the ball. Using a stiff wrist is a good way to take speed of the ball. If the
wrist is too loose, it will snap the ball, which will give it too much speed. In com-
bination with a stiff wrist, the fingers should not be behind the ball at the release
point. One of my favorite change-ups to start with is the horseshoe change-up.
It gets its name because the hand is in the shape of a horseshoe while gripping it.
A few key factors in making this pitch successful are locking the elbow, having
a stiff wrist, and making sure that the horseshoe is facing the catcher at release.
Locking the elbow is one way to eliminate speed. Having a stiff arm means that
the pitcher can keep her arm circle speed the same while eliminating the whip-
ping movement in her motion. The whipping movement adds speed, and with a
change-up we are trying to eliminate speed. Having a stiff wrist limits the snap
that gives the ball velocity. Finally, the horseshoe should face the catcher when the
pitcher releases the ball because it keeps the fingers from being behind the ball.
When the fingers are behind the ball at release, they push the ball faster, which
is the opposite of what we want. By having the horseshoe facing the catcher the
fingers are on the side of the ball, which makes it easier to release with minimal
snap and speed.
Another valuable tip for the change-up is to release the pitch a little farther
forward than the typical release point, which is usually at the hip. The pitcher
should feel her arm pull forward slightly and let the ball slide out of her hand at
that point. After the ball is released the arm should bend at the elbow. Make sure
that your pitcher has a straight stiff arm at release and doesn’t bend her arm too
soon. The bend should happen after the release, not during. Make sure that the
pitcher’s wrist never bends during the release, which should make the release feel
smooth.
If your pitcher is able to do all these things, the change-up should be about 10
to 20 mph (16 to 32 km per hour) below the speed of her fastball. The faster a
pitcher is, the bigger the difference in speed is needed.
Moving the Ball

The ability to move the ball is one of the pitcher’s most important tools. Every col-
lege pitcher needs to throw moving pitches effectively; therefore, younger pitchers
spend their careers developing these pitches. The fastball gradually decreases in
importance as a pitcher ages and the hitters improve. Eventually, it is phased out
completely and a pitcher is left with her moving pitches and change-up. The main
moving pitches are the curveball, screwball, riseball, and dropball.
Curveball
The curveball is a pitch that moves laterally through the zone. For a right-handed
pitcher it breaks away from a right-handed hitter, and for a lefty it breaks away
from a left-handed hitter. The spin should look like helicopter blades spinning
counter clockwise for a righty and clockwise for a lefty. The ultimate goal is to
have the pitch start on one side of the plate, break across the plate, and finish on
the opposite side. This is a common pitch to throw for a strike and is usually one
of the first pitches learned. One of the biggest problems with this pitch is that a
pitcher may not be able to make it break enough. Because the ball moves on the
same plane as the bat, it has to move really well to make it a pitch that doesn’t get
hit hard.
A common error with this pitch is the hand position at release. When letting go
of this pitch, the hand should be under the ball and the pointer finger should be
pushing on the outside of the ball to create that helicopter spin. If the hand is not
positioned under the ball, the spin can vary and therefore create odd movement
on the ball. Tell your pitcher to keep her palm to the sky and to make sure that
her follow-through stays at waist level. This action will help keep the hand at the
proper place at her release point so that the ball moves in the proper direction.
Screwball
The screwball moves in the opposite direction of the curveball. It breaks inside to
a right-handed batter from a righty pitcher and vice versa for a lefty pitcher. The
screwball is another great pitch to throw to establish the corner and throw for a
strike. The movement is not quite as sharp as a curveball, but the screwball is still an
effective moving pitch. The spin should be as close to a helicopter spin as possible,
although the spin will move in the opposite direction of the curveball. The basic
release of the screwball has the pitcher’s hand moving as if it is twisting a door-
knob, but the knob is actually on the ground at release point. The pitcher’s thumb
would “hitchhike out” below the waist. The palm should be facing the ground as
the pitcher’s thumb moves from the front of the ball into the hitchhiker position.
Here is a drill to help a pitcher understand the release better.
Football Drill
Objective
To help a pitcher understand the mechanics of screwball snap.
Setup
The pitcher kneels down with her pitching-hand-side knee on the ground and a
football with the point on the ground.
Execution
The pitcher grips the top point of the football and tries to spin it as quickly as she
can so that it spins on its end. Have your pitcher focus on moving the thumb out-
ward as quickly and violently as possible. The football should spin like a top on its
point. The drill will help your pitcher keep her hand in the proper position.
Another big thing with the screwball is body positioning. Make sure that your
pitcher is completely sideways when she is releasing this ball. If her hip moves
forward at all during release, the hand will be forced off the power line and the pitch
will break into the batter’s box. I tell my pitchers that to be in the correct position,
they should release the ball by the front of their quadriceps instead of their hip.
Riseball
The riseball is one of the most deceptive pitches in fastpitch softball. This pitch
makes fastpitch stand apart from baseball because the pitcher can make the ball
fight gravity and rise. This pitch takes a lot of time to develop, and the pitch must
have a certain amount of speed to make it possible for the ball to move upward.
If a pitcher’s ball still drops because of gravity, it will not be possible to make the
ball rise. But it is never too early to perfect the snap and spin, so when a pitcher
develops her speed, the riseball will be a natural pitch to throw. The riseball is a
fantastic pitch to throw to aggressive hitters and can be thrown in many counts.
Great pitchers are able to manipulate this pitch at different heights, which makes it
a difficult pitch to hit. If your pitcher can throw a rise lower in the zone, then this
pitch can be thrown in just about any count. If she is only able to throw it higher
in the zone, she may want to use it as a pitch to throw when ahead in the count.
An effective riseball looks like a strike halfway to the plate before the spin
causes the ball to move upward over the hitter’s bat. The spin needed to create
this movement is backward spin. The ball should spin as close as possible to six
o’ clock to twelve o’clock. To achieve this spin, the pitcher’s fingers must move
underneath the ball at the release point. Another key to the riseball is resistance.
Your pitcher must resist with her legs by landing on a firm front leg and pushing
back. She must also resist with her pitching shoulder by keeping it back and not
pulling forward at release. The final point of resistance is with the chest. Make sure
that the pitcher’s chest does not move forward at the end of her motion. These
three points of resistance will help ensure that your pitcher is in the proper posi-
tion during the release. If she pairs this with the proper finger position, she will
be well on her way to throwing a great riseball.
One problem that most pitchers face while learning the rise is body position.
Most pitchers have a hard time keeping their weight back and resisting. Here is a
simple drill that I like to do to help with this problem.
Knee Drill
Objective
To help a pitcher get the feeling of the resistance during the bottom half of her
motion.
Setup
The pitcher kneels down on her pitching-arm-side knee. Her body should be side-
ways, and her glove leg should be straight and extended toward the plate.
Execution
The pitcher throws riseballs first from the power position, using the straightened
front leg to feel the resistance. Throwing from this position will make it difficult for
the pitcher to lean forward or have poor body position during release. After she
masters the riseball from the power position, have her stay on her knee and do
the same drill using the full arm circle.
The closer the spin can get to straight backward revolutions and the tighter your
pitcher can make it, the sharper and better the break will be. A good riseball is a
devastatingly hard pitch to hit.
Dropball
The dropball is another bread-and-butter pitch that all pitchers should develop.
This pitch is usually one of the first pitches learned because pitchers of any velocity
can master it. The more your pitcher can make the ball break on the vertical plane,
the better the pitch will be. Hitting pitches with vertical movement is much more
difficult than hitting pitches with horizontal movement. The purpose of a dropball
is to look like a strike halfway to the plate and then drop below the hitter’s bat as it
approaches the hitting zone. The dropball can be used in almost any count, and if
your pitcher can adjust the starting height of the dropball and still spin it enough
to drop, it can be extremely difficult to hit. The dropball achieves its movement by
having straight up and down spin, rotating from twelve o’clock to six o’clock. The
spin should rotate over the top, in contrast to the backward spin of the riseball.
A dropball can be thrown in a couple ways. Some prefer to throw a rollover drop,
whereas others prefer to throw the peel drop. The snaps for these two versions
are different, although the fingers will be moving up the backside of the ball and
finishing over the top of the ball on both. The hand positioning is slightly differ-
ent on the release, but the result should be the same—straight up and down spin.
Another thing they have in common is body posture at the release point. During
the release, the pitcher should have her hips over her front foot, her chest over
her hips, and her head over her chest. Your pitcher should not bend at the waist
while releasing the ball. Naturally, some bend may occur following the release of
the ball, but make sure that she is standing tall during the snap. Here is a great
drill to work the movement of both versions of the dropball.
String Drill
Objective
To allow the pitcher to see where her ball is breaking and to help her work on
adjustments of height on the drop.
Setup
Run a string across the front of the plate. If your pitcher is in a cage, just tie the
string on both sides of the cage just below knee height and a few feet (a meter)
in front of the plate. I have also used tees as anchors to tie the string. Use your
imagination.
Execution
Have the pitcher throw the ball over the string and make the ball drop after it passes
the string. Adjust the height of the string to help the pitcher develop command of
the height of her dropball.
If a pitcher can throw a good dropball while hitting the corners and adjusting the
height of the pitch, then she will be a tough pitcher to face.
BUILDING CONSISTENCY
After you have identified and corrected any mechanical issues that your pitcher
has, you can begin to work her consistency. Consistency is the ability to throw
pitches effectively and under control to the location that the pitcher chooses on
command. Here are some drills to develop consistency in your pitchers.
Repetition Drills
Repetition is the first step in building consistency. By working pitches repeatedly,
a pitcher can begin to feel the difference between quality pitches and average ones.
She can then begin to learn to make adjustments from pitch to pitch.
In a Row
Objective
This drill challenges your pitcher’s consistency and mental toughness.
Setup
The pitcher throws from full distance to a catcher.
Execution
Have your pitcher throw to each of the four corners five times in a row using pitches
of her choice. The only rule I place on this drill is that no fastballs are allowed.
This requirement will make your pitcher focus on locating her moving pitches and
change-up. Most pitchers will struggle with this drill at first. If your pitcher is just
starting out, lower the number of times she must hit the spot. After she becomes
proficient at this drill, make her work on her weaker pitches or require one of the
pitches to be a change-up. You can change this drill in countless ways to challenge
your pitcher as she grows and improves.
Out of Ten
Objective
This drill emphasizes quality of pitches and holds your pitcher accountable for
each pitch she throws.
Setup
Execution
I challenge my pitchers to throw 10 of each pitch, and we keep track of how many
she hits out of 10. Sometimes I ask her to use a mix for 10 pitches, such as curve,
screw, rise, drop, and change twice through. Challenge your pitcher to reach 8 out
of 10 pitches to attain an adequate level of consistency.
Countdown Pitching
Objective
To add pressure and emphasize executing each pitch.
Setup
Execution
In this drill your pitcher starts by throwing 10 of a certain pitch. You can choose
what you would like her to throw. After she throws 10 good ones, she moves to 9
of another pitch. I like to mix the choices by being more specific. Instead of having
her throw 10 curveballs, I’ll have her throw 10 curveballs on an 0-2 count. Instead
of 9 riseballs, I’ll have her throw 9 low riseballs inside. Get creative with the choices
to keep your pitcher focused and engaged. For her last pitch, I usually let her do
pitcher’s choice. Here is what my countdown pitching might look like:
10 inside dropballs
9 screwballs for a strike
8 curveballs on an 0-2 count
7 low riseballs outside
6 alternate backdoor curves and curves for strikes
5 outside change-ups
4 outside dropballs
3 catcher’s choices on a 3-2 count
2 pitchouts to each side
1 pitcher’s choice
Adjustment Drills
Making adjustments from pitch to pitch is a challenging part of pitching. Being
able to execute pitches with all sorts of releases is something that pitchers need to
master. The following drills work on mixing pitches and making physical adjust-
ments for each pitch.
Opposites
Objective
To work on your pitcher’s ability to make adjustments from pitch to pitch.
Setup
Execution
Your pitcher alternates throwing pitches that move in opposite directions. I have
my pitcher do 5 or 6 of each pitch for a total of 10 to 12 for each set. Examples of
opposites are as follows:
◆◆ Curveball mixed with screwball
◆◆ Riseball mixed with dropball
◆◆ Fastball mixed with change-up

Sets
Objective
To work on throwing all the pitches and keeping track of the quality of pitches that
your pitcher is throwing.
Setup
Execution
Sets are five rounds of five pitches each during which the catcher keeps track of
how many quality pitches your pitcher throws. An example of the five-pitch sequence
I use is curve, screw, rise, drop, and change-up. You can cater it to your pitcher’s
repertoire however you like. The goal should start at 15 quality pitches out of 25,
but eventually your pitcher should be hitting 20 or more to be considered strongly
consistent. I also have pitchers sprint between the sets of 25. Have her do four to
six long sprints and jog back so that she is out of breath as the workout goes on.
This drill is good for pitchers who hit and have to pitch while out of breath from
running the bases.
Paint the Corners

Objective
To work on the accuracy of each pitch and make adjustments to hit specific locations.
Setup
For this drill we use a large rectangular colored plate. It has red in the middle, yellow
on the middle corners, green on the corners, black outside the corners, and brown
on the edges. The pitcher throws from full distance to a catcher.
Execution
I have our pitchers throw each of their pitches to the green, black, and brown
colors. They must hit one location to graduate to the next one. The target narrows
your pitcher’s focus to a smaller area and helps her visualize where the pitches
must end up.
Every Other Pitch

Objective
The pitcher makes adjustments from pitch to pitch while still throwing a large
number of repetitions of a pitch that we are focusing on.
Setup
Execution
I often have my pitchers throw a change-up or another pitch that they are working
on only on every other pitch. Sometimes when a pitcher works many repetitions,
especially on the change-up, her motion begins to change, which can throw her
off. Mixing every other pitch keeps my pitchers honest with their motions.
Endurance and Conditioning Drills

Endurance and conditioning are a huge component of pitching. Both cardiovascular
conditioning and arm endurance are important for the longevity of your pitcher.
The better conditioned your pitcher is, the longer she will last in games and the
more effective she will be deeper into the season. Here are some drills to train both.
Cycle Pitching
Objective
To work on executing pitches while fatigued. Will boost cardiovascular health and
mental focus.
Setup
The pitcher throws from full distance to a catcher. You can use a jump rope, cones,
a medicine ball, or a balance ball as equipment for the agilities.
Execution
Your pitcher throws five pitches of your choice; after she finishes her pitches, she
does a round of agilities of your choosing. Each round of pitching and agilities is
a cycle. You can have her do as many or as few cycles as you want. An example
of a Cycle Pitching workout is as follows:
1. Five pitches and then 30 body-weight squat jumps
2. Five pitches and then 50 mountain climbers
3. Five pitches and then a one-minute plank
4. Five pitches and then 25 up-downs
5. Five pitches and then 15 push-ups
6. Five pitches and then 100 jumping jacks
7. Five pitches and then 100 jump ropes
8. Five pitches and then 30 medicine ball slams
The pitcher should begin to get fatigued. After this happens, put more empha-
sis on the quality of her pitches. This drill will challenge her mentally as well as
physically.
One-Minute Drill
Objective
This drill is a great way to boost pitch count, improve mental toughness, and
develop arm endurance.
Setup
The pitcher stands about 30 to 35 feet (9 to 10.5 m) from the catcher in the open,
or sideways, position. The catcher stands up for this drill.
Execution
For this drill your pitcher throws as many pitches as she can in one minute. This is
a good drill to use either at the beginning of practice or after a long workout. Here
are a few variations of the drill.
Two-Ball
For this variation the pitcher and catcher each have a ball. The pitcher and catcher
pitch and throw the ball at the same time. The goal is to have the ball pop each
glove at the same time. When the pitcher catches the ball, she should transfer the
ball to her pitching hand as fast as possible and then go quickly into the upswing
of her motion. Any negative arm swing takes too long, so push your pitcher to be
as quick as possible. In Two-Ball the goal is more than 45 pitches.
Three-Ball
This version starts with the pitcher having one ball in her glove and another in her
hand. The catcher starts with a ball in her throwing hand. The pitcher begins by
throwing a pitch. After the catcher receives the ball, she snap throws the ball in her
throwing hand back to the pitcher, who has transferred the ball from her glove to her
pitching hand. After the pitcher receives the ball from the catcher, she moves directly
into the upswing of her motion. The goal for Three-Ball is more than 35 pitches.
Run-Through
This variation has the pitcher starting from a few steps behind the pitching rubber
with one ball. The pitcher runs into her pitch and goes full motion. The catcher
snap throws the ball back to her. The pitcher catches it, runs back to her starting
spot, and repeats. The goal for this version is 15 pitches.
Circuit Training
Objective
To increase the pace in pitching practice and have your pitcher throw while fatigued.
Setup
This drill is useful if you have more pitchers than catchers on staff. Have each
mound in your bullpen represent a different drill if possible and have one or two
agility stations as well. The pitchers throw at each mound for four to five minutes.
After the time is up, everyone rotates and begins the next round at the next station.
Execution
An example of the stations is as follows:
Mound 1—Speed work; the pitcher throws fastballs as hard as she can the
entire time, working on quicker tempo, leg drive, and snap.
Mound 2—Every other pitch is a change-up; the pitcher focuses on selling her
motion by making sure that it looks the same as the motion for her other
pitches.
Mound 3—Opposites.
Agility 1—Body-weight squats.
Agility 2—Rotator cuff band work.
Sprint to the Catcher

Objective
To work your pitcher’s cardiovascular health.
Setup
Execution
Have your pitcher throw any pitch she’d like from the mound. When the catcher
receives the ball, she drops to her knees and holds the ball out in front of her.
The pitcher sprints to the catcher, takes the ball from her, and sprints back to the
mound to throw again. I usually have players do sets of five to seven of these in a
row. After a break, have her do another round.
PREPARING FOR GAME SITUATIONS

After you have worked on a pitcher’s consistency and endurance, you can begin to
put extra pressure on her and prepare her to face the challenges that she may face
in games. There are many ways to train for game situations and game mentality.
Some of the things that I focus on are mental toughness, pressure pitching, situ-
ational drills, and challenge-based drills. These aspects are all key parts of preparing
a pitcher to be her best during games.
Building Mental Toughness

Mental toughness is the key ingredient to an outstanding pitcher. Among a group
of pitchers who have the same physical attributes, styles, pitches, and mechan-
ics, the one who has the best mental approach will usually end up being a better
performer in games. Pitching is one of the most mentally demanding positions
in fastpitch softball. A pitcher needs to perform her best around 100 times per
game, which means that she has 100 chances to fail. The position is not for the
weak minded because the pressure can be overwhelming at times. Here are some
ways that I teach mental toughness to my pitchers.
Mullet Theory
The mullet theory is something I came up with during my playing days in col-
lege as a way for me to show my personality on the mound yet maintain focus.
For those of you who have seen a mullet, you know the saying, “Business in front,
party in the back.” Whenever a pitcher’s back is facing the plate, which represents
“party in the back,” she has a chance to collect herself, talk to her teammates, and
prepare herself to attack the next pitch. When the pitcher turns toward the plate,
everything should be business. Her only focus should be the mound or the catcher.
Anything else is a distraction. The party in the back allows a pitcher to have her
personality on the mound, whether it is intense, relaxed, or whatever. After a pitcher
turns around though, she has to clear her mind completely and think only about
making the next pitch her best.
Confidence and Trust

A pitcher needs to feel confidence in her pitches and trust in her pitching coach.
She builds her confidence in her preseason workouts when she learns to command
her pitches. If you help prepare her, she will trust what you say in games and trust
your pitch calling as well. Being a part of her preseason pitching workouts and
getting a feel for which pitches she most trusts is helpful. Have an open line of
communication with your pitcher about what is feeling good each day and how
to correct problems when they occur. I have always given my pitchers the right
to shake off any pitch I call, and we always talk after every inning about the pitch
calling, how her various pitches are feeling and moving, and how we can continue
to get better.
Pressure Pitching
I like to make workouts as hard and as mentally draining as possible some days
so that when the pitcher gets to game day, it’s easier and she can look forward to
it. Pressure pitching is a way to incorporate mental toughness into workouts and
prepare pitchers for the pressures of the game.
Pressure Pitching
Objective
To add pressure to workouts and to make sure that your pitcher is focusing on
every pitch she throws.
Setup
Execution
In this drill your pitcher throws a six-pitch sequence. If she throws fewer than five
excellent pitches during the sequence, she has to do sprints or agility exercises.
I put my pitchers through about 10 rounds of this drill to make them mentally and
physically tired.
Situational Drills
I use the following drills to help prepare pitchers for situations that they may face
in a game. We work on making adjustments in practice so that if the need arises in
a game, the pitchers feel prepared. If they face a tough situation in the game, they
will feel as if they have been there before. Therefore, they will be more confident
that they will succeed in game situations.
Umpire Drill
Objective
To make sure that the pitcher is able to adjust when an umpire’s zone may be dif-
ferent from what the pitcher is used to.
Setup
Execution
During this drill we simulate an umpire who takes away a certain side of the plate
or tightens the zone overall. We have our pitcher simulate live batters with a zone
missing, and we see how she adjusts her pitches. The drill also helps the staff
learn when to throw to that zone and when to stay away from it.
Batter Movement
Objective
To prepare pitchers for the instance when batters move around the box. If a batter
moves from the very front to the very back of the batter’s box, pitches must begin
to break at a different point.
Setup
The pitcher throws from full distance to a catcher. The catcher moves from the back
of the catcher’s box (about 3 feet [1 m] behind the plate) to as close to the plate as
possible to replicate a batter’s move from the back to the front of the batter’s box.
Execution
Have your pitcher practice throwing her moving pitches when a batter is both in
the front and in the back of the box. This adjustment happens many times in a
game, and most pitchers never train this skill. Your pitcher will need a few rounds
to learn how to make the adjustment. The main adjustment when doing this drill
is the release point. Have your pitcher vary her release point to see how it affects
the pitch.
Challenge-Based Drills
To keep workouts interesting and competitive, I like to incorporate challenge-based
drills into some of our workouts. These drills are a fun way to add intensity and
toughness to your pitching staff’s workouts.
Horse
Objective
To create an atmosphere of competition in the bullpen between pitchers while
keeping it fun.
Setup
The pitchers throw from full distance to a catcher. You must have more than one
pitcher for this drill.
Execution
Have one pitcher start the rotation and call a pitch and location that she plans on
hitting. If she hits that pitch and location, the other pitchers on the staff must do
the same. If she hits the spot, she is clear, but if she misses, she adds a letter. The
first person to spell horse or whatever word you choose loses.
How Many Pitches?

For this drill have your pitcher state how many pitches out of 10 she can hit. Each
pitcher wagers who can hit the most. If another pitcher accepts the challenge, then
that pitcher must hit the stated number of pitches. If she succeeds, she gets to pick
a punishment for the rest of the staff. (We usually make this a fun punishment for
laughs rather than a real punishment.) If she fails at the task, then the rest of the
staff comes up with a fun punishment for her.
BUILDING DYNAMIC WORKOUTS

Building dynamic workouts is a matter of organizing the drills I have explained
in different ways. You can use countless combinations of drills and exercises to
keep your pitcher engaged. During the off-season I like to do a few medium-level
workouts each week with one easy workout and at least one medium-hard workout
mixed in. During preseason I turn up the pitch count to build arm endurance. At
this point in the year, I do more medium-hard workouts with medium workouts
mixed in and one hard workout. During these weeks we throw five days of the week
and mix in two off days. During the season we no longer use the hard workouts
and stick to medium and easy workouts. The following are examples of workouts
of different difficulty:
Intensity—Easy
Warm up all pitches with regular ball
Long toss
5 of each pitch
Two sets of 25 (50 jumping jacks in between)
3 × One-Minute Drill, all Three-Ball
Running: 10 short sprints (60 feet [18 m])
Intensity—Medium
Warm up
Umpire Drill—the pitcher throws 10 pitches with the “umpire” taking away
a location
Opposites—4 × each pitch
6 of each pitch—every other pitch, the batter goes from the front of the box
to the back, so the pitch should be a drop with the batter in the front and
the next should be another drop with the batter in the back, and vice versa
5 × Sprint to the Catcher drill
Intensity—Medium-Hard
Warm up
Countdown Pitching—the pitcher must hit all 10 before she can go to the 9
pitches. She throws the number of pitches listed. For example, she throws 10
of her best control pitches. Ideally, she needs only 10 to 12 pitches to move
on to 9. She then throws 9 up and ins and so on.
10 best control pitches
9 up and ins
8 low and outs
7 change-ups
6 up and outs
5 backdoors
4 black zone curveballs
3 weakest pitches
2 low riseballs for strikes
1 pitcher’s choice
5 pitches focusing on leg drive
5 pitches focusing on arm whip on the back and bottom of the motion
5 pitches focusing on wrist snap and finishing
Call the Pitch Drill (pitchers take turns calling the pitch that everyone will
throw) × 50 pitches
Running: Indian run × 5 laps, 300 abs any way
Intensity—Hard
Warm up
5 × each spot in row. If she misses, she starts over. She can use any pitch she
wants.
Cycle Pitching—five pitches and then each agility for one minute
Jumping or exercise stations:
Mountain climbers
High knees in place
Low squat held in place for one minute
Side lunges, stay down for 5 seconds then switch
Squat jumps (if a player has knee issues, just body weight squats)
Jumping jacks
Horse
2 × One-Minute Drill, Two-Ball
2 × One-Minute Drill, Walk-Through
Running: 50 yards (45 m) of each

1. High knee skipping
2. Butt kicks
3. High knees
4. Standing long jumps
5. Walking lunges
6. Side shuffles (switch directions halfway)
7. 80 percent run
8. 100 percent sprint × 10
Allow only a 15- to 20-second break between agilities.
FINAL THOUGHTS
If you incorporate the drills from this chapter into your workouts, your pitchers
will be challenged in different ways and will be more likely to stay engaged. They
will be challenged mentally and physically in different ways during every workout.
They will gain the strength, consistency, and confidence they need to become
more effective as pitchers.
Developing a pitching staff is no small feat, but if you take the time to get to
know the strengths and weaknesses of your staff, set goals, and put together a plan
to reach those goals, you and your pitchers will be successful.
CHAPTER
16
Developing Your Receiver
S tacey Nuvem an Deniz
Any fastpitch softball coach will tell you that the catcher is one of the most critical
players on the softball field. Having a top-tier pitcher is a coach’s first order of
business, but having a solid receiver behind the plate is a close second. A capable
catcher gives confidence to the pitcher and the rest of the players on the field and
is an integral part of a team’s defense.
Most often, a catcher’s physical skills are the primary measurement for how
effective she is behind the plate. Beyond the physical aspects, some other more
subjective abilities separate the good catchers from the great ones. Mastery of
the intellectual, mental, and emotional pieces of the catching puzzle makes for a
superb all-around catcher.
Notice that the title of this chapter is “Developing Your Receiver.” You might
think that the title of a chapter about catching should be “Developing Your
Catcher.” The reality is that a great catcher does much more than simply catch
the ball; great catchers are great leaders, great communicators, and great team-
mates. Not coincidently, some of the best coaches and managers in NCAA softball
and Major League Baseball are former catchers. No other position on the field
requires the diverse skill set that is required of a catcher. The physical side of
the position will beat up a player—hence the term the tools of ignorance—but the
intellectual, mental, and emotional aspects are what make the catching position
a unique challenge.
This chapter does not focus on the typical how-tos of catching; many fine
resources explain how to teach your catchers to block, field bunts, or throw down
to second base. This chapter focuses on the more abstract and less obvious compo-
nents to the catching position and implores you to analyze and possibly reconsider
how you train and develop your catchers.
PHYSICAL SKILLS
The foundation for a great catcher is her ability to handle the physical responsi-
bilities of the position. If a catcher cannot block pitches in the dirt, throw out base
runners, or frame pitches effectively, the potential for greatness is limited. The
211
physical skills must be mastered first. After the foundation is set, the remaining
skills can be taught and refined.
Like any other skill in softball, catching skills need to be practiced on a regular
or daily basis to take form. Ironically, however, most coaches admit that they do
not allot the same amount of practice time to their catcher’s workouts as they do
to any of the other defensive positions on the field. The irony in this is that the
catcher handles the ball second most on the field, only slightly less often than the
pitcher. For this reason alone coaches need to train their catchers daily to hone
their skills as well as build their confidence.
Framing
In terms of priority, many coaches spend significant time training their catchers on
their throwing and blocking. These two skills are critical aspects of the catching
position, but an important overlooked and undertrained skill is framing. Fram-
ing pitches is a subtle art and is often considered the next level of training your
receiver. Framing is not taking a pitch that is way out of the zone and jerking the
glove back into the strike zone; that action will not fool anyone. Framing is the
skill of making a ball look like a strike. Framing is not easy to do, and it may be
the most important skill that a catcher can possess.
Consider this: A catcher may be asked to throw out a potential base runner
somewhere between 25 and 50 times a season, but she will handle between 90 and
125 pitches in a game, and perhaps a quarter of those pitches will be borderline in
terms of being a strike or a ball. So roughly 25 times a game a catcher’s framing
skills can either positively or negatively affect the game. This simple math indicates
that spending time on the art of framing would benefit a team much more than
working on nearly any other catching skill. Being able to throw out base runners
is certainly critical to a team’s success, but framing pitches is something that most
coaches should work on more with their catchers.
Tennis Ball Framing

Objective
Begin the process of learning how to use body, as well as the hands, to frame
pitches.
Equipment
Catcher’s gear, tennis balls
Setup
The catcher begins in her receiving position with full gear on except no glove. The
throwing hand should be placed behind the back or next to throwing foot so that
it does not interfere.
Developing Your Receiver 213
Execution
The catcher begins to shift her weight slowly from side to side, emphasizing a
smooth transfer of weight. A coach or another player stands approximately 10 feet
(3 m) in front of the catcher and tosses a tennis ball on either side of the catcher
in the strike zone. The objective is for the catcher to catch the tossed ball with her
bare glove hand and frame the pitch using both her hand and her body.
Coaching Points
The ball should always finish facing home plate to help the catcher understand
the concept of getting around the ball when framing. The goal is for the catcher to
understand how to use her hand and body to frame borderline pitches subtly, to limit
jerky motions of the glove, and to use soft hands when receiving pitches. This drill
can progress from tennis balls and bare glove hands to gloves and real softballs.
Throwing
As with most athletic skills, there rarely is a singular way to teach a particular catch-
ing skill. Dozens of methods can work for a particular player or within a particular
system, but these may not work for others. One skill method in catching that has
recently begun to change is that more catchers are throwing to second from their
knees rather than popping up out of the catching squat and throwing from their
feet. Catchers as young as 12 years old are now trying to throw from their knees.
Throwing from the knees can be done effectively and efficiently, particularly
when the pitch is low or in the dirt. But some catchers who are throwing from their
knees do not have the necessary strength and are risking future arm injury and
generating insufficient velocity by performing the skill in this way. Coaches need
to be aware of the physical limitations of their players and not just follow a trend.
To inform the debate about the best way for a particular catcher to throw, the
indisputable method is to use a clock. Use a stopwatch and time your catcher from
both her knees and her feet. The clock will not lie, and any debate can be settled
quickly and fairly. Finally, remember that the best throw to second base is not only
quick but also, and more important, accurate! If a catcher cannot be accurate from
her knees, then it does not matter how fast she can throw it down. The throw must
be on target every time for the defense to have any opportunity to make the out.
The transition of the ball from glove to hand is generally where time can either
be lost or gained on the throw to second base. Many catchers think that throwing
hard is the answer, but the best way to improve on a glove-to-glove pop time is to
increase the speed of the transfer from glove to hand. Arm strength is one factor,
but a catcher with average arm strength can make up for lack of power with an
efficient transfer.
Glove Transfer for Speed

Objective
To increase the speed and efficiency of ball transfer from glove to hand.
Equipment
Catcher’s gear, softballs
Setup
The catcher starts in a receiving position with full gear and glove. A coach or
another player stands about 10 feet (3 m) from the catcher and has approximately
five softballs at hand.
Execution
One ball at a time but in quick succession, the coach tosses a pitch to the catcher
until all five balls have been used. The goal is for the catcher to receive the pitch,
quickly transfer the ball from glove to hand, get into throwing position, and then
drop the ball and return to the receiving position. One repetition of the drill includes
five transfers and should happen in approximately 15 seconds.
Coaching Points
We are training the speed and accuracy of the transfer, but we do not want the
catcher to rush! This is a fine line, and as Coach John Wooden would say, “Be
quick but do not hurry.” The transition should be rapid but under control so that the
catcher can ultimately focus on accuracy.
MENTAL SKILLS
As discussed earlier, the development of the complete catcher must be focused
on developing the physical game as well as the mental and emotional aspects of
the position. Coaches can prescreen the mental capacity of a catcher; the position
requires a significant amount of mental processing and cognitive skill, as well as
leadership capability. The best catchers in the game understand and recognize the
details within the game and have the confidence to communicate openly and hon-
estly with their teammates. All these qualities are not often found within the same
catcher, but the goal should be to develop the most well-rounded catcher possible.
Many of these skills are innate, but some can be taught or at least improved on.
Leadership
Every team craves leadership, and championships are often won or lost based on
the quality of the team’s leadership. A team’s field general does not have to be the
catcher, but a vocal catcher is a bonus for any team. The catcher is the only player
on the field who has a complete view of everyone else on defense, and she is close to
the dugout so she can communicate the direction being passed on by the coaches.
The best catchers are consistently giving reminders to the defense and provid-
ing constructive communication. Examples of constructive communication would
be the number of outs, confirming who is covering the bases on a steal, knowing
and communicating whether a particular defensive set is in place (e.g., whether
the first baseman is staying back on a bunt), which player has the cutoff on a ball
to the outfield, and so on. An endless number of possible scenarios may occur,
and the more your catcher is communicating, the better off the defense will be.
The other benefit of having a vocal catcher with good leadership skills is that
the catcher can become the team’s voice so that the players can keep their focus
on the field, where it belongs, rather than focusing on the dugout. As coaches our
ultimate goal ought to be to prepare our athletes to compete and then set them
loose. Players will never reach that goal if they play with one eye constantly on the
dugout, always looking for direction and instruction. Ideally, we are teaching our
athletes how to think the game as well as play the game. We want them to have a
sense of ownership over their play and their team. Great leaders on the field mean
that the players rely less on the dugout for direction.
Some catchers confuse leadership with being bossy; these traits are not the same.
Great leadership means having good timing and tact, and understanding the skill
of being a people person. Yelling at, berating, or embarrassing teammates, oppo-
nents, or officials is not good leadership. These points apply to both players and
coaches. Good leaders are firm and hold strong convictions, but they understand
that everyone does not and will not see things the way they see them, and they
are willing and able to adjust accordingly.
Leadership is a skill like any other. Some possess leadership innately, whereas
others need a lot of work to develop strong and positive leadership. Being positive
is key. No team needs a negative Captain Obvious pointing out all the ways that
a team is performing below standards; everyone on the team is keenly aware of
the ways that they are falling short. On the flip side, every team needs a positive
motivator, someone who keeps morale high, reminds everyone how great they
are, and pushes them never to be satisfied with being mediocre. The leader plays
a critical role on the team, and whoever fills that role should be a genuine and
positive influence.
On-Field Communication
Catchers are often given the responsibility of being the on-field communicator,
or on-field coach, who must be willing and able to direct the defense. A catcher’s
top priority is her communication with the pitcher, but the best catchers also
understand the importance of communicating with the rest of the infield and
the defense as a whole to create a defense that functions as one unit. Doubt and
uncertainty on the part of any defensive player can lead to missed plays, people
being out of position, and ultimately to defensive breakdowns.
There is no such thing as overcommunicating, as long as the communication
is informational in nature and not chatter. Communication is the responsibility
of every player on the field, but the catcher is often the player who ensures that
everyone in the infield is on the same page. A definitive voice from behind the
plate sets everyone else at ease and likely will minimize costly defensive mistakes.
A specific area in which many catchers could improve is helping make calls
after a ball has been hit to the outfield. Catchers often become spectators to the
play rather than active participants. The catcher needs to be aware of how hard
the ball has been hit, whether there are any lead base runners and how fast they
are, which outfielder has made the play, how strong the outfielder’s arm is, and
whether any cutoff is involved in the play. Having this awareness and being able
to manage all this information will help the catcher make quick and accurate calls
about where the ball should be thrown. Nothing is worse than throwing behind
a runner; heads-up base runners will advance almost every time. The catcher
who can communicate the proper calls can help a team avoid making the costly
mistake of throwing to the wrong base and giving an extra base to the runner or
even surrendering a run.
One way to practice on-field communication is to set up situations by having a
coach hitting fungo and using live base runners. Work the drills in rounds. During
round 1, only the middle infielders are allowed to make the call. Everyone else is
silent. During round 2, only the corner players are allowed to make the calls and
everyone else is silent. During round 3, the catchers make the calls while everyone
else is silent. Finally, during round 4, everyone is silent and no one is making the
calls. In this situation everyone has to use her softball sense to determine where
the play should be made, and no one becomes reliant on listening to someone else
for direction. This type of drill will help every player immensely in developing the
often-elusive softball sense.
Another specific communication portal on the field is between the catcher and
the umpire. The first rule for all catchers to remember is that most umpires want
to do a good job of calling balls and strikes. It is hard to imagine an umpire walking
out on to the field with the goal of blowing calls and having a bad day. Umpires
are human and make mistakes, and experience tells us that umpires often make
up for a poor call sometime later in the game. They might miss a pitch, but more
often than not they will swing the pendulum in your favor at some point.
Some catchers demonstrate the tactless habit of showing up an umpire after a
bad call, or a call that catcher or her coach perceives as bad. The catcher might
hold her glove for an extended time in an effort to let everyone in the stadium
know that the umpire missed the call. This strategy often backfires and ultimately
goes back to the point about giving the umpire the benefit of the doubt. Catchers
should show umpires respect; they are bound to return the favor. The advisable
strategy is to gain and keep a positive rapport with umpires.
One subtle but powerful way that a catcher can display respect for the home plate
umpire is never turning to talk to the umpire face to face during the course of play.
Chatting between innings or during casual discussion is acceptable, but turning
around to face the umpire and dispute a call is a bad idea. Lots of communication
can occur between the catcher and the umpire without the other participants even
knowing. A catcher can ask about where a pitch missed while facing the field to
help the umpire save face. Respectful and subtle communication will benefit the
catcher far more than rude and disrespectful behavior will.
Calling Pitches
One of the most critical aspects of a softball game is the way in which the defen-
sive team, whether the pitching and catching battery or the coach, strategize their
pitch calling. Having a good game plan and doing proper scouting is critical, but
the true measure of greatness for pitch calling is being willing and able to make
adjustments as necessary.
First, the pitcher in the circle must have command of a variety of pitches and
be willing to use any pitch at any time without fear. Obviously, a pitcher rarely
has absolute confidence in her entire arsenal; typically, a pitcher will have superior
confidence in a couple pitches, occasional confidence in a couple pitches, and little
or no confidence in another pitch or two. The more viable options there are to
work with, the more dynamic the pitch calling strategy or game plan can be.
Along with having confidence in her pitches, the pitcher needs to have confidence
in her catcher. The pitcher and catcher don’t have to be close friends off the field,
but the pitcher has to trust the catcher’s physical abilities as well as her strategic
game plan. The pitcher should be given the option of shaking off a pitch that she
does not want to throw; after all, she is ultimately responsible for the pitch. But
the goal for the catcher should be to gain the confidence and trust of the pitcher
so that the pitcher should never feel it necessary to shake off the call. Ultimately,
the battery should work in concert to produce the game plan as well as to adjust
it as necessary. It is not the catcher calling the pitches or the pitcher calling the
pitches—it is a shared responsibility.
The reality, however, is that most competitive softball programs these days have
a coach perform the pitch calling. The pressure to win seems to have increased, so
the tendency is for coaches to take control of pitch calling. This trend is a debated
topic throughout coaching circles, but in the end most coaches believe that they are
better equipped than their catchers or pitchers to make critical pitch-calling decisions.
That may well be true. The coach has in front of her or him the entire scouting
book, which contains detailed information about each hitter, results of previous at
bats, and tendencies. The coach has likely been around the game of fastpitch softball
for much longer than players have and possesses a better base of knowledge of the
game. Coaches are faced with tremendous pressure to be successful, so many of
them have begun to tighten their grip on the details in an effort to control more
of the game from the dugout.
As a challenge to the coaches who do the pitch calling for their teams, this
question bears asking: As a teacher, can you not find ways to educate your players
and give them the strategic and mental skills to be able to implement the game
plan? Why can’t we educate our catchers and pitchers on pitch-calling strategy
and then empower them to go out and do it?
Calling a great game, whether from the dugout or from behind the plate,
undoubtedly requires skills in reading the situation, knowing the pitcher and her
strengths and weaknesses, having a feel for the strike zone and umpire, the ability
to analyze the hitter, and being able to be one step ahead. These skills take time to
develop for anyone put in the position of calling pitches. Logically, as educators,
we as coaches should at least attempt to instill these skills into our catcher’s arsenal.
During the off-season or even during intrasquad scrimmages you have many
opportunities to challenge your catchers and pitchers to take the responsibility of
calling pitches in a safe environment. Wins and losses are not on the line, so you
can use trial and error during the educational process. Create a game plan before
the scrimmage and take a few moments between innings to debrief your players on
what happened the previous half inning and what adjustments they need to make
moving forward. Then let ’em loose! Let your catcher and pitcher make mistakes
and let them be successful. Ask them what their thought process was. Talk about
how they might do it differently next time. After all, we are teachers of the game
of softball, and making mistakes is part of the learning process.
We have created a worksheet to help pitchers and catchers learn each other’s
tendencies and preferences in various situations. This worksheet contains a list
of questions such as “What pitch do you like to throw when down in the count
3-0?” and “What type of communication do you prefer from your catcher—tough
love, encouragement, or specific mechanical tips?” These questions cover both
physical and emotional topics and should give an overview of the types of things
that a pitcher hopes to get from her catcher. Both the pitcher and each potential
catcher should complete the sheet on their own.
This exercise is a vehicle to open lines of communication, help each player
understand her battery mates, and create an opportunity for the pitcher to evalu-
ate whether she is perceived by her catchers in the way that she perceives herself.
This last point is usually telling because the answers that the pitcher gives are often
different from those given by the players who catch her. The pitcher thinks that
her best pitch is a curve, but everyone else thinks it is her drop ball. This simple
exercise is a powerful way to kick-start the communication process, and it can be
repeated to evaluate progress and development in this area.
After this process is complete and the communication and educational process
has been put into motion, you may still decide that you are best equipped to
handle the job of calling pitches. But through this process, you have fulfilled your
responsibility as a teacher and have expanded the skill set of both the pitcher and
catcher by helping them see and feel the game on a different level. Even if you are
still calling in the pitches from the dugout, the athletes on the field have grown as
thinkers of the game, which is powerful and invaluable as you continually develop
your program and players.
EMOTIONAL SKILLS
A player’s ability to manage her emotions is part of her mental game. Fastpitch
softball is a constant battle of managing failure and being able to flush away negative
thoughts and move forward in the next moment. The catcher’s ability to manage
the emotional components of the game is especially critical considering that she
is involved in every pitch.
Most coaches or teams do not have the luxury or resources to hire professional
sport psychologists or consultants to work with their teams on emotional or mental
skills. These coaches must be creative in how they implement mental training into
their programs. Even the most basic and simple exercises can have a significant
effect on a player’s performance and quality of experience.
One exercise that we use in our program is what we call at-bat debriefing. After
each at bat, our players fill out a quick survey, or debriefing instrument, that relates
to their most recent at bat. This debriefing includes approximately eight statements
that players answer on a rating scale from 1 to 5. We ask the player to evaluate
herself and her performance in that at bat in terms unrelated to the outcome.
Examples of statements are “I was aggressive early in the count,” “I maintained
positive body language,” and “I swung at quality pitches” (i.e., strikes rather than
balls). If she gives herself a 1 for a particular statement, she did poorly; a 5 means
that she was successful. A player could hit a double to right center and still get a 1
in certain categories, just as a player could strike out and score a 5 in other areas.
This activity, while not specifically an emotional-training drill, is useful in help-
ing players create a game within the game and view their performance as more than
hit or no hit. We want them to broaden their perspective on how they approach
the at bat as a whole. This process improves their overall success rate and helps
them stay positive in spite of a failed attempt to get a hit.
Another exercise that can be a powerful tool is to ask your players to fill out an
emotional scorecard. This can also be done as a self-scouting report that focuses
more on physical strengths and weaknesses. For the emotional scorecard, a player
is asked to describe in detail her emotional strengths and weaknesses. What areas
of her mental and emotional game does the player believe are well developed,
and what areas need improvement? This exercise will help the player identify her
personal strengths, which can be an empowering experience. Further, coaches can
gain better understanding of the emotional needs of their players and thus more
effectively manage their team’s needs.
Separation of the Offensive and Defensive Game

The ability of a catcher to separate her offensive and defensive game from an
emotional standpoint is critical to both her personal success and the success of the
team. Every player on the field needs to be able to leave her at bat in the dugout
and emotionally move on to the defensive side of the game, but that ability is
particularly important for the catcher. As a leader and communicator on the field,
the catcher needs to play the game outside herself rather than in her head.
For example, if the right fielder has a poor at bat and strikes out with the bases
loaded, she may be able to take some time during the defensive half inning to beat
herself up mentally, gather herself, and refocus. Of course, this type of emotional
pouting should be strongly discouraged. But the right fielder is not likely to see
any immediate action during the first pitch or two of the half inning.
The catcher, on the other hand, must be able to manage her emotional response
to her previous offensive outing, whether positive or negative, and move immedi-
ately into a defensive mind-set. Otherwise, she will be distracted and unfocused as
she transitions to defense, and she is likely to be much less effective in her leader-
ship and communication duties.
Keeping a Game Face

One of the best quotations regarding the maintenance of a game face is “Sometimes
you’ve got to fake it ’till you make it!” The ability to maintain composure in the
most pressure-packed situations is often the difference between winning and losing.
When authentic confidence is waning, sometimes the only weapon left is to fake it.
Obviously, true and authentic confidence is ideal in any pressure situation, but
the reality is that confidence and composure are fragile and can come or go at
the drop of a hat. This emotional roller coaster is dangerous for any competitor,
particularly for a catcher, who is a highly visible player on the field. Consistent
emotional output from the catcher is important because it helps the pitcher
maintain her composure and engenders a sense of calm in the rest of the defense.
The challenge is for a catcher to be able to fake it when she is feeling less than
confident and her composure is shaky. The catcher needs to maintain her outward
composure even if she is nervous or lacking confidence on the inside. Her emo-
tions might be raging inside, she might be nervous or excited or amped up, but to
anyone looking at her from the outside she looks calm, cool, and collected. She
is like the proverbial duck—calm on the surface but paddling like mad under the
surface of the water!
A specific area where keeping a game face is critical is in dealing with umpires.
Regardless of whether the catcher agrees or disagrees with the call, she has to move
forward to the next pitch or play and not display obvious displeasure with the call.
Everyone in the stadium knows the umpire blew the call, but the catcher does not
benefit herself or her team by making a scene about how bad the call was. This
type of emotional outburst often does more harm than good by emboldening the
pitcher to lose her composure as well. A much more powerful approach is for the
catcher and pitcher to move on as if nothing adverse had happened and proceed
to the next pitch with determination and an air of confidence.
Humans are emotional beings, and the pressure of performance during athletic
competition can often bring out the worst in people’s emotional state. Using a
college softball player as the example, her performance can carry a multitude of
financial, social, and psychological consequences. She may be fighting to earn or
keep an athletic scholarship. She may be striving to earn accolades or a position
of status on her team. Her confidence and self-esteem may be strongly connected
to her role as a collegiate student-athlete, and this self-esteem may be strongly
affected by her performance on the field. As coaches our job is to get the best out
of our players on a physical level, but for that to happen, we likely have a lot of
work to do in keeping our players in a positive and healthy emotional state.
FINAL THOUGHTS
The separation between good and great catchers is often difficult to measure. Atten-
tion to detail and a focus on the mental and emotional aspects of the position are
critical to developing a well-rounded and competent receiver. The physical com-
ponents are the foundation, but the ability for a catcher to integrate the mental and
emotional skill sets within her arsenal will take her catching game to another level.
CHAPTER
17
Fielding Practice
for Errorless Play
Joh n Tschida
Let’s begin this journey of developing an errorless defense!

In this chapter, when we talk about errors, we mean anything that takes us
away from being the best defensive team we can be. We are talking not just about
errors that are recorded in the scorebook but also about unrecorded errors such
as throwing to the wrong base.
WHERE DO ERRORS COME FROM?

To discuss fielding practice for errorless play, we must ask ourselves, “Where do
errors come from and, in particular, where do our errors come from?” Errors
can come in a variety of forms, but when it comes down to it, most errors occur
because of poor fundamental physical skills. Players need to master many skills in
the game of softball. Later, I will list some of them.
Speed of the Game

Good fundamentals allow us to be efficient and make more plays, but we need to
be efficient and fast. We want to be as fast as we’re capable of being, so we don’t
try to go faster just because we are playing against someone like Olympian Nata-
sha Watley. Watching Watley slap and run through first base demonstrates how
important both fundamentals and quickness are, but we don’t ever want to “step
up” to play her—we want to play at the highest level we can all the time.
Inaccuracy
Inaccurate throws are another common form of error. We can be fundamentally
sound and quick to get rid of the ball, but it doesn’t do any good if we throw the
ball away. Being quick without panicking is a good coaching cue. Players need to
keep attempting to go faster, but the body needs time to become accustomed to
the added quickness. At first, the player is going to be out of control, but later
221
she will be able to coordinate the movements and thought processes to become
a finely tuned, highly efficient, powerful player who can play at a speed that is
uncomfortable for the opponent. Being specific with the intended target is what
pitchers do, and position players should do the same. The throw needs to go at the
first-base player’s forehead, not to the general area of first base. Few balls thrown
at a player’s forehead will be missed, but many missed catches will occur when the
ball is thrown below the waist!
Lack of Good Working Knowledge of the Rules

Not knowing the rules of the game can create mistakes that may or may not go
in the scorebook as errors, but in any case these lapses prevent the defensive team
from being as good as possible. For instance, when playing on a field with a col-
lapsible fence, players should know that they are allowed to knock it over and stand
on it to make a catch. Knowing this rule and all other rules of softball allows us
to know the best way to play a ball.
Poor Knowledge of Game Situations

Softball is a game based on outs, not a time clock. For a defense, a typical seven-
inning game means getting the opponent out 21 times. Those 21 outs are accom-
plished with the intent of not giving up more runs than our team scores. If a
defense wants to get the game over quickly because it has a big lead, it needs to
eat up the “clock,” or in our case, get outs as quickly as we can. We would want the
defense to get outs any way they can and take the highest percentage out. Given
the option of getting outs at two different bases, we throw to the base that offers
the highest percentage of getting the out, even when that means giving up a run,
because we are trading a run to the offense for one of the precious few outs left
in the game. The score, number of outs, inning, runners on base, pitcher, hitter,
and other variables tell us where to go with the ball and which runner to play on.
Poor Prepitch Preparation

Not being prepared on each pitch is one of the more frustrating forms of errors
that coaches and teams have to deal with. This area is in our control, but it is often
taken for granted and has been the cause of many nonplays or misguided plays.
Knowing the game, its plays, and its formations is one thing, but it is quite another
to anticipate the plays that are more likely to occur based on the variables of the
game. This awareness allows us to react properly and quickly!
VARIOUS WAYS TO WATCH A GAME

Coaches, players, and fans can watch softball games in a variety of ways. How we
watch a game will ultimately determine what information we gather and can use.
Focusing on one aspect, such as hitting, distracts from the time and energy we
would have for another aspect, such as defensive positioning.
Fielding Practice for Errorless Play 223
Watching for Skill

We can watch a game from the standpoint of a recruiter or coach evaluating talent
for picking our future team. We would want to focus on the skills and speed of
the skills being displayed. We often look for how sharp a player’s tools are. A five-
tool player is a player who can hit, hit for power, field, run, and throw. We want
to evaluate many other skills, but those are the basics.
Watching for Weaknesses

We can watch a game from the standpoint of scouting an opponent and look-
ing for any weaknesses that our opponent may have. Those weaknesses become
opportunities when we have a particular strength that is capable of attacking that
weakness. An example of a weakness may be their lack of communication, a weak
arm, or a fundamental flaw.
Watching for Fun

The third way that we can watch a game is through the eyes of a fan, looking to
be entertained by the talents of the players and the great plays. We may also be
there just to support and watch a favorite player or relative. Many coaches focus so
intently on making a player better by analyzing what she does wrong that they miss
out on how entertaining or athletic she is. Switching off the analytical way that we
watch a game can be difficult because we watch most practices and games this way.
PYRAMID OF DEFENSE:
A SYSTEM FOR TEACHING DEFENSE
The pyramid of defense is my attempt to list and prioritize in a systematic order
what should be covered and when it should be covered to play errorless defensive
softball. At the bottom of the pyramid are the fundamental skills that we need to
work on the most. By starting with the basics, we will find ourselves staying out
of many situations. If we start with situations and bypass, or shortchange, the fun-
damentals, we will more than likely be in an extraordinary number of situations
in which we lack the necessary tools to execute the defensive plays, although our
team may know how to run them. The lowest level of the pyramid is for skills that
are used most often and are needed to execute at the next level.
The whole idea behind a teaching progression is to keep players constantly
growing from a strong base. Difficulty is added progressively and systematically to
create failure and thus the need to grow and adapt. This process leads to a building
of confidence, self-discovery, and mastery.
When organizing practices, a coach should consider all the skills needed. As
noted in the pyramid, the lack of development of any of these skills leads to an
incomplete defensive player, opening the door for a variety of errors. Each of us
has lost games in part because of fundamental breakdowns, tactical ineptitude, and
poor psychological skills.
Simplified Pyramid of Defense

Looking at all the details of the defensive pyramid can be overwhelming. When
we cover anything in detail, the learner can easily get lost in the small things and
lose sight of what we really want to get out of the lesson. For this reason I first
provide a basic defensive pyramid. A simplified pyramid of defense (see figure
17.1) has three main levels:
Level 1: fundamental skills
Level 2: defensive formations (where players should start and then go on each
play)
Level 3: situations of the game and the way in which they affect which skills
and formations we use
3
Game
situations and
how they affect which
skills and formations to use
Defensive formations
(where players should start and then go on each play)
Fundamental skills
FIGURE 17.1 Simplified pyramid of defense.

E5677/NFCA/fig 17.1/471737/KH/R1
Advanced Pyramid of Defense

To play softball at a high level, a defensive player or team needs to learn the basics,
but then the player or team needs to learn how those basics can be adjusted to
various skills and situations. For example, knowing how to throw comes before
knowing where to throw. Understanding where to throw may change according
to the number of outs, score, inning, and so on, which is yet another advancement
from the basic pyramid. For this reason we provide both a basic and an advanced
defensive pyramid. The advanced pyramid contains six levels and categories within
each level.
Level 1: Fundamentals
This level is simply the basics of every game. Level 1 represents fielding, catching,
throwing, running, and advanced variations. Let’s go through the six levels of the
pyramid of defense.
Level 2: Combined Group Skills With Individual Skills

This level includes skills such as covering bases on force-outs and tag plays and
fundamentals for fielding various bunts, slaps, passed balls, wild pitches, dropped
third strikes, and so on.
Level 3: Predetermined Defensive Formations

This level represents formations that are predetermined in every game. Where to
go with and without the ball on fly balls, line drives, ground balls, and hits are the
basics of level 3. Start with singles and extra-base hits. Then move on to where
to go on short-game plays, steals, and more advanced first-and-third steals. This
level also includes communication systems and priorities.
Level 4: Reads and Reactions

Players constantly have to read and react to instances when predetermined defen-
sive formations and skills are adjusted in game situations. Players adjust to the
speed and direction of the ball, fielders, and runners. The techniques and abilities
of the offense and defense also are factors that affect the play.
Level 5: Game Situation Adjustments

Game situations always affect predetermined formations. These types of situa-
tions include number of outs, inning, runners, elements, field, hitters, count, pitch,
pitcher, bench, coaches, philosophies, umpires, and alignments.
Level 6: Trick Plays

Most teams don’t use and rarely need trick plays. An example of a trick play would
be throwing the ball straight in the air to the pitcher when a base runner gets a
great jump or when the catcher drops a pitched ball. Another example would be
middle infielders who fake fielding a ground ball and turning a double play when
the batter pops up with a runner stealing. Some teams take advantage of a first-base
coach who yells, “Back,” when she sees a second-base player leaving early to get
in position at first for a pickoff. With a runner on first and an offensive team who
likes to bunt runners over, a defensive team could send the second-base person
early, giving the impression that a pickoff is on. Instead of throwing a pitchout
pickoff, the defensive team throws a pitch that is easy to bunt, hoping that the
first base coach’s yelling to go back causes the base runner to dive back to first.
The defensive team then fields the bunt and easily throws out the lead runner,
who dove back into first.
1. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS:
THE BASE OF THE DEFENSIVE PYRAMID
When teaching, I like to build systematically on the technique being taught. We
build on the details of the skills and begin with those most commonly used. We
then add speed to the skill and the ball and learn how to use these skills in a game
setting where the environment is no longer controlled and static, but very dynamic.
Teaching Progressions Based on Fielding Techniques

The teaching progression I use for fielding techniques begins with routine plays
and progresses to the forehand and backhand plays. The basic areas of skills covered
for errorless defense include the following:
◆◆ Approach to various balls hit
◆◆ Sprinting and movement skills with and without a glove
◆◆ Various force-out footwork
◆◆ Picking a good hop
◆◆ Fielding various ground balls and fly balls
◆◆ Making throws of various types and distances
◆◆ Applying various tags at bases and many other skills
Teaching Progressions Based on the Ball

Techniques are taught first without a ball, then with a nonmoving ball, then with
a controlled slowly rolled ball, then with a controlled bouncing ball, and finally
with random types of contacted balls. Starting without a ball allows players to focus
solely on the fundamental physical skill. Adding a ball that is not moving adds the
need to time the setting up of those same fundamental physical skills and to do so
in a way that aligns with where the ball is. After the ball starts moving, the timing
becomes more difficult because the physical skill must be executed based on the
speed of the ball being hit. Going through the actions of fielding a ground ball
too early or too late can cause either missed balls or much slower release times.
Therefore, more runners will be safe. Going from controlled rolls and bounces
to randomly thrown balls with various speeds and bounces requires the player
to have not only the physical fundamentals but also a higher level of timing and
judgment about where the ball will be at any given time. Great fielders have the
ability to pick good hops by adjusting their own speed and direction.
Teaching Progressions Based on Speed

The following is the progression used when dealing with speed. Techniques are
first taught by defining and learning a perfect, static fielding position. The ultimate
goal of the fielder is to be in this position when fielding the ball. After learning
what the destination or perfect fielding position is, we cover how to get there.
We do this first in slow motion and then progressively get faster until the fielder
is a bit out of control. The fielder is then taught to slow down slightly to become
comfortable. Then we again slowly increase the speed and build the comfort level.
Getting quicker while staying smooth and in rhythm is a constant challenge.
Teaching Progressions Based on Pressure

Staying with the philosophy of building a defense one step at a time, we now include
pressure. We begin in a controlled setting where there are no consequences for
errors. As technique and speed improve, we begin to add consequences. These
could be as simple as winning or losing or more substantial such as sitting out,
running, or doing push-ups. Defensive players thus experience pressure and the
need to control arousal level, much as they would in a game.
Fundamental Skills Applied to Situations

Here fundamentals meet up with the needs of the situation. With a runner at
second and a ball hit to the right fielder, the right fielder would need to know
the speed and direction of the ball, fielders, and runners to know what to do with
the ball. Having a rhythm of the game refers to knowing when to use each of the
fundamentals based on the speed and direction of the ball, fielder, and runner.
Speed of the Ball

The speed of the ball may be fast, slow, or anywhere in between. The ball may take
the fielder toward the direction she wants to throw or away from her intended
target.
Speed of the Fielder

The speed of the fielder may be a full-speed sprint, half-speed sprint, controlled
jog, fast walk, slow walk, or standing still. The direction of the fielder may be
toward the play or away from the play.
Speed of the Runner

The runner’s speed may be fast, slow, or anywhere in between. The direction of
a runner may be toward a base or away from a base, or she may be standing still.
2. COMBINED GROUP SKILLS WITH INDIVIDUAL

SKILLS: ONE STEP UP
After players master the fundamentals, we combine those individual skills with a
small team unit and finally with the larger team unit. For example, pitchers, catch-
ers, infielders, and outfielders all do individual drills to develop their own skill sets
separately and at the same time in practice. In separate spaces on the field, the
pitcher works on spinning a rise ball correctly, the catcher works on blocking balls
in the dirt, the infielders perform a quick-hands drill, and the outfielders work on
over-the-head catches.
The next step brings the pitchers and catchers, middle infielders, corners,
and outfielders together in small groups. Going further, the whole infield works
together, and then the infielders work with the pitchers and catchers.
Finally, the entire team works together using drills such as playing intrasquad
scrimmages, running through cutoff and backup responsibilities, and engaging in
various competitions in which one team of hitters is matched against the defense.
Some of the skill areas may be worked on in small defensive groups, and I would
work on them in the order of the frequency with which they occur.
Playing high-level catch
Ground balls with throws to bases
Fly balls and pop-ups
Communication and priority systems for fly balls and ground balls
Backup responsibilities, covering open bases, and communicating
Slappers, bunters, short-game formations, and priorities
Relays and cutoff responsibilities for singles and then extra-base hits
Steal coverage
Passed balls and wild pitches
Rundowns
Signs and communication systems: alignments, plays, and pitches
Defensive positioning: count, outs, up by a lot, down by a lot, catching fouls,
and so on
First and thirds (traditional and nontraditional)
Pickoffs and pitchouts
Double plays—feeds and turns
Intentional walks
Small groups that commonly work together:
Pitcher and catcher
Middle infielders
Shortstop and third-base player
Second-base player and first-base player
Pitcher, catcher, first-base player, and third-base player (corners)
First-base player, third-base player, shortstop, and second-base player (whole
infield)
Pitcher, catcher, first-base player, third-base player, shortstop, and second-base
player (whole infield, pitchers, and catchers)
Pitcher, catcher, and third-base player
Pitcher, catcher, and second-base player

Left fielder, third-base player, and shortstop
Right fielder, first-base player, and second-base player
Center fielder, shortstop, and second-base player
Right fielder and center fielder
Left fielder and center fielder
Here is an example of how to organize a system for teaching individual funda-

mentals in a small group. The example prepares your team to defend a first-and-
third situation.
1. Basic throwing and catching: Start with the technique done in slow motion
without a ball. Then add a ball and later add speed.
2. Throwing and catching from various distances and angles: flips, dart throws,
short and long throws using the upper body, and then throws using as much
of the lower body as needed for more power.
3. Rundown skills, rundown execution rules, and communication systems.
4. Basic formations for first-and-third defenses (where to go with and with-
out the ball). Dry runs are done with no runners. Later runners who have
predetermined routes are added.
5. Adjustments to basic formations for first-and-third defenses based on reads
of the speed and directions of the ball, fielders, and runners (where to go
with and without the ball).
a. Live run-through with the defense knowing what the runners are going
to do
b. Live run-through with the defense not knowing what the runners are
going to do
c. Live run-through with the defense knowing what the runners or hitters
or bunters are going to do
d. Live run-through with the defense not knowing what the runners or
hitters or bunters are going to do
3. DEFENSIVE FORMATIONS: TWO STEPS UP

At the start of each pitch, the defense can choose to position the fielders in any
position on the field as long as they are in fair territory and not in a position to
purposely distract the hitter or obstruct the runner. A player at any position may
move, or a defensive team may choose to move small groups or even the entire
team to encourage or discourage the offensive team from executing a particular
play. The defense may be positioned in close or back, on the lines or off the lines.
Good team defense requires players to know what their teammates are doing and
who has backup responsibilities for each play.
Some of the better-known formations for defenses include the following:

1. Standard—The pitcher, catcher, first-base player, and third-base player play
in tight to the hitter to field bunts.
2. 1-back defense—The first-base player plays deep.
3. 3-back defense—The third-base player plays deep.
4. All-back defense.
5. Sidekick defense—An infielder positions in the first base and pitcher alley,
up close, side by side with the pitcher. Typically, the first- or second-base
player is the sidekick.
6. Fifth infielder—An outfielder plays in the infield to close the gaps and keep
the ball in the infield.
Each of these defenses has strengths and weakness. These defenses require
players to know their responsibilities. Other more specific formations come out
of the first-and-third and bunt defense situations.
4. READS, REACTIONS, AND ADJUSTMENTS TO

PREDETERMINED DEFENSIVE FORMATIONS AND
SKILLS: THREE STEPS UP
After learning what to do and where to go in a structured, predetermined prac-
tice, players must learn to do it when we do not predetermine the actions of our
opponent. Fielders need to read and react to endless possibilities. They have to
read the position, body language, skill, ability level, and movement of the runners
to determine where to go. For example, when a bunt is laid down to sacrifice a
runner, the defense may choose to get the lead runner because of her lack of speed
or inability to slide properly. Another example is throwing home on a base hit with
a runner starting on second. The throw starts home, but when the runner stops,
the relay turns into a cutoff and relay to third base instead of home. Each player
must be ready to call these “defensive audibles,” much as a quarterback does in
football. The defense would have to read and adjust to the offensive weapons that
our opponents use to score runs. These weapons include the following:
Bunts: sacrifice, suicide, drag bunt, push bunt, and fake bunt
Slaps: hard slap, soft slap, chop slap, fake slap
Hits: hit away, step or shuffle step and hit, fake hit
Baserunning: steal, delay steal, slides, rundowns, and lead and trail runners
providing confusion
Taking a pitch
Any of the preceding can be combined.
The defense may defend itself with weapons such as pitch selection, pitch loca-
tion, and various defensive alignments to encourage or discourage the offense from
doing what it wants to do. In a bunt situation, the defense may move the corners
in to discourage the offense from bunting or move them way back to encourage
or entice a power hitter to bunt.
5. GAME SITUATION ADJUSTMENTS AND

PREDETERMINED FORMATIONS: FOUR STEPS UP
First, we covered fielding fundamentals. We proceeded to apply those fundamentals
to small and large groups. Our next step was to use both of them while reading
and reacting to the offense. We now climb to the top of the defensive pyramid
by learning how these ideas change based on the situation of the game. Here the
defensive player makes use of her ability to stack all the pertinent information. I
will explain stacking in a few paragraphs.
How Can I Use the Defensive Pyramid?

How much time do you have to master playing errorless defense? Some of us have
one day, whereas others have nine months. With more time, we can master one skill
before moving on to the next. Many of us do not have the luxury of developing in
phases and must settle on being adequate in certain areas. The less time you have,
the more you need to combine individual skill development with team defense.
You will be doing two things at once and making sure that both get sufficient time.
W-I-N
The question “What’s Important Now (W-I-N)?” is significant. It implies that we
are, to some degree, limited in time, so we have to choose which skills and forma-
tions we need to practice now and which we can save for later. Great coaches excel
at controlling the controllables. An uncontrollable is time, but how we spend that
time is something we can control. Because of time constraints, we may not be able
to master a particular skill or play, but we need to evaluate what is more likely to
affect our ability to play errorless softball. The defensive pyramid was created to
help us decide “W-I-N.” We consider where we are now, where we would like to
be, what it takes to get where we want to be, and how much time and how many
resources we need to get to the level required or desired. Sometimes we must
consider what skill development will produce the best return on investment. With
all these things in mind, we are able to make better decisions on what to focus on
and when.
READY POSITION AND STACKING

To be ready to make a play, a defensive player goes through two steps before the
pitch. Both are seen as forms of stacking. The first step is preparing mentally, and
the second step is getting ready physically.
Mental Stacking
Mental stacking precedes physical stacking. Mental stacking is what separates
high-level players from lower-level players, and many of the errors that are not
recorded in the scorebook occur because of poor mental stacking.
Mental stacking involves getting the mental state of the athlete into not only
moving quickly to the ball but also knowing what to do with it after she gets it.
Mental stacking can be explained by thinking about a stack of playing cards or
music CDs. Imagine that you love music and have 500 CDs. You have them in a
large box but in no particular order. If I were to ask you if you have a particular
song by Pearl Jam or Elvis Presley, you may know the answer off the top of your
head. But if I wanted to play that CD right now, you may have to rummage through
the box for 10 minutes before you come up with the proper CD. Now imagine
that you have those same CDs in alphabetical order by artist and then by album.
Finding a particular CD take a lot less time when the information is organized in
a way that you understand.
Having knowledge and organization of knowledge is relevant to the defensive
player or any athlete who needs to have knowledge and the ability to process it
quickly. Players may have a lot of knowledge about the game but have a tough time
deciding what to do in a timely manner. They have all the CDs, but they just can’t
find the right one! When questioned about making or not making a play, these
players respond with, “I know. I know. I know!” They know, but they just couldn’t
apply what they know within the appropriate time, which is just slightly better
than not knowing at all. What we need to do is teach them how to put their CDs,
or knowledge of the game, in an order that will allow them to pick the right one,
quickly. Mental stacking improves when we have developed a stack of knowledge
and put it in an organized form.
Do Great Players Have Instincts,

or Have They Learned the Behaviors or Reactions?
Mental stacking involves knowing all the many variables that may potentially
affect the game. Just knowing the variables is not enough; we must also know how
those variables affect each other. Mental stacking involves sorting through the
game variables to determine which are more relevant and which are less relevant
based on the score, inning, number of outs, the hitter, the hitter who is potentially
coming up later, and so on. A defensive player then takes that information and
decides what possible actions she could take if this or that happens and what the
best, worst, and most likely result of her actions would be. This mental process
happens before each pitch. Finally, after all that, she gets physically stacked to react
to the batted ball and the developing play.
Knowing and sorting through these thoughts and considerations allows the
player to make not only good decisions but also quick decisions. Knowledge
combined with the ability to think quickly is what many call instincts. I don’t like
the term because it insinuates that one is born with this knowledge and the ability
to sort through it quickly. I think that the trait is learned and processed through
playing and watching games in a specific way. Watching and playing with the intent
of winning or finding the best way is different from watching to be entertained or
to admire athleticism. When something doesn’t work for high-level athletes, they
evaluate and think about ways that may have worked better and why they might
work better. I believe that people who “know” the game have watched it with the
intent of figuring out how to win. They process games in a way that makes sense,
and this allows them to make quick decisions and take quick action. On a side note,
I worry about the generation of players who are growing up playing in friendly
games or showcases that are not about finding a way to win, but about showcas-
ing talent. They are losing many opportunities to develop this mental stacking.
My guess is that their knowledge of how to win will not be as strong as it was in
players in the past.
Using Mental Stacking in a Game

The score is tied at 1-1 in the seventh inning. There is no one out, and no one is
on base. The opponent’s leadoff hitter hits a double to lead off the inning. She has
good but not great speed. The next hitter, the number two hitter, is a good bunter
with good speed but no power. What will your opponent do, and what should you
do? Should you take a proactive stance, or should you just counter what they do?
Offensive Stacking—What Will the Offense Do?

1. Bunt the runner from second to third and let the number three and four
hitters hit the runner in.
2. Bunt the runner over and suicide squeeze the runner in.
3. Let the number two, three, and four hitters swing away and attempt to
knock in the run.
4. Attempt to steal third base and let the number two hitter suicide squeeze
the runner in.
5. Attempt to steal third base and let the number two hitter safety squeeze the
runner in. If the defense fakes a throw, keep the batter–base runner going
to second base to create a first-and-third situation.
runner in. If the defense fakes a throw, keep the batter on first base and the
runner at third base so that we can hit away with the number three hitter.
runner in. If the defense fakes a throw, keep the batter on first base and the
runner at third base so that we can hit away with our number three hitter.
If the number three hitter fails to get the runner in, let the number four
hitter hit the runner in. If she gets a strike or two and is looking bad, we
can run a first-and-third play to attempt to get the run in.
Table 17.1 provides a brief example of what goes through the defensive player’s
mind and how she might use stacking to help predict how to perform during the
game.
TABLE 17.1 Mental Stacking Used for Playing Defense

Score What is the score of the game, and what do I think the score will be at
the end of the game based on both teams and the elements of the day?
Are we ahead or behind by a lot, tied, or ahead or behind by a little? Is it
a low-scoring or high-scoring game?
Outs and inning How many outs are there in the inning?
How many outs are left in the game?
Runners What bases are occupied?
Which runners are important based on the score and inning?
What is the speed and baserunning experience of each runner?
Elements Is the playing surface wet, dry, fast, or slow?
Is the weather rainy or dry? Is the wind blowing in, out, or whirling? Is it
cold or warm? Extreme or mild?
Field Is the field is hard or soft, fast or slow, wet or dry, familiar or unfamiliar?
Are the fences and backstop close or far? Do they have a trampoline or
deadening effect? Are they high or low? Permanent or collapsible?
Hitters and the What type of hitter is up and what types of hitters, potentially, will be
count coming up? Is the hitter in a positive hit count, neutral hit count, or
negative hit count? Where will we be in our order? What types of hitters
are on deck and in the hole, and whom do they have as pinch hitters?
What skill sets do the hitters possess?
Pitch and pitcher What location, spin, and speed are being called, and what do I think the
hitter will do?
How does our pitcher match up with their hitters?
Does she have control or strikeout ability?
Bench What does the offensive team have on the bench?
Do they have quality or depth in the following areas: hitters, slappers,
bunters, runners?
Coach’s and team’s Is the offensive coach’s philosophy an aggressive one or a conservative
philosophy one?
How often do they hit, bunt, slap, steal, take pitches, make no call, or
execute a combination of these strategies?
Umpires Are the umpires consistent or inconsistent, aware or unaware, generous

or stingy, poised or rattled?
Do they have favorite rules to call?
Defensive What defensive alignment are we in? What are the base coverage
alignments and responsibilities? Do we have any defensive players who are going to be
responsibilities in a position that they cannot handle physically or mentally, and what
can we do to prevent this?
What will I do with or without the ball based on the speed and direction
of the ball, fielder, and runner?
Ball What is the speed and direction of the ball hit? What will I do if the ball
is hit to my left, my right, ahead of me, or behind me? If the ball is hit in
the air, on the ground, or not hit, what will I do? If the ball is hit extremely
hard, extremely soft, or somewhere in between, what will I do with it?
Fielder What will I do if I am going full speed, half speed, or somewhere in
between when I field it? What will I do if I am going to my left, right,
forward, or backward? Do I have momentum going to a base? How
much momentum do I have, and with how much control? What is the
speed and direction of the defensive player going to the ball when
fielding the ball, and what was the speed and direction of the players
not fielding the ball? How far did the defensive player run to field the
ball, and how much time elapsed? Was the ball fielded cleanly, or was it
booted? Does the defensive player who fielded the ball have good arm
strength and accuracy, and is she aware of where to go?
Runner What is the speed of the runners at the time of the play, and in what
direction are they going? What is the overall speed of the runners
before the play develops? What is the intelligence of the runners?
Which runners are of primary importance and to what extent, and which
runners are of secondary importance?
Were the base runners moving on the pitch? In what direction and how
fast were they moving?
Defensive Stacking—What Should the Defense Do?

1. React to what the offense does and get outs where we can while preventing
the run from scoring.
2. Call a pitchout pickoff. If it doesn’t work, intentionally walk the number three
hitter to increase our chances of turning double plays, getting easy force-
outs, and eliminating the need to face the dangerous number three hitter.
3. Let the number two hitter bunt the leadoff hitter over and then intention-
ally walk the number three and four hitters. This strategy will eliminate
their two most dangerous bats and go after the less dangerous number five
and six hitters. If we get out of the inning, we will face their number seven
through nine hitters the next inning, tipping the scales in our favor.
4. Execute any combination of the preceding strategies.
5. Move an outfielder into the infield to prevent the bunt or steal. Pitch
according to the defense; in other words, throw outside if we bring in the
pull-side outfielder.
6. Play a 3-back defense to better defend the steal of third base and have a
better chance of picking the runner off if she strays too far.
7. We should consider a seemingly endless variety of options that could happen.
Physical Stacking
Physical stacking involves getting the body in an athletic position to be quick to
the ball. The fielder bends her knees, gets her glove and throwing hand out in
front, and has both elbows bent approximately 90 degrees. How low she goes
depends on how close she is to the hitter. Whether the fielder is up close and low
or farther back and higher, when she bends to get into an athletic position, both
her shoulders and hips should rise and lower at the same rate. If she lowers or
raises one faster than the other, she loses the athletic position of being physically
stacked with a slight lean forward to the point where her toes grab the ground. As
the pitcher rocks back in preparation to drive forward, the infielder takes small jab
steps forward and then makes a small hop when the ball is approximately halfway
to the plate. She thus lands in a good athletic position just as the ball is entering
the hitting zone. This hop is very small, typically only a couple of inches (5 cm),
and is not a jump. In doing this hop, the hands are separated and the feet land
almost parallel so that the glove-side leg is slightly forward just a couple of inches
(5 cm) to allow for a staggered stance that will maximize range in every direction.
Having covered stacking, we can move forward and stack it into our “book.”
What exactly is meant by saying, “playing by the book,” and where can I pick up
a copy?
MENTAL ERRORS
Mental errors can occur when players or coaches don’t know what their strengths
and weaknesses are, how they match up versus an opponent’s strengths and weak-
nesses, and how that fits into game situations. The percentages that apply to the
best thing that could happen, the worst thing that could happen, all the other things
that could happen, and the most likely thing that could happen are important to
weigh in making good decisions. This concept is what they call playing by the
book or playing against the book. The problem is that everyone has a different
book because each player or team not only has a different amount of informa-
tion but also has a different capability for processing that information during the
game. The more information that the player and coach can process effectively,
the more unpredictable they become. Therefore, they are using a bigger book to
play or think the game.
The average fan uses CliffsNotes to make decisions, whereas the advanced player
and coach use a thick manual that they have acquired over a long time. Not everyone
will acquire a book like this. Knowledge of one’s own team, the opponent’s team,
the game itself, and the elements that relate to today, right now, is what makes a
good strategist, both offensively and defensively. Making good decisions is about
more than just making the right decision; it is about making the right decision
based on all the variables available, not just a couple of the variables. So a poor
decision is not necessarily a wrong decision; it is one that was incomplete because
of the variables that were not considered. Players and coaches can make better
decisions if they are able to know and process all the important information in a
timely manner.
SWOT ANALYSIS
The SWOT analysis is a tool that can be used to evaluate your progress in devel-
oping an errorless defense. A SWOT analysis will help you identify what areas
of your defense might be attacked. Knowing your opponent and your team will
help you make better game decisions. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats. A SWOT analysis starts with getting to know your
team’s strengths and weaknesses and then comparing them to your opponent’s
strengths and weaknesses. Strengths that may be used to expose your opponent’s
weaknesses are called opportunities. Opponent’s strengths that may be used to
expose your weaknesses are considered threats.
To begin the SWOT analysis, we need to evaluate and ask some questions.
What kind of player or team are we? (The more specific we can
be, the better our analysis will be, but here is a basic model.)
Are we a team deep in talent, with just enough talent, with limited talent, or with
no talent? Are we talented or deep enough in talent at all positions? Are we a team
with great, good, average, or poor defensive fundamentals? Is our knowledge of
defensive formations or play sets great, good, average, or poor? Does our team
have great, good, average, or poor knowledge of how to play the game based on
its situations and variables? What are the defensive skills or plays needed to be
successful when playing fastpitch softball? Where are we presently with regard
to our sport psychology skills, team chemistry, strength of schedule, and game
experience? We covered the preceding topics throughout the first three-quarters
of this chapter.
Will we need to be masters of all the defensive skills to compete
against our best opponent?
What do we need to cover before we start our practices, games, or playoffs? Will
we ever be capable of mastering these defensive plays or skills? Will we ever master
these plays, or should we just worry about becoming adequate so that our oppo-
nents don’t notice the lack of mastery as an opportunity that they can exploit? Will
simplifying what we work on make us a better team? Are we trying to be masters
of everything while being good at nothing? Would it be better to be great at a
few things and just adequate in others? Ironically, when we get good at answering
the question “What’s Important Now (W-I-N)?” we begin to put ourselves in a
position to win more consistently based on the quality of our practices and what
we cover in those practices.
For the level we are playing, what is considered average, what is
the best, where are we now, and where could we potentially be
with proper training?
Some areas to evaluate are bat speed, arm speed, and running speed. This list can
go on to cover many aspects of the game, but they should be relevant.
How much time is available and what resources are available to
master the skills and plays?
What is the likelihood that we will get to a particular level given the time and
resources available?
What is the best way to acquire the skills necessary with the
resources available?
Prepare short-term and long-term solutions. A long-term solution to having no
pitching is to recruit more quality pitchers or develop the pitchers we already
have. A short-term solution is to practice less on our short game and more on our
power game and big-inning offense. We could also practice our pickoffs more so
that we can get our pitchers out of jams.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Developing a flawless defense requires more than having a working knowledge of
what makes an outstanding individual defensive player. It requires knowing how to
develop individuals, small teams, and the larger nine-player defensive team, both
individually and as a unit. It requires knowing the best way to progress in both the
physical and mental aspects of defensive play, taking into consideration all resources,
including time. Ignoring the way that players think about the game and the way in
which the score, number of outs, and inning affects their decision-making process
is a sure recipe for frustration for the coach, players, and fans. Coaches will use
different systems for teaching defense, but I hope that after reading this chapter,
you will reevaluate the order in which you teach defensive skills, the amount of
time you spend in each area, and the extent to which you have prepared your team
in both the physical and mental side of playing flawless defense. After all, we all
enjoy a well-played game!
CHAPTER
18
Strength Training,
Conditioning, and Agility
Tee na M ur ray
When it seems nothing is happening I go and look at a stonecutter

hammering away at his rock—perhaps a hundred times without as much
as a crack showing in it. Yet at the hundred and first blow it splits in two,
and I know it was not that blow that did it—but all that had gone before.
Anonymous
I often use that quotation, one of my favorites, to explain the importance of com-
mitment to training. Everyone wants immediate results—a more explosive first step,
stronger legs, less body fat. What is often lacking is appreciation for the process
involved in making those things happen. Training always stimulates change—
whether neural adaptations, positive changes in energy production and utilization,
or processes that remold and rebuild tissue—and it is the combination of those
subtle incremental changes beneath the surface that over time leads to outward
progress. Just as with breaking the rock, the key is consistent dedicated effort!
Training is a process, a process that relies on the interaction of many complex
factors. The process should unfold to prepare each athlete technically, tactically,
psychologically, and physically for the highest level of performance at the most
important times of the year. The process relies on focused planning, individualiza-
tion, and the management of a wide variety of factors that extend well beyond the
weight room and the softball field. Rate of development or progress is influenced
by many factors: (1) training frequency, volume, and intensity; (2) exercise selec-
tion; (3) rate of progression of these training variables; (4) quality, quantity, and
timing of nutrition; and (5) sleep, stress, and the influence of other lifestyle factors.
Optimizing athlete development and maximizing sport performance depends on
the structure surrounding and commitment to all of it!
This chapter discusses the training process as it relates to developing the softball
athlete. This information will be organized in seven innings (sections). The goal
239
is to present an overview of an organized system for developing the bulletproof

softball athlete.
INNING 1: PHILOSOPHY
Just as there are many philosophies on hitting and baserunning, there are many
approaches to athlete development. For me, the number one goal of the training
process is to produce bulletproof softball players, to build physically tough, men-
tally tough, and above all injury-resistant (or durable) athletes.
The second goal of the training process is transfer to sport, in this case, to soft-
ball. Does it really matter that Maggie’s squat has increased by 20 pounds (9 kg) if
she’s slower on the base path? Or that our pitchers have higher vertical jumps but
lack the stamina to throw a complete game? Of course not! Designing training
programs that prepare athletes for the specific needs of their sport and position
(while reducing injury risk) is all that matters.
This I know for sure: Talent alone does not win championships. Likewise, being
bigger, faster, and stronger alone does not make a great athlete. Rather, the athletes
most likely to succeed are those who have prepared meticulously, know and play
to their strengths, have the skills to manage adversity and their weaknesses, and
are trained to perform under pressure. Therefore, creating opportunities during
training to develop those qualities, in addition to the physical components, is a
priority for us. Showing up and doing the sets and reps is never enough!
At the University of Louisville we are committed to creating a culture and a
training system that develop the entire anatomy of a champion—body, mind, and
spirit. This process has been, and will continue to be, a work in progress. But we
are invested in an approach that educates, motivates, inspires, and empowers every
athlete to achieve her full potential. To this end, our methods are athlete centered,
evidence and assessment based, coach driven, and performance focused. We base
our training model on the latest research and employ cutting-edge strategies and
technologies in the areas of medicine, athlete development, nutrition, and mental
conditioning. We use a variety of traditional and nontraditional methods (as we
see fit) to have the greatest possible effect on our three performance outcomes: (1)
reduce noncontact injury risk, (2) optimize athlete development, and (3) maximize
team success.
Of course, implementation of this holistic approach to performance requires
a team effort. At Louisville our performance team includes a variety of profes-
sionals, from athletic trainers and performance specialists to physical therapists,
chiropractors, massage and other soft-tissue experts, nutritionists, team physicians,
and mental conditioning specialists. It takes a village, and we are committed to
using every resource to accomplish our goals!
Building Bulletproof Athletes

Let me begin by saying that there is no perfect or magic training plan for develop-
ing (great) athletes. I do believe, however, that the best programs have a few things
Strength Training, Conditioning, and Agility 241
in common. First, training begins with a comprehensive evaluation or assessment

of every athlete. This information is then used to drive appropriate program
design. Second, the program uses a systematic progression of training that is indi-
vidualized. This progression is designed to peak athletes (physically) for the most
important time of the year, the competitive season, but it recognizes that every
athlete responds differently and that rates of progress vary. Finally, philosophy,
athlete assessment protocols, and training methods are strongly connected. Too
often, a disconnect is present between what is stated and what is done. If injury
prevention is the primary training goal, then the evaluation and methodologies
should reflect that. Throwing in a few prehab exercises along the way is not what
I’m talking about.
As performance specialists we often make the mistake of treating every athlete
the same way, regardless of training age, strengths and weaknesses, position, injury
history, or even deficiencies identified by screening and testing. We often use the
same starting point for training all athletes and progress everyone at the same rate
regardless of adaptation or readiness. We are, at times, married to certain exercises
(e.g., squatting and Olympic lifts), believing that they are appropriate for all. And I
say “we” because I am guilty of all of this. Fortunately, experience has taught me a
few things. Namely, lack of individualization may increase injury risk by exposing
athletes to mechanical or metabolic stresses that their bodies aren’t prepared for.
So, here is my action plan for building bulletproof athletes:
1. Physical development plans are based on the specific needs of the sport
and position being played, the training age of the athlete, and results from
a comprehensive assessment.
2. Mental conditioning, leadership development, and team-unifying tactics are
emphasized throughout the design and implementation of training—from
accountability measures woven through workouts to competitive finishers
at the end of workouts and entire workouts dedicated to strategy, competi-
tion, and toughness training.
3. Injury resistance (or durability) is the top priority, and it is a by-product
of assessment-based and systematically progressed training methods that
emphasize the individual athlete’s movement quality and readiness for
training.
Performance and Prevention

Performance and prevention are not mutually exclusive training goals involving
or requiring separate methods. Rather, they can be seamlessly integrated, because
they have a common denominator—movement. Therefore, improving movement
(quality and control) should not only reduce injury risk but also provide a founda-
tion for increased performance capacity. For this reason, assessing and correct-
ing movement (patterns) is central to everything we do. After we establish clean
patterns, sustaining them throughout training and competition, while enhancing
strength and power, becomes the priority.
The performance pyramid, shown in

figure 18.1, demonstrates the impor- Functional skill
tance of athletes’ having a broad base

of functional movement skills. This Functional performance
foundation of functional movement
acts as a buffer zone essential for pro-
tecting the body during high-impact Functional movement
and high-stress activities. Without it,
no level of strength or speed training
matters because those qualities will FIGURE 18.1 The performance pyramid.
never be developed safely and optimally. Source: E5677/NFCA/fig
Gray 18.1/471986/KH/R2
Cook, 2010, Movement: Functional
movement systems (Aptos, CA: On Target Publications).
Think about a center fielder who has
a rocket of an arm but throws with poor mechanics. She may be effective for a
portion of the season but will likely break down or develop an injury related to
the unhealthy motion. Poor movement patterns can never be sustained without
consequence. Where performance and prevention are concerned, a bottom-up
approach is required.
INNING 2:
HIGH-PERFORMANCE ATHLETE ASSESSMENT
Driving blind is unsafe. So is training blind! For this reason, our goal is always to
accrue as much information as possible on every athlete before training begins.
At Louisville we have implemented a high-performance athlete assessment plan
that includes three components.
Our three-pronged approach begins with screening, which is qualitative in
nature and is used to identify injury (or health) risk. This area involves significant
collaboration with our sports medicine staff. The second component is performance
testing, which is used to quantify performance capacities in a variety of relevant
areas (i.e., strength, power, speed, conditioning). The third component is tracking,
which involves monitoring key performance variables throughout the competition
season (because we do not do any testing during this time).
Screening
Because minimizing injury risk is a top priority, screening any items that are
known to increase risk is essential. Research indicates that the top four predictors
of noncontact injury are (1) previous injury, (2) asymmetry (in movement), (3) lack
of neuromuscular control (balance), and (4) body composition (Plisky, Kiesel, and
Voight 2007). In accordance, we focus our screening on those four items. We also
look at specific health parameters that have potential to influence performance—
vision, gait, iron status and nutrition, and lifestyle habits.
Previous Injury
Although previous injury is the single best predictor of future injury, we can do
little preventatively on that front. Just the same, we do analyze injury history and
verify that movement patterns and strength levels have either been restored or
achieved according to specific return-to-play guidelines.
Movement and Balance Screening

Our softball movement screening protocol includes three components. First, and
most important, is the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), which has quickly
become the gold standard in our industry for assessing movement. The screen
includes a battery of seven tests that are qualitatively ranked. These tests take
athletes through fundamental movement patterns (e.g., squat, lunge, push-up)
to identify either mobility or stability deficiencies or asymmetries that may exist.
Each test is scored on a 0 to 3 scale to produce a total score out of 21. We use 16
out of 21 (with no significant asymmetries) as a passing score. Scores below 16
result in mandating individualized corrective work.
The second movement screening tool is a vertical hop and stop test performed on
a Just Jump mat. This test looks at single-leg landing mechanics after a maximum-
effort vertical hop. Success clearly relies on balance (or neuromuscular control).
In addition to scoring the quality of landing on each leg, we look at the height of
the hop on each leg and the difference between right and left legs. A difference
of less than 2 inches (5 cm) is the goal. When landing-quality issues or a signifi-
cant asymmetry exists, supplemental work on landing mechanics and balance is
incorporated into training.
A third screening tool that we have recently begun using with our softball team
is shoulder and hip range-of-motion measurements. Using a goniometer, our
athletic trainer measures internal and external range of motion on both shoulders
and both hips. Because these areas are among the most injured in the game, we
want to identify mobility limitations that may exist. When internal and external
range of motion is added together and compared right with left, the goal is less
than a 10 percent difference. Asymmetries greater than 10 percent are addressed
and corrected on an individual basis with soft-tissue (self-massage, stretching) and
targeted corrective exercises.
Body Composition
Though larger athletes can be successful softball players, we know that being
overweight can increase injury risk and impact performance. Monitoring body
composition, not just body weight, is a consistent priority for our softball program.
It allows us to track progress with training and tailor effective nutrition education
according to specific athlete needs.
Performance Testing
When it comes to performance testing, the key is creating a meaningful battery of
tests that will predict success on the field and implementing it at the right times
during the year. Baseline data is gathered at the beginning of each new training
year. In the college season this can be challenging because typically after we play
our last game our players leave town for the summer. The first opportunity we
have to test everyone is in August, when we are three months into our off-season
training. In an ideal situation we would test within one to two weeks of the end
of the season.
You cannot improve what you cannot measure.

We know that softball is a game of speed and power, so these tests ultimately
mean the most to us. But strength is a precursor of power, so our strength data
are also important, especially gains made between August and November (our
max strength phase). An overview of our performance-testing menu is shown in
table 18.1.
After collecting testing data, we analyze it a variety of ways. We look at short-
and long-term comparisons (within and between years), player rankings by test,
positional rankings by test, and performance scores derived from our softball
performance index (see table 18.2). The index attaches a point value (0–10) to
scores on each test. A total score for all 10 tests is then calculated (out of 100).
This score is a reflection of overall softball athleticism and is the best way to assess
and rank players.
TABLE 18.1 Louisville Softball Testing Battery by Category

Power Strength Speed Conditioning
Vertical jump Power clean (1RM) 10/20 yards (turf) 1/2 mile repeats (2)*
Long jump Back squat (1RM) Home-1st (field)
4-jump elasticity Close-grip bench Home- 2nd (field)
(1RM)
Pull-ups (max reps) Home-home (field)
August/November/
February
*August only
TABLE 18.2 Louisville Softball Performance Index

1/2
miles
Long Vertical Power Back Bench Pull- 10-yd 20-yd (2)
Points jump jump 4 jump clean squat press ups sprint sprint average Points
awarded (in.) (in.) (% VJ) (% BW) (% BW) (% BW) (reps) (sec.) (sec.) time awarded
10.0 97 26.0 94 125 200 100 10 1.70 2.90 2:45 10.0
9.5 96 25.5 92 122 190 98 1.73 2.94 2:50 9.5
9.0 95 25.0 90 119 180 95 9 1.75 2.98 2:55 9.0
8.5 94 24.5 88 116 170 93 1.78 3.02 3:00 8.5
8.0 113 160 90 8 1.80 3.06 3:05 8.0
93
24.0
86
7.5 92 23.5 84 110 150 88 1.83 3.10 3:10 7.5
7.0 91 23.0 82 107 140 85 7 1.85 3.14 3:15 7.0
6.5 90 22.5 80 104 130 83 1.88 3.18 3:20 6.5
6.0 89 22.0 78 101 120 80 6 1.90 3.22 3:25 6.0
5.5 88 21.5 76 98 110 78 1.93 3.26 3:30 5.5
5.0 87 21.0 74 95 100 75 5 1.95 3.30 3:35 5.0
4.5 86 20.5 72 92 95 73 1.98 3.34 3:40 4.5
4.0 85 20.0 70 89 90 70 4 2.00 3.38 3:45 4.0
3.5 84 19.5 68 86 85 68 2.03 3.42 3:50 3.5
3.0 83 19.0 66 83 80 65 3 2.05 3.46 3:55 3.0
2.5 82 18.5 64 80 75 63 2.08 3.50 4:00 2.5
2.0 81 18.0 62 77 70 60 2 2.10 3.54 4:05 2.0
1.5 80 17.5 60 74 65 58 2.13 3.58 4:10 1.5
1.0 79 17.0 58 71 60 55 1 2.15 3.60 4:15 1.0
Performance Tracking
After the competitive season begins, we track key performance variables to ensure
that athletes are maintaining essential performance qualities and are recovering
appropriately. To this end, tracking becomes a weekly or biweekly event.
In any power athlete, the most important qualities to maintain during the
season are lower-body power and lean mass. Both of these can decline over time
unless adequate loading is taking place (in the weight room) and solid nutrition
is implemented. The result of declines in these two areas is compromised speed
and power on the field.
Losses in strength will eventually manifest as reduced power output, but a

decline in power is not always caused by a loss of strength. For that reason, body
mass and lean mass are also tracked in season. A decline in power output with no
change in body mass may be a sign of (nervous system) fatigue, because the body
will struggle to produce peak power levels in a fatigued state. This data should
be used in conjunction with qualitative information derived from conversations
with athletes—about sleep, soreness, appetite, desire to train, and commitment to
regeneration methods—to differentiate cause.
Power Tracking
There are multiple ways to track power during the season. Our preference is to
use a Tendo Weightlifting Analyzer for a loaded countermovement squat jump
on the day after the team’s day off (when their bodies should be the freshest). The
analyzer measures and reports power output (in watts) immediately postjump.
Each athlete is given three jumps, and the best attempt is compared to a baseline
value from preseason. A team of 20 athletes can roll through this protocol in 10
minutes using one Tendo or 5 minutes using two.
A second option for power tracking is a countermovement vertical jump test
on a Just Jump mat (much faster than using a Vertec). Likewise, three jumps are
given to each athlete, and the best jump is compared with a baseline value. The
key on either test is ensuring that a max effort or best effort is given (after a solid
warm-up, of course).
Another option for tracking (nervous system) fatigue that we have started to play
around with is a reaction time test, such as a five-second react drill on a Quickboard,
because reaction time is one of the qualities most sensitive to (nervous system)
fatigue. For this test the player stands in the center of a Quickboard, a large board
with five yellow dots placed in a grid on a black background, and reacts to lights on
the display by moving her closer foot to the appropriate yellow dot. In the course
of five seconds, she aims to get as many foot touches as possible. Performance is
scored against a baseline performance from preseason.
Lean Mass Tracking

We weigh our athletes weekly, on the same day that we do our power tracking,
which is typically the day after our NCAA day off. In addition, we do body compo-
sition assessments every three or four weeks during the in-season phase. We look
at this information in conjunction with our power data. When losses equal to or
greater than 1 to 2 percent of baseline body weight are seen over two consecutive
weeks, we intervene to determine cause. We might talk with the athlete about
how she is feeling, sleeping, and eating, and we may adjust workouts, typically by
reducing volume and increasing recovery work.
Our tracking data are critically important for in-season success. They not only
guide decisions about nutrition, supplementation, and recovery but also allow
appropriate individual training adjustments to be made.
We know that the following qualities cannot be improved in a state of fatigue:

(1) absolute speed, (2) refinement of new skills, (3) speed–strength, and (4) max
strength. Without tracking data, we are left to guess about readiness to train these
items. Our tracking data allow us to adjust not only the types of exercises and
activities but also total training volume (to allow fatigue to subside and fitness to
rebound).
The consequences of continuing to push athletes who are fatigued include
injury, suppressed immune function, reduced desire to train, weight loss, and
reduced performance potential. At Louisville we use the following guidelines and
pay particular attention when jump performance and body mass are depressed for
consecutive weeks.
Training Guidelines Based on Tracking Data

Greater than 90 percent of baseline (low fatigue)—train strength and power
80 to 90 percent of baseline (moderate fatigue)—train strength
Less than 80 percent of baseline (high fatigue)—prehab work and light
aerobic conditioning (regeneration emphasis)
INNING 3: SOFTBALL NEEDS ANALYSIS

Before designing and implementing a training program, we analyze the game,
from biomechanics to psychology, to gain full understanding of how to build the
bulletproof player.
Elite Player Profile

For me, it always starts with trying to create a physical profile of the elite player.
What do the best of the best look like? What should they look like? Players of all
shapes and sizes can play the game, but what does a great slapper–outfielder look
like? How strong is strong enough for a great catcher? How fit is fit enough for a
power pitcher? This information can sometimes be hard to find in the literature
(and that is definitely the case for softball), but we work hard to build the most
accurate profile possible and use it to create training standards and set training goals.
Needs Analysis
Next, we study the physical demands of the game, offensively and defensively,
and by position when necessary. We analyze the types of movements performed,
planes of movement, speed of movement, and mechanical stresses created by those
movements. I often use the force-velocity curve (shown in figure 18.2) to discover
exactly where various movements and

skills fall and then make training deci-
Maximal strength
sions accordingly. This curve helps
answer the questions posed earlier:
How strong is strong enough? How
Force
Strength-speed
fit is fit enough?
If we look at specific movements Power
in the game—throwing speed (arm
internal rotation velocities over 4,000 Speed-strength
feet [1,200 m] per second) and bat Speed
speed (80–90 miles [130–145 km]
per hour), in particular—we find that
most fall on the lower right quadrant
of the graph. They are under speed Velocity
and under speed–strength. As a result,
these areas are performance priorities, E5677/NFCA/fig 18.2/471993/kh/R2
FIGURE 18.2 Force-velocity curve.
especially as we get closer to the start
of the season. But when injury prevention or durability is concerned, strength is
essential to decelerate the arm and the body from those incredibly high-velocity
movements. Strength also plays a key role as a foundational component of power
(power equals strength times speed) and must be prioritized, especially during
the off-season.
Offensively, we know that the top performance priorities (see table 18.3) include
bat speed (rotary power) and starting speed. Defensively, multidirectional speed and
quickness (which includes reaction time), throwing velocity, and stamina prevail.
On the mound, pitchers need exceptional lower-body power and power–endurance.
Creating training plans to develop and peak these qualities is our goal.
TABLE 18.3 Performance Priorities

Offensive priorities Defensive priorities Pitcher priorities
Rotary power (bat velocity) Multidirectional speed Lower-body power
Starting speed Throwing velocity Throwing velocity
Power endurance
Conditioning Needs
What about conditioning needs for a softball player? How fit is fit enough? This
topic has been controversial for years. If you look at figure 18.3, you can see that the
predominant energy system for baseball (the closest option available) is ATP–PC
(or anaerobic–alactic), which predominates during high-intensity activities of less
than six seconds. This makes sense because most actions in softball are explosive
and last less than three seconds. But if we base our conditioning programming on
this information alone, we will miss the boat!
Sport/Activity ATP-PC Glycolysis Aerobic
Baseball 80 15 5
Basketball 80 10 10
Field hockey 60 20 20
Football 90 10 0
Golf 100 0 0
Gymnastics 90 10 0
Ice hockey 80 20 0
Rowing 20 30 50
Soccer 60 20 20
Diving 98 2 0
Swim (50 m) 95 5 0
Swim (100 m) 80 20 0
Swim (200 m) 30 65 5
Swim (400 m) 20 40 40
Swim (1.5 km) 10 20 70
Tennis 70 20 10
Field events 90 10 0
Run (400 m) 40 55 5
Run (800 m) 10 60 30
Run (1.5 km) 5 35 60
Run (5 km) 2 28 70
Marathon 0 2 98
Volleyball 90 10 0
Wrestling 45 55 0
FIGURE 18.3 Percent ATP contribution by energy systems.

Reprinted, by permission, from N.A. Ratamess, 2008, Adaptations
E5677/NFCA/fig to anaerobic training programs. In Essentials of
18.3/471997/KR/R3
strength training and conditioning, 3rd ed., by National Strength and Conditioning Association, edited by T.R. Baechle
and R.W. Earle (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics), 95.
In addition to the intensity and duration of actions on the field, an equally

important aspect to look at (where conditioning status and standards are con-
cerned) is the duration of games, volume of actions during those games, frequency
of games, and conditions under which games are played. For example, how many
pitches will be thrown in a game? In a weekend series? What is the temperature?
Humidity? How many hours will be spent at the field, including warming up
and waiting around between games? All these factors affect mental and physical
fatigue and are influenced by aerobic fitness. Likewise, executing highly technical
movements over time and under stress relies heavily on an athletes’ aerobic con-
ditioning status. To this end, we overemphasize aerobic. conditioning, especially
for our pitchers and catchers. For them, we use a VO2max of 48 to 50 milliliters
per kilogram per minute as a general standard for aerobic capacity. And the rest
of the team shouldn’t be far behind.
At Louisville we use a simple aerobic field test to determine conditioning status.
The pass–fail test involves running two half miles (805 m) with three minutes of
rest after the first one. The goal time is less than 3:30 on both. We also do a 5-mile
(8 km) bike test consistently throughout the year to monitor changes in fitness
with training. Our pitchers always do two or three extra conditioning workouts
per week, emphasizing aerobic capacity and power–endurance. These workouts
include high-resistance bike rides, resisted incline (hill) strides, and lots of sled
work (pushing, pulling, and dragging).
Softball Injuries
An understanding of injury trends, sites, and mechanisms in the sport (by position
if possible) is the next step in a comprehensive needs analysis. Fortunately, recent
research contains significant softball injury data.
First, we now know that softball injury rates are higher than those in baseball
(Powell and Barber-Foss 2000). We know that more injuries occur during games
than in practices; the game injury rate is 4.3 per 1,000 athlete exposures. And we
know that half of those injuries occur from noncontact mechanisms, primarily
overuse. The shoulder, ankle, and hip are the most common sites of injury.
A 16-year study of college softball injuries conducted by the NCAA between
1988 and 2004 provides the clearest representation of injury trends across all
divisions (Marshall, Hamstra-Wright, Dick, Grove, and Agel 2007). Their data
suggest the following:
1. Preseason practice injury rates are double regular-season injury rates.
2. In-season practice and game injury rates are higher than postseason rates.
3. Practice injuries were more associated with noncontact mechanisms (55
percent), whereas game injuries were more associated with contact mecha-
nisms (51 percent).
4. Severe injuries, which accounted for 10 or more days missed, accounted for
22 percent of the total. Knee and ankle injuries represented the greatest
percentage (30 percent).
Pitching Injuries
On the pitching front, we now know for sure that the softball pitching motion is
not more natural than the baseball pitching motion and is not less stressful to the
arm. In fact, research has shown that forces on the shoulder joint are equal to or
greater than the forces related to the overhead pitch. Specifically, shoulder distrac-
tion stress near ball release was calculated at 94 percent of body weight in a study
of 53 youth softball pitchers (Werner, Jones, Guido, and Brunet 2006), increasing
risk for posterior cuff injury. This stress, combined with high magnitudes of elbow
extension torque at ball release, also increases risk to the biceps labrum complex.
Where the lower body is concerned, significant ground reaction and braking
forces are experienced by the stride leg, peaking quickly after contact in the range
of 115 percent of body weight. When we combine these mechanical stresses with
higher throwing volumes and less recovery time between appearances (compared
with baseball), the exceptionally high injury rates (72 percent) and rates of overuse
injury (53 percent) are no surprise (Hill et al. 2004).
Developing a structured action plan to prepare pitchers for the physical stresses
of the position is essential for durability. This plan includes assessing and correcting
range-of-motion differences between the throwing arm and the nonthrowing arm
(see the section on screening). Likewise, working with sport coaches to monitor
weekly pitch count and implementing a consistent recovery plan is paramount for
limiting unnecessary overuse injuries.
To summarize, based on our softball needs analysis, our training goals are the
following:
◆◆ Increase total body strength
◆◆ Increase lean mass
◆◆ Increase power output
◆◆ Increase starting speed (multidirectional)
◆◆ Develop a moderate level of aerobic capacity
INNING 4: ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT

The obvious goal of all training is to maximize performance potential, which is a
combination of physical preparation, technical (or skill) preparation, and tactical
preparation. Where physical preparation is concerned, we are focused on building
the best athlete for the game.
I think we can all agree that a better athlete makes a better softball player. We
can also agree that a better athlete is typically a more durable softball player. So,
what makes a great athlete? What are the qualities that separate good from great?
And how should they be developed to maximize performance success?
At its core, athleticism is movement. Specifically, it’s the ability to coordinate
movement with
1. high levels of force,
2. high levels of speed,
3. high levels of accuracy, and
4. combinations of all the preceding.
Building bulletproof athletes, therefore, requires focused training on various
aspects of movement following a systematic progression toward the qualities most
important for sport success. At Louisville our progression begins with mastering
fundamental movements with body weight and light loads and progresses toward
developing explosive sport-specific movements (our athlete development model
is shown in figure 18.4). Note that even as we move forward from one block of
training to the next, we never leave behind the cornerstones of our foundation.
Rather, we continue to reinforce those elements as we build on them.
Block 3
Power
(Explosive/elastic strength; sport-specific speed)
Block 2
Functional strength
(Maximal strength; speed development)
Block 1
Functional capacity
(Work capacity; movement 101)
Block 0
Functional foundation
(Assess and correct; master movement patterns)
FIGURE 18.4 Athlete development model.

E5677/NFCA/fig 18.4/472160/KH/R1
Block 0
Our training system begins with block 0, when we assess, correct, and then build
the movement foundation for everything else we do. We know that movement
(quality) is limited by two things—lack of mobility (or range of motion) at seg-
ments of the body where it is needed and lack of stability (or motor control) at
segments where it is needed. If an athlete lacks the mobility or stability to do the
things that she needs to do (like throw or run), her body will compensate for that
deficiency by finding what it needs elsewhere (usually at a joint above or below),
often causing a problem at that site. For that reason, the site of pain is almost never
the site of the problem. A great example is knee pain, which is typically the result
of a lack of ankle mobility or hip mobility. Likewise, shoulder pain is often the
result of limited thoracic spine mobility. This is the main reason that we do the
Functional Movement Screen (discussed in “Inning 2: High-Performance Athlete
Assessment”) with every athlete and prescribe individualized corrective work as
needed based on results. It’s also the reason that we spend a lot of time on joint-
by-joint prehab work (shown in table 18.4) to develop and maintain mobility and
stability where it’s needed. Developing appropriate mobility and stability is our
primary focus during block 0 and becomes the basis of our daily preworkout and
prepractice warm-ups thereafter.
The fundamental movement patterns we strive to perfect in block 0 include (1)
squat, (2) lunge, (3) step-up, (4) hip hinge (Romanian deadlift), and (5) push-up, as
well as multiplane variations of them. We teach and reinforce those movements
with an isometric and slow eccentric emphasis during this phase. We want our
athletes to be able to get into these positions, stabilize (and hold) them, and get
out of them safely and effectively with body weight and light external loads (vest,
medicine balls, and light kettlebells and dumbbells).
TABLE 18.4 Joint Needs

Joint Needs
Ankle Mobility
Knee Stability
Hip Mobility
Lumbar spine Stability
Thoracic spine Mobility
Scapula Stability
Gleno-humeral Mobility
Movement, Gray Cook, On Target Publications, 2010, pg. 319
Block 1
After solid movement patterns have been established and any deficiencies or asym-
metries have been corrected, the next step is building work capacity. The role of
a sport performance program is not just to improve strength or conditioning but
also to increase an athlete’s potential to produce energy. This increased capacity to
produce energy provides the foundation for athletes to perform skills with greater
force and velocity over time.
Capacity is developed simply by gradually increasing volume. We are still
building our workouts around multijoint and multiplane movements with body
weight and light loads, but we are increasing the density of training by doing more
work per unit of time. We accomplish this by using complexes and circuits during
which athletes perform exercises continuously with limited rest. Manipulating time
under tension is another tactic used to increase work. For example, a repetition
of a body weight squat might involve a 5-second eccentric hold and a 10-second
isometric hold (at the bottom) before an explosive concentric action, making this
a 15-second repetition for one squat! We might follow 5 of these with 10 squat
jumps and a 30-second bike sprint for 2 minutes of continuous work.
In block 1 we also introduce the first phase of our speed development system,
Movement 101, which focuses on teaching basic linear and lateral movement
mechanics (see table 18.5). I’m always amazed at how many incoming freshmen
TABLE 18.5 Sample Block 1 Week of Training

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Prehab Prehab REGEN Prehab Prehab Extra needs REGEN
Linear Lateral
speed speed
Work Work Work Competition
capacity capacity capacity
ESD ESD ESD
do not know how to run! Literally. They just run however their bodies felt best
as they were growing up. During this phase we teach basic body positioning, leg
action, and arm action. We also spend considerable time teaching stopping and
landing mechanics, because most injuries occur at that time. We always focus on
stopping and landing before we worry about starting and jumping.
Finally, we also do nonspecific conditioning (energy systems development)
during this phase to develop each athlete’s aerobic capacity. Softball may be an
anaerobic power game, but the ability to sustain high power output for extended
periods relies on energy being regenerated through aerobic processes. We believe
in building a solid foundation of aerobic fitness before shifting toward more
anaerobic, softball-specific conditioning.
Block 2
By the time we get to block 2, when our emphasis shifts to maximum strength and
speed development, our athletes have already gotten stronger. They’ve typically
been working hard for a minimum of 6 to 12 weeks. During this time they’ve
established a solid foundation of movement quality and work capacity, and they’ve
typically added a few pounds of lean mass. They are ready to start pushing heavier
loads!
Block 2 is characterized by two or three days per week of heavier loading with a
maximum strength emphasis. Within these workouts we place a secondary emphasis
on speed–strength (or power). Because our training is based on a conjugated method
of periodization, we always are attempting to develop two main qualities. In block
2 those qualities are maximum strength and speed–strength. A fourth day of lifting
(typically the last day of the week) has a work capacity and competition emphasis.
Our speed training during this time focuses on starting speed (0 to 10 yards). We
dedicate 30 minutes one day per week to linear speed and a second day to lateral
speed. Within these workouts we increase plyometric volume and shift toward an
emphasis on power output with our plyometric exercises.
Finally, our conditioning (ESD) during this time also shifts toward an anaerobic
capacity emphasis, which is limited to two days per week at the end of our work-
outs. We keep our conditioning volume relatively low during this time (except for
our pitchers and any players who need to improve body composition) because our
priorities are strength and speed. A sample overview of a block 2 week of training
is shown in table 18.6.

CNS Mobility REGEN CNS Mobility Extra REGEN
activation activation needs
Linear Max Lateral Work
speed/plyos strength speed/plyos capacity
Max ESD Max ESD
strength strength
Block 3
In block 3 we shift toward more softball-specific work in all areas—lifting, move-
ment training, and conditioning. Most notably, we change our training schedule to
include five consecutive days. Two days are dedicated movement and conditioning
days, and only three days are spent in the weight room.
Goals during this phase are speed and power, which means that explosive and
elastic exercises predominate—plyometrics, medicine ball throws, and dynamic
strength movements. Speed and quickness training is mostly game and position
specific with a reactive emphasis, and our conditioning (ESD) priority is anaerobic
power. An overview of a block 3 week of training is shown in table 18.7, and more
detail on this phase is provided in “Inning 5: Softball Specific.”

Prehab Activation Prehab Activation Prehab Extra REGEN
needs
Speed- Linear Speed- Lateral Max
strength speed/plyos strength speed/plyos strength
ESD ESD
This is probably the most appropriate place for a quick comment on specific-
ity. Coaches often think that simulating sport-specific movements in training is
essential for improving performance on the field. Not true. Although specificity
has a place in training, increasing overall athletic capacity, with an emphasis on the
biomotor qualities that relate to the game, must come first. This point is especially
relevant to high school and college females, who may have played the game for
years but have a low training age and limited physical development. Here again
individualization is essential. Our older players, juniors and seniors, and those
who have achieved higher levels of relative strength progress to more advanced
and specific training (characteristic of block 3) sooner. Younger players continue
to focus on increasing relative strength and improving movement skills.
INNING 5: SOFTBALL SPECIFIC

All softball programming begins with a heavy emphasis on the areas most prone
to injury in the game—the shoulder and the hip and low-back area. Our top pro-
gram design considerations or strategies for developing the bulletproof player
are listed next.
Shoulder
Where the shoulder is concerned, we correct asymmetries or imbalances identi-
fied during screening first. These issues are often easy to identify in the throwing
athlete (even without screening) because they present as poor posture, specifically
rounded shoulders or excessive internal rotation. This poor posture affects the
position of the scapulae and ultimately the stresses that are placed on the shoulder
during the throwing motion. In training, excessive pressing (bench press, incline
press) reinforces this poor posture and further increases injury risk.
We know that overhead or throwing athletes have a tendency toward tightness
and dominance in the anterior muscles (pectorals, anterior deltoids) and a tendency
toward overstretching and weakness in the posterior muscles of the shoulders and
upper back. Moreover, many of the muscles important for decelerating the arm
and stabilizing the shoulder joint are neglected by the traditional pushing and
pulling movements commonly done in training. To address this issue and create
stability in a joint that is designed for incredible mobility, we focus on activating
the underactive stabilizers (rotator cuff); strengthening the long, weak upper-back
musculature; and lengthening the overactive and tight prime movers (pectorals)
in the front of the body.
We do this simply through exercise selection. The goal is to choose exercises
that minimize risk while maximizing reward. First, let’s talk about exercises that
we avoid. The list includes shrugs, upright rows, flies, front and lateral raises, and,
during the season, bench presses. Bench pressing is done only after our fall season
ends and before our spring practices begin, so it never coincides with periods of
heavy throwing. In addition, our athletes rarely do it with a traditional grip (close-
grip emphasis), and they do it a maximum of once per week, ever. Our favorite
pressing exercise is push-ups, and we love push-up variations. The push-up is valu-
able because it is a closed-chain exercise that recruits and strengthens the stabilizers
in the shoulder. We often start athletes on an incline until they develop perfect
technique (no scapula winging or shoulder abduction). Overall, pressing always
takes a backseat to pulling in our upper-body training. We typically do twice as
much pulling (vertical and horizontal variations) as pushing in our programs, and
we have found this approach to work well, especially with our female athletes. In
our chin-up variations, we have the athletes emphasize scapula depression (pulling
the scapulae down) at the top of each rep. Inverted row variations and single-arm
dumbbell row variations are big exercises for us. Finally, we spend time daily on
thoracic spine mobility (extension and rotation) and stretching the pectorals and
anterior deltoids.
Hips, Low Back, and Core

The second area prone to injury and critical for performance is the hips and low
back. What we often see in this region is a lack of hip mobility (internal rotation
deficit) and a lack of core stability and pelvic control. These issues lead to com-
pensation patterns that affect every joint above and below the hip. Remember that
the site of pain is rarely the site of the problem!
We know that most athletes need a stronger posterior chain—erector spinae
(low back), gluteal muscles, and hamstrings—and better core stability. Most
rotary athletes (like softball players) also lack hip mobility (internal rotation in
particular). This is where we begin. After athletes establish mobility, we reinforce
this new motion with stability and control exercises. Athletes do these mobility
and stability exercises at the beginning of every workout and practice. Examples
of stability or gluteal activation exercises include resisted miniband walks, band-
resisted abduction and external rotation exercises, and hip extension exercises in
a variety of starting positions.
Within our lifts we put a premium on lower-body pulling movements, on two
legs and one. We emphasize deadlift variations, using the trap bar deadlift as a
measuring stick. Our goal is to get all players to the point where they can pull 150
to 200 percent of their body weight. We do most pulling exercises with shoes off
to train the stabilizers in the feet and promote greater muscle recruitment.
Where core stability is concerned, it is all about progressing toward functional
(dynamic) stability. We begin with isometric or static stabilization exercises, like
bridging, and progress toward more functional (standing) variations of dynamic
stabilization. Most people fail to realize that the core is designed to stabilize the
pelvis and spine. That’s it! Sit-ups, crunches, and many of the traditional floor-based
exercises that just keep hanging around do nothing to improve core stability and
actually reinforce poor posture and tight hip flexors.
Our core training programs focus on antirotation, antiextension, and anti-
lateral-flexion, We want the spine and pelvis to stay in a neutral position while
the arms and legs perform a variety of pushing, pulling, chopping and lifting, and
carrying movements.
Rotational (Hip) Power

Rotational movements are a huge part of softball, so preparing the body to generate
rotational power is a programming priority for our softball athletes. Because rota-
tion is a chain reaction in which energy is transferred sequentially from the feet to
the head, incredible core stabilization is a prerequisite. Lack of core stabilization
strength results in energy leaks and compromised power output.
Teaching rotation begins by emphasizing core stability, gluteal strength, and the use
of the hips (not the lumbar spine) during rotation. We accomplish this by having
our athletes use bands, medicine balls, and cables, progressing from slower and
more controlled hip rotation exercises to more explosive and elastic (high-speed)
variations.
Grip Strength
Research does not show a connection between grip strength and bat velocity, but
that does not mean that grip strength is irrelevant or unimportant! We are cur-
rently training grip strength more than ever because it is often the weakest link in
the kinetic chain of our female athletes. And what good comes from a strong body
that can’t express that strength through the hands? We also know that the hands
are loaded with nerve endings. Stimulating those nerve endings leads to greater
recruitment of muscle fibers and stronger muscle contractions. So, a stronger grip
means a stronger woman!
From an injury prevention standpoint, we also know that when we challenge

the hands and the grip, we get greater recruitment of stabilizers in the shoulder
joint. Talk about great bang for your buck!
To develop grip strength, we do things like towel hangs and towel chin-ups. We
put Fat Gripz (www.fatgripz.com) on dumbbells and bars to force a wider grip and
greater activation of hand and forearm musculature.
Olympic Lifts
When training power athletes like softball players, the Olympic lifts seem like a
no-brainer. After all, they are among the most athletic and most explosive exercises
we know, and when they are performed properly they are one of the best ways
to improve rate of force production (power). For this reason, the three Olympic
lifts—clean, snatch, and jerk—have long been cornerstones of most collegiate
strength and conditioning programs. But they aren’t for everyone, and they aren’t
always the best choice for softball athletes, especially softball pitchers.
Olympic lifts are highly technical exercises that place significant stress on the
shoulders, elbows, and wrists. We have already discussed the excessive stress placed
on pitchers’ shoulders and elbows during the windmill motion. Adding to this
stress is probably not a low-risk, high-reward strategy. As a result, our pitchers do
not do Olympic lifts. They do rack pulls in the off-season to develop lower-body
power, but that’s as close as they get. Instead, we do more plyometrics, medicine
ball throws, kettlebell swings, and sled push, pull, and drag variations.
Field players do one-arm dumbbell snatches—a great exercise for develop-
ing unilateral shoulder stability and trunk stability—and most players progress
to doing power cleans (from a hang position) during the off-season (depending
on movement quality assessed by the FMS). We use them during our maximum
strength development phase from mid-September through January but take them
completely out of our program during preseason, when throwing volume increases.
Pitcher Considerations
As previously mentioned, exercise selection is critical for performance and pre-
vention, especially with pitchers and especially as we get closer to the start of the
season. We want our pitchers strong, so we push strength development with them
just as we do the rest of our team. But we limit excess stress to the shoulder, elbow,
and wrist, and they do not do Olympic lifts. Likewise, we take bench pressing and
pull-ups out of their program during preseason. Instead, we spend more time on
mobility (thoracic spine and hips), horizontal pulling, core stability, and lower-body
strength work. In addition, we spend more time on conditioning.
INNING 6: IN-SEASON TRAINING

In-season training (in the weight room) is all about complementing what’s hap-
pening on the field. The force-velocity curve discussed earlier tells us that players
spend most of their time on the field at the absolute speed end (or far right end)
of the continuum. Hitting, sprinting, fielding, and throwing are all high-velocity
movements. So, during the season more high-velocity movements are not needed
in the weight room. Rather, the weight room emphasis should shift back toward
more of a maximum strength and strength–speed emphasis.
Because on-field activities are repetitive and are all done with light loads, typi-
cally body weight only, we do the opposite. We keep training volume low and
use higher loads to stimulate higher threshold motor unit activation to maintain
strength levels.
In season, less is more, and quality definitely takes precedence over quantity.
At Louisville we reduce our workouts to two or three lifts per week, and rarely do
they last longer than 40 minutes (after warm-up). Extra time in the weight room
beyond that is for soft-tissue work and extra mobility only. With regard to exercise
selection, we eliminate Olympic lifts and bench pressing at the beginning of the
in-season phase. Likewise, we back off on exercises (prehab and strength) that
stress the shoulder joint. Players are typically getting their fair share of work, and
more volume only increases the risk of overuse injury.
Finally, the bottom line with in-season training is consistency. We make every
effort not to skip workouts (even during periods of significant travel and weeks
with midweek games) to minimize detraining and associated muscle soreness that
occurs when training resumes. In addition, we make sure that we are tracking lean
mass and power weekly to stay on top of any changes with our athletes. Ultimately,
we want to prepare for a physical peak at the end of the season when the most
important games are being played.
INNING 7: THE 24-HOUR ATHLETE

In the world of sport performance the crucial question is this: What’s the fastest
possible way to gain muscle mass, strength, stamina, and power? Well, making
rapid progress is a function of two interrelated variables: (1) training stress and (2)
rate of adaptation and regeneration. You can typically accelerate progress either by
improving training or by improving the body’s capacity to recover from training.
In North America we often make the mistake of focusing our attention on
training and the methods for manipulating volume, intensity, and load. We devote
limited time and attention to recovery. In other parts of the world athletes and
coaches prioritize regular regeneration sessions in their planning. Russian coaches
take three semesters on massage and regeneration in their physical education
coursework! Guess how much we take here? Right, zero!
I tell my athletes all the time that to maximize the benefits of training, they
must be 24-hour athletes! What I mean is that they must commit to doing the
right things away from the weight room and the softball field during the other 20
to 22 hours of the day, everything from soft-tissue restoration to nutrient timing,
sleep, and mental and emotional recovery. Creating structure around those items
and designating appropriate times to do them can be the difference between being
good and being great. I tell our players that we create a performance edge by taking
better care of our bodies, day after day.
Regeneration
Training and competition both place significant physical stress on the body. The
product of this stress is muscle shortening and stiffening, accumulation of waste
products (in muscle tissue), and localized inflammation. All of these promote muscle
soreness, challenge the immune system, and delay recovery. Regeneration is the
timely application of specific techniques to minimize or counteract these processes,
on both a local (muscle) and systemic level. These techniques are most commonly
applied within the first 30 to 60 minutes postexercise, but they can also be used
as part of an active recovery session between workouts or games. (Research has
shown that active recovery is much more effective than passive recovery.)
Soft Tissue
At Louisville our regeneration protocol begins with addressing soft tissue (muscle
and connective tissue) by self-massage with foam rollers (one of our most valuable
pieces of equipment). We roll from head to toe, hitting every major muscle group,
but spend particular time on the areas hit hardest during training. Self-massage
lengthens muscles by releasing tension accumulated in the fascia (layer of connec-
tive tissue surrounding muscle). Self-massage also increases blood flow, helping
with the removal of waste products from muscle.
Step 2 in our recovery protocol is stretching, but not static stretching. We go
through either a dynamic stretching series (just as in preworkout) or a series of
active isolated stretches. (We know that static stretching does little to assist with
recovery.) Our goal is to move the body through large ranges of motion to rees-
tablish mobility and movement patterns after continuous repetitive muscle actions
and significant mechanical loading. Active isolated stretching involves activating
the antagonist (opposing muscle) before stretching a particular muscle and then
holding the stretch for a series of 5 to 10 reps of only two seconds. An example
would be turning on the gluteal muscles in a half-kneeling or lunge stance before
stretching the hip flexors.
After rolling and stretching we hit the cold tub. Cold-water immersion has
long been known as a great way to reduce inflammation, thereby reducing sore-
ness and accelerating recovery. Even though it’s not always popular and definitely
takes time to get used to, this is one of the most valuable regeneration tools. The
water should be 50 to 55 degree Fahrenheit (10 to 13 degrees Celsius), and athletes
should submerge their bodies as deeply as possible (ideally chest deep) for 8 to 12
minutes for best results.
Yoga is another tool that we use for recovery. It serves as both a physical and
mental recovery tool and has become a favorite of our players. During the off-
season we do a private team yoga session on Wednesday mornings for midweek
active recovery.
Nutrition
Eating to optimize health and performance is always a top priority, but where
recovery is concerned nutrient timing and density is critical. We educate our ath-
letes and provide supplementation based on the R4 system outlined here:
◆◆ Rehydrate
◆◆ Replenish
◆◆ Repair
◆◆ Reduce
Rehydrate To monitor fluid losses during exercise, we weigh in before and

weigh out after practices. For each pound lost, 24 ounces of fluid (water or sports
drink) is consumed as soon as possible (for each kilogram lost, 1.5 liters of fluid is
consumed). We also encourage our athletes to monitor hydration status by moni-
toring urine color and output. We post urine charts on the back of bathroom stall
doors in locker rooms to make sure that they know what to look for.
Replenish We know that the first 30 minutes after exercise is a critical time
for muscle recovery. During this window of opportunity the body is efficient at
replenishing muscle glycogen, the body’s preferred source of energy during exer-
cise. Consuming fast-absorbing sugars (with a small amount of protein) during
this window accelerates glycogen repletion and ultimately recovery. At Louisville
we provide a recovery shake that has a 3:1 carbohydrate to protein ratio and fresh
fruit and bagels for our athletes immediately after their workout.
Repair Besides replenishing the body’s fuel supply, postexercise carbohydrate
and protein consumption changes the hormonal environment in the body from
catabolic (muscle breakdown) back to anabolic (muscle building). The rapid con-
sumption of carbohydrate and protein (not fat) postworkout allows the body to
begin repairing and rebuilding immediately. In addition, we know that protein
enhances carbohydrate uptake, assists with glycogen repletion, and plays a role in
keeping the immune system strong in the face of exercise stress.
Reduce Finally, reducing the effects of oxidative damage (inflammation) is
essential for recovery. Unstable molecules (free radicals) produced during the
metabolism of oxygen promote cell damage and inflammation within the body,
leading to muscle soreness and delayed recovery. Because exercise greatly increases
oxygen consumption, it also increases the production of these unstable molecules.
Antioxidants are known quenchers of free radicals, so ingesting antioxidants
postexercise is a valuable strategy. The most effective antioxidants are vitamins C
and E and a variety of other phytonutrients found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and
seeds. Omega-3s found in fish oil are also effective antioxidants known to have
anti-inflammatory properties. We provide fresh fruit postworkout and encourage
our athletes to eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables in addition to supplementing
with fish oil.
Sleep
On the topic of regeneration, I’m convinced that the most underrated factor in
promoting recovery is sleep! Physically, not getting enough sleep affects reac-
tion time, absolute speed, fine motor skills and coordination, and stamina. More
important, it affects mood, attitude, and desire to train. We know that most high
school and collegiate athletes do not get enough sleep.
Where sleep is concerned, the first priority is getting enough, ideally a mini-
mum of seven to eight hours per night. Next, developing a sleeping plan (just like
an eating plan) is key. To set the circadian rhythm around the sun, going to sleep
and waking up at approximately the same time each day based on when the sun
rises and sets should be the goal. Most athletes go to bed far too late, wreaking
havoc on many key hormones. It’s been said a thousand times that every hour
before midnight is like two hours afterward, so all attempts to front-load sleep
are encouraged.
And what about napping? Power naps are great, but they should never extend
beyond an hour. Longer naps shift the body into REM sleep and may affect sleep
at night. We tell our athletes that if they feel groggy after midday or pregame naps,
they should soak their feet in cold water right away. The feet are loaded with nerve
endings, so the cold water perks people up in no time.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Every day we gain new insight into the complexities of the human body. As per-
formance specialists we work endlessly to evaluate, adjust, and implement new
techniques, tools, and strategies to help our athletes gain a competitive edge. Yet,
at the end of the day, the effectiveness of any program rests with the athletes’
motivation and willingness to do the things they need to do consistently. Although
committing to a process can be challenging for young athletes who want immediate
results, there are no shortcuts to becoming bulletproof. A well-organized program,
well executed, is often the difference between being good and being great, between
being healthy and being injured. Athletes need to stay the course, to appreciate
the process, and to trust the wisdom of the body. Then, as with the stonecutter,
momentous events will be sure to happen!
PART FIVE
PLAYER MOTIVATION
AND LEADERSHIP
CHAPTER
19
Establishing a Positive
Player–Coach Relationship
D onna Papa
People don’t care how much you know, until they know how much
you care.
John Maxwell
Coaching is about building relationships. Genuinely caring about your players as

people first will go a long way in building those relationships. At the end of your
players’ careers, the interest that you took in their day-to-day lives off the field
will mean more to them than the great play they may have made on the field.
During their collegiate years, they are growing and changing as people. They will
have obstacles to overcome on a daily basis while they are away from home for
the first time. They may receive their first poor grade or feel like a little fish in a
big pond. One way to build positive relationships is to do something as simple as
sending a handwritten note or a text to acknowledge something that a player has
done well. I make it a point to congratulate my players with notes regarding their
academic achievements or their progress in a skill that they have been working on.
Recognizing birthdays, doing community service together, going to lunch with
them, or even dressing up for Halloween shows your players that you care about
them and their lives while having some fun along the way.
For their book The Seven Secrets of Successful Coaches, Jeff Janssen and Greg Dale
(2002) interviewed a number of successful coaches. Many of the coaches interviewed
for chapter 1, titled “What It Takes to Be a Successful Coach,” recognized that the
Xs and Os of coaching are important, but they insisted that their success depended
more on their ability to relate to and motivate their athletes. The authors also talk
about the definition of success as a coach. They believe that you will not be judged
solely on the number of wins you have but on the quality of relationships that you
develop with your athletes.
265
In the same chapter, the authors discuss interviews they had with athletes about
successful coaches. In these interviews, the athletes confirm that successful coaches
do more than win games; they also win their athletes’ respect. Many athletes were
eager to share the profound effect their coaches had had in their lives as athletes
and people. Here are a couple of their statements:
“Coach brought out the best in me.”
“I have the utmost respect for Coach.”
Still talking about success, Janssen and Dale indicate that the primary reason
successful coaches win is that they have earned their athletes’ trust.
Another chapter in the book is titled “Credible Coaches Are Caring.” In this
chapter the authors talk about people who make the biggest difference in our lives.
They are not necessarily the ones with the best credibility, the most money, or
the greatest success. The people who have the biggest influence are the ones who
truly care about their players.
In the introduction to the book The Carolina Way (Smith and Bell 2004), Univer-
sity of North Carolina basketball coach Roy Williams talks about former Carolina
coach Dean Smith, referring to him as a servant to his players. Williams states
that Smith cares deeply for his players and that his devotion to them continues
to this day. Phil Ford, a former great player and assistant at North Carolina, was
quoted in the book, stating, “I knew when I signed with North Carolina that I was
getting a great coach for four years, but in addition, I got a friend for a lifetime.”
According to Coach Williams, that pretty much sums up the relationship Coach
Smith had with his players.
THE SEVEN Cs OF CREDIBLE COACHES

Janssen and Dale’s list of the seven Cs of credible coaches includes the follow-
ing: character, competence, commitment, caring, confidence, communication,
and consistency. I believe that these characteristics, besides describing a credible
coach, are important in building relationships with players. I think that each of
these characteristics can be expanded on to give better insight into what it means
to be a credible coach.
Character
According to Janssen and Dale, character-based coaches look to do the right thing.
They are guided by integrity and ethics. They conduct themselves in a professional
manner and take pride in representing their teams and themselves with class. They
value having people with solid character in and around their program and consider
character as important as talent.
Establishing a Positive Player—Coach Relationship 267
Competence
Competent coaches have a strong understanding of the fundamentals and strategies
of the game. Although they are students of the game, they remain humble and are
able to keep their success in perspective.
Commitment
Committed coaches have a true passion for sport and coaching, which fuels their
intense drive and enthusiasm. They are usually highly competitive and enjoy win-
ning at the highest levels.
Caring
Caring coaches care about their athletes as people. They want the best for them
and look to help them in any way possible. They invest the time to get to know
athletes on a personal basis, showing interest beyond the field or court.
Confidence
Confidence builders continue to help build the confidence of their athletes. They
work with them on being successful in challenging situations and try to build them
up as much as possible. Although they may be demanding and set high standards
for their athletes, they also know how to guide them with patience as they are
trying to achieve their goals.
Communication
Communicators have open, honest communication with their athletes. They
look to be good listeners by trying to understand where their athletes are coming
from. They need to be in tune with their athletes so that they can understand any
conflicts or concerns that might be present.
Consistency
Consistent coaches develop and have a sound philosophy of coaching that stays
fairly consistent over the years, although they are able to adapt and be flexible
over time. They are consistent with their attitude and the mood that they bring
to practice and games.
All of the preceding characteristics are discussed in detail in The Seven Secrets
of Successful Coaches. I paraphrased some of them to give you an idea of what the
authors meant by their description of various qualities of coaches. As a coach, I
strive to weave all these characteristics into my coaching style as well as into my
interactions with my athletes.
BONDING WITH YOUR TEAM

Getting to know your players at different levels will take some work, but the invest-
ment in time will be worthwhile. Bimonthly academic meetings are a way that I
have built relationships with my players. My philosophy since I started coaching
has placed academics first. I am most proud of a player when she completes her
degree. We have outstanding academic resources for student-athletes at our uni-
versity, including an academic center as well as academic counselors and tutors. I
like to have a check and balance in our program as well. We divide our team into
small groups of four to six players who are assigned to one coach. At the begin-
ning of the semester, I give the players a blank calendar on which they can fill in
all their upcoming tests, quizzes, and papers. My staff and our athletes meet every
two weeks to discuss how things are going with tutoring, test taking, and so on. In
the spring semester we change coaches and groups so that we get to know other
players better. Many times, these meetings lead into our having an opportunity
to ask them questions or find out more about them as people. The players also
know that we are committed to one of the goals of our program, which is gradu-
ation with a degree.
On a recent team-bonding trip, Jeff Janssen provided a worksheet that our players
used to get to know one another better. The coach also can use the worksheet to
get to know the athlete better. Our coaching staff has used many of these questions
with our players in fall meetings to help us get to know them better.
Involve the Families

Allowing the student-athlete’s family to be part of your program is important. I am
not talking about having helicopter parents. We allow our players to spend time
with their families while on the road, although at times we require our players to be
at team-only dinners. We have players from all over the country on our roster, and
parents may have only one opportunity in a season to watch their daughter play. I
believe that allowing them that time together is helpful in building relationships
with both the player and the family. As long as you set your parameters in terms
of curfews and other responsibilities, allowing family time will go a long way in
solidifying a positive relationship with your team.
Our senior weekend is an important season-culminating family event for our
program. This special recognition weekend begins with acknowledging our seniors
on senior game day. We introduce parents and family members over the PA system
and lead them out on to the field. Our juniors honor their teammates by presenting
flowers to a specific senior. A prerecorded audio clip giving some insight into their
special relationship with that senior and what they have meant to the program
is played over the PA for all the fans. Seniors are presented with a framed jersey,
and, of course, they receive a hug from me. Later that evening we host our senior
banquet, which includes individual senior videos prepared by the families of the
seniors. We started this tradition early in my career. Videos are made chronicling
the life of the player through her time in our program. Seeing players as infants,
toddlers, and in their first uniform is entertaining. We have many laughs and, of
course, some tears. The next day we have our family picnic, at which our dads
cook and our moms prepare all the side dishes and desserts. Typically, we have a
group of at least 200 family members and friends. This wonderful tradition of our
program has been built over time.
Show Your Human Side

In developing my relationship with our players and the team in general, I have
found that I need to let my guard down. They need to see that I am human and
can have fun. I have been known to dress up on Halloween or play board games
with the girls when we are on team-bonding trips. I have done Zumba or other
workouts with them as well. As coaches, however, we need to remember to keep
that line drawn between coach and friend. We can do this if we have done the
things needed to earn the players’ respect.
Another way that we build relationships is investing time every week in what we
call Fun Fridays. We pick a 10- to 15-minute activity that typically is not related to
softball. It might be a problem-solving event or just some type of crazy relay, such
as having players lie on their backs in a line and pass a banana using only their feet.
Starting practice with this type of activity is just plain fun, and it draws everyone in.
USING TOOLS FOR TEAM BUILDING

As part of our team development, both coaches and players complete a DISC
(dominance, influence, steadiness, conscientiousness) assessment. The DISC
assessment provides an appraisal of behavioral profiles and helps us build stronger
relationships with our players by giving us better understanding of their personal-
ity styles. It also gives us information that helps us communicate effectively with
each person. From a coaching perspective, we use it to gain a better understand-
ing of each player and to help players gain more respect and understanding for
one another. The DISC assessment can help you become more familiar with your
personal style, strengths, and limitations, and it gives you tools and strategies that
you can use right away. By understanding the behavioral characteristics of each
their teammates, players learn to treat others how they want to be treated. This
is a valuable tool for our coaching staff because it helps us relate better to our
athletes and helps our athletes better understand the coaches.
Choosing a Team Theme

Every year, we choose a book to represent a theme for our team. The premise
behind this activity is that these books will help guide us through the season with
messages about leadership and the importance of developing core values. Reading
a particular book allows us to have a common language or theme and will help
coaches and players have a good dialogue. Books we have used include Energy
Bus by Jon Gordon (2007), which highlights accountability and having a positive
outlook in all situations—an important in being a good teammate; and Pulling
Together (2010) by John J. Murphy, which emphasizes putting team first.
Leadership Tools
We have an outstanding leadership program at our institution called the Baddour
Carolina Leadership Academy, which been used by many institutions around the
country. One of the by-products of this program is that it has given us a common
language to communicate with our athletes about where each one is in terms of
commitment. The program encourages us to converse at a deeper level that goes
beyond just asking how someone is doing. We have created a Carolina Softball
Leadership Council on our team. This council includes representation from each
class—freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. One of the council’s missions
is to facilitate communication among the classes and the team with the coaching
staff. This initiative allows us to address any issues and facilitates the growth of
our program and the culture of our team. Allowing your players to have owner-
ship in the program with activities such as these is another way to help build a
positive player–coach relationship. When athletes know that you are invested in
them and that their investment in the program is important, you tend to get more
buy-in to your program.
Involve the Players

Providing players the opportunity to be a part of setting the team’s foundation lets
them know that you care about what they think. To continue to build player–coach
relationships, I allow our seniors to help develop and revise our team rules and
expectations. The whole team participates in developing our core values and team
goals. The coaching staff reserves the right to have the final say in the content of
the rules and expectations. I am more focused on core values and standards than
on rules.
Throughout the year, we assign each coach and team of players, called TPS
teams (Tar Heel Performance Series), a quotation of the week. The TPS teams
are teams within our team. They are composed of freshmen, sophomores, juniors,
and seniors and are identified by specific names—Bats, Heels, Rams, and Swoosh.
We try to make them even in terms of having hitters, slappers, a pitcher, and so
on so that they can compete for points in practice, in scrimmages, and in other
activities. We also use them in hosting recruits or community service. The coach
or TPS teams are responsible for finding a quotation, reading it to the group, and
telling why the quotation is significant or how it applies to our team. This activity
is another opportunity for players to participate in setting the team’s foundation.
Letting players know that you care about what they think leads to a sense of own-
ership in the program.
BUILDING TRUST
Building trust is important. Again, it is not about how much you know; it is more
about how much you care and whether they can count on you throughout their
careers. They may not always agree with your decisions about playing time and
other issues, but if they can count on you to listen to them, that goes a long way.
Sometimes the effect that you have on a player is not apparent to her until she
graduates and has time to reflect on her experience. Seeing things is sometimes
difficult when you are living it. When players have time to reflect, they appreciate
what you did for them and what type of effect you had on their lives. An example of
this follows. I received a card from a former player that illustrates how influential
a coach can be and how important it is to have a good player–coach relationship.
Coach, I want to thank you for all you’ve done and for the role you played
in my life. You were not only a coach but a mother away from home. I
knew you were always there for me if I ever needed anything. As a coach,
you taught me valuable lessons that have shaped the person that I am
today as well as helped me be effective at my job in the hospital. You
taught me about teamwork, determination, trust, dedication, inspiration,
and most importantly that hard work will get me anywhere and anything
I want in life. I can’t do my job at a high level without my team, and I
know that a positive outlook attracts positive energy and opportunities.
Thank you for everything and the impact you had on my life.
I saved that card and pull it out occasionally to remind me why I do what I do. It
really doesn’t get any better than that.
Mike Candrea, head softball coach at the University of Arizona, offers another
example that highlights the importance of trust between a player and coach: “Rings
don’t mean that you are a champion. It’s that kid 10 years from now who calls you up
and says, ‘You know what? You were special in my life.’ That is what it is all about.”
My mom passed away a few years ago from cancer. She was not a coach; she
was a teacher’s aide in a K–5 elementary school. One of the things that impressed
me most about my mom was how much she loved her job and looked forward to
being at work every day. She gave her best effort every day because that’s how she
lived her life. Students never got cheated with my mom. She believed that the
teachers and children at her school were part of her family, and she treated them
that way. They reciprocated that feeling by making her feel as if she was a part
of their family. Whenever people found out who my mom was or that I was her
daughter, they would say, “She’s the best,” “We love her,” or “She makes us smile.”
She had the uncanny ability of making all the people she met, young and old, feel
as if they were on top of the world. She was definitely a confidence builder. Some
things that happened during the time when she was sick have stayed with me
and were meaningful to her, my family, and me. On Shirley Papa Day at school,
students in each class made a video that contained heartwarming messages for my
mom. Each child in every class made cards and wrote loving messages to my mom
for that day. My mom and I read every one of those together. She was amazing
in that she could tell you something about each child in every class. In my mom’s
eulogy, which I wrote, I closed with two quotations that summed up her life and
the influence that she had on me as a coach. I realized how successful she was by
understanding the effect she had on so many lives, because she touched so many.
I share this story because it is an example of someone who left an imprint on my
life about how to treat everyone with respect and kindness while not expecting
anything in return.
The first quotation was written by Maya Angelou:
I’ve learned that people will forget what you said. People will forget
what you did. But people will never forget how you made them feel.
The second one is by Ralph Waldo Emerson:
To laugh often and much, to win the respect of intelligent people

and the affection of children, to earn the appreciation of honest critics
and endure the betrayal of false friends. To appreciate beauty, to find the
best in others, to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child, a
garden patch, or a redeemed social condition. To know even one life has
breathed easier because you lived, this is to have succeeded.
Work With Individuals

As a head coach, you may work only with a certain group on a daily basis, such as
the outfield. To connect with the rest of the team, you may need to meet individually
with each player or have your players fill out questionnaires that give you insight
into what is important for them in building positive relationships. Periodically, I go
into the infield a couple of times a week to interact with that group on the field. I
have taken time to go to our pitchers’ workouts before a team practice to watch a
workout or interact with them, even though I don’t specifically coach that position.
Then I may follow up that observation with a text or e-mail that acknowledges
something they may have done well in the bullpen that day.
Going to lunch with a player or having small groups over for dinner, all within
NCAA rules, is another effective way to build and form relationships. When one
of our best hitters was experiencing a slump last year (her first ever), I invited
her to meet for lunch away from the field just to talk and see what was going on
other than the hitting slump to help build her confidence. Taking the time to do
something like that is invaluable in continuing to develop a relationship.
Ask for Player Involvement

I thought that it would be insightful and interesting to ask my current players a
few questions regarding positive player–coach relationships. The first of three
questions I posed was, “What do you think is the single most important area for
a coach to focus on in building a positive player–coach relationship?” My play-
ers’ responses were consistent with what I have read in the literature. Among the
responses that my players shared were the following:
“Being understanding.”
“Believing in them.”
“Respect—there is a level of respect that must be maintained throughout the
entire relationship.”
“Trusting that the coach sincerely believes in their ability.”
“Trust—it is the backbone to positive communication and stabilizes the rela-
tionship.”
“Treating players fairly.”
“Open communication.”
Relationships in sport can often make the difference between success and failure.
A recent and compelling study on the topic was conducted and written by Penny
Wurthner (Hanson n.d.). The study was funded by the Own the Podium initia-
tive of the Canadian Olympic Committee. The research was undertaken after the
2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China. The purpose was to identify the
factors contributing to successful and, in some cases, unsuccessful performance
from the perspectives of both the coaches and the athletes. The study consisted of
interviewing 27 Olympic and Paralympic athletes and 30 coaches. Five key themes
emerged from an analysis of the interviews.
1. Athlete self-awareness
2. Strong coach–athlete relationship
3. Optimal training environment
4. Strong financial and human resources support system
5. Excellent management of the Olympic environment
Of the five critical themes, a strong coach–athlete relationship was viewed as

the most crucial factor in winning an Olympic medal or producing a personal
best performance.
The second question I posed to my players was, “What was something that
one of your former or current coaches could have done better to help build a
relationship with you?” Their responses seemed to center on having trust and
open communication.
“Trust me and believe in my ability.”

“More respect shown, verbally and nonverbally—then will be more receptive
to change and criticism.”
“Open communication with everyone on team, not focusing on just a few play-
ers.”
“Communication is key and helps form a bond between the coach and player.”
“How you talk to or approach a person is key. Get to know how to get the best
out of them.”
“Learn how each person responds to criticism and encouragement.”
To be successful in any walk of life, you have to know how to build and maintain
relationships, and this guidance applies to the player–coach relationship. Respect
is an important ingredient of building and maintaining the relationship.
BUILDING STRONG RELATIONSHIPS

The Canadian study referenced earlier supports the responses that my players had
to the previous question I posed, “What was something that one of your former or
current coaches could have done better to help build a relationship with you?” The
coaches in this study were already proven in the sporting arena and had exceptional
technical skills. Additionally, they had strong knowledge of their sport. The deter-
mining factor in creating strong coach–athlete relationships was the importance
placed on trust and communication. A number of the athletes surveyed spoke of
the open-mindedness of their coaches and their willingness to listen to what each
player needed and thought. The other thing that was determined was that their
coaches cared for them not just as athletes but also as people. The information
that my players shared with me corresponds to some of the information found in
the study.
The third and last question that I posed to my team was, “What are some
examples of things that coaches past or present have done that helped you build
a relationship with them?” Here are some of their responses:
“I really like when we split up into small groups and go to dinner with Coach—
it’s more personal.”
“Understanding me and how I work.”
“Being friendly and approachable, but also direct and assertive.”
“Showing interest in the individual.”
“Telling the truth and not sugar-coating information.”
“Being supportive and encouraging to help build self-confidence.”
“Coach always said the right things and really built up my confidence. This
helped me play my best and I saw great results.”
In The Carolina Way, Coach Smith states that the most important thing in good
leadership is truly caring. He goes on to say that the best leaders in any profes-
sion care about the people they lead and that the people being led know when the
caring is genuine and when it’s faked.
One of the quotations in The Seven Secrets of Successful Coaches comes from one
of my colleagues at North Carolina, head soccer coach Anson Dorrance. He sums
up relationships between players and coaches and the importance of caring about
players.
As long as you give praise and support to the athletes who are making
a difference, and you are genuine about it, I think the people who
follow you will always die for you. . . . Treating your people with this
kind of respect and letting people know why your teams are successful
is important. . . . I think that ends up winning the respect of everyone.
I have not coached men, but I would think that building a positive relationship
between the player and coach may be different for males compared with females.
It is said that women have to feel good to play good, whereas men have to play
good to feel good. I have also heard it said that women bond to battle whereas
men battle to bond.
FINAL THOUGHTS
As a coach, you play a big part in your athletes’ lives both on and off the field. The
relationships that you develop with your athletes are probably the best invest-
ment you can make in your coaching career. This aspect of coaching will have the
most long-lasting effect on you, your athletes, and your program. I have gained a
great deal of knowledge over time about the importance of positive coach–athlete
relationships. As a young coach, I wish that I had known more about the seven
Cs that I referred to earlier in the chapter. All of them have an effect on how suc-
cessful you are as a coach in delivering your messages. Certainly, success has many
definitions, but having a solid relationship with your players will allow you to have
more success overall. To know that you had a positive effect on your players’ lives
is the part of coaching that will give you the greatest satisfaction and worth. The
values that you instill can shape a person in many facets of her life. I value having
that opportunity as a coach.
CHAPTER
20
Understanding Today’s Athlete
Carol Br uggem an
As a coach, especially an experienced coach, at some point you’ve heard yourself

mumble, “I just don’t understand players today!” Whether the comment origi-
nated from a communication issue, a perceived work ethic issue, or a leadership
issue, the feeling is the same. As the bestseller Who Moved My Cheese reminds us,
one constant you can count on is change! Players evolve and change over time,
as does everything else in the world. Change is part of life and part of athletics.
Therefore, coaches need to continue to find ways to understand, motivate, and
teach current players. At its core, coaching is a profession of servanthood. Coach-
ing is not about you; it’s about someone else. To reach ultimate goals, coaches
must be able to understand and relate to current players. If coaches and players
can get on the same page, everyone involved can have a positive experience and
earn success together.
The overall goal in understanding today’s players is to evaluate, educate, and
embrace in many areas. Evaluate the situation, educate yourself on current trends
and ideas, and embrace new challenges. In an ever-changing world, coaches must
keep standards of excellence high and continue to challenge players to raise expec-
tations. Today’s players are smart, driven, and motivated, and they will jump on
board if they feel understood. Most important, if you can build trust with today’s
player, you will have a high probability for success.
HERE COME THE MILLENNIALS

Before we can truly understand and therefore coach our current players, we need
to interpret the demographics and details surrounding this particular generation.
Although the exact dates may vary slightly, Generation Y, also known as the Mil-
lennial Generation, refers to anyone born between 1984 and 2002. The following
statements will help you gain an initial understanding of this generation.
◆◆ They cannot imagine a time without personal computers, digital cameras,
e-mail, cell phones, ATMs, and video games.
277
◆◆ They have always had access to cable.

◆◆ Google is where they have always found information. Roller skating has
always meant in-line skating.
◆◆ Popcorn has always been prepared in the microwave.
◆◆ They never owned a record player.
◆◆ They have only known a world with AIDS.
◆◆ They think that the Vietnam War is as ancient as World Wars I and II.
◆◆ They can understand “c u b4 2nite”
◆◆ Their biggest health issue is obesity.
Generation Yers’ overall attitude is “Let’s make the world a better place.” They
are tolerant and caring, and they accept family structures that are both traditional
and nontraditional. Fewer than half of their meals are consumed at home, and
smartphones constantly interrupt those meals. They spend a great deal of leisure
time on computer games and surfing the Internet. They want to know what you
think right now because Generation Y has had instant feedback from birth.
They aspire for new experiences and challenges, yet they are anxious and not
trusting. They are eager to stand out but still want to fit in. They want more free-
dom and fewer restrictions, yet they value discipline. They are heavy consumers
of media and embrace technology and music. They think more globally than any
other generation.
Tim Elmore, a leading expert on the topic, refers to Generation Yers born after
1990 as Generation iY because of their constant exposure to technology. Because
of technology, members of Generation iY do not think that they need adults for
information. The result, Elmore believes, is a generation who knows too much,
too soon, but has no context to process the information. They aren’t bad kids; they
simply know too much. They have content without context.
Generation Yers crave independence. Why is independence so important to
Generation Y? To answer that question, we have to understand that Generation
Y could really be called Generation Why.
Why are my parents not together?
Why are there metal detectors at my friend’s school?
Why am I not allowed to stay with Pastor Dave?
Why am I not safe on an airplane in America?
Why are polar bears going to be extinct?
Why are my grandparents working when I thought they were supposed to
retire last year?
Why do shootings occur at colleges and high schools?
Why is my best friend still in Afghanistan?
The world can be an incredibly unsettling, radically changing, unsafe place for
Generation Y. Because of this perception, they value independence. Generation
Understanding Today’s Athlete 279
Yers struggle to trust people in their lives or the world in general. Understanding
this sociological data is important, because one of the primary traits that coaches
want to develop within their teams is trust. Developing trust must be given high
priority for today’s player. If trust can be developed, the foundation for a successful
program will be in place.
TALK TO ME
Because of the ambiguity and uncertainty of the world for Generation Y, they
ask lots of questions. They truly do want to know why your bunt defense is set a
certain way or why your hitting drills develop power. Coaches can answer these
questions by using numerous forms of communication. Communication methods
have evolved at a rapid pace over the past decade as the world of technology has
exploded. Coaches must embrace these new forms of communication and educate
themselves on the benefits of varying methods. Coaches can communicate in more
ways than ever with today’s players.
When communicating with today’s player, we must quickly grab their attention.
Within the first four minutes, we must grab their heads or their hearts if we want to
sustain interest. Being an effective communicator is nonnegotiable for coaches. To
be a successful coach, you must be able to communicate! Excellent communication
systems need to be in place with players, parents, support staff, media, boosters,
administrators, and others. In the sport of softball, if you cannot catch and throw,
you cannot play (and win!) the game. In coaching, if you cannot communicate, you
won’t be able to develop a successful career and sustain a championship culture.
When talking about the importance of communicating with players, one of my
favorite lines is this: “Have you ever heard of one problem because of overcom-
munication?” In trying to get the point across that it’s usually the lack of com-
munication that causes problems, the question makes players realize an important
fact. We cannot have too much information or overcommunicate. In today’s world,
many forms of communication are available to ensure that our messages are sent
and received. With all the methods available, coaches need to set guidelines. For
example, is it acceptable to text a coach about being absent from practice? Or do
you expect a phone call? Be clear about what forms of communication players
should use in various situations so that everyone is on the same page.
So How Do I Reach You?

The team meeting before and after practice used to be the only way to reach all
players at once. Everyone had to be in the same place, at the same time. Today, we
can mass text, mass e-mail, Facebook, Twitter, put information on our websites, or
make a phone call. The ease and convenience of these communication methods has
certainly helped us keep in touch with players and get information out quickly. One
positive for coaches is that we should never hear “I didn’t get the message” because
most players have smartphones and have access to all the previously mentioned
forms of communication on one device.
Today’s players want to upload their thoughts. They want to express themselves,
learn through dialogue, participate fully in the process, and work toward the
achievement of outcomes. They are constantly connected.
Because they are constantly connected and available through technology,
face-to-face communication is used less and less. Interpersonal communication
can be a challenge for today’s players. Simply sending a teacher or professor an
e-mail or sending a coach a text may not be appropriate for a serious situation.
Body language, eye contact, and engaging in conversation are becoming unused
communication skills. If today’s player can master face-to-face communication
skills, they will separate themselves from the masses when competing for a job
and when competing for wins on the softball diamond. After all, technology isn’t
found on the field! Players must use nontechnological forms of communication
to be successful on game day.
One way that we attempt to enhance face-to-face communication with our team
is by putting all cell phones in the front of the bus on road trips. If our players
want to communicate, they must communicate with team members or coaches
without using a cell phone. If we didn’t do this, the majority of our team would
live on their phones the entire trip and miss an opportunity to converse or share
ideas and stories with their teammates.
So how do coaches communicate and relate to today’s player in this ever-chang-
ing world? Coaches need to teach and mentor constantly (they want immediate
feedback) and consistently (we need to build trust). Remember that “telling and
yelling are not selling anymore.” If you are always a drill sergeant, they will tune
you out. For today’s player to listen, you must motivate and direct, remembering
that how you say something is as important as what you say. Bottom line, you must
be a teacher, not a teller.
In terms of communicating with today’s player, research shows that leadership
models are moving away from an autocratic model and toward a team or whole
model. This model represents teamwork and group decision making while still
having someone (a coach) in charge.
Because players are excellent collaborators today, effective communication
models should include team input while still having a leader take charge. At Lou-
isville, we have found success with a team leadership model called the leadership
team. Each year, our team has a few seniors, juniors, and possibly a sophomore
who meet once per week for leadership training and provide a leadership avenue
for our program.
Hurry Up Already
Generation Y is part of a Google society. Players want information, and they want
information now. But they only want it when they want it, just as they use Google.
They learn on a need to know basis. Because they have this Google mentality,
coaches need to give immediate feedback. Players want relevant information, and
they want to know what you think right now.
Today’s players grew up with YouTube, videos and video games, digital cameras,
the Internet, and cell phones with cameras. They think in images and want their
communication to be either image based or image enhanced. Generation Yers
could be called screen teens because almost everything they use on a daily basis
has a screen. In today’s world, coaches have many fantastic options readily avail-
able to help teach and give feedback in images. Right View Pro software and the
Coach’s Eye app are terrific image-based teaching tools that have exploded in our
sport. The iPad can be used to video a player performing a skill, and an athlete can
immediately see what she is doing or not doing and make corrections. The old
teaching creed “I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand”
is important to implement in coaching and communicating with today’s players.
Coaches need to use all methods of communication appropriate for the situa-
tion. Send your player a text and tell her that she had a great practice! Meet with
players regularly on and off the field and give constant and immediate feedback. In
today’s workplace, annual reviews and end-of-the-year evaluations are becoming
outdated. Today, employees are given quarterly or even monthly quality reviews,
and immediate feedback comes on a daily basis. Our softball programs should also
reflect our culture’s new method of evaluation and communication.
One way that we have embraced the idea of immediate feedback is by adopting
the 24-hour rule in our softball program at Louisville. This communication tool
demands immediate attention and encourages face-to-face interaction. We use the
24-hour rule for our entire team in terms of winning and losing because we have
that amount of time to enjoy a win or feel bad about a loss. After the time is up,
we move forward. We use the 24-hour rule as individuals as well. If a player has
an issue, she must address it with the appropriate person within 24 hours of the
incident and work things out. If she does not address the issue, she has to move on.
Holding issues against others is unfair if they are not aware! We use the 24-hour
rule for positive feedback as well. If a player has a great practice or did something
special, we compliment her within 24 hours. Players will forget what you say, but
they will always remember how you made them feel.
WHERE’S MY PHONE?!
Today’s players were bathed in technology from the womb and do not understand
a world without it. When they text you and you say, “I’m not tech savvy,” your
inadequacy is as absurd to them as their lack of interpersonal skills is to us. Coaches
need to embrace the world of technology and all the wonderful conveniences it can
afford. To thrive in today’s world, we have to accept and understand any technol-
ogy that will help us better communicate with our players and perform our jobs
at a higher level. As coaches, we want our players to try new ways of doing things,
and we will earn their respect if we do the same. Because of technology, today’s
players can do everything faster, access everything faster, create everything faster,
and therefore can outperform all of us in technological areas. Embrace their intel-
ligence and understanding in those areas and get on board!
With unlimited exposure to media and technology, Generation Y has devel-

oped an unrealistic picture of adult responsibility. They believe what they see:
TV dilemmas can be solved in 30 minutes, you can block a friend you don’t like
on Facebook, or, if boredom sets in, simply turn it off. Today’s players embrace
the world of technology, and they expect easy and instant results. They catch on
to new ideas and technology quickly yet struggle with long-term commitments.
They are good at multitasking yet have difficulty focusing. Today’s players are social
beings yet can be isolated by technology. They live in an online, artificial world and
branch out in every direction, but they find it hard to go far in any one direction.
To combat the unrealistic pictures that the media present, coaches must set
daily goals and expectations. Coaches must relate those goals and expectations to a
bigger picture of the overall program. Players need to understand that short-term
goals lead to long-term results. Not everything happens now, but small changes
that do happen now will pay off in the long term.
iPhones, iPods, iPads, blogs, smartphones, Google, Instagram, Snapchat, You-
Tube, social media—just a few years ago these items didn’t exist! Today’s player
enjoys the freedom of using laptops, mobile phones, and the Internet. Expression
and acceptance are highly important. Although new forms of technology can be
beneficial, we must educate them on the positives and potential negatives of using
worldwide technology.
As stated earlier, today’s player has grown up learning in images. As Dan Tudor
of Tudor Recruiting Strategies suggests, “We must tell a great story about our
program.” Make sure that technology used within your program is telling the story
that you want told. Being a great storyteller as a coach can also help you teach,
because stories allow the players to think and learn in images.
Many programs now incorporate video scoreboards, flashing and revolving
TV monitors, and eye-catching websites to tell their stories. Today’s players and
youth will remember those lasting images much longer than they will remember
anything you said to them.
WHAT’S YOUR HASHTAG?

Cards Win 5-4 & Now in 1st Place in the league! Hit a home run
and played the hot corner. Next game 2morrow at 3 pm—C U there!
#lovemyteam
Today’s players love social media! Whatever event happens, it must be posted
immediately on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, or YouTube for the event
to be validated. Educate yourself and your players on the positive and potential
negative effects of social media. By the way, the title of this section contains 140
characters, the maximum amount allowed for a Twitter post.
Social media is about storytelling and creating a brand. Ask today’s players,
“What story do you want told about yourself?” Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
accounts, and YouTube videos should accurately reflect that story and protect the
image of any program they represent.
Social media have many positive attributes. These sites can increase communi-
cation, increase the awareness of your program, and get your message out to the
masses quickly and cost efficiently. On the negative side, without proper control,
the story told on these social media sites can be damaging to a player, a softball
program, and an institution, and it can potentially have a negative effect on future
employment.
One of my friends in the business world had an interview set up with a strong
candidate for a position within her company. Because of her resume, the candidate
was immediately among the top three choices for the position. Two days before
the interview, my friend Google searched the candidate’s name and checked out
her corresponding Facebook page. Because she found far too many inappropriate
pictures and inappropriate language in posts, the interview was cancelled. Social
media follows wherever you go.
PICK ME . . . PICK ME!

To understand today’s player, we need to examine the recruiting process. Pure
economics of supply and demand are alive and well in the recruiting world. The
demand for scholarships and positions on post high school teams is much higher
than the supply. To be seen by recruiters, players are now playing year-round. Ten
years ago, a 16-year-old softball player played a fall or spring high school season
(depending on her home state) and played travel ball on a select team during the
summer months. Each age level had one national tournament, and earning a spot
in the national tournament was a big deal.
Nowadays, a 16-year-old player plays high school softball and a travel ball sched-
ule that includes every weekend during the summer and every weekend during the
fall until Thanksgiving. There are even travel ball tournaments in January! Various
national tournaments run from mid-July through mid-August. Organizations and
individuals are hosting showcases, exposure camps and tournaments, and national
tournaments at every available opportunity.
On a positive note, because softball is so popular, more opportunities have been
created for players to compete. The growth of softball in the past two decades
has exploded as both players and parents have discovered numerous benefits from
playing the sport.
On the other hand, players who compete in the year-round travel ball circuit
miss many of the high school rite-of-passage events. Most players cannot discuss
homecoming or tell you about their high school football team because they were
playing softball every weekend. I would be hard pressed to find a collegiate coach
who believed that this youth playing schedule was favorable. More is not always
better. Overuse injury rates and burnout levels are extremely high. The number
of games that travel ball players play all year, year after year, is astronomical. They
certainly get exposure to recruiters, but it can come at a high price.
Today’s player is being recruited in a fast-paced recruiting cycle, especially at the
Division I level. Softball players now make early verbal commitments, just as athletes
do in basketball, soccer, volleyball, and other sports. Players are committing to play
for a college as early as their freshman year in high school. We would all agree it is
difficult for a 14-year-old to make a decision about a high school, let alone a college.
This process is occurring earlier every year because of the competitive level of our
sport. More money is spent on college programs, college softball stadiums, TV and
media exposure, and coaches’ contracts, so competition for top players has heated
up accordingly.
A decade ago, if a coach ran a clean program in which players graduated and
stayed out of trouble, and the team finished above .500, administrators were pleased.
But today, because of the tremendous amount of money pumped into programs,
the extensive media exposure, and the high level of softball played on the field,
expectations are higher. “To whom much is given, much is expected” is now a theme
surrounding softball at the collegiate level. Another is “What have you done for
me lately?” With increased financial support and public interest, pressures have
escalated in all facets of softball programs, including the recruiting process.
Today’s player has always watched softball on TV, has always known that scholar-
ships are available, and has attended many games in beautiful stadiums. As players
and coaches negotiate scholarships during the recruiting process, if everything
fits—the school, the scholarship, the location, the academics—then an early com-
mitment brings some real positives to both the prospect and the program. The
prospect can prepare academically and athletically for a particular school and stop
stressing (stress is a word used often with Generation Y) because she has her college
decision behind her and can just play and get better.
On the other hand, committing early can be a real risk for both parties. For the
college coach, committed young players can lose interest and passion because they
have reached their goal of earning a college scholarship. Many travel coaches take
only uncommitted players to top tournaments and leave the committed players
at home. I don’t believe that collegiate programs committed to prospects so that
they could stay home for the next few years! Coaches need to have conversations
with committed players about what is expected after the commitment. Also, we
would hope that committed players would desire to play against a high level of
competition because they love to play, compete, and help their teams win. They
also should want to prepare for the next level.
Many travel coaches have found early commitments to be problematic as well.
Some young players feel pressure to commit early because they think that they may
not get a better opportunity later. Collegiate coaches may present a short timeline.
Others commit because of peer pressure; all their teammates are committing. Many
travel coaches also voice frustration about committed players who stop wanting
to play every weekend. Additionally, a college coach can leave a school before a
committed player gets to play for him or her, the player may find new academic
interests, or the collegiate program may move to a higher or lower level.
In the current recruiting landscape, collegiate coaches must spend a great deal
of time keeping committed recruits, not just getting their commitment or sign-
ing them. Officially, a verbal commitment means nothing. I have a friend in the
football coaching world who says, “All a verbal commitment does is confirm that
someone else thinks the player is good, too. Now the real recruiting begins!”
Today’s player, even a young, verbally committed player, needs to feel valued and
appreciated, so coaches have to continue recruiting the player or she may not be
committed for long.
Recruiting today’s player at an earlier date is here to stay; therefore, coaches
must reinvent ways to recruit. Because of NCAA rules and because of the age of
prospects, coaches must develop more relationships with travel ball coaches, high
school coaches, and parents. These people influence who is in the recruiting mix
and how a collegiate program is received. Coaches must embrace unofficial visits
and be creative with technology and social media in the recruiting process.
IF IT DOESN’T MATTER WHO WINS AND LOSES,

WHY DO THEY KEEP SCORE?
The youth softball structure, especially at a high level, deemphasizes competitive-
ness. Today’s softball player has only played showcases with time limits and expo-
sure tournaments that have no bracket play or no winners of games. We have to
teach today’s player how to win and how to compete! Nothing is more frustrating
(and unproductive, I might add) for a recruiter than to be watching a youth game
in the bottom of the sixth inning, two outs, 2-2 count, tie score, runners on first
and third and then hear the umpire call, “Time,” ending the game. No one gets
to see how the hitter or pitcher or defensive players compete and perform in this
pressure situation.
If a game ends because of a time limit, whether a player’s team is ahead, behind,
or tied, many players begin to subscribe to the “Oh well, what field is our next
game on?” mentality. For today’s player, whether they win or lose really doesn’t
matter because the system is set up for apathy toward competitiveness. Because
of the current structure and format, the “survive and advance” and “find a way to
win” mentalities are gone. If winning and losing didn’t matter, we wouldn’t have
a scoreboard, which, by the way, most youth tournaments do not.
Because incoming players lack competitiveness, our practices have changed
dramatically at Louisville. After the players learn the fundamentals, individual
drills and especially team drills are set up with pressure and competition. The
drills have winners and losers, and consequences. We compete every day against
each other, against a clock, against some challenge that matters. Something else
has emerged as we’ve changed our practices to increase competition—the players
love it! They embrace the challenges and enjoy the competitions.
As coaches, we need to give today’s players real, meaningful tasks that require
them to work toward a challenging solution. Our head sports performance coach,
Teena Murray, created a team competition at Louisville called the Oklahoma City
Challenge. Oklahoma City is the home of the Women’s College World Series,
and the dream of every Division I program is to win a national championship.
Two captains are selected to lead two teams, and a draft is held for the remaining
members of the team. The two teams engage in four different competitions over
four days. The events require teamwork, strategy, physical fitness, mental toughness,
and competitiveness to win. Coach Murray speaks only with the captains of each
team and informs them of the tasks required for the day. The captains must inform
their respective team members about the challenges for the day. A fierce loyalty
develops within each team and the program as a whole. Every year, each player
desperately wants to be able to sign her name on the Louisville Slugger bat that
will be displayed with a picture of the winning team. To win the OKC Challenge,
players must strategize, work together, and believe in one another, thus creating
and celebrating healthy competition.
Student-athletes today are high performance and high maintenance. These com-
bined characteristics can be a challenge for coaches to manage. We must walk the
delicate line between nurture and challenge, understanding the value in developing
both areas. Competitive settings can provide the backdrop for this progression.
I GOT YOUR BACK

Loyalty in athletics is a sacred and revered ideal. If you asked coaches to rank order
important attributes in athletics, you would be hard pressed to find a coach who
would not rank loyalty in the top two. To be truly loyal, a person must be faithful
and devoted. A team can earn much success if a coach has players who have bought
in to a program and are loyal.
According to research, loyalty, commitment, and trust are words with differ-
ent meanings for Generation Y. Because today’s players value independence and
have minimal trust and therefore minimal respect for authority or hierarchy, they
rarely acknowledge a chain of command. For the most part, titles and flow charts
are meaningless to them. As an authority figure, a coach must earn a relationship
with today’s player. Most important, today’s players live in a culture that values
convenience more than commitment. This culture makes developing loyalty a
challenge for coaches.
These apathetic views of loyalty have spilled into softball at all levels of com-
petition. Many youth players switch travel ball teams on an annual (or sometimes
semiannual) basis. I remember speaking with a successful Division I softball coach
about eight or nine years ago who said, “I will never recruit a player with more than
two uniforms in her closet.” This coach wanted players who had played for one
or at most two travel ball teams because that background showed loyalty. Today, a
softball coach would struggle to find youth players who have only played for only
one or even two organizations in their careers.
Many youth players switch travel ball teams often, always looking for the perfect
playing situation. We are all familiar with the game Where’s Waldo?—collegiate
softball coaches feel as if they are playing this game when evaluating prospects in
fall because numerous players switch teams. Finding who is playing where presents
a challenge.
Why is this happening? Where is the loyalty and commitment? Today, many
youth players (and parents) are simply looking out for number one. Many times
it becomes what’s best for me, not what’s best for the team. I’m not sure when
the transition occurred from the mentality of working hard to earn a position
to the idea of just leaving and going where the player has a guaranteed spot. If
something isn’t perfect or exactly the way the player wants it, the grass must be
greener elsewhere. With new people constantly being thrown in the mix, this
mentality presents a challenge for coaches at every level to develop team spirit,
team chemistry, and loyalty.
This mentality has invaded the collegiate game. Transfer rates from college
to college are increasing annually. For today’s players, if things aren’t perfect,
an acceptable solution is to go somewhere else. Parents play a huge role in this
mind-set. With prospects making their collegiate decisions earlier, this trend will
only continue to grow.
Futurists believe that Generation Yers will make approximately 10 career changes
in a lifetime. This generation doesn’t believe that career changes are moves up the
ladder. They might leave their influential job in one corporation to learn another
skill in a different area of another corporation. We are seeing this same trend in
softball in multiple transfers at the youth and collegiate levels. Additionally, a
youth player may leave an elite travel team to play a different position on a less
competitive team.
Recently, a coach at a top 25 program had a verbal commitment from a high-
level pitcher dating from her sophomore year in high school. One week before
the early national signing date in fall (the player was now a high school senior),
the prospect called the coach to inform her that she was going to a different top
25 program and would be signing with them the following week. This example
illustrates many ethical issues and is a real-life story of the decline in loyalty.
So what can coaches do to develop loyalty? They must spend time on team build-
ing and on communicating with players honestly about their roles on the team.
Realistic expectations must be presented. Coaches must help players understand
that true success requires time and lots of hard, unglamorous work. Collegiate
coaches need to be honest during the recruiting process.
One thing that Carol Hutchins does with her softball program at the Univer-
sity of Michigan is to have the incoming freshmen write a paper on the history of
their respective jersey numbers and take a test on the Block M. These small tasks
become huge loyalty builders because players have to connect the past with the
present. In addition, Michigan players learn that everything is about the program,
not about the individual.
When I was coaching at Purdue, we had a senior dinner and team skits night
every February right before the first games of the season. Our seniors would make
dinner for the whole team (it’s amazing how much they learn to cook in college!).
Over the years the dinner became a real competition to one-up the seniors from
the year before. Usually, the dinner had a theme, and some classes even went so
far as to dress the part and send invitations! The videotaped skits were the best
part. Every class had to perform a skit of their choice. We would watch the senior
class skit from when they were freshmen, the junior class skit from when they
were freshmen, the sophomore class, and the grand finale of the evening was the
current freshmen class skit. This dinner and skit night connected all the classes
and was a tremendous experience for everyone to build loyalty and a sense of
belonging to the program.
Today’s players want to belong before they believe, they want an experience
before they want an explanation, and they want a cause before they want a course.
Anything we can create as coaches to facilitate these ideals will go a long way in
building loyalty.
BE ALL YOU CAN BE

A current trend in softball is that players are developing a tremendous amount of
softball skill but lack overall athleticism. Because of intense pressures to be seen by
recruiters, today’s softball players play softball at an alarming rate with no time off.
They play in tournaments every weekend as well as weekly showcases and camps
all year long. Because of these pressures, athletes believe that they need to pick
only one sport in high school, so they play softball year round to improve their
skills. Certainly, softball is a technical game, and players can improve technical
skills through repetition. Softball players who specialize and play only softball
throughout their entire high school career can certainly develop a high level of
softball skill.
On the down side, specialization in softball can cause overuse injuries. Injuries
of high school and college freshman softball players are at all-time high levels.
Softball is a one-sided sport for most players (e.g., hit right, throw right), so move-
ment patterns can be lopsided or overdeveloped on one side. By playing multiple
sports in high school and by adding quality strength training, many muscle groups
can be developed, thus reducing the potential for injuries.
Multisport athletes bring a higher level of overall athleticism. They develop
additional teamwork skills, stay at higher fitness levels, and learn to work with
different coaches and athletes. Players in their 8th, 9th, and 10th grade years often
ask me, “Should I play other sports in high school or specialize in softball?” My
response continues to be the same. If they enjoy playing another sport in high
school, they should play it, especially if they are a significant contributor in that
sport. If the high school team is a winning team with a history of success, they
have even more reason to play. The more an athlete can learn how to win and be
around a competitive environment at a high level, the better off she’ll be.
OLDER VERSIONS OF ME
Views have changed dramatically over the past 40 years with regard to young
adults and parents. Research states that 85 percent of Generation Yers claim to
be extremely close to their parents, whereas 40 percent of Baby Boomers in 1974
claimed that they’d be better off without their parents. Because of these beliefs,
Dan Kiley named Generation Y the Peter Pan Generation because they tend to
delay many events into adulthood. They would define the word adult based on
certain personal abilities and characteristics rather than more traditional rite-of-
passage events. Researchers believe that the age at which members of Generation
Y reach adulthood is now closer to age 30 than age 20! Based on the economy
and other factors, college graduates strongly consider moving back in with their
parents as a viable option. This trend does not have the same negative stigma it
did a generation ago.
Today’s player grew up in a guaranteed world—in a failure-proof, risk-free
environment. They live in a structured and adult-planned world. Consequently,
recent graduates struggle with making adult decisions. For the first time in their
lives they have to make real decisions on their own.
Because of the structure of youth softball, parents are highly involved in the
lives of today’s softball players. Parents drive players around to various cities to
play, eat meals with their children on the road, stay with them in hotels, take them
to lessons, spend every minute of every weekend together, and are just around all
the time. Because of this intensive time commitment, the prospect wants parental
input in the softball playing and recruiting process.
Parents and their offspring are closer than ever, which can be a real positive
in terms of involvement in a child’s life. Some parents, however, want to handle
their daughter’s battles and issues. These inclinations are detrimental to a young
female’s preparation for real life. Additionally, because of the astronomical amount
of money that parents spend on youth softball (equipment, lessons, travel team fees,
and so on), they tend to believe that their daughters are entitled to full scholarships.
High school and travel ball coaches deal with parents on a daily basis. Collegiate
coaches may not have the same issue, but they still must set boundaries for parent.
At Louisville we send parents a letter that states expectations and guidelines to
make sure that everyone is on the same page as we head into the season.
I WANT IT AND I WANT IT NOW!

Generation Y has been described as an entitled group. They expect to have nice
things, and they expect to have nice things now! Today’s softball player has been
raised in an era of prosperity. Parents have been able to afford high-performance
equipment throughout their daughters’ careers. They have the financial means
to provide hitting and pitching lessons, personal trainers, recruiting services, and
camp fees. Although many young players appreciate those items, they have little
or no meaning for others because they were not earned.
Because parents have handed those items to their daughters on a regular basis,
impressing today’s player is challenging. New shoes? Check. New bat? Check.
Video equipment? Check. Personal trainer? Check. Specialty coaches? Check. The
list goes on and on. They have always known a softball world of opportunities and
scholarships, and they expect to receive those items.
From time to time, we share a list of everything that a University of Louisville
softball student-athlete receives and attach a corresponding dollar amount to each
item. When players see what a tutor costs per hour or what a complete uniform
costs, let alone what tuition costs for the year, they begin to see the bigger picture.
We attempt to eliminate entitlement by constantly discussing the time and effort put
into all the benefits our softball players receive and by having our players understand
that items are earned, not given. Our players also participate in a Cardinal Athletic
Fund Thank-a-Thon when they call our donors and thank them personally for
their contributions to Louisville athletics.
Discipline within a program is critical for success. Today’s players want structure,
although at times they will complain about it. The most effective way to discipline
a player in an era of wealth and prosperity is to take away the only things that
really matter—time and money.
Because members of Generation Y think globally and truly desire to make
a difference, they have volunteered more time to the world than any previous
generation. Although they are entitled with things, they are generous with their
time. Your program must be dedicated to making a difference or to contributing
to society. Find out what community service activities really light a fire under your
current players and get involved. It’s a win–win situation. Your players will respect
your desire to get behind something, and society as a whole will benefit as well.
One year at Purdue, we hosted a softball game for special needs children. Every
player on our team was assigned to a special needs child, and we played a softball
game. The children involved were on cloud nine because most never imagined
that they would play on a Division I softball field. To see wheelchairs on the field
alongside our Division I athletes was a sight that everyone in attendance would
remember forever. One of our players was so moved by the whole experience that
she later chose a profession in social work. She felt a calling to help those in need.
Making a difference matters to today’s players.
WHO’S THE BOSS?

If you want to develop leadership within today’s players, you must invite them,
include them, and involve them. Remember that their participation has been adult
driven and adult structured their entire lives. They were not given playground
opportunities to pick teams, pick sports, make up the rules, and settle conflicts.
Today’s player has not had opportunities to develop leadership and take on respon-
sibilities. They have minimal skills in leading various personalities. We must teach
leadership, and not just from a book. A book can provide a good foundation, but
teachable leadership moments come to life on the field and in daily activities.
Bill Edwards, NFCA Hall of Fame coach at Hofstra, rarely coaches in fall
practices during game situations so that his players learn to think the game and
make decisions on their own. He believes that not enough free play occurs. Many
players go to hitting lessons, pitching lessons, and conditioning lessons during
which coaches tell them what to do and how long to do it. No decision making
occurs. Coaches should put players in leadership and decision-making positions
and let them figure it out from time to time.
At Louisville we have a subtle way to flush out leadership. Every time we do

a team drill at practice, everyone on the current defensive team always meets at
the pitcher’s mound. Why, you may ask. Because at some point, while they are
all standing there staring at each other in a tight space, somebody is going to say
something! The team finds out every day in practice who is willing to be vocal,
to step up and say something. They also find out who they are going to listen to.
We want to figure out every day the person who the team looks to for positive
encouragement and who the team looks to for a strong redirect. We don’t want
a tight game setting to be the first time the team addresses those situations. We
practice it every day.
YA GOTTA LUV EM!

Today’s players thrive on a healthy balance of work and play. Balance is critical,
because work and play are not viewed as separate entities for Generation Y. They
believe that they can have fun while they are working. Because of these beliefs,
coaches need to add fun and enjoyment into their programs. Remember that fun
does not mean goofing off, although at times it may be appropriate. Fun can also
mean healthy competitions and new challenges on the softball field.
Young athletes today are technologically savvy, civic minded, visionary, confident,
smart, optimistic, moralistic, and values driven. They are tolerant, caring, honest,
open minded, and balanced. They believe that their work will help change the
world! As coaches, we know that they will change ours.
CHAPTER
21
Assessing Your Team’s
Mental Makeup
Kyla Holas
Assessing your team’s mental makeup is often easier than changing it. As coaches, we
have a solid perspective about how our athletes interact as a team, what situations
they will perform well in, and which ones could possibly cause them to crumble.
On a daily basis, we watch our athletes perform, thus being spectators to their
failures and successes in a variety of situations. What lends to this is the process
of identifying strengths and weaknesses in our athletes, which usually seems easy
and natural to most veteran coaches. But if you are newer to the coaching profes-
sion, it is the ability to create opportunities for change that can generate difficult
situations in terms of identifying strengths, weaknesses, and changes that may
need to be made.
During my first few seasons as a head coach, I believed that the team was sup-
posed to emulate my ideas and possess my approach to the sport. As an athlete, I
was an intense competitor who hated to lose and loved to work hard. As a head
coach new to the profession, I expected my team to have this approach.
Instead of meeting my expectations, the teams of my first years crumbled under
pressure and lost games that they should have won. I had players who hated practice
and truly believed that they practiced too hard. Therefore, I was lost, frustrated,
and disconnected from my players. I thought to myself, this is not what I was
taught, nor do I have athletes who are playing or responding as I did when I was
an athlete. At this point I began to look at each player more closely, really trying
to understand where the breakdown in my approach was happening and how that
affected each of my athletes. I wanted to understand where the disconnect was
occurring in each of the athletes.
I began to discover that by mentally assessing each athlete, I could enhance my
ability to motivate and understand each person on my team, thus having an effect
not only on each individual but also on the team as a whole. As I came to under-
stand how essential this piece of the puzzle was to the overall picture, it became
important to me, even somewhat of an obsession, to implement my new knowledge.
293
As part of this, I read motivational book after motivational book. I made it my

business to talk with one sport psychologist after another, striving to understand
how to motivate my athletes (and, thus, my team). Additionally, I wanted to
understand why they were not mentally playing softball in the same way that I
approached it, in a way that would offer greater opportunities to win more games.
And there it was: the outcome versus the process. I completely overlooked the
process, maybe even took it for granted. What I had was a team full of players who
were operating in the mind-set of trying not to lose instead of playing the game
one pitch at a time and focusing on the process of winning. After I arrived at this
realization, I gained an element of opportunity for my athletes and, in turn, my
team that I had never possessed before.
After discovering that I had a new tool in my toolbox, I completely changed
my approach to coaching. Looking back, this is when the winning started. I began
my new approach by evaluating the players on the team in a three-step approach.
I made it my business to discover and learn about each athlete. I wanted to know
who they were, what made them want to play softball, and how committed they
were to reaching their goals. I saw this as the beginning point of understanding
who my team was and how I could offer them opportunities to achieve not only
their individual goals but also our goals as a team, which in turn would enable us,
together, to achieve a winning perspective.
As I have gained additional years of experience as a head coach, the method of
evaluation has now become the easy part, but the implementation process is still
a work in progress. Armed with this knowledge, my staff and I started to focus on
how to tailor practices to produce quality repetitions and reach all our athletes in
the most effective way possible. We measured their quality reps to allow them to
compete against themselves daily. We transformed ourselves with the mind-set
that when game time comes, we never compete against an opponent, just ourselves,
and we focus on our best effort on that particular day. As a result, each year, we
must adjust our perspective and reevaluate our athletes based on the makeup of
our current team. As a staff, we understand the importance of our team’s mental
mind-set and the way that we go about producing it daily.
EVALUATION PROCESS
The first stage of assessing your team’s mental makeup is evaluation. This first
stage includes three aspects, and the achievement of each stage propels you into
the next. The first aspect that is accomplished during the fall of each year is a
personality test. Many personality tests are available, and they vary in content and
price. As a coaching staff, we have tried two of these personality tests with much
success. The primary test that we use is the Insight model, which assigns colors for
each person to identify with. We have found this test the easiest to implement and
discuss with our team. The other personality test that we have employed is known
as the Myers–Briggs, which assigns four letters that describe each person. Based
on these two personality tests, our coaching staff and team are able to learn about
and gain a holistic understanding of each person. As a whole, the coaching staff and
Assessing Your Team’s Mental Makeup 295
team have a lot of fun with this. They learn which team members think alike and
who shares the same letters or colors. More important, it helps us understand and
work with each other, especially when our thoughts and behaviors do not match.
Public Persona Versus Private Personality

In most situations athletes want to impress and please coaches. This sometimes
means that athletes change or act differently in the presence of coaches. As an
example, I coached an athlete in the past whom I thought I knew well. I also thought
I had a good grasp on how to approach and work with her. After she completed the
personality testing that we engaged in that year, I was shocked. What I had seen
in practice and games was a timid introvert who always took the cautious route.
This behavior was completely contradicted by her personality assessment, which
labeled her as an enthusiastic extrovert who was getting lost in our daily practice
routines, details about the game, and self-evaluation system. I learned from the
results that I had been approaching this athlete in the wrong way to meet her
where she was a person. From that point on, we tried being more stimulating in
our practice drills and more open and flexible in the details that we applied to skill
input. This new approach allowed the athlete to grow, open up with the team, and
ultimately improve her performance.
We have all had those athletes who were unreachable or athletes who did some-
thing that we thought of as way out of character but in all actuality may have been
exactly who they were. A particular event may really demonstrate a person’s true
being, and the difference is that we are seeing it for the first time. Knowing what
encourages an athlete to perform her best helps you, as a coach, to have more
accurate knowledge about how to reach the athlete and how to handle her in times
of stress and pressure, when her personality traits are really tested.
Assess the Team’s Motivations

The second stage of assessing your team’s mental makeup is motivation. Knowing
what motivates each individual and, in turn, your team is of utmost importance.
Understanding why each athlete plays the game of softball is a vital tool in under-
standing her personality. For example, as a coaching staff we have employed the
Competitive Pyramid. We ask each athlete to place herself in one of the following
three categories that they truly identify with: competitive actions, competitive
mind-set, or competitive motives.
Competitive Actions
I received the Competitive Pyramid from the Jeff Janssen Leadership Academy.
After I learned of its existence, I used it to help us reach our athletes, learn how
to challenge them, and identify what angle to approach them from. A competi-
tive actions person is motivated each day by her work pace and actions. Players in
this category will be your pace setters at practice and will base their confidence
on the work they did that day. I make sure to keep these players motivated with
challenging practices and appeal to their hard-working mentality.
Competitive Mind-Set
A competitive mind-set person tends to be the kind of player who hates to lose
and plays softball with the idea that there is something to prove. Players with this
mind-set will take full responsibility for a loss. With competitive mind-set players,
I try to make daily practice drills become more gamelike by increasing competi-
tion during drills. Mind-set players will thrive on game day. If you talk to the team
about something that they need to improve and the situation does not pertain to
a player with a competitive mind-set perspective, you must be sure to go back
and talk one-on-one with that person. Otherwise, a competitive mind-set person
will likely take everything addressed to the team as personal. This point could be
important because such players are usually not the ones you are talking to.
Competitive Motives
A competitive motives person tends to be more internal, takes things more per-
sonally, and ties her self-worth to her performance. Athletes in this competitive
mind-set need the most help in maintaining balance during practice and competi-
tions. With too much failure, this type of athlete attaches her self-worth to those
outcomes and tends to be emotional. Motive players, however, are the most loyal
to their team, and as a coach, you should try to appeal to that quality. Having these
types of people in charge of another player or partnering them up on challenge
days to keep them focused on someone other than themselves can be beneficial.
Because their self-worth tends to be tied to performance, make sure to praise these
players because it matters more to them than it does to others.
To put this all together, the Competitive Pyramid has armed our coaching staff
with a tool to meet our student-athletes where they are, which in turn empowers
them to achieve. After we have gained a good understanding of team personality
and recognized the players’ motivations, we use another evaluation tool to deter-
mine each athlete’s level of commitment. We have our team and our staff rate each
player on the Jeff Janssen Commitment Continuum Scale. The scale ranges from
resistant–reluctant–existent to compliant–committed–compelled.
This process has each player rate where she thinks she is and where the team
and coaches think she is. This motivating tool is an eye-opening experience for
players, especially those who perceive themselves differently from those around
them or the ones who work really hard and think that no one notices their efforts.
As a coach who employs this tool, I have a goal to have everyone on the commit-
ted side by the start of the season and have a team that buys in to the philosophy
and established goals of the program. In trying to achieve this, I have to keep in
mind and understand the starting point. In doing this, I strive for the leaders first
and then build to the starting nine. From there, we work one at a time to get any
remaining players on the right side of the chart. That single athlete on the right
side of the chart can be the jump to success that you have never had or the key
to a team’s downfall. Those one or two players will be the toughest to work with
and often take the most time, but when they make the move toward buying into
the mind-set that is being established, they will make the most difference in your
team. This important measurement tool can help your team work as one toward
a common goal and use a mentally sound approach.
At times during a season, players may need a model to identify with. I usually
save this model for a time when these players are struggling with the balance of
focusing on the process while still competing. For these situations, I created a
questionnaire for our athletes to promote thought about how competitors oper-
ate and a spot to rate themselves on three key points. I ask them these questions:
What differentiates competitors? What motivates them? What frustrates them?
How do they handle adversity? How do they prepare daily?
They then rate themselves on the categories of self-belief, self-discipline, and
competitive fire. I have noticed that the questionnaire has helped us open up dis-
cussion on competitiveness being a combination of intensity and intelligence and
something that is attainable for everyone.
In completing this endeavor, remember that this evaluation stage happens on a
daily timeline. Personality tests, commitment scales, and other tools are important
elements that enable you, as a coach, to know where your team and players really
are versus where you want them to be.
Having a pulse on the mental makeup of your team will be the only way to
move through the stages of changing your team’s mental makeup. As a reference,
keep in mind that on average it takes 21 days to transform a change into a habit.
What that means for the team is that we must have consistent days of using who
they are together to establish a mentally solid and sound team that works and
functions as a unit.
To enable changes to occur and help us advance toward having a well-oiled
team that has all the motions working together to function as one unit, we have
established a variety of opportunities and situations that help us work toward that
goal. These include a multitude of team activities, player routines and releases, the
establishment of team leaders, practice challenges, and the institution of game-day
processes. All the work that has been previously addressed is a starting point. The
knowledge base has been established; now it must now be implemented.
TEAM ACTIVITIES
(TEAM BONDING AND CHALLENGES)
As a coaching staff, we start each year using an established pattern, but one that is
flexible and can be adjusted to work with each athlete and, in turn, the team. Every
year, we use the fall and recruiting-visit time to bring our team together, spend
time with recruits, and observe how those individuals may fit in to our system. We
also use this time to begin building the mental makeup of our program. As part of
this, we create situations and challenges to bring our athletes together, challenge
them, and divide them at times. This process helps us, as coaches, to observe and
determine which players demonstrate leadership skills, to understand how our team
works as a whole, and to identify the issues that we might need to improve on. This
is also the time when we consult the Internet to find anything and everything out
there in our surroundings to do. We have tried just about every possible activity;
some of them cost money, and some we do ourselves at little to no cost.
We usually plan four team events each year that are staff lead and then pass it
on to the team to lead for the remainder of the fall. We therefore have a semester-
long process of building the team’s mental makeup. A few examples of things that
we have done as a team are photo scavenger hunts, a game known as Bigger and
Better, the Cougar Cup, Minute to Win It, Fear Factor, Mind Games, the Dating
Game, and an outing to Sur La Table, in which we went to our local store and
attended a cooking class, where we divided into teams and baked an appetizer,
meal, and dessert. After tasting, we voted on the best entry.
Photo Scavenger Hunt

The photo scavenger hunt was done by creating a list of items around town to
take pictures of. After teams were established, rules were given (such as observing
all traffic laws and wearing seat belts). Time lines were set, and ideas about bonus
points were offered. Finally, all team members were off in and about town to take
pictures to complete the photo scavenger hunt list.
Bigger and Better

Another game, Bigger and Better, has also been used as a team activity. This game
is played by having groups start with a single small item, like a pencil, and then
go out to trade the pencil up toward bigger and better items. It is important with
this game to establish a set timeline and require that when the groups return, they
own the last item outright.
Cougar Cup
The Cougar Cup includes a multitude of physical challenges that cross all sports
and have a fun twist to them. Rules are listed, and a point system is established.
The team is divided into two groups. Coaches and players have a lot of fun seeing
how people work together as a group to achieve these physical challenges. At the
end we award a trophy cup that is kept by the winning team for the year.
TV Games
Other favorites, Minute to Win It and Fear Factor, are taken straight from the
television shows. In Minute to Win It, favorite challenges are chosen. Then a
timer is set for one minute as players try to achieve the challenges. An adaption
of Fear Factor is another activity that we have used. For example, after making
sure that we know about food allergies beforehand, food items are wrapped in foil.
Then challenges are drawn to see who can eat the items the fastest. An additional
challenge that we have previously implemented is the Dating Game, in which
we adapt the television show for our needs by having two people partner up and
learn everything they can about each other. We then separate them and have them
answer questions on cards. Finally, the partners are asked the questions that they
previously discussed to see whether they have the same answer. If the answers
match, they are awarded points for their work
Mind Games
Mind games, in which athletes are asked to compete with a different set of skills,
puzzles, riddles, mazes, and so on is one of the toughest ones for athletes because
they prefer physical challenges. But this activity can be a good change of pace and
bring out some leaders who may not have excelled in the physical challenges. We
pull together some of those tough brainteasers and award points for the team that
solves them the fastest.
After we finish play in the fall and the players go back to their individual sched-
ules, we keep them focused on staying as a team and working together as a team
by creating situations each week in which the athletes are offered opportunities to
plan weekly team-bonding events. Two player’s names are drawn, and they have
to coordinate and organize something for the week that the team can do, based
on the available free time left in the week. The activity can be as simple as a pizza
and movie night, a birthday celebration, a night of bowling, or an old-fashioned
board game challenge. These events create situations in which you can start to learn
what interests your athletes possess. The activities not only build team atmosphere
but also afford players the opportunity to each be in charge of bringing the team
together. In turn, this helps them invest in their team and take ownership of their
team’s mental makeup.
With these activities, the athletes begin to invest into the team concept because
they are helping to create the atmosphere. Sometimes they find that they have a
lot more in common with someone whom they might not have known very well
before the team activities began. Later in the season, the activities could be an ally
in getting a struggling player back on track by taking her for a mental timeout to
revisit her success in one of the activities.
PROCESS-BASED PLAYER APPROACH

Player routines are important because to have a sound mental makeup, a player
must have an established routine and a release. A routine is something that a
player does every pitch, whether on defense or offense, to create consistency in
the prepitch moments. The routine enables an athlete to remain in a consistent
mind-set and approach before the ball moves.
Routines
Routines should be simple, have a fluid movement to them, and include a deep
breath to settle the internal systems. An example of a hitting routine would include
taking two warm-up swings outside the box, getting the signal from the coach,
facing the batter’s box, and finding a focal spot on the bat. The athlete would
then take a deep breath, step into the box, be loose and relaxed in the body, and
have a focused facial expression to be ready for the pitch. This established routine
should be the same for every pitch, keeping in mind that no at bat, ground ball,
or pitch is more important than another. The entire process of a routine provides
the consistency that is needed to allow a release.
Releases
The release is an action that gets the athlete back into the normal routine when
something did not go as planned, such as an error, a bad pitch, or maybe a swing
and a miss at a ball. Releases should be physical so that the action can signal that
the moment is over. The release promotes the idea that the athlete is moving on
from what did not go as planned. The player also demonstrates to coaches and
teammates that she is now ready for the next pitch.
Input Versus Output

Another item to note about routines and releases is that you need to know your
athletes and your team well. As coaches, we take time to know each player’s routines
and releases on defense and offense. With this knowledge, we are able to know
where each athlete is during a game. We can determine when we might need a
time-out to slow the game down for the players and help them refocus on the
input, not the output.
Routines and releases usually become inconsistent or nonexistent when players
are focused on outcomes. For example, a pitcher’s routines can speed up between
pitches, and before you know it you have had back-to-back hits. Some players
do not release and take their defensive mistake into their offense and vice versa.
Another issue that can happen is that the lack or inconsistency of a release can
cause a player to forget all the other things that she did right that day. She may
begin to engage in the negative self-talk that usually puts a mentally weak player
on the bench, pouting about her performance that day.
Quality Counters
One way to stay on the input of the task at hand and the quality of reps is a quality
counter. Our coaching staff uses this idea because our coaching model is based on
the belief that measurement equals motivation. During practice, reps are important,
but quality reps matter much more. For instance, imagine a practice in which reps
during a defensive drill, batting practice, or pitching sets were measured for quality.
You would go through them differently, correct? That is the objective here. Make
everything that you do count, instead of just counting everything that you do. It is
not just 10 fastballs, but 10 quality fastballs. The same goes for every other instance.
As a coach, if you remain focused on the process, then the outcomes will take
care of themselves. For example, we chart pitchers and hitters during practice
to demonstrate clearly where the athlete is in terms of the quality range of reps.
This is a simple thing to chart. All the chart must contain is a slot for total reps,
a place for quality reps, and the percentage total for that day. Our players know
their goal number for the day, and each day their goal is to try to beat their per-
sonal best number.
“What Else?” Mentality

This charting system allows us to have a better gauge of lower-quality days, when
the athlete may have needed more focus. That focus and the “What else can I
do?” mentality is where we, as coaches, want those lower-quality days to be for
our players. We want our athletes to think for themselves, “OK. It wasn’t a great
day. What else can I do today for my team?” This allows us to focus and remain
in a working mentality, which is our goal for our athletes and the key to being a
mentally sound player every day.
CREATING LEADERSHIP
The area of team leadership has been a primary focus for our team during the past
few seasons. We have all had teams that had specifically designated captains, but
they were present in name only. In other words, these players had the title of team
captain, but they did not consistently demonstrate any real sense of leadership for
the team to follow. We had captains who had little or no power to lead, or captains
who were disconnected from the team. Those instances created a need for change.
Captain of Peers
Our old process of choosing team captains was to have the team and staff choose
two leaders each year. At the beginning of the selection process for captains, we
would distribute a copy of the job description for the captain positions, offer appli-
cations, and encourage team members to apply. After applications were submitted
and players were chosen, the newly appointed team captains attended a 10-week
leadership program with me, as their head coach, to learn a variety of techniques
and skills about how to become a better and more effective leader. Despite the
selection process and the leadership-training program, the problems described
earlier kept finding a way into the team during the season.
Four Versus One or Two: Power in Numbers

As a coach I have observed a difference in seasons that had effective leaders. I have
come to believe that the team leaders, usually your team captains, are your lifeline
to your team. During one challenging season, I altered our team leadership system
from a two-person job to a four-person job. My belief in the power of numbers
proved successful and is now our current approach to team leadership.
Our team selects four class leaders: one freshman, one sophomore, one junior,
and one senior. These four leaders still attend the 10-week leadership program
together, but now we demonstrate our leadership based on class rank. A freshman
is the liaison for the freshman, a sophomore for the sophomores, and so on. This
approach has enabled us to have a better grasp on what is happening for each person
and thus the class as a whole. It also offers the opportunity to grasp the possible
differences in class issues; the issues that a freshman might be working through
will be different from the possible issues for a sophomore, junior, or senior.
This new approach to team leadership has given us, as coaches, a new and more
personal perspective into the mental makeup of our team. In addition, four people
are now working together for the betterment of the team. This lends itself well
to the idea of leaders having more support and additional options of approach to
work with during tough times.
Weekly Meetings
We meet each week with all four team captains to discuss where they see them-
selves as leaders, where the team is, what has gone well, and what has not gone
well. We also discuss who may be in need of special attention and what we need
to prepare for in the coming week. The meeting usually takes about 30 minutes,
but it sets the tone for the rest of the week. It offers us, as a staff, the opportunity
to discuss and reflect on any changes that we need to address in regard to team
issues, such as the need to push an athlete or ease up on a struggling player. Overall,
these meetings offer the chance to talk with team captains in a personal and open
atmosphere about the direction of team for the week. All this sets up a scenario
in which the team begins practice with four players and three staff members who
are buying into your plan for the week. That adds up to seven people at practice
all on the same page. Power in numbers!
HABIT OF COMPETING
Having a mentally stable team that can overcome the ups and downs of a season
usually requires more work on the part of the leaders, rather than the players. Lead-
ers must know each player as a person. A leader must also know what motivates
each player and then must employ that knowledge to encourage commitment to
the program plan. This dynamic process is in a constant state of change and can
be greatly enhanced during daily dealings with the team. To offer an example, as
the head coach I implemented practice challenges a few years ago. At first, practice
challenges were an occasional thing in which athletes tried to bargain to reduce
the amount of a task, like baserunning, or get out of something altogether, like
weight lifting. What really stood out during those practice challenges was how the
dynamics of the team would change and how hard and competitive the athletes
would become to try to achieve the challenge. But I would not get that kind of
energy from the team during the course of the practice. Because of this discovery,
I began to search for ways to create practice challenges on a more frequent basis.
What has transpired are daily practice challenges. We now use these daily challenges
as a way to see how athletes respond to pressure, to determine who thrives in the
various competitions, to expose weaknesses, and to challenge the opponent. The
challenges started out as something simple, such as the team versus the coaches,
but it morphed into infield versus outfield, right side versus left side, or pitchers
versus hitters. Eventually, it evolved into a leader board that ranged from simple
awards like baserunning leader or offensive leader to web gem player of the day.
Some examples of favorite challenges include situational hitting, in which we
create small teams and go through situations while awarding points for runners
advanced, and a bat control contest in which we challenge athletes to ground ball,
fly ball, and line drive days. Another favorite challenge is known as total bases day,
when points are added up for how many bases are touched.
We have also competed in a bunting challenge in which we attempt to advance
and score runners with sacrifice bunting, drop bunting, push bunting, and slapping.
One Ball is a challenge in which normal batting practice rounds are achieved using
only one ball (points are added or subtracted when another ball has to be taken
out of the bin). Defensively, 21 Outs is a challenge in which we see how many balls
have to be put in play to get 21 outs.
Infield versus outfield is another challenge that the team enjoys. This adaptable
challenge can become whatever you want it to be. It is similar to another challenge
that we have used, known as right side versus left side. Rather than establishing the
teams as infield versus outfield, teams are labeled as right side and left side. The
defense versus base runners challenge focuses on baserunning to see how many
bases the teams can get. Another challenge that we have had success with is having
two pitchers do the workout and compete to see who can get the workout down
first. This is great for a perfects day, when pitchers cannot move on to another
pitch until they hit the location.
Finally, two other challenges that we have used include Cougars (played like
a game of horse, but with throwing pitches) and pitchers versus hitters day, in
which we keep track to see who wins the count. Overall, the institution of practice
challenges has been a big hit with the players. As coaches, we are able to watch
as they work hard to win at their daily activities that they once went through so
mindlessly. As previously mentioned, challenges energize athletes. Adding to this
is the fact that throughout the season, the staff maintains a running total of the
challenges. At the end of the year, points are totaled to determine the first- and
second-place winners.
GAME-DAY APPROACHES
All the team bonding and practice work that has been put into routines, releases,
and challenges will pay off on game day, but that does not mean that all the work
done before game day will guarantee that the team will show up and play a men-
tally tough game. As we all know, game days are the toughest days to stay focused
throughout. When the going gets tough on game days, athletes may disregard all
the mental preparation that has been established.
There Is No Big Game

When an athlete feels pressure, she demonstrates her true character. Given this,
as a coaching staff we operate with the thought of making sure that there are no
big games. We make a concerted effort not to talk about our opponent. Instead,
we focus on the keys to what we need to do this week. Additionally, we give prior-
ity to preparing to win and to making the necessary adjustments. To further this,
we set goals that need to be accomplished for the game or inning by inning. This
plan is determined from the scouting report that we have obtained. All this work
increases our chance of success.
Process and Routines

During the game, focus is given to routines. Those individual routines slow the
game down for a player. When it seems as if the game is moving too fast, I have my
athletes take a deep breath to settle and refocus themselves. During the huddles, we
focus on things that can be done to add speed to the game and take every inch that
we can. An example of speeding up the game is our display of energy in hustling
on and off the field. This also allows us the opportunity to gain an advantage over
the opposing pitcher by picking up on timing, knowing the other team’s signals
or defensive shifts, and observing the tips that a pitcher is giving.
Deal With the What-Ifs

As a coach I believe that a team can be beaten before the first inning is over just
by speeding up the other team to an uncomfortable pace that gets them out of
their comfort zone. Despite using these techniques, however, we have had games
in which we did everything correctly yet still lost. Because those losses are the
hardest to forget, we prepare for them and try to attack them head on, beforehand.
As part of this process, we have a board that has two sides labeled “What Is the
Worst That Could Happen?” and “What Can I Do to Prevent That From Hap-
pening?” The goal in having this board is to have each player report what she is
most worried about and then what she can do to prevent that from happening. An
example of a fear could be “What if I give up a home run?” The corresponding
action is “Focus on one pitch at a time.”
FINAL THOUGHTS
Overall, the daily implementation of the previously mentioned components can be
tedious and time consuming for the coaching staff. They must spend a great deal
of time thinking of challenges to bring and ways to calculate results so that things
remain within the established perspective. Other things may seem more important,
but the commitment shown to the process and the players will be the commitment
that you get back from your team. Taking time to step back and listen can develop
an entirely new perspective toward creating an effective method of developing a
mentally sound team. Keeping in mind that the process is dynamic and evolving
is a recipe for success and a way to focus on what we started with—the process,
not the outcome. With the process in place, the outcome will take care of itself in
creating a mentally sound team.
CHAPTER
22
Building Team Chemistry
Ke l ly Inouye- Perez
Competition thrives in softball. Our sport has grown, and I am the first to admit
that the strides made in the last decade are unprecedented. From coast to coast, the
sounds and sights of softball are accelerating the development of players striving
to gain competitive excellence. All coaches, no matter the level of competition,
work tirelessly to make their teams faster, stronger, and mentally tougher so that
their players are ready to compete for softball supremacy. They introduce drills
on the mechanics of hitting, defense, pitching, and catching. They attend clinics,
conduct softball camps, and hire experts to teach the fundamentals and finer points
of playing softball.
As coaches, we should never stop learning. We should constantly look for ways
to make our teams compete successfully. That is our ethos, and we should never
apologize if we burn with that desire. The reality is, however, that even with tal-
ented players on the field, winning is not easy. More is needed to get to the highest
level of competition and ultimate success. That element is team chemistry. It’s the
final ingredient needed to get your team to play at a championship level. Barring
injuries, incredible bad luck, or overwhelming competition, a team imbued with
great team chemistry will win. It’s as simple as that.
Why is that? Why is team chemistry, in particular great team chemistry, critical
to success? From my vantage point I believe that the reasons become clearer as we
view our environment. We are surrounded by efforts that fail. We document our
failures just as much as we herald our successes. We archive and compile statistics
of every player, every inning, and every ball game throughout the entire season.
Errors, strikeouts, losses, and pitching details are tracked just as religiously as we
track successes. We work in a field that defines a great hitter as one who fails 60
to 70 percent of the time. To see through all this requires a disciplined mind and
the support and focus of the entire team. You need great team chemistry.
Can you imagine what it looks and sounds like to have your players consistently
communicating with loud voices on defense? Can you appreciate your player
hustling to the dugout after a failed attempt at the plate and being received with
true compassion by her teammates? Can you imagine your team fighting back
from a losing position and then leaving an opponent on the field in the bottom of
305
the seventh? Can you imagine practices when players work with great energy and
enthusiasm? Witness these things, and I will show you a team with great chemistry.
At the conclusion of each championship season, no matter the sport, I frequently
hear someone say, “This team had great chemistry!” or “We all got along,” or words
to that effect. And the star of the game is usually the one who says those words.
Those watching the proceedings may conclude that winning leads to good team
chemistry, but I believe that it is the other way around. A strong team culture leads
to great team chemistry and is the key to championship softball.
In this chapter I share three things. First, I describe how we got started in
developing our unique team chemistry. I then offer examples of what we used to
maintain our team chemistry throughout the season. Finally, I explain how despite
the lack of a guarantee of a championship season, a team can use team chemistry
to make the season an enjoyable experience.
START WITH THE PHILOSOPHY

Every program starts with a philosophy about the core values that guide and sup-
port all efforts to be successful. These core values allows coaches, team members,
and all involved to keep their respective priorities straight through all the ups and
downs that college softball represents. For example, at UCLA our philosophy is as
follows: Family comes first, then school, and then, finally, softball—the fun part.
We believe deeply that a healthy family structure enables our athletes to compete
at the highest levels. We define family to include the entire softball family: players’
families, administrators, coaches, support staff, and our alumni. It’s corny, but it
works. Every decision we make is based on ensuring that each player receives the
best support and guidance to make her career here successful.
Academics at UCLA are not insignificant. It challenges our players, who in turn
need our support to ensure their success. We support them in many ways includ-
ing mentoring, counseling, and, yes, even attending their classes to make sure that
they are there learning and paying attention to details. With commitment to their
studies, players get to enjoy softball on the field. Lack of commitment in the class-
room has consequences for the individual and the team. For example, a player who
is faltering in school is not allowed to practice or compete with the team. We do
this to emphasize the importance that we place on academics. It hurts if your star
players are not allowed to compete, and it should. Avoiding these consequences
remains a high priority and a cornerstone of our philosophy. Softball is the fun
part, and we try to make the softball experience at UCLA enjoyable and rewarding.
WHERE ARE WE HEADING?

Although our philosophy does not change, our vision can change each year. By
vision we mean getting the team to a better place from where we were at the start
of the season. For most teams, at any level, it usually starts with a vision to win a
conference or national championship. I had the great fortune of knowing Coach
Building Team Chemistry 307
John Wooden. I asked him a question he probably answered many times: “How do
you create the championship tradition?” He kept it simple with one of his famous
aphorisms, “Yesterday is as old as dirt, and we have no control of tomorrow, so
make today your masterpiece.” I took his advice and spent a lot of time trying to
figure out how to accomplish what he made appear so simple. I realized that his
focus was on the process of how to become the best you are capable of being. He
knew that he had no control over the outcome. His pyramid of success was how
he documented the path to competitive greatness at the top of the triangle. Each
word on that triangle stood for the qualities needed to be a champion in life.
Realizing the Vision

Our focus to realize our vision was not as elaborate as Coach Wooden’s pyramid
of success, but it had meaning to our program. Three concepts became our daily
challenges: One, we honored our Bruin culture by inspiring each other with work
ethic and enthusiasm both on and off the field. Two, we developed our competitive
excellence by working on the skills that would allow us to compete at the highest
level. And, three, we realized that we were here to win in life, so we strived to be
the best in all that we did both on and off the field each day. Because we could
not measure a championship in October, this vision allowed us to focus on how
to create a masterpiece each day that would be our backbone in June. This vision
gave us direction and purpose to improve ourselves throughout the season. It was
not easy. It took the better part of the season to understand what each part of the
vision looked like and felt like, and how it made a difference in our drive to the
championship in 2010. But I am getting ahead of myself.
Creating Our Own Language

After we defined how to keep our priorities straight and where we were heading
as a team, the next step was to learn how to do this on a daily basis. This task
was especially daunting because we knew we would not get an outcome until our
season was over. Yet we were determined to move forward. I was fortunate to
have a leadership coach, Dr. Foster Mobley, to call on to help us define the steps
that we needed to take to make our vision a reality. He sat with my coaching staff
and made us define what we believed were the most important things to focus on
with our daily actions. He asked many questions. What it would look like? What
would it sound like? What would it feel like? He made us dig deep into ourselves
and write down what we believed were the critical factors that we needed to do
as a staff. He grilled us for clarity by asking each of us to explain why we believed
our concepts were important. We had pieces of paper taped to the wall and wrote
everything that was important to us. On each paper was a list of words or actions
that we wanted to see both on and off the field—words and phrases like hustle,
compete, take care of each other, focus, concentration, discipline, be a team player,
and mental toughness. Our job was to distill these words to their lowest common
denominator. From this process emerged our guiding principles. These would be
Our Guiding Principles to Uphold the Tradition

of Excellence of UCLA Softball
• We live “team over self.”
• We have each other’s backs.
• We hold ourselves accountable to our commitments and our efforts.
• We create our masterpiece in every moment.
• We are each here to be “the one”—to be a difference maker when it
counts.
These concepts and words represented our core beliefs of what we expected
and wanted our players to represent and believe in. Knowing the process that
we underwent with Dr. Mobley, we knew that we needed a way to commu-
nicate those concepts to our players and support staff. We started with our
seniors. We made time to discuss with each individual, class, and position
what those guiding principles represented, what those words looked like
and felt like, and how important it was for everyone to understand that the
principles were the essence of the program. Team chemistry was born as we
explained the principles.
the phrases that we would use to guide our day-to-day journey to accomplish our
vision. The five phrases represented what we wanted our team culture to represent
and how we would pursue competitive excellence to win. Here is how we stated it:
Practicing the Language

The next phase proved equally challenging—how to maintain team chemistry.
We decided to have team meetings in which each player was to give an example
of a teammate who lived up to those concepts. For example, a player would state,
“I choose Katie for the guiding principle of creating a masterpiece in every moment
because she comes early and stays late, focusing on her mechanics. Another
example: “I pick Drea for preparing to be the one because she is always challenging
herself by practicing her weakness in drills at practice. Another example: “I pick
Monica for having my back because she called me for morning weight training to
make sure I wasn’t late.” We were able to create a picture of what it looks like and
feels like to be a part of a strong culture. Each meeting every player had to recog-
nize someone who exemplified a guiding principle. The team chemistry became
strong because players were recognizing each other for actions that allowed us to
accomplish our vision.
This process accomplished two things. First, players were getting credit for their
hard work. Nobody talked about outcome; the statements were focused purely
on actions. Second, those who were not being recognized were getting feedback
that they were not being recognized for their actions, which spoke volumes. Both
starters and role players were recognized. For example, “I pick Grace, the bullpen
catcher, for having a team over self mentality for giving to the pitchers without
getting anything in return.” Others were recognized for actions off the field. For
example, “I pick Sammy for holding me accountable in the classroom by studying
with me to help me keep up with my readings.” We started to see things off the
field, which strengthened our culture and team chemistry. Players were now look-
ing for things to notice so that they were prepared to share with the team one of
the guiding principles, which is to give credit to a teammate. The meetings were
powerful, and I was impressed with how the language of what was important cre-
ated a clear picture.
Maintaining the Language During the Season

All of this was easy to do in fall ball and into preseason. Would it work during the
heat of battle? As a coach I made an important decision on how to maintain our
culture when the team was challenged on the field as the season began. I made
this statement to the team: “We cannot fail because each challenging opportunity
prepares us to be at our best when we need to be our best, at the end of season.”
Therefore, each practice and game would be a positive learning experience if we
could see where we fell short and what we did well to prepare for the next oppor-
tunity. Equally important was my desire not to be a Captain Obvious coach. No
longer would I tell the team what we did poorly after each game. I simply asked
them to be accountable and describe where we fell short and what we would do
next time. This approach was powerful for all because it was clear that we could
have done things differently to affect the outcome of the game. Even after a win,
we identified things that we could have done differently. We created a positive
culture with strong team chemistry because players were not afraid or embarrassed
to be called out after a game. Instead, players would step up and say, “My bad for
not getting the bunt down and moving the runner.” Another example: “My bad
for not working ahead as a pitcher. I know it made the innings too long.” The
accountability allowed the team to have each other’s backs rather than be frus-
trated with how the game was affected. But I need to be clear here; this wasn’t
just a meeting to say, “My bad,” and move on. The culture was created that if a
player is accountable, then the team has her back because they see her working
on her shortcoming every day. And something better be done about it next time.
So repetitive accountability for a weakness was not OK!
Focusing on the Little Things

Now that we addressed how to manage the challenges of failure and accountability
in front of the team, the next step was to address what we did well. My assistant at
the time, Gina Vecchione, came up with a great idea to focus on the little things that
made a big difference. For example, moving the runner was more important than
the hit that brought the runner home. We created a standard that if a teammate
sacrificed herself to give another teammate an opportunity, then credit was given
to the player who demonstrated team over self. So a standard was created on how
to focus on the little things that allowed us to succeed. Home runs are an exciting
part of the game and a gut punch to your opponent. But the leadoff batter who
went six pitches into the count allowed the dugout to see the pitcher’s weapons,
which ultimately led to the success of the hitters who followed. So a little thing
like having a quality at bat was given credit. We changed our focus from outcome
oriented to process oriented. Our focus and recognition of the little things gave
the team the strength to produce the big things that followed. Making this change
was not easy because the history of many of our players was just that—doing the
big thing when it counted. The team needed time to recognize the importance
of doing the little things and have it become part of what was expected each day.
Other examples of little things were energy in the dugout, defensive players
backing up bases, and runners taking an extra base to get in scoring position. The
focus was on things that were in our control. Our expectations were high in this
area. We developed a powerful culture and team chemistry because the focus was
not on clutching up; the focus was on controlling what was in our control. The
guiding principles were also used for actions that were not always in our control,
such as picking up a teammate after a failed opportunity. For example, “Thank
you, BB, for having my back and coming through after I struck out.” Another
example: Thank you, offense, for having my back after my terrible first inning on
defense as a pitcher.” The team chemistry was directed toward picking up a team-
mate because that action was more powerful than just clutching up or trying to
be perfect. The individual felt less pressure because she knew that her teammate
would have her back.
Many coaches may say, “I already do this, but then the language and meaning
loses its novelty. Now what?” I agree that the effectiveness of good ideas can be
lost when the outcome just isn’t there. The temptation is to be Captain Obvious
and say, “We were inconsistent.” The statement may be correct in most cases, but
it is not a great motivator for better performance.
CREATING MOMENTUM
There are ways to battle the inner demons of inconsistent play and highlight
the need to get better. We as coaches have to create momentum from within the
team. Coach Sue Enquist was a momentum creator and inspirational leader. She
always stated, “Don’t try to get everyone to buy in, just the critical mass.” That is
great advice. We know who our leaders or core players are, and if we get them to
buy in to anything, the rest of the team should follow. The problem comes when
the leaders don’t know how to get off the roller coaster themselves. Then what?
The leaders become frustrated, the team is frustrated, and you can bet your last
dollar that the coaches are frustrated as well. I would hear people say, “I know
something needs to be done, but we don’t know what to do.” Does that sound
familiar? Several concepts are available to get groups refocused. Here is what I
did. I read a book titled The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell, first published
by Little, Brown in 2000. Gladwell shared how small changes can make a big dif-
ference. He introduced the 80–20 principle, which is exemplified in the idea that
in any group effort roughly 80 percent of the work will be done by 20 percent of
the participants. These people are described in the following ways:
◆◆ Connectors are people with a special gift for bringing the world together.
They are “a handful of people with a truly extraordinary knack [for] making
friends and acquaintances. . . . Their ability to span many different worlds
is a function of something intrinsic to their personality, some combination
of curiosity, self-confidence, sociability, and energy.”
◆◆ Mavens are “information specialists,” or “people we rely upon to connect
us with new information.” According to Gladwell, mavens start “word-of-

mouth epidemics” because of their knowledge, social skills, and ability to
communicate. As Gladwell states, “Mavens are really information brokers,
sharing and trading what they know.”
◆◆ Salesmen are “persuaders,” charismatic people who have powerful negotia-
tion skills. They tend to have an indefinable trait that goes beyond what
they say, which makes others want to agree with them.
I used these concepts by identifying who could serve as these important role
players. I needed them to get us focused on moving in the right direction using
the same language. For example, I identified the player who had the best interest
of the team at heart and was always looking out for her teammates to make sure
that everything was OK. This person was my connector. This player had to have
the gift of communicating with all groups on the team regardless of age, position,
or social standing. Usually this is a player who says what the team wears on game
day, when we will meet for an event, and so on.
My maven was the one who was always asking for an explanation in drills and
strategy discussions during practice. This player needs to know why we are doing
something before she buys into performing the task. As a result players would go
to her for information when they were confused. Most times you would like to say
to this player, “Do it because I said to,” but I realized that answering the question
was important.
The last role player I needed to identify was the salesman—the voice of the
team or the most influential person. The influential person can be described in
many ways. I needed that person who the team really listens to and follows. This
person may not be the one you want the team to follow, but be that as it may, they
follow her.
GETTING EVERYONE HEADED

IN THE SAME DIRECTION
Now the key was to get all those people together with the coaches and explain
how this critical mass was going to lead us to success as a team. We defined the
ingredients desired and what we needed to work on to improve as a team. For
example, we decided as coaches that we needed to work on our mental toughness.

We wanted our players to practice hitting using the machine that had the most
movement. This was going to be a challenge. We needed buy in and acceptance
that this drill would develop our mental toughness. So, I would explain to my maven
that hitting off this difficult machine would be a challenge and that the players
would have to recognize that continuing to battle the machine would make them
better. What we didn’t want was for players to give up and say, “It’s too hard.” We
wanted to focus on what we had control of rather than outcomes.
For clarity, mental toughness was defined as the players’ ability to battle the
machine and not show frustration regardless of outcome. Subsequently I would ask,
“Do you understand, Maven?” I had to answer any questions at this time because
the players will later ask Maven, “Why are we doing this? This sucks!” Maven has
to have the answer: “Because we are working on our mental toughness, and your
goal is to battle without showing frustration and it will improve your success rate
if you accept the challenge rather than give up.” Next, the connector comes in to
tell the team that the goal is not to show frustration no matter how hard it is. “We
all have your back, so go for it!” she says. Last, the salesperson says, “I’m up first!
I will be great at this station! Watch me beat this machine.”
Using this approach we were able to focus on the drill, clearly communicate what
was expected, and infect the environment with the enthusiasm of the salesman. I
knew that we would get mentally tougher after this drill because they proceeded
with the proper attitude and team chemistry.
High Ropes Course Challenge

Challenging a team in a different environment from the ball field can be great
for team building. We take the team to a challenge course to climb a 40-foot
(12 m) pole and jump out into the air to grab a floating bar—harnessed, of
course. Teammates below are supporting the climber by holding the ropes
that safely secure her. We build trust with a language to “Go for it” because
teammates literally have the player’s back.
We also present challenges to accomplish a task while certain players are
muted. Teammates must find a way to communicate by voicing commands or
by finding creative ways to communicate directions. Here is an example of a
challenge: We asked all the players to stand on a wooden log approximately
25 feet (8 m) long. Then we gave the instruction for players to arrange them-
selves on the log by birthdate in ascending order. Nobody could touch the
ground in the process. We also muted everyone so that they had to find a
way to communicate birthdays and trade places without falling off the log. If
anyone touched the ground the players had to start over in their original places.
We had a lot of fun watching them communicate, balance, and not fall off the
log, laughing the entire time. They also demonstrated adherence to a team
standard and accountability by starting over when they touched the ground.
All this takes work, probably much more work than if I just demanded it. Every
situation that became confusing or hard to accept required us to meet as a group,
get feedback on what we needed to do to change behavior or action, and set up
a plan with the coaches. As many would tell you, getting buy in is the hard part.
Barking instructions is easy. The team chemistry and culture created powerful
momentum because we all knew where we were going, why we were going in that
direction, and how we would stay on track, because our leaders were first in line!
It takes time as a staff to explain expectations while being open to suggestions
from within the team to build momentum for when it really counts. It is a coach’s
dream to have leaders from within who are working with you to get the team to
go in the same direction and speaking the same language.
FINAL THOUGHTS
As I stated earlier, this work does not guarantee a championship, but it sure makes
coaching more enjoyable throughout the season when you work together with
great team chemistry and a positive culture. You can just play softball, knowing
that your team has learned throughout the season how to focus on the little things
that brings success at the end. Because you will not be able to measure a national
championship until the last week of your season, I believe that you need to find
ways to define success daily. As Coach Wooden stated, “Do the ordinary things
extraordinarily well.” Your culture and team chemistry is where you start. Good
luck!
CHAPTER
23
Developing Student-Athletes
off the Field
San d y M ontgom er y
Playing softball for Coach Montgomery at Southern Illinois Uni-

versity Edwardsville was about more than just softball. Through the grind
of playing a college sport, I learned valuable life lessons that went way
beyond the softball field. Coach instilled in me the importance of account-
ability, toughness, and commitment on a daily basis. She expected more
of me than I ever thought was possible. During my four years as a member
of the team, I did not always understand why she was so adamant about
the little things. But, looking back, I realize that the dedication to detail is
what molded me into the person I am today. Sadly, my years of playing
college softball are over, but thanks to Coach, I will always hold onto those
values that have become such a big part of my life.
K. Griffith
The Cougars softball program at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE)

has evolved significantly over the 24 years that I have served as the head coach. As
with many young coaches, early in my career I focused on the on-the-field skills
and strategies such as hitting technique, pitching improvements, and getting the
most out of each player.
Those technical skills are important, some might even say critical, to having a
winning season. But as I developed as a coach, I discovered that players can learn
many valuable life lessons through the sport of softball. I believe that as a collegiate
coach, I play an important role as an educator. It is my responsibility to make sure
that my players learn many life lessons. I also believe that a team that truly gets it,
that takes those lessons to heart and makes them part of who they are as players,
teammates, and young adults, can be a competitive force.
315
THE TOTAL PLAYER

At SIUE we have built a program that focuses on the total player. The goal is to
embed within each young woman the kind of person she should aspire to be in
life, using the sport of softball as the tool. When we execute this strategy well, our
players are successful off the field and have the opportunity to achieve greatness
as a team. Let me share a story with you. In 2007 I took the perfect team to the
NCAA Division II World Series and won. They weren’t the perfect team because
they were the most skilled players whom I had ever coached. They were the perfect
team (on that given day) because they knew that although other tournament teams
had players with more talent, they understood that if they poured their hearts and
souls into achieving greatness they would succeed. They understood that everything
they had worked hard to achieve was within their reach. Because they were all on
the same page, success was so close they could taste it. Being committed, selfless,
and passionate all made sense, and the result was a national championship ring
that I still wear on my finger.
BEGIN AT THE BEGINNING

The total player concept begins with the recruiting process at SIUE. As a staff we
are clear about program expectations to both potential players and their parents.
We deliver this message directly to recruits, and their coaches communicate it to
them as well, based on their knowledge of our program. Our current players and
alumni also have opportunities to share their understanding of what they consider
our tradition of excellence, and they all know it isn't just about winning.
The expectation that each player will demonstrate an understanding of this
mind-set comes the day she signs the letter of intent. Even before our future team
members graduate from high school, we expect them to start behaving as members
of the Cougars softball program. The first lesson we teach is that they are repre-
sentatives of the program and that how they carry themselves in the community, as
well as online through social media, has both direct and indirect implications for
the team. They are expected to grasp the fact that their actions affect the program.
As freshman, most of them are somewhat immature and do not have the ability to
comprehend the bigger picture of this lesson. They cannot see how their actions
will affect the perception of others, future employment, and other aspects of their
life. In this day and age, this lesson reminds players what one simple mistake can
do to someone’s future or the reputation of a group.
OPENING DAY
Each year, after the new players (freshmen and transfers) have arrived, we
bring them quickly into the fold through a team gathering. During this first
encounter our new players begin to feel as though they are members of the
Cougars family and start to understand their responsibility to one another and
to the program.
Developing Student-Athletes off the Field 317
Following dinner, our associate head coach shares lesson number two with the
players—how to get along with the head coach. Although this lesson seems easy in
concept—work hard on the field and in the classroom, represent the team in the
best light at all times, be honest, hold yourself to a high standard, be a good team-
mate, be on time, and so on—execution is sometimes a challenge. The sophomores,
juniors, and seniors all know that life’s little missteps have consequences, and they
are happy to share stories of running the berms in the rain for a week solid, sitting
on the bench during an important game, or calling Dad to drive a pair of spikes
across two states because that important piece of the gear didn’t make it to the
bus with the rest of the equipment!
During the first team meeting, players receive a softball survival guide that is
full of information designed to give insight, goals, and tangible guidelines to all
players, both new and returning. Most of this information remains the same from
year to year, but as our program has evolved some of the specific policies have
evolved as well. Although all these expectations are specific to our program, our
new players soon discover that they also pertain to their daily lives.
We continue educating them on expectations at the first team meeting. We
provide information about practice expectations and perceptions of our program
both on the field and in the classroom and community. At this time, players are
made aware of the perception that the faculty and administration have of our squad.
The culture of being a Cougars softball player has become a standard for those
who have come to expect excellence from our team, and each player is expected to
understand that we do not tamper with this perception. When the 2011freshmen
class was asked to describe the softball program at SIUE, here was their response:
Coach Montgomery pushes us to recognize ourselves as athletes on daily
basis. She shapes us not only as softball players but also as respectable
young women. As a freshman class, we’ve learned that no performance
on the field is more important than our performance in the classroom
or in the community. She pushes us to be the best that we can be in all
aspects of being a student-athlete; this entails being responsible and
taking care of the important things in life, no matter how large or small.
Faculty, administrators, students, and members of the community who are
exposed to our players have seen (and now expect) a consistency of traits throughout
the years: responsible, honest, accountable, conscientious, “good people,” and, of
course, winners. For better or worse, that is our legacy, and every day we work,
both on and off the field, to continue the tradition of excellence of our program.
The opportunity to play for SIUE has taught me much more than any
tangible item could have accomplished. Among other things, three words
distinctly stand out when thinking of my time as the center fielder:
trust, responsibility, and, most important, accountability. Coach set the
bar high on the field but equally stressed the importance of being a
good person to your teammates, to your family, and to the community.
Without a doubt, Coach Montgomery’s coaching philosophy has taught
me life lessons far beyond the scope of the game of softball. (C. Mall)
HERE WE GO
For collegiate softball players, the season really has three parts: the fall season, the
off-season (individuals), and the regular season. As we prepare for our fall competi-
tion, the lessons continue. All involved are reminded of how hard we must work to
achieve greatness as a team and how hard each individual must work even to make
it to the field of play. The fitness test is administered the first week of practice. All
returning players know the difficulty of this test and realize that summer is not a
time for rest and relaxation, but a time of preparation for the coming year.
Accountability
Freshmen traditionally have the least amount of trouble with the fitness test
because they are coming off an active summer of playing ball and are motivated
by the fear of not being prepared for their first collegiate experience. Occasionally,
however, we will see a junior or senior who didn’t take the responsibilities of the
summer seriously and pays for it during the fitness test. The lesson of account-
ability is typically first demonstrated here. We hold our players accountable for
their actions by upholding the no pass, no play rule.
As coaches, we want our players to be successful on and off the field. We will do
our part to help them reach their goals. If they aren’t prepared for the fitness test,
we schedule them extra time with the strength coach, customize their eating plans,
and motivate them all we can. If grades are a concern, we schedule extra time in
study tables and make tutors available when necessary. But in all circumstances, we
never waiver on the no pass, no play rule. This lesson in accountability is impor-
tant for both the players and the coaches. If, as a coach, you break one of your
own rules to win a game, you have lost. Not only have you lost the opportunity
to teach your players an important life lesson, but also you have whittled away at
your own integrity as well as the respect of the team. You have sent the message to
your players that the outcome justifies the means, that living a life without integrity
is OK as long as you win. My advice to coaches is not to break your own rules.
Responsibility
Accountability is one of approximately 12 positive character traits that we work
to instill in our players; another is responsibility. Playing softball at the collegiate
level is a whole different ballgame for freshmen, and the fall season is ripe with
opportunities for learning responsibility. We expect our returning players to take
responsibility for guiding new players through their first year as Cougars, and we
expect our new players to follow those positive examples. Basic responsibilities
that must be learned quickly include being on time, working hard, and paying
attention to details. These simple skills sometimes take a while for players to grasp
and execute to their fullest.
Our returning players are expected to lead by example and remind the rook-
ies that we demand certain behaviors from each team member and that we are
consistent with the expectation. Although this is an established practice on our
team, we still must go through the learning process each year. Inevitably, someone
will forget an appointment with the academic advisor, leave a glove on the field
or in the dugout after a practice, or miss a deadline required of all players. These
mistakes come with a price.
Failure to care for equipment requires payment of a $5 fine, and other items
require physical activity following practice. Being responsible for their own actions
as well as the actions of their teammates is an important component of getting a
group to achieve as a unit. We expect players to assist each other with the aspects
of being a responsible person. They can achieve this by phone call reminders,
conversations in which certain behaviors are prompted, or even by a little hand
holding. Any method will work as long as the message is delivered and received.
As sophomores and playing for Coach Montgomery, we are able to

reflect back on our freshmen year and see how we have grown and
matured not only as players but also as individuals. When we were fresh-
man, Coach was persistent in establishing our sense of responsibility on
and off the field. We were held to the same standards as everyone with
our schoolwork, workouts, and life outside of softball. This helped us
develop a sense of pride not only for our program but also in how we
carry ourselves. We now know that to achieve what we want on and off
the field, we need to take to heart Coach Montgomery’s words because
we are not just becoming better players but better people.
Work Ethic
The first few days of practice is a learning experience for all involved. The new
players begin to realize just how much they still have to learn, and the returners
are grasping the fact that the new players are going to push them for playing time.
As each day goes by, every player either learns or is reminded that work ethic is a
staple of our program. This lesson is reinforced with every activity in practice, every
class attended, and every opportunity they are given to represent our program.
Being lazy or uncommitted is not an option, and each player is held accountable
for the type of effort she demonstrates in every aspect of her life.
Being a good teammate is an essential step in building good team chemistry.
Both the coaching staff at SIUE and team members are expected to facilitate this
process. Most collegiate athletes were the elite players of their high school and
summer ball teams. At this level of play, however, most discover that they are 1
of 19 talented players, giving the phrase good teammate a new meaning. Putting
the good of the team before self is a tough lesson to learn, but it is important to
success on and off the field.
I believe one of the reasons that the SIUE softball program has been
so successful is because of the team chemistry. Since I came here as a
freshman, Coach Montgomery has stated time and again, “Great teams
have great teammates.” I know I can count on any of my teammates to
be there for me on and off the field. At the end of the game, when the skill
levels are equal, it is the team that believes in each other that will succeed.
S. Stanicek
TEACHING THROUGH SERVICE

Another staple of the Cougars softball program is community service. Many col-
lege teams across the country use service projects as team-building exercises, but
for our program community service is the opportunity to develop the player into
a person who possesses compassion and an appreciation for the opportunities that
she has been given.
It is challenging to teach humility and selflessness to young women who get to
do something they love everyday while earning a college degree, so community
service is a great vehicle for instilling a little humility in our players. Each new
member of our team learns quickly that community service is a requirement of
the program. They have difficulty wrapping their heads around what it has to do
with softball, but we find that community service helps develop them into caring
people on and off the field.
Over the years, we have participated in many service projects and events. Some
require manual labor, and some require only time, but they all have a purpose. We
have participated in Habitat for Humanity, worked in a women’s shelter, pack-
aged canned goods in a food pantry, participated in a Pen Pal program for K–2
schoolchildren, and adopted a family for the holidays. All these activities have been
beneficial in developing well-rounded players and people.
One particular organization that we work closely with is Special Olympics. Our
players work with the Special Olympics athletes through the bowling program,
and the entire Southern Illinois University Edwardsville athletics department
supports the Special Olympics track and field regional competition. Here again,
our players give up personal time with friends and family to influence, in some
small but meaningful way, the life of someone else. Although some of the players
might rather be doing something else, when the event is over, 99 percent of the
time they have had a great day. They talk a lot about the athletes and the strength
and courage with which they compete, and that experience stays with them for a
long time.
As college athletes, our players want to win all the time, they are extremely
competitive, and they put a lot of time and energy into what they do. What our
players see through working with the Special Olympics athletes is that they too
are dedicated and focused on competing and winning. Seeing those athletes com-
pete puts tears in our eyes, and my players and coaches have those memories for
a lifetime. As a coaching staff, we always talk about what inspires them as people,
and they know what that means by the end of the day.
DEVELOPING AS PLAYERS AND PEOPLE

Commitment to the program is an integral part of achieving success, allowing
the team to move from pretty good to great. Strength of commitment is demon-
strated daily not only in performance at practice and in the weight room but also
in everyday actions with team members, classmates, friends, and recruits. Com-
mitment means being the best player one can be and helping teammates realize
the same potential. Throughout the fall season, we are gratified to see new players
make this transition and watch returning players reaffirm their commitment to
one another and the program. Our players come to rely on and trust one another
and the coaching staff at a deeper level as they experience this commitment to
and from the team.
As coaches, we have to understand the emotional development of our student-
athletes as much as their physical development. Although we sometimes wish
our new players would arrive on campus with the essential character traits fully
developed and deeply ingrained, they do not. A process of months and even years
is needed before our players fully realize their potential. For example, we expect
our players to be loyal to the uniform that they wear and the team for which they
play, but we understand that loyalty exists primarily at the surface when they first
arrive on campus. As our players make that deeper commitment to one another and
to making the program stronger, we see their loyalty to the program strengthen,
and we see them become truly invested in the program.
INSTILLING LEADERSHIP
Of all the character traits we try to instill within our players, the one that is the
most difficult to achieve is often leadership. We expect that by the senior year, our
players will be ready to lead. In fact, this expectation is so strong that our senior
players are automatically our team captains. We challenge them to lead by positive
example, to work with younger players, to motivate them while making sure that
they follow the standard of behavior expected in our program, and to step up and
be role models. If our players arrive at their senior year not ready or unwilling to
lead, we see it in the performance of the team. In all honesty, it can be ugly. The
senior player who forgets appointments, who doesn’t do the little things in practice
that are expected, and who doesn’t place the team first is not getting it. But when
the entire senior class embraces its leadership role by demonstrating on a daily
basis all the character traits that we have worked to help them develop, they and
the entire team experience a great year. Team chemistry, trust in one another, and
a high level of commitment contribute to achieving greatness as a team.
To facilitate positive thinking about leadership, each year we draw from the
works of experts in the leadership field. In the book Coaching the Mental Game:
Leadership Philosophies and Strategies for Peak Performance in Sports and Everyday Life
(2003), H.A. Dorfman outlines leadership attributes that we have adapted to fit our
leadership development program. We use these leadership statements to help our
players grow into their leadership role with the team, in the classroom, and in life:
1. The leader is focused with great intensity on the team’s values and objec-
tives. The other is focused on herself.
2. The leader admits her mistakes. The other never makes mistakes and blames
those who do.
3. The leader arrives early and stays late. The other comes in late and leaves
on time.
4. The leader is consistent and steady under pressure. The other points fingers
and places blame on others.
5. The leader often takes the blame. The other looks for a scapegoat.
6. The leader gives credit to others. The other takes it for herself.
7. The leader truly believes the team comes first. The other may say the same
message but doesn’t act accordingly.
8. The leader is tough and confronts team issues. The other is elusive, avoids as
many problems as possible, and says what others want to hear (pp. 351–353).
We strive to instill each of these eight leadership qualities in our players through
a series of conversations and activities to facilitate the process of making meaning
out of what it is to be a leader. To make the concept of leadership real for them,
we put the eight leadership qualities into a more tangible framework through a
series of discussions. We find it helpful to talk about former players whom they
considered great team leaders and why. Players can readily identify a great team
leader; they know it when they see it! But when they are asked to articulate why
someone is an effective leader, they often can’t put their finger on it; they are
making a decision on gut instinct. By taking those real-life examples and assigning
them to the various leadership qualities, they begin to understand the leadership
qualities on a deeper level and begin to process the role of leadership that they
must assume as a senior Cougar. We see our players move through three stages
during this process: think it, believe it, and demonstrate it.
Seniors who embrace the leadership role have an easier time demonstrating their
responsibilities. They quickly learn that their actions, more than their words, are
what inspire the younger players to want to follow. Living as a leader is not easy
because it involves considering how every decision made affects the credibility of a
leader and how both good and bad decisions of the leader affect the team. Although
actions play a significant role in leadership, strong communication skills are a key
indicator of leadership success. Communicating the standards of behavior that
are expected of all Cougars is a critical role of the senior leader. The most effec-
tive communication technique is peer-to-peer mentorship, which can be highly
effective in supporting the coaching staff.
PRESSURES OF THE GAME AND LIFE

As the games begin we experience all the ups and downs of competition and the
way in which each player responds to these emotions. Life is full of challenges, and
the many stresses of softball prepare our players for the trials that they will face in
everyday life. The added pressure to win that athletes endure is a constant reminder
that they must face adversity with courage and determination. Life is no different
from what we experience within our program. We have a staple expectation every
season to win the conference championship, and each player handles this in many
ways. The ability to handle this kind of pressure is different for every person, and
the responses can determine the successes that the person may achieve. We spend
a lot of time discussing being self-motivated, determined, mentally tough, and
handling all the pressures that the game presents, but the ability of each person to
cope with and manage these emotions will be the deciding factor in her success.
The game itself doesn’t really present the challenges; it’s the fear of failure and
the ability to handle disappointment through the course of a season that creates
success or enables failure.
IT IS WHO YOU ARE

Coaching for me is much more than teaching a set of skills or the end result of
winning or losing. It is about being a role model and living the qualities that you
try to develop within your players while they are part of your program. Coaching
shouldn’t just be something that you do; it should be a significant part of who you
are and how you live your life. The same qualities that we work hard to instill in
our players are the qualities that guide every decision that I make in life on and off
the field. Leaving a player home from a road trip when you know that she might
be the difference in winning and losing is a sign of integrity and something that
your entire team will respect even though they might not like the decision at the
time. For young coaches, establishing this mentality early in your coaching career
will give you the foundation on which to build a successful program. Showing
your players that true character makes a difference will have a lasting effect on
their lives for years down the road. They will gain the ability to become people
of true integrity.
Over the past four years that I have played for the SIUE softball pro-
gram, Coach Montgomery has been more than just a coach to me; she
has been a mentor, a motivator, and even a friend. She has provided a
guide of strength and motivation throughout the struggles, strife, and
tribulations that being a student-athlete brings. Softball at the collegiate
level is more than just a sport; it brings about a mentality of winning,
in more ways than just on the field.
Throughout my collegiate career, I have made my fair share of mistakes,

most of them being outside of the chalk. As I have progressed into the
confident senior I am today, the coaching staff at SIUE has been, other
than my parents, the main structural support that I have had. The lessons
learned have been more than just the sport-specific skills of hitting the
ball or fielding a grounder. It has been the growth from an immature,
loud, obnoxious freshman into a role model, leader, and positive senior
that has been the most important part of this experience that I can take
away. When I put my cleats away for the last time and my final season
comes to a close, it won’t be what my batting average was or how many
home runs I hit in my career that mattered; it will be how strong I
became as a young woman and how I learned to become a leader to
help myself and my team succeed. I’ve taken away many things from
this program, but the one thing that I will never forget and that I will
use throughout the remainder of my life is what softball has taught me
about strength and perseverance and never giving up. I’ve realized now
that even when everything has fallen to the ground, there will always be
someone to pick me up, and for the past four years that has been Coach
Montgomery, the coaching staff, and my teammates who are my best
friends. (W. Davis)
FINAL THOUGHTS
If there is one thing that I hope to give a young coach who reads this chapter, it’s
the ability to develop a mind-set to guide her or his program by demonstrating
strong character and integrity. I believe that positive character traits can not only
guide someone toward becoming an outstanding person but also be the framework
to develop a positive team atmosphere that will result in a winning attitude and
program. Coaching gives you the platform to touch the lives of young people in
many ways. Your influence affects who they become and what decisions they make
long after their collegiate careers are over. Becoming a coach is a career choice
that should not be taken lightly; it comes with significant responsibility, occasional
heartbreak, and many challenges. But if you do it well, you will develop quality
people on and off the field.
PART SIX
COACHING CHALLENGES,
PRESSURES, AND
OPPORTUNITIES
CHAPTER
24
Handling Each Season’s
Highs and Lows
Rachel Lawson
Several years ago, my sister Dr. Lenore Doster, a licensed psychologist, took it
upon herself to assess my personality type. She compared my demeanor with that
of the tortoise in the fable “The Tortoise and the Hare.” At the time, I remember
thinking that my sister should have demanded her tuition money back because
her psychology training was clearly lacking. How on earth could she compare my
temperament to a slow-moving turtle? I had recently earned a Women’s College
World Series ring, had completed my master’s degree, and had already embarked
on my career as a Division I softball coach. In my mind I was moving fast; I was
the hare!
Now, as I write this chapter examining how to handle each season’s highs and
lows, I have come to understand that Dr. Doster was correct in her assessment
of my character. I am the tortoise. One basic premise from which I coach is that
if I want my team to achieve at a consistently high level and avoid long periods
of low moments, then as the true leader of the program, I must be systematic
and steadfast in my approach. As a head coach I have come to appreciate that no
forward movement is too small. It is my responsibility to stand firm on what our
team’s foundation is built on. No matter how I feel about the outcome of a game,
I must ensure that the team keeps moving forward on its intended path with as
few detours as possible.
APPROACH
I operate under the belief that involvement in all softball games, practices, and
events should be one of the best parts of the day for my team and my staff. Without
question, a team needs to win a lot more than it loses to have a good time. One
of the greatest feelings in the world is winning a big game. With that said, for a
program to sustain great play over a long period, the athletes must feel as if they
are a part of something exceptional and they must have balance in all aspects of
their lives.
327
Consistent Play Starts in the Off-Season

If an athlete feels strong, dresses well, and believes that she is intelligent, then she
will have more confidence and play with more certainty and aggression. Each fall I
remind my team that they can have it all. They can feel great, excel on the ball field,
and obtain the education that they need in order to enter their chosen profession.
Confidence Starts in the Weight Room

Most of our athletes become more confident as they tackle small goals while
competing in our strength and conditioning program. The program is designed
to maximize the potential of each athlete. Without question, if the athlete puts
out tremendous effort, she will be successful. As the player increases the amount
of weight that she can lift and improves her running times, she feels stronger and
more athletic overall. Another great benefit of our strength and conditioning
program is that everyone is miserable at some point during the workout, so they
bond together as a team. Nothing brings people together more than a common
enemy. In our case, the enemy is team running.
Learning to Play with Certainty Starts

During Off-Season Practices
The off-season is also a great time to empower an athlete to think for herself.
I want my players to grow to become independent and intelligent women who
believe that they have options. On the ball field, I ask question after question. An
example of such inquiry starts with me stating, “Pretend I am a third grader. Now
explain to me how I should take my barrel to the ball to make square contact.” I
will admit that most of my athletes hate answering questions. The majority of my
players simply want to be told what to do so that they don’t have to think. Granted,
when my athlete feels uncertain and I can tell that they are on the cusp of panic, I
will make a quick decision for them to remove their sense of anxiety. But, most of
the time, I want them to know that they can come up with the answer themselves.
This process takes weeks and possibly months for many athletes, but when that
time comes, it has a huge upside. When an athlete is confident in her intelligence,
she is more comfortable making decisions. If an athlete makes her own decisions,
she learns to play with certainty. Often, when we have a streak of below-average
play, the cause is that the athletes are unsure about what they are doing and are
worried about the potential outcome.
I have found that these moments of uncertainty manifest themselves both in
the batter’s box and on defense. Players go in slumps or teams go through long
streaks of poor offensive production because they are not certain of their approach
at the plate. They are guessing when to swing instead of committing to a plan
before going to the box, assuming that they are going to get that good pitch and
just trusting that they have made the right decision.
Defensively, teams often make fewer plays when both the pitchers and the
defenders are not committed to throwing their pitch or attacking the position on
Handling Each Season’s Highs and Lows 329
the field where the ball is hit. In these moments, I stress to the team to make a
decision, commit to the play, and accept that what happens, happens. I reiterate
to them that if they make the wrong decision, we will simply process the informa-
tion, make a different decision next time, and accept that what happens, happens.
I have found that eventually, if we have a well-thought-out plan and consistently
put out great effort, things will turn in our favor.
During the off-season, the focus at practice is solely on improving each player’s
strength and skill. The daily purpose is to make the play, execute the pitch, and
put a good swing on a hittable pitch. Our entire squad and coaching staff operate
under the assumption that if we are going hard, mistakes will happen. We are also
under the impression that if we focus on the little things, we will get smarter and
physically better each day. So we quickly process why a mistake occurred or what
it was that made it work and then move on to the next pitch. Over time, confidence
grows as each athlete begins to realize that she is capable of making elite-level plays.
The athletes are constantly reminded that if they want to beat a top 10 team, then
they must individually make top 10 plays. We begin the process of making top 10
plays during count drills. For example, if I am working to improve my shortstop’s
range, I will set up the drill so that she must get five balls between these two cones
before moving on. I set the cones so that the player is challenged physically, but
the cones are still within her normal range so that she can accomplish the task.
This drill will be set up several days in a row. As the athlete gets better at read-
ing angles and more efficient in her motion, her range will improve, and she will
see the distance between the cones increase. In seeing the distance increase, she
knows that she is making the right reads, and in doing so she naturally becomes
more confident.
When creating the practice plan, the objective for each skill is highlighted. The
plan emphasizes both the fundamentals of the specific skill and which opponents
we will need to stop by using that skill. For example, several times a week our
infield works toward mastering a game called 2.6 seconds. The purpose of the
game is to field the ball cleanly and throw it to first base within 2.6 seconds or
better. We make the team aware that we play this game because the University
of Tennessee has at least three athletes in their lineup who can run from home to
first in under 2.6 seconds.
By consistently using a practice plan that improves individual skills and discuss-
ing the need to stop the other team’s best players, our team feels more comfort-
able when facing that opponent during the regular season. The confidence gained
through preparation helps us anticipate the play before it unfolds. As a result we
avoid the panic and inevitable lows that come with uncertainty.
Get Good at Something

I often have to remind the players on the team that I am not too concerned about
what they cannot do. I can walk across campus and find 20 people who are incapable
of playing softball at a high level. What I am particularly interested in is what they
can do. After a player figures out what she is good at, this becomes her identity.
Softball is one of the few sports that have a place for errors on the scoreboard. One
of the unfortunate by-products of this tradition is that players grow up with the
mentality that they need to spend most of their practice time focusing on improv-
ing their weaknesses. If a team wants to win a championship, then the athletes on
that team had better become very good at something and the coach had better be
smart enough to put those various assets together. A pitcher needs to develop a
good out pitch. A hitter needs to be able to drive her pitch every time it is thrown.
In fact, a team needs to be so good at their strengths that few people can stop them.
After mastering a skill, the athlete then has the ability to expand her strengths by
adding more skills to the list of what she already does well. If a team spends most
of their time minimizing weaknesses instead of maximizing their potential, then
they are too easily defeated by an opponent who has a well-executed game plan.
Developing the Team’s Identity

During the fall of 2010 I spent weeks trying to pinpoint what my team was missing.
I loved my team. We had just come off back-to-back regional appearances, and
everyone was doing what I was asking of them, but I just didn’t feel as if we were
going anywhere. Then suddenly, it hit me—our team identity was simply ordinary.
Like any crafty coach, when I did not know what identity we should create or
how we were going to create it, I shifted the responsibility back on the team during
a team meeting. I asked the freshmen to sit on one side of the room and the return-
ers to sit on the other. I asked the freshmen to tell the team all the things they had
learned from their teammates since coming to Kentucky. As I wrote their list on
the whiteboard, it became obvious to everyone that the only thing the eight fresh-
men thought they had learned was to be on time and not to quit on a team run. At
that point, I asked the returners if that was how they wanted people to see them.
Of course, the answer was no. Next, I asked the returners to list words that illus-
trated our identity. We listed the following: punctual, responsible, good students,
excellent in community service, and overall nice people. Finally, I stated, “Now
that we have an idea of who we are, we need to list everything that we want to be
known for.” The final list read this way: intimidating, relentless, aware, aggressive,
prepared, consistent, committed, flawless in execution, possessing a championship
mind-set, and, above all, exuding a strong presence.
After we established the identity that we wanted to create, it was my job to make
sure that everything we did on the field reflected one of those qualities. I needed
to hold the athletes to a standard consistent with the agreed-upon characteristics.
In addition, the language I used when addressing the team either repeated the
words or reflected their true meaning.
Interestingly, the identity that we set out to create was not the identity that the
2011 team was known for. We were seen as the ultimate underdog. We worked
hard, made plays, and were fun to watch. And then, somewhere in the middle of
trying to win softball games, players on the team came up with our unofficial team
motto: “Woots and dubs.”
To this day, I am not sure where this identity came from. And I am not sure
how it relates to the original list that we came up with in the locker room. All I am
certain of is that after we established this dynamic identity, we were a much better
team. And as I suspected, a team who is confident in who they are might lose a
game but it would take a lot more than one loss to keep that team down for long.
Focus Always on the Task at Hand

When we concentrate on the immediate task in front of us, our focus stays in the
present. If we allow our minds to get stuck on past performances or wander too
far into the future, we run the risk of becoming derailed. Through this consistent
approach our team finds their comfort zone.
We need to learn from the past. If we make a mistake, we quickly learn from it
and move on to the task at hand. An error, no matter how detrimental, is simply
a mistake; it is not personal. No athlete wakes up in the morning with the inten-
tion of making an error. I have learned to tread lightly and swiftly when choosing
to point out past mistakes. Often, acknowledging an error and examining why
it occurred can prove to be a valuable teaching moment. But I am careful about
spending too long highlighting the mistake or about using words that are hurtful
because I run the risk of damaging the athlete’s self-esteem. When an athlete has
low self-esteem, she is hesitant to expand her range, to take the extra base, or to
go deep in the count. This uncertainty can lead to multiple errors and offensive
slumps and ultimately creates long periods of low moments for the athlete. If
these emotions rub off on her teammates, the downward spiral gains tremendous
momentum.
A great illustration of this steadfast approach can be seen in my coaching career.
UK was opening SEC play with our freshman pitcher throwing a no-hitter going
into the seventh inning. During the inning, a fly ball was hit to deep center. Our
center fielder turned three times and tripped, and the ball landed in the grass for a
hit. At first, you feel the devastation of blowing the no-hitter, and then you wanted
to rip her head off. But instead, our pitcher brushed it off as if it were her fault for
letting the hitter get such a good piece, and the staff later showed the center fielder
how to approach the ball better. During that season, our outfielder went on to make
several similar bad reads. Each time, we pointed out the flaw and continued to hit
those types of fly balls in practice until eventually she became proficient at catch-
ing them. A couple of seasons later, this same center fielder had not only improved
her range significantly but also had a 1.000 fielding percentage, was recognized by
the SEC for several awards, was a team captain, and was one of the best athletes
ever to wear a Kentucky uniform. Her tremendous play propelled the University
of Kentucky to its first ever appearance in the super regionals.
One of the biggest challenges I have as a coach is helping athletes maintain
their emotional stability even when things are not working out as planned. Had
the approach of the staff been to yell at the center fielder and remind her how she
was continually hurting the team, she never would have become a great player. She
was already an A student and at the top in the weight room and at team running.
Simply stated, she was a perfectionist. She didn’t need to be reminded that she
had failed; she already understood that it was her fault. What she needed was for
someone to acknowledge why the error occurred and to work tirelessly with her
at improving so that she would be better in the future. When the athlete buys into
the fact that a mistake is not a measure of self-worth but rather an indicator of a
skill that she needs to improve on before the next outing, then she will be more
likely to remain focused on the task of defeating the next opponent.
Most of the time, we are trying to create our own highs. We are trying to win
a championship, defeat a higher-ranked opponent, win individual awards. We
need to realize that because softball teams play many games, any player can make
one great play and any team can beat even the toughest of opponents one time.
And if a team does something amazing, we want to analyze how that play or win
occurred so that we can continually re-create that greatness over the course of a
season. If we do something awesome, we learn from it, spend a little time enjoy-
ing the moment, and then move on to the next task. A coach can never replicate
the feeling of winning a big game or the satisfaction that people feel after finally
achieving a goal that they have worked hard to accomplish. In these moments an
athlete discovers her self-confidence. For a short time, I find it best for the team
if I move to the background and allow them to become lost in the revelry of win-
ning. Soon afterward, it is my responsibility to bring the team back to the present.
Every game is different. Just because we won does not mean that we will win
again. And just because we lost does not mean that we will lose again. Each game
brings new challenges. To stay consistent, we must take nothing for granted and
plan for the next game.
Game Plan
Our game plan is simple. Our goal is to stop the other team’s players from
accomplishing the skill or skills that make them great. Two days before any game
day, the entire practice plan is designed to slow down our upcoming opponent.
Offensively, we work toward attacking the opposing pitcher’s weakness with one
of our strengths. Defensively and in the circle, we methodically prepare to control
each hitter in the lineup. No matter who the opponent is, we discuss each of their
player’s strengths so that we feel prepared the second they step in the box, on the
mound, or in the field of play. The last thing we want to happen is to stop the other
team’s best player but then lose the game because we did not prepare properly for
the other athletes in the lineup who were less statistically formidable.
Earlier in my career, I would hear other coaches give game recaps such as this:
“We got the cleanup hitter out, but then we lost because our pitcher let the number
eight batter crush a home run over deep center field.” Or, “We would have finished
in the top two, but the worst team in the league beat us the last weekend of the
season.” The more I heard comments like these, the more I came to realize that
these teams lost because they did not place the same value on each opponent or
on each hitter in the lineup. A ball ripped in the 5-6 hole is the same hit, whether
it was hit by the leadoff batter or the number eight hitter. And a loss is a loss,
whether it was at the hands of an out-of-conference opponent or your hated rival.
The great aspect about competitive athletics is that the outcome is often unpre-
dictable. Because of this uncertainty, every athlete and every opponent deserves
the same level of concentration; no player or team can be taken for granted. The
scouting report and pregame video is always prepared the same way, and we always
adhere to the same practice timeline for each opponent.
The scouting report illustrates the relevant statistical data and includes a brief
summary of the opponent’s tendencies, including who is hot and what we can do
to stop them. Like all information, the scouting report and corresponding video
is helpful only if we can execute the plan on the field. Two days before the start
of the game we always focus heavily on stopping our opponent. The day before
a game, we continue to implement our strategy, paying particular attention to
making sure that our team feels confident about the game plan. For example, a few
years ago a pitcher in our league threw 80 percent curveballs when she needed a
strike. Because of this high percentage, we decided that the best strategy for our
hitters was to sit on this pitch. We implemented a practice plan in which our hit-
ters worked on putting their toes on the chalk until they could drive the curve. In
addition, we worked to foul off the inside pitch from this position in the box so
that the hitters would not get jammed on a two-strike count. The next day during
the game, we were able to beat the pitcher for the first time in school history. In
defeating this pitcher, our team not only enjoyed winning a game but also began
to buy into the concept that by having a good game plan and executing it, they
could beat anyone in the league. In such ways an underdog can defeat even the
highest ranked opponents.
Over the past three seasons, I have come to understand that my team embraces
the process of preparing to compete against the next opponent. And because their
mind-set is on winning the next game, their emotions stay even. More often than
not, a team’s emotional stability creates what we perceive as highs and lows. Because
our team is fixated on an immediate goal, our players stay on point, work hard,
and need little external motivation.
Team Practice Versus Individual Practice

To evolve throughout the course of the regular season, we blend individual prac-
tices with team practices. When things are going our way and we are winning a lot
more games than we are losing, we tend to work out more often in a team practice
setting. During these practices, the players love each other’s company, they move
fast through the drills, they give each other positive feedback, the music sounds
great, the weather isn’t that bad, and every silly comment is funny. The overall
attitude of the team is positive, and, as a result, practice is productive.
When an athlete or the team is struggling, or we have just lost a big game, I
schedule individual practices. Often, when a team is swept in a series or loses three
or more games in a row, the immediate response by coaches is to schedule more
practice. Many members of the team believe that they need to embark on a team-
bonding activity or have a group meeting. But I have found that when we lose,
the players and staff are grumpy and in some instances oversensitive. Every song
over the radio is overplayed, every play requires great effort, we can’t wait until it
is warm with a slight breeze, and our teammates and coaches are getting on our
nerves. During these times, I try to minimize the amount of time that we spend
together, so I set up practices of groups of four or six. In this small-group setting
we give each player a lot of individual attention, try to build up their confidence,
and make them feel that they have improved.
Individual practice time allows an athlete who is under a lot of pressure to
change her focus back to the task at hand. During team practice, the mind can
easily wander to places that are not productive. During individual time, the repeti-
tions are specific and continuous, so the athlete must pay attention to the ball that
is in front of her. During these practices, the coach can help a struggling athlete
rediscover her comfort zone because the focus is placed on the talents that she
possesses that allow her to be successful.
An additional benefit to individual practice time is that all people want to feel
special. When a coach spends extra time helping an athlete work through a per-
ceived problem, that athlete often feels important. Few people who need atten-
tion can find what they are looking for in a group setting. Sometimes, all a player
needs to bring her back to a positive mental state is for a coach to show her that
she matters and tell her that if she stays the course, things will eventually work
out for the best.
MAINTAINING PERSPECTIVE
I often remind my team that anyone can play well when things are going her way.
But, I continue, how a player reacts when things are not going as planned reveals
the true measure of a person’s character.
Play Fearless Softball

Early in my coaching career, I realized that it was a lot easier to lose my temper
after a bad play or a bad loss than it was to maintain my composure. As a coach
one thing I do not tolerate is lazy play. I would often yell across the field during
a game at a player who would forget to run into a backup position or would not
run hard after a ball. Consequently, I found that in losing my temper and yelling at
them to make the play, I instilled a sense of panic throughout the team. This feel-
ing of panic not only distracted the players from the task at hand but also chipped
away at their confidence. I came to find that when I maintained my composure,
delivered the message calmly, and then factually pointed out what went wrong
and what steps would be required to reverse the outcome, the team was able to
stay focused on the upcoming challenge. In extreme cases when the athlete did
not adapt to the speed I wanted her to play at, I reduced her playing time instead
of yelling. I found that this approach helps the athlete hear my message better.
Fear is a powerful motivator, and the response to fear is often unpredictable.
In many instances, fear slows down the athlete. Over time, when an athlete feels
afraid, she begins to worry. She worries about past mistakes, she worries about
what the team is thinking, she worries about striking out, she worries about the
10 poles she will have to run if she misses this ball, she worries about losing, and
through all this worrying she creates self-doubt. It is in this self-doubt that panic
sets in. I usually see this panic take root when players are reprimanded for swinging
at bad pitches. In time, the hitter becomes so afraid to swing at a bad pitch that
her approach in the box becomes defensive and she starts second-guessing her
approach to hitting. The result is often a period of weak contact and low offensive
production.
For a team to play fearless softball, the anxiety associated with panic and self-
doubt must be removed. Even in the rockiest of times, coaches need to have trust
in the program and in the athletes in the system and know that in time the team
will move forward.
The quickest way to restore an athlete’s trust in her play is to have her focus on
the defensive side of the ball. Defense is often a product of awareness and hard
work. As a result, if athletes are willing to concentrate and put in the effort, they
can quickly see positive results in this part of their game. The team will make more
plays, which will not only increase their confidence but also keep the score low.
I have found that in periods when we sustain a number of loses, if we can work
to keep the opposition’s scoring down, all we need to do is string together a few
hits or get a lucky break and then we can win. That one lucky win can change the
course of a team’s season.
During defensive practice, the coach controls the setting and ultimately has
the ability to push the athlete in an area where she can be successful. The drills
can be implemented first off a roll or toss to emphasize the fundamentals of the
task. After the athlete has accomplished the skill, the difficulty of the drill can be
increased by incorporating a stopwatch or base runners.
When the self-confidence created because of small successes augments the sense
of worth that was established in the weight room and the classroom, the athlete
often comes to realize that she possesses many strengths. A resilient person rarely
gets too high or too low. She instinctively knows that all bad times will soon go
away and that all accomplishments will happen again in the near future.
Athletes Need Balance

In athletics we can fall into the trap of simplifying everything that we do into
two categories—winning and losing. At times, this oversimplification creates the
certainty that is needed to keep moving forward. But to produce more wins than
losses over the course of a season, we need our players to maintain a healthy bal-
ance as athletes, as students, and as social human beings.
This perspective helps to create an environment that the athlete enjoys coming
to day in and day out. An athlete generally produces results much closer to her
actual potential in this type of atmosphere because she is free from negative distrac-
tions and becomes lost in the sport that she loves. I believe that our 2011 squad
was able to change the face of Kentucky softball forever because as a team, win or
lose, they brought their A game all but five times. In sustaining such a high level
of performance, they were able to defeat many teams that had a higher ranking.
Adjusting Practice Demands to the Athlete’s Workload

To get the most out of our student-athletes, we adjust their practice demands to
their academic workload. If a player has several tests or projects due during the
same week, she will generally be more worried and as a result will sleep and eat
poorly. If an athlete has made many mistakes or is just not bringing her A game in
the batter’s box, the first thing I examine is her academic situation.
Adjusting the nature of the team’s practice to be less time consuming and physi-
cal in nature during busy academic weeks will help minimize the risk for injury
and provide more time to study so that the athletes will feel less overwhelmed.
As a result, they will play at a higher level for a longer time. During finals week
we do not play a midweek game, and we give the team Monday and Tuesday off.
Wednesday will be a lighter hitting day, and Thursday will be a heavier offensive
and defensive practice. Regardless of the fact that we often play a big series on
the weekend, I have found that spending less time practicing during finals week
produces better results on the weekend.
Becoming Lost in Something Greater Than Yourself

The best part of being in a team sport is that the individuals can lose themselves
in something bigger. The loyalty developed toward that larger purpose generates
tremendous momentum and becomes part of the team’s identity. This identity, if
dynamic, often nudges the team over the top for a big win and helps the squad
bounce back faster after a crushing loss.
When I first came to Kentucky, I immediately noticed that our team did not
know the fight song and we did not pay much attention to the other sport teams
on our campus. We had not embraced the value of being part of Big Blue Nation.
And, above all, we did not appreciate how awesome it was to be afforded the
opportunity to compete in the SEC.
In the fall of my first season as the head coach, I required each class to present
the fight song to their teammates. I sent constant text and e-mail messages about
the other sport teams and athletes who were part of UK. Every poster, media guide,
and picture that was created emphasized the color blue. I forced our athletes to
take notice of all the great athletes and plays that made the SEC exceptional. And
I worked my hardest to get them to understand that they too were members of
that elite class.
We didn’t need much time to buy into the belief that we are Kentucky and
we are the SEC. And if you are wearing Kentucky blue, you are one of us. To
continue to facilitate this loyalty, the team must generally enjoy being together
and participate in activities that allow them to bond. The feeling of camaraderie
is a balancing act that must start the minute the roster is solidified. Like holidays,
the functions that bring the team together have greater meaning if they are on a
regular schedule so that the players can look forward to them.
Hunger Is a Distraction
In moments when I hope to relay a significant message to the squad, I always wait
until they are fed before proceeding with any coaching points. Because hunger
can be a huge distraction, food should be an important aspect in both game and
practice preparation. From the moment when our athletes wake up in the morning
until they go to bed at night, they are on the go. If an athlete doesn’t have a break
before the start of practice, her warm-up time does not start until she has a chance
to grab lunch and change into her practice clothes. If an athlete has a night class,
she should be released from practice with enough time to grab dinner before class.
To maintain consistency in our play over the course of the season, we stick with
all routines before and after games regardless of the outcome.
To maintain healthy team dynamics throughout the school year, we incorpo-
rate a good meal on a routine basis and as often as allowed. One tradition that
most people take part in is gathering with their friends and family in the kitchen.
Although we might not have the ideal kitchen, the right food often helps to bring
our team together and make those who feel anxious more comfortable. During the
spring season, we often provide a pregame meal in the locker room or at the hotel.
This meal is incorporated as the players are putting on their uniforms. The music
is blaring and the uniforms are all hanging in their lockers while they are sitting
together laughing and snacking on a meal. This ritual has kept families together
for centuries, and it has helped get our players minds’ right for the upcoming
game since 2011.
Everyone Needs a Break

To perform at a consistently high level, we try to maintain a forward-thinking and
productive working environment. When the team is winning, softball feels better
and both the coaches and the athletes find it easier to stay the course. A team’s
harmony is often only challenged after a big loss or series of losses.
By nature, when competitive people lose, they believe that the only way they
can turn the outcome in their favor is to put in a lot more time on the ball field.
Depending on the circumstances that surround the loss and the disposition of the
athletes in terms of how they relate to each other, often a better approach is to give
the team the day off. No matter how poorly the day went or how poorly someone
played, reality always seems a little brighter the next morning. After a day off, a
feeling of newness is associated with the team. The hurt of the loss, although still
present, doesn’t have quite the same sting. As a result, the players can more easily
bounce back and focus on the game plan needed to beat the next opponent.
Create Moments Worth Remembering

An athlete has only a small window during her lifetime to compete. Because time
is precious, I want to provide an environment where they have the opportunity
to win softball games and make the most of their four years. Idealistic as it may
sound, competing should be an amazing experience. Athletics is one of the few
places where we can help create moments of greatness and excitement for those
who have trusted us to lead them.
Every decision I make moves us in one direction or another, and every time
we come together as a team a moment is created. So before I choose to react to
any situation, I try to ask myself whether the decision I am making is moving the
individual and the team closer to our ultimate goal. Are my choices bringing out
the best in my players as athletes and as people? Ultimately, if most of the decisions
I make are good ones, then in these moments the athletes become engrossed in
the present and the team subconsciously learns to bond together.
FINAL THOUGHTS
The bonds of an elite program are not cemented overnight. Tremendous faith
and patience are needed to stay the course and stay together. As competitors, we
know what we want and we want it now. Often, if we hit a low, it is too easy to get
off track and start over. If we witness something exceptional, we believe that the
only way to re-create its greatness is to copy it, even if it means that we abandon
what we do well. Sometimes we forget that no coach starts as a hall of fame coach
and few teams start with the staying power required to win a championship. Day
by day and pitch by pitch, most great teams take small steps. The key is that the
steps move them forward on a course toward their ultimate goal.
CHAPTER
25
Continuing to Learn,
Continuing to Develop
K r i sti Bredbenner
In business, it is often said that what got you where you are today won’t keep you
there. As you well know, being an excellent coach requires ongoing learning and
development; it doesn’t stop with winning a conference championship. Achieving
true excellence in your sport demands inspiration, motivation, leadership, educa-
tion, and the ability to adapt and develop professionally.
How can I get better? How can I improve?
The best coaches see where there is room for improvement, and their
humility and passion drive them to improve. The average coaches,
however, don’t see it or don’t want to see it. They think that after they
arrive at the door of greatness, it will stay open forever, not realizing
that if they don’t improve, the door will shut and in some cases will even
fall on them (Gordon, 2009, 45).
The first thing that you as a coach must understand is that your coaching
philosophy can always change. Change is good. It means that you have
evaluated experiences, listened to the beliefs of others, and tried new
ideas to see what you think is the best way to approach coaching softball.
Every coaching philosophy is unique and ever changing. Learning from
your experiences, mentors, players, and mistakes molds that philosophy
into something that you hold true to your teaching.
Complacency is a choice—a way of giving up, of stopping, and of not
taking the risk of living into greatness. It’s not that there’s anything
wrong with taking a breather. We go through natural rhythms of activity
and rest. We need rest periods to function at our best—like taking the
time to sharpen a saw. Complacency arises when these rest periods extend
beyond what is necessary for replenishment. Complacency becomes a
habit—a conditioned pattern of avoiding doing what we can do because
it’s easier to do nothing (George, 2006).
339
For coaches, complacency is not an option. Student-athletes are chang-

ing, the game is getting faster and more powerful, and administrators
are expecting greater success. To keep up with the pace of the game,
you have to continue to learn and develop as a coach. You can develop
your knowledge of the game in a variety of ways. Some require you to
get outside your comfort zone, some require you to pay it forward, and
some require you to be a follower instead of a leader. Throughout your
career you can continue to learn and grow in your sport in a multitude
of ways. Love of the game and willingness to learn from peers, players,
and mentors can make a good coach great.
LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCES

An effective leader is forged by event, experience, observation,
and education.
John Wooden
On August 18, 2001, I received a phone call that would change my life. As a fifth-
year senior at Truman State University, I was looking forward to being a normal
student during my last year in college when the athletic director, Jerry Wollmer-
ing, called me into his office. Former head coach Kristy Schroeder had taken a
job at the University of California, Santa Barbara in June, and her replacement
had just called to tell Jerry that she had decided not to take the job. School was
starting, and the softball program had no one to manage fall practices. Jerry asked
if I could step in as the interim head coach for the semester until they had time to
do another coaching search. I accepted his offer, and my life changed as soon as
the office door shut behind me.
Talk about a learning experience. After four years of catching at Truman I was
now the person developing practice plans, recruiting, running a booster club, and
ultimately writing out a lineup card for a group of girls who were depending on
me to make the right choices. I had no college coaching experience, yet here I
was at the helm of a successful NCAA Division II program. The administration
checked in on a regular basis to make sure that I was staying afloat, but ultimately
it was up to me to keep the team going in the right direction.
After the season ended I had two options—stay at Truman as the full-time head
coach or move my life to Santa Barbara, California, to be an assistant coach under
Schroeder at UCSB. After weighing the pros and cons of both offers, I decided
that I would benefit more from being an assistant coach at a Division I school on
the West Coast than I would as head coach at Truman.
Truman proved to be a great experience for me. I realized that coaching was
my passion and that softball would always be part of my life. The challenges that
I faced helped me to grow as a person and prepared me for the next phase in my
coaching career.
Continuing to Learn, Continuing to Develop 341
After two months as the assistant coach at UCSB, Kristy informed me that she was
pregnant with her first child. Although this was exciting news for the Schroeders, the
timing presented a slight problem. She was due in February, sometime between our
trip to San Diego State and the Softball by the Beach tournament that we hosted in
Santa Barbara. In February, with great mentoring by Kristy and the help of a student
assistant, I again stepped into the third-base coaching box. My experiences at Truman
and UCSB shaped my coaching philosophy. Throughout those four years I had the
opportunity to pick the brains of some of the greatest coaches in the country.
One of the main ways that we learn and develop is through our failures and
mistakes. In many instances the first thing you have to do is acknowledge a mistake.
The ability to be open-minded and make adjustments is one of the most important
attributes a leader should have.
LEARNING FROM YOUR PLAYERS

An effective leader is good at listening. It’s difficult to listen when
you are talking.
Coach Wooden did not learn only from great coaches. He learned from his own
athletes, from coaches of no particular celebrity, and from people beyond the world
of sport. He was open to learning from whoever had valuable information that he
could use to elevate his team.
Each day that you get to interact with your players is a new chance to find out
who they are and learn from them. Coaches who take the time to listen to their
players will get better insight into their personal lives, the team, and any other
issues that are affecting them. Opening the lines of communication with your
players encourages discussion, feedback, and problem solving for everyone.
To learn and get the best out of your players, you have to understand them and
the generation in which they were raised. If you ask coaches who have been in the
business for the last 20 years, they will tell you that the athlete of today is signifi-
cantly different from the athlete of their first couple of years of coaching. Today’s
athlete grew up with showers of attention and high expectations from parents.
They display a great deal of self-confidence to the point of appearing cocky. They
started out playing in little leagues that had no winners or losers, or all winners.
They’ve since grown up and put all their emphasis on being recruited by the big-
gest and best colleges they can. To do that, they have to play every weekend in an
exposure tournament, where everyone gets to play and there are no winners. If
they aren’t getting the playing time that they are looking for, they quit and join a
new team, or one of their parents starts up a new program. How are you going to
get the best out of this generation and the generations to come?
In October 2012 the administration at Wichita State University brought in Tim

Elmore. Tim changed my perspective of the student-athlete. Ironically, in Decem-
ber of that same year the NFCA chose Tim to speak at the coaching convention.
Generation iY (so called because of the influence of iTunes, iPhones, iPods, and the
Internet) offers insight on what could happen to our society if we don’t change the
way that we relate to today’s teens and young adults. The Habitudes series offers a
different approach to teaching leadership, changing culture, and communicating
through images. Tim and many others are presenting material that gives us insight
into something important in coaching—how to communicate, relate to the current
generation, and help them take on leadership roles on teams and in their lives.
COACHING CONNECTIONS
After working at four colleges I’ve gained some perspective on whether my depart-
ment is a team or I am an individual. After being at Wichita State for almost two
years, I can see the direction that our athletic director Eric Sexton and senior
women’s administrator Becky Endicott wants our department to go. They want the
entire department to be the best, and one way they try to get that point across is
through our coaches’ round table meetings. Every other week we have a coaches’
meeting or a coaches’ round table. Although coaches’ meetings are somewhat
formal, the coaches’ round table meetings are used to get the coaches talking and
sharing ideas that can improve every program. We cover topics such as market-
ing our programs, developing booster relations, and defining the mission of the
department. The meetings are not mandatory, but they provide a great deal of
feedback from coaching peers.
In addition to attending meetings like our coaches’ round table, take it upon
yourself to get to know the other coaches and the administration in the athletics
department. Many of them have been in your shoes and can provide advice on
how they handled various situations.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
It’s what you learn after you know it all that counts.
John Wooden
We may not have a few hours each day to commit to our professional development,
but we all can find at least 10 minutes. One significant way to develop as a leader
is by reading. When we seek opportunities to learn and enhance our perspectives,
we discover inspiration, enrichment, and even opinions that challenge and expand
our own. You may say to yourself, “I don’t have time to read.” Although you might
not have an hour every night to spend with a book, you can reprioritize your life
to free up a few minutes.
Here are five quick ways in which you can carve out time to learn:
◆◆ Limit your e-mailing to a few select times during the day. Constant e-mail
checking is a time-consuming productivity killer.
◆◆ Be disciplined at the break room. Cut out a few minutes from each visit,
and you have just uncovered time to pick up the paper!

◆◆ Search the web with purpose. There’s more than 10 minutes of worthy
reading material online. Make it a priority to discover it.

◆◆ Schedule reading into your daily routine. Keep a book on your iPad by
your bedside and promise yourself that you will read 10 pages each night.
◆◆ For those who use mass transit, pick up a magazine or swap the music on
your iPod for an enriching podcast.

Leaders are on a constant quest to improve. New ideas and concepts can allow
you to develop continuously, all the while igniting your imagination (Morgan and
Lynch 2011).
In 2002 I attended my first NFCA coaches’ convention. As the four-day conven-
tion grew closer I remember thinking about how great it would be to get away from
the office and enjoy the warm Tampa weather. After attending my first coaches’
caucus and listening to two passionate coaches go back and forth about the hot
topic of the day, I knew that the convention was more than just a four-day vacation.
This meeting was a chance for me to network, learn from some of the best in the
sport, and have my voice heard. I have attended all but one convention since, and
each year I look forward to seeing old friends, hearing the various perspectives
that the speakers bring to the table, and witnessing a raging debate on the NCAA
rules or recruiting opportunities.
In 2010 Sue Enquist and Annie Smith introduced an evening mentoring session
at the NFCA convention. The inaugural mentoring session included 61 current
and former head coaches and NFCA Hall of Fame members. Young head coaches
and assistants had an opportunity to learn from the best. Whether it was hitting
strategies, practice organization, or dealing with today’s player, the topics and
conversation were the talk of the convention. All participants, including the men-
tors, learned from the conversations in the room and were able to network with
people they may never have talked to before. In 2011 the number of attendees who
signed up for the mentoring session was larger than expected. Eighty-four veteran
coaches, Hall of Fame coaches, and Olympians mentored over 400 participants.
In 2000 the movie Pay It Forward starring Kevin Spacey, Helen Hunt, and Haley
Joel Osment taught moviegoers what it meant to create good will. Spacey, a social
studies teacher, challenges his students to change the world for the better through
good deeds. Recipients of good deeds, instead of returning the favor, were asked to
pass it on to someone else. Many coaches and organizations are paying it forward in
the softball world. The late, great Mary Nutter, founder of National Sports Clinics, is
an example of someone who paid it forward. Mary provided affordable clinics all over
the country for coaches to learn from some of the most passionate and experienced
coaches in the game. Although her booming voice made her a recognizable figure
at the clinics, Mary was all about teaching the sport and making sure that those
attending the camps were getting the best information they could. Mary brought
in the best the sport has to offer to speak at each clinic and provided instruction for
all levels. National Sports Clinics have provided me with great information, and I
look forward to attending them in the future. Take some time each year to pay it
forward in the sport. If we want the game to continue to improve, we have to take
the time to teach the game. Whether you are speaking with a T-ball coach wanting
to learn about the game for the first time or a Division I head coach looking for a
new perspective, your willingness to provide insight and knowledge about softball
paves the way for the future.
One of the best ways that I have learned throughout my 11 years of coaching
is through books. Each year I pick two or three books to read from an assortment
of topics including sport skill books, coaching biographies, business strategy, and
leadership. Books are inexhaustible sources of knowledge and wisdom about life,
the human condition, the world around us, history, philosophy, and more. In books,
we find the lives of great leaders, successful entrepreneurs, brilliant thinkers, and
people of action and accomplishment. A library of good books is a wise collection
of friends, mentors, counselors, advisers, and encouragers.
Ten Tips for More Effective Reading
1. Schedule a daily reading time, preferably an hour a day or more.
2. Be a discriminating reader.
3. Keep books handy wherever you are.
4. Don’t just read books; interact with them.
5. Furnish your home with good books.
6. Set aside a portion of your vacation time for a reading sabbatical.
7. Share your reading experiences with other enthusiastic readers.
8. Use what you learn.
9. Widen your reading horizons.
10. Encourage reading in others, especially the young.
(Williams 2011, 105)
THE BEST LEADERS ARE GOOD FOLLOWERS

Before you can be a good leader, you have to be a good follower.
John Wooden
Most full-time, graduate, student, and volunteer assistants are continuously learn-
ing through their experiences.
Characteristics of Great Followers

1. They are clear. They understand their role. You can’t be a good follower
unless you have clearly identified the leader. Although you may be a
leader in your own realm, everyone has a boss—including you. Great
followers not only accept this fact but embrace it.
2. They are obedient. Although obedience may be a politically incorrect
concept, it is essential for the organizational effectiveness. No one who
can’t obey orders should be allowed to give orders. This is how great
leaders model to their followers the standards of acceptance.
3. They are servants. This is crucial. Great followers are observant. They
notice what needs to be done to help the leader accomplish his or her
goals. Then they do it—joyfully, without grumbling or complaining.
4. They are humble. Great followers don’t make it about them. They are
humble. They shine the light on the leader. They make their own boss
look good—especially in front of his or her boss.
5. They are loyal. Great followers never speak ill of their boss in public. This
doesn’t mean that they can’t disagree or even criticize. It just means that
they don’t do it in public. Great followers understand that public loyalty
leads to private influence.
NFCC TEXAS WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY

MASTER’S PROGRAM
In 2002 the National Fastpitch Coaches Association teamed up with Texas Women’s
University to offer a master of science degree in kinesiology with an emphasis in
coaching. TWU and the NFCA developed a curriculum that combined coach-
ing theories with practical experience. The master’s program is made up of eight
NFCC courses, 24 hours of professional development coursework, and four TWU
graduate courses totaling 12 credit hours.
Throughout the year eight NFCC courses are offered in a multitude of cities,
including two at the Women’s College World Series in Oklahoma City and several
at the NFCA convention site. They cover such topics as the art of championship
coaching, offensive game strategy, and winning strategies for game-day coaching.
The classes focus on the fundamentals and strategies used in today’s game. The
NFCC registration fee includes the cost of an in-depth course manual, which
supplements the material being taught during the class. The manual is consid-
ered part of the course and is not written as a stand-alone resource because of the
analysis and discussion presented by NFCC instructors.
These classes are not only an excellent way to complete the master’s program
needed to coach at the collegiate level but also offer coaches a chance to network
with other softball coaches across the nation and listen to various perspectives on
the sport.
BUYING IN AND LIFE LESSONS

Each member of your team has the potential for personal greatness;
a leader’s job is to teach them how to do it.
John Wooden
Coach Wooden tells us that his favorite thing about coaching was teaching. He
was a teacher of the game and life. Getting your student-athletes to buy into your
teaching, whether you are teaching the fundamentals on the field or life lessons,
can be a daunting challenge.
In the summer of 2009 the mother of one of my freshmen came up to me at
a summer softball tournament. She thanked me for teaching her daughter some
manners. Never before had her daughter said please and thank you on a regular
basis. At Emporia State one of the first things we talk about when we go over team
rules is manners and what a privilege it is to be a student-athlete.
My first year at Emporia taught me the importance of manners. After starting
the season 40-1, we ended up at Missouri Western State College for a tournament.
Between games I decided to take the team to Chili’s for lunch. Any time you take a
large group to a restaurant, you are going to have timing issues. Several of the girls
were done eating before the coaches had been served their food. Our waitress was
running around trying to make everyone happy without any pleases or thank-yous
from the girls. Halfway through my meal I looked down the table and could not
believe what I was seeing. Three of my players were stacking their leftover food
on one plate as high as they could, and my senior captain was talking on her cell
phone. After we finished eating I went out to start the bus. As I opened the door
I had one player thank me for lunch. I had heard and seen enough. After pulling
in to the parking lot I had all the girls sit down in their seats, and I laid into them
about their manners or lack thereof.
Unfortunately, the ramifications of that talk resulted in our second loss of the
season, but the pleases and thank-yous that I heard from that point forward never
got old. Those girls learned the hard way, but every team I have had since knew
that we were going to treat everyone with respect and that no one was entitled to
anything. When that mom came up to me that summer, I knew that I had had an
influence on her daughter even if it had nothing to do with softball.
FINAL THOUGHTS
No matter how much we know, we can never know it all, for one simple reason:
Our athletes and situations keep changing. What works in one situation with one
group of athletes may or may not work in another. So we have to expand and polish
our teaching and leadership skills to equip our athletes to face new situations.
Whatever you do, whatever you hear or don’t hear from those around you, you
absolutely have to stay committed to one thing. You must never stop learning. It’s
something you control completely. Do it every single day.
The best are always looking for ways to learn, apply, improve, and
grow. They are humble and hungry. They are lifelong learners.
John Gordon (2009, 45)
CHAPTER
26
Coaching, Family,
and Personal Priorities
D ea nna Gum pf
I write this chapter as a spouse, a mother of two, and an NCAA Division I head
coach. I write this chapter while trying to win a conference championship, a
regional championship, and a national championship. I write this chapter trying
to make sure that every player in our program graduates in four years and receives
the best possible student-athlete experience. I write this chapter as a parent whose
ultimate goal is to raise well-behaved, happy, and healthy children who will learn
to make good choices for themselves and take responsibility for their actions as
they mature. Lastly, I write this chapter as a parent and a coach who has learned,
and is still learning, to deal with uncontrollable external forces that make balanc-
ing family and career even more difficult.
BALANCING ACT
We all know that balancing a family and a job can be a challenge. When you are
the head coach of a softball program, the balancing act becomes more difficult,
especially at the higher levels of the sport. I have seen numerous young coaches
who chose to start a family get out of coaching because being both a coach and a
parent can be just too difficult.
If you were asked why you began your coaching career, your answer would most
likely come easily: love of the game, passion, determination, drive, competition,
teaching, winning, teamwork, building a team, and so on. Your answer most likely
would not include convenience, work hours, stress, pay, or vacation time.
Life is constantly changing. Whether you have a growing family, have pets, or
are taking care of other family members, you have to deal with the stresses and
priorities of this career. In all cases, a growing family can mean anything from your
own children to other people in your life who are important to you.
When you have a growing family, you need to ask yourself why you got into
coaching and what is keeping you in coaching. Ideally, your answers are close to
being the same. I believe that to be successful as a coach and as a parent, you need
349
to keep these priorities at the forefront. When things seem difficult, appreciate
your drive and determination to stay focused on the things that brought you into
this profession and motivate you every day.
I have often asked myself how I can be the best coach for my team when I have
to go home and be a spouse and parent. How can I balance family and work?
How can I possibly give my best to my team, to my partner, to my children, and
to everyone else in my life who needs my attention? When I get home, I have to
help with homework, make dinner, make sure that the kids are bathed, read a story,
talk with my kids about their day, talk with my spouse, watch film, call a recruit,
put the kids to bed, work on the scouting report, and so on. The packed schedule
leads to exhaustion, pure exhaustion.
You need to find an appropriate balance between career and family. The chal-
lenge is to figure out what works best for you, your family, and your team. What
is optimal for you as a parent, spouse, and coach? You have to think about this
balancing act every day. Your best reward? You can have an amazing personal life
and an amazing career. We are the lucky ones. Ours is a life that is rewarding on
and off the field, the best of all worlds. How many people do you know who get
to have a spouse and family and go to work at the softball field every day? We are
blessed, and we can’t forget about it when times get tough.
It takes a special person to be married to a coach. Your spouse is the one left at
home weekend after weekend. He or she is the sounding board when things are
going well and when things are going poorly. Your spouse has to recognize that
being a coach isn’t the type of career that allows you to leave things at the office.
He or she also has to understand that your hours are never going to be nine to
five with weekends off. And most important, your spouse goes through the highs
of winning and the lows of losing.
Adding children into the equation changes the dimensions of your coaching
career. Some people believe that being a father and a coach is much easier than
being a mother and a coach. Whether you are male or female, being a parent and
a coach brings on challenges that are extremely difficult to negotiate, whether you
are prepared or not. If you look around, you can see that it can be done effectively.
It’s not easy, but it can be done.
Balancing the needs of my players and the program as a whole

against my love for my family, my commitment to being fully present in my
daughter's life, and my need to find some rejuvenating time for myself,
is the most difficult struggle I face as a professional woman, and when
I’m able to find that balance, it’s also the most rewarding success I enjoy.
Jacquie Joseph, head softball coach, Michigan State University
When you see a successful head coach who is also a full-time parent with small
children, you know that an effective and dedicated supporting cast is behind the
scenes. Whether it is a spouse or partner, a full-time nanny (day-care provider),
Coaching, Family, and Personal Priorities 351
or other family member, someone is always there for the children when the coach
is out of town or otherwise unavailable to be at home.
Life definitely changes after you have children. Whatever the circumstances, life
changes. Finding the balance that works for you as a coach and parent is the key.
Whether your children become a major part of your team or you choose to keep
team and family separate, only you can decide what is right for you. You need to
determine how to bring balance to your life, to let you be the best coach, spouse,
and parent you can be.
A major part of coaching is travel—team travel, recruiting, camps, clinics, and so
on. This area causes major conflicts for most coach–parents. The best way to deal
with travel is to figure out what works best for you as a parent and coach. Some
coaches choose to have their children travel with their team. Other coaches keep
their private life separate from their work life. And others find a balance whereby
their families occasionally travel on road trips.
Coaches usually use one of two thought processes:
1. Keep the kids at home and keep softball and family separate.
2. Bring the kids along and make them become part of the fabric of the pro-
gram.
3. Either can be a good choice; it just depends on which one works best for
the individual and the program.
Leaving the Kids at Home

Leaving your children at home allows you to focus on the task at hand while trav-
eling. The most difficult part of leaving the children at home is just that—you are
leaving your children. Coaching requires time, commitment, and focus. Traveling
without your children allows you to be available to do all those things without
interruption or distractions. Unfortunately, being away from your family also
causes an emotional ailment, which we often refer to as guilty parent syndrome.
The bottom line is that many times you aren’t physically there for your children.
Luckily, with advancements in technology you can stay in contact in many ways,
even though you aren’t physically with your children. Skype and FaceTime have
become popular among parents who are away from their children. They are easy
to use and fun. My family designates a specific time for our video calls before I
leave town, and we are able to spend a few quality minutes together every day
while I’m gone.
Bringing the Kids Along

As a coach and parent you cannot have a better moment than to look up in the
stadium seats and see your children waving and cheering on your team. When the
game is over, you are able to go back to the hotel and be around your children.
Spending this quality time with your family is a definite plus, but this arrangement
also has its drawbacks. As a parent you must decide what works for you.
Here are some things to think about:

◆◆ How many road trips are you taking throughout the year?
◆◆ How long are the road trips that you are taking?
◆◆ Is there someone who can come along to help care for your children while
you are on the field?

◆◆ Do you scout or review video while on the road? If so, how many hours do
you spend doing those things?

◆◆ How many quality hours will you be able to spend with your children? You
have to exclude all game preparation, actual game time, postgame activities,
scouting, team meals, and so on.
◆◆ Are you comfortable having your children around while you are unable to
be actively engaged with them?

◆◆ What is truly better for your children? Are you making the choice to bring
them for you or for them?

The positive aspect about having your children travel with you is that you don’t
get guilty parent syndrome. They are with you. When the working day is over,
you are able to be with them.
The negative aspect that occurs is the issue of having them around but not being
able to spend the time with them that you would like. Although your children are
with you, you can’t give them your undivided attention. The children become a
distraction. You find that you aren’t quite the best coach when you’re being pulled
in another direction by your children, especially when children are young, require
more attention, and don’t realize why you aren’t able to give them the attention
they need or want.
Other Factors to Consider

If you choose to bring your children with you on the road, many potential road
blocks may get in the way, and you should be prepared to take those challenges
head on. Make sure that you know your rights as a coach and parent.
1. What are your institution’s policies and procedures on family travel?
2. Is your institution prepared to pay for your children to be on the road with
you?
3. Does your institution allow your children to be with you on the road? Are
they allowed on the team bus, in vans, in hotels?
4. Find out how to get support from your institution when you choose to bring
your family on the road with you.
One of the biggest factors when dealing with this issue is making sure that your
student-athletes remain a priority in your decision making. Your players are the
ones who play the game, and they are the ones who help build a successful program
and a successful coaching situation. Regardless of the decisions you make about
bringing your family on the road, you need to keep your players connected to the
decision-making process.
Coaching and parenting are strikingly similar. Success in either job

isn’t a solo mission; it requires the help and support of many people. My
support staff includes an athletic director who encourages a family atmo-
sphere at work to grandparents willing to drop everything at a moment’s
notice to watch my girls. The championships, my daughters’ growth and
development, and my sanity are all dependent on these factors. My sup-
port staff is truly the source of my success.
Laurie Nevarez, head softball coach, University of Redlands
I was eight months pregnant with my son when I accepted my first head coach-
ing position. The best decision for my family and me at the time was to have my
son with me as much as possible and travel with my team. With that decision came
many challenges and burdens for me, my coaches, my players, and my spouse. But
at that time in my life, I thought it was right, and we made it work.
My goal as a parent was never to spend more than three nights away from my
son (this lasted about three years). I have vivid memories of him vomiting on my
head during a flight home from a tournament. I also remember many sleepless
nights and many diaper explosions while my players were holding him. We had
some difficult times along with a lot of laughs that accompanied the small disasters.
At that time, my son became part of our program.
Four years later, my daughter was born. This time I did things differently. I
chose to take my children only when the road trip would be more than four nights.
I learned through time that the quick weekend trips were just too brutal for my
children, my spouse, and me; too many activities were packed into this short period.
Although I didn’t want to admit it for a long time, I have realized that I am a better
coach when my children are home while I am on the road, and my children are
happier staying within their routine. I also believe that I am a better mother for
it. I know that during the time that I am with them, I make every effort to give
them all my attention. I try to value the quality of time, not the quantity. It doesn’t
mean it’s easy, and I find myself missing them desperately when I am on the road
with my team. But I wholeheartedly believe I am doing what is right for my family.
WHEN LIFE THROWS YOU A CURVEBALL

Uncontrollable outside forces thrown into the mix can threaten the balance that
you’ve tried so hard to achieve. Are you prepared for the unexpected? How does
your institution deal with family illness or personal illness? You hope that you
never need to ask those questions, but I had to face those issues last year when my
daughter was diagnosed with leukemia.
You are never prepared to deal with a life-threatening illness. When it happens
to your own child, it takes your breath away and makes time stand still. Although
the rest of the world was moving forward, I couldn’t. The diagnosis took over my
world. Life changed in an instant, and so did team dynamics.
When I hired my staff, I had no idea how much I would depend on them and
how much trust I needed from them. I spent over a month away from my career.
During that time, my two assistants literally took over the program. They did
everything—recruiting, administrative duties, meetings, everything. Throughout
that time it became clear to me exactly why I hired those two people and how
incredibly important it was to have great assistants. My experience supports the
notion that as a head coach you need to make sure that you have hired assistants
whom you trust and who could step in and take over at a moment’s notice.
My team’s response to my daughter’s illness and the subsequent upheaval in
our lives has been phenomenal. Sometimes student-athletes’ lives can become
extremely narrow. Their focus is on sport and academia. But my daughter’s diag-
nosis not only shook up my world but also greatly affected my team. Their coach’s
little girl who had cheered them on from the stands and sung the alma mater with
them down on the field was now seriously ill. Her illness was a terrible thing, but
I think it helped them understand that their coaches are regular people, not just
instructors and authority figures. The relationship that I had with my team went
to a whole new level. I think that the experience helped us all gain a new, broader
perspective and grow as people.
My daughter’s diagnosis has also changed me in many ways and has definitely
changed my perspective on many areas of my career. Before her diagnosis, winning
was everything to me. When my team lost, I would not be able to sleep for days.
I would make myself sick over it. I would also lose my temper over little things. I
was a much angrier coach.
Now, I still get frustrated when we lose, but I have a much better perspective
on the loss. I have replaced anger with disappointment. I enjoy the time I am out
on the field, and I appreciate my team more than ever. I try harder to listen to my
player’s perspective. I believe that my daughter’s diagnosis has made me a better
coach. I have realized that when I am a better parent, I am a better coach and
vice versa. For me, they go hand in hand. My time demands are different. I don’t
spend as much time in the office and have become more creative with my time. I
definitely lean on my coaches and players more than ever.
My philosophy is simple: Family comes first, then school, and soft-

ball is last. I believe the key to success is having a philosophy and sticking
to it. Being a coach is not a job; it’s a lifestyle, and my family allows me
to enjoy each day as a working mom.
Kelly Inouye-Perez, head softball coach, UCLA
MAKING IT ALL WORK

Sometimes it feels as though personal challenges and priorities get in the way of
being the best possible coach for your players. But only you can determine what
makes you the best coach for your players and your university. Every coach has
different challenges to deal with. Having challenges and different personal priori-
ties doesn’t mean that you can’t be the best possible coach for your team. We know
that people who spend countless hours at the office and neglect their personal lives
are not necessarily the best in their professions. Realistically, the smartest objective
is to be the best at your profession during the hours when you are at work. You
want to be productive with your time, not just put in hours.
Before having children, I spent at least two to three more hours a day in the
office. To make up for the time that I had lost, I had to figure out how to become
more efficient and smarter with my time. I had to learn to delegate more respon-
sibilities, trust my assistants, and let go of trying to do so much myself. At times,
this didn’t come easy. At times, I flat out failed. At times, I still struggle.
A valuable piece of advice that I want to pass on is that you should surround
yourself with people who know you and understand and share your values and
perspective on coaching and family. It just makes sense. You and your coaches
spend entirely too much time together not to enjoy them on and off the field.
Coaching is much more fun when you enjoy the people you are with and have
similar goals. Conversely, coaching a team is much more difficult if you are part
of a staff that is not in sync. The time and energy that you are putting into a staff
that does not mesh should be spent on the team. Coaching with people who have
unlike goals is aggravating.
Within our coaching family we have four different family dynamics, so our per-
sonal priorities are all different. Each of us is in a different phase in our personal
lives. Three of us are coaches, mothers, and wives who have children ranging from 15
years old to 3 years old. We also have a coach who is single and in the dating world.
We make it a priority to give each other space, but we also try to support each other
through various life challenges and changes. The coach who doesn’t have children has
become part of our extended family. Our staff is fortunate in that we are very close.
I feel so lucky and blessed to be a coach and a mom. I really feel that
each one makes me better. I am a better mom because I coach and a
better coach because I am a mom. Once I became a mom, coaching
wasn’t just about the X and Os or even winning, but more importantly
about building a team and molding the players to be successful after
college. I am a strong believer that what it takes to be a great college
student-athlete—the hard work, discipline, dedication, commitment, and
drive—are what make you a great person who is ready to tackle the real
world. I learn just as much from my team as they do from me. I am so
impressed by them each day, and they make me want to work harder for
them to see their dreams come true.
Bridget Orchard, head softball coach, Fordham University
BURNOUT
Coaching 18- to 22-year-old women is a challenge, no matter the sport or level.
These young women go through many emotions and obstacles during the four
years that we have them. As their coaches, we are also mentors, teachers, and
sometimes psychologists. We have the opportunity to have a major influence on
their lives. Being parents, we also see how important it is to help these women
grow as individuals off the field. One of the realizations I have come to is how
my student-athletes help me be a better parent to my children and how being a
parent helps me be a better coach to my players. These two jobs go hand in hand.
The reality of balancing coaching and family is to be the best you can be without
getting to the point of burnout. Sometimes you can just have too much on your
plate, so something has to give. Unfortunately, for many women in coaching, it’s
the coaching that is given up. Through my 16 years in the profession I have seen
more mothers leave coaching than stay in coaching. I am biased, but I believe that
our young student-athletes can have no better role model than mothers who are
coaching at the highest levels. These young women will learn many life lessons
without even realizing it. They can see and believe that they can be anyone or do
anything. They can be mothers and wives and be able to do something they love.
They learn that they don’t have to give up one thing for the other, that they can
be everything they aspire to be.
Burnout is the harsh reality for many coaching mothers. Women in coaching
need to get a handle on where to draw the line and how to avoid spending too
many hours at work and trying to do too much. Coaching isn’t a nine to five job,
and as a coach your work is never really done. You always have something else that
needs to be done to make your team and program better. As a coach you always
want to improve your game so that you can improve your team’s game.
Like everyone else, I struggle at times. Parent–coaches cannot be afraid to get
advice. Do research on what other coaches are doing. Reach out to others who are
in your shoes or have been successful as a coach–parent. Join coaching groups and
alliances. Recognize that you are not alone and that resources are available to you.
RISING TO THE CHALLENGE

Without a doubt, this career presents many challenges. The number of hours we
put in to be successful and the time commitment we make throughout the year is
the reality of this profession. We miss weekends, we sometimes miss evenings and
mornings, we miss Little League games, parent–teacher conferences, birthdays,
special events, and so on. Fortunately, we gain huge benefits and advantages that
make up for the events we miss. We typically have flexible hours, we get a gener-
ous winter holiday break, and we get to play softball every day as a career. Not
many people can say that.
Coaching as a career also offers huge benefits for your children. Your children are
part of something special. They are surrounded by fantastic, young, goal-oriented
student-athletes who are striving for something that takes hard work and dedica-
tion. They are great models for our children to learn from! One of my favorite
experiences occurs when our alumni return to town and hang out with my family.
My children are fortunate to grow up in the college environment, surrounded by
amazing young people who have already accomplished a great deal and are striving
to accomplish much more personally and through softball.
My feeling is that the more loving people there are in my son’s life,
the better. Just because I am not home with him does not mean he is
not loved. Being around his grandparents and family gives him another
outlook on life compared with what solely we can teach him. I am thank-
ful every day for all the people he interacts with and learns from to make
him a better human being. I believe that the ultimate goal is to give him
all the tools to be independent and successful in life. The EMU family is
also my son’s extended family. He sometimes goes with me to workouts,
fund-raisers, and other events. While some people say it takes a village
to raise a child, I like to think of it more as a team!
Karen Baird, head softball coach, Eastern Michigan University
FINAL THOUGHTS
Although it will always be a juggling act, especially when extra challenges are thrown
in, I wholeheartedly believe that having a career in coaching and an enriching family
life is possible. With a bit of adapting and prioritizing, we can be successful at both.
Perspective is everything in coaching. Finding peace and getting to the point
where we can sleep at night knowing that we have done our best each day is vital.
Being present in every moment, never taking anything for granted, and enjoying
our successes on the field and at home will bring fulfillment and satisfaction.
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About the NFCA
The National Fastpitch Coaches Association (NFCA) is the sport's leading

professional growth organization for coaches at all competitive levels of play. The
NFCA works to formulate guiding principles, standards, and policies for conduct-
ing competitive fastpitch softball programs for girls and women. It encourages
players to participate in softball with the highest tradition of competition and to
become leaders in their fastpitch programs. The NFCA recognizes outstanding
members through its Victory Club and Coach of the Year awards programs, in
addition to All-Region, All-American, and Scholar-Athlete awards programs for
members' college and high school players. The NFCA also works with USA Today
to produce polls for NCAA Division I, II, and III and high school softball teams,
and it hosts collegiate tournaments and recruiting camps across the nation.
The NFCA headquarters are located in Louisville, Kentucky.
Gayle Blevins served as head coach for Division

I collegiate softball programs for 31 years, coaching
at Indiana University from 1980 to 1987 and at the
University of Iowa from 1988 to 2010. She brought
the two teams to the Women’s College World Series
seven times and never had a losing season at either
university. She led her teams to eight Big Ten cham-
pionships, winning five of them. She amassed 1,245
wins overall. Additionally, she has seen nearly 80 of
her former players become coaches of their own
teams across the nation.
Blevins was named NCAA Division I Coach of the
Year by the National Softball Coaches Association in
1986 when the Hoosiers finished in third place in the Women’s College World
Series under her tutelage. Blevins was inducted into the National Fastpitch Coaches
Association Hall of Fame in 1999. Twice she has been selected as the Division I
National Coach of the Year.
Blevins now works as a National Fastpitch Coaches College instructor. She
also serves as a public speaker for national conventions, service organizations,
educational institutions, and corporations across the United States.
361
About the Contributors
Jenny Allard is the Ivy League’s longest tenured coach. She has
spent nearly 20 seasons as the head coach of the Harvard softball
program. She is also one of the Ivy League’s most successful
coaches, boasting a 462-342-2 overall record, including a 213-74
Ivy League mark. All six of Harvard’s Ivy League titles, each of
its six 30-win seasons, and its five NCAA championship berths
have been under the watch of Allard. Her teams have produced
45 first-team, 51 second-team, and 30 honorable mention All-
Ivy selections as well as 6 Ivy League Players of the Year, 5 Ivy
Pitchers of the Year, and 3 Ivy Rookies of the Year.
A 1990 graduate of the University of Michigan, Allard was named the Wol-
verines’ Most Outstanding Player and Most Outstanding Pitcher. Allard was a
four-time All-Big Ten Conference selection and a two-time first-team Mideast
Region selection. She was named Big Ten Player of the Year and a Division I All-
America selection. Named to the Big Ten all-decade team in 1992, Allard ranked
in the top four all time in 15 hitting and pitching categories at the time of her
graduation from Michigan.
Erica Beach has been head softball coach at the University of

Mexico since 2010. Under her guidance, the Lobos have set
Mountain West Conference records for most home runs (95)
and best team slugging percentage (.568), and the team has
been ranked no. 1 among NCAA Division I softball programs
for home runs. Beach worked as an assistant to the Ohio State
Buckeyes from 2006 to 2010. With her assistance, the team
advanced to the NCAA regional championship game four times,
including one super regional appearance.
As a player, Beach pitched for the Arizona State Sun Devils, helping advance
them to NCAA tournament all four times, including two Women’s College World
Series appearances. She was named to the 2002 WCWS all-tournament team and
was a three-time All-Pac-10 honoree. Beach played professionally for the Sparks
Haarlem in the Netherlands, leading the team to the 2003 European Cup cham-
pionship, for which she was named the European Cup Most Outstanding Pitcher.
In 2004 and 2005, she played for the Arizona Heat in the National Pro Fastpitch
League and was an all-star in 2004. From 2006 to 2008, Beach helped lead the
New England Riptide to the NPF championship.
363
364 About the Contributors
Chris Bellotto is the head softball coach at Florida Southern

College, where she has led the program for over 30 years. Under
her guidance, Florida Southern has won more conference titles
than any other Division II program. In 2012 the team made their
20th trip to the NCAA tournament. Overall, Bellotto’s teams
have won 24 conference titles, 8 regional titles, and 1 national
championship. The Moccasins remain the only Sunshine State
Conference (SSC) softball program to go undefeated through
conference in any season, doing so seven times. Twenty-six All-
Americans have played for Bellotto, winning a total of 45 All-American awards,
including 24 first-team selections.
Bellotto’s 1,110-362 record in fastpitch competition and .754 winning percent-
age put her among the all-time leaders in every coaching category in the NCAA
record book. She has been named the SSC Coach of the Year 15 times, regional
Coach of the Year 10 times, and NFCA Division II National Coach of the Year 2
times. She was named the head coach on the SSC silver anniversary team in 2007.
Bellotto has been inducted into the National Fastpitch Coaches Association Hall of
Fame, the Sunshine State Conference Hall of Fame, the Florida Southern College
Athletic Hall of Fame, and the Polk County Sports Hall of Fame.
Kristi Bredbenner is the head softball coach at Wichita State

University. Before joining the Shockers in 2012, Bredbenner
spent six seasons leading Division II Emporia State University.
Under her tutelage, Emporia State had a winning percentage of
.763 and appeared in the NCAA postseason seven straight years,
including a trip to the NCAA Division II national champion-
ship game in 2006. The team went to six straight Mid-America
Intercollegiate Athletics Association championships. Bredbenner
was named MIAA Coach of the Year twice, and she and her staff
were named NCFA/Speedline Regional Coaching Staff of the Year two times.
Bredbenner spent three seasons as the top assistant at the University of California
at Santa Barbara, guiding them to their first NCAA tournament and a second-place
finish in the Big West Conference. She served as interim head coach at her alma
mater, Truman State University, during the 2002 season. That year the team won
the MIAA tournament championship. As a player, Bredbenner was a four-time
All-MIAA pick and two-time Division II All-American, and she was named MVP
of the conference in 2000. She claimed nearly every hitting record at Truman,
and her three-home-run game on April 7, 2000, is tied for fourth on the Division
II single-game list.
Carol Bruggeman has been the associate head coach at the

University of Louisville since 2005. She has helped guide the
Cardinals to three Big East Conference championships and
seven straight NCAA appearances. She has helped produce
45 All-Big East selections, 13 all-region team members, 6 All-
Americans, and 3 conference Players or Pitchers of the Year.
In 2012 Bruggeman was part of the Big East and NFCA Great
Lakes Regional Coaching Staffs of the Year. That year Louisville
captured the Big East regular-season and tournament titles,
spent the majority of the season ranked in the top 10 of both national polls, and
ended the season with a program-best 55-5 record.
Before joining the Cardinals, Bruggeman spent 12 years as head coach at
Purdue University and 5 years as assistant coach at the University of Michigan.
As an athlete, she played at the University of Iowa, where she earned All-Big
Ten, All-Mideast Region, and Academic All-American honors. She has served as
president and Division I representative on the executive board with the NFCA.
Additionally, Bruggeman has produced instructional DVDs on softball-specific
athlete development.
Ehren Earleywine, head softball coach at the University of

Missouri, has taken the Tigers softball program to unprec-
edented levels of success. Earleywine has led Missouri to three
Women’s College World Series, making five straight NCAA
super regional appearances. Heading into the 2013 season his
.750 winning percentage was ranked eighth among active Divi-
sion I coaches. He was the fifth fastest coach to reach 100 wins
in NCAA Division I softball history. Previously the head coach
at Georgia Tech (2004–06), Earleywine has led every team he
has coached to the NCAA tournament. A three-time conference Coach of the
Year, he and his coaching staff have twice been named National Fastpitch Coaches
Association Midwest Staff of the Year.
As a player in men’s fastpitch softball, Earleywine was a four-time member of
the U.S. team and was named captain for his final two seasons with the national
team. He collected four medals—one gold, two silver, and one bronze. A six-time
American Softball Association All-American, Earleywine was an all-world selection
in 1999 by the International Softball Congress. Earleywine won the ASA Softball
national championship title with the Decatur Pride in 1999, taking ISC world
championship honors in 2001.
NFCA Hall of Fame coach Patty Gasso has served as head coach
at the University of Oklahoma since 1995. Under her leadership
the Sooners have reached the Women’s College World Series
seven times and in the process advanced to the postseason every
season. Gasso has a career collegiate coaching record of 1’032-
338-3 (.753) and holds an overall record of 871-279-2 (.757)
at the University of Oklahoma. Gasso’s Sooners teams have
finished second or higher 13 times since the inception of the
Big 12 and have claimed five Big 12 regular-season titles and
four championship titles.
Of Gasso’s players, 41 have been named All-Americans, 87 have earned all-
region honors, and 118 have been all-conference selections. Seven Sooners have
been named Big 12 Player of the Year. Gasso has received three Speedline/NFCA
Midwest Region Coaching Staff of the Year awards—the national honor in 2000
and the Midwest honor six times. In addition, Gasso has been named the Big 12
Coach of the Year five times. Before coming to OU, Gasso spent five years at
Long Beach City College. Her accomplishments there led to her induction into
the LBCC Hall of Champions and the inaugural class of the Long Beach City
Baseball and Softball Hall of Fame.
Stetson University’s Frank Griffin has been head coach of the

Hatters since 1996. Griffin has led the Hatters to 543 wins,
14 appearances in the Atlantic Sun softball tournament, two
regular-season championships, one conference tournament title,
and an appearance in the NCAA tournament. Five times the
Hatters have eclipsed the 40-win mark. Griffin has coached 29
A-Sun Pitchers of the Week, 19 A-Sun Players of the Week, 19
first-team all-conference players, 22 second-team all-conference
players, 4 third-team all-conference players, 4 all-freshman team
players, 1 A-Sun Player of the Year, 2 first-team all-region performers, and 5 second-
team all-region players. He also earned 2001 A-Sun Coach of the Year honors.
Before arriving at Stetson, Griffin spent seven years as head softball coach at
Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. With the Lady Eagles, Grif-
fin compiled a record of 225-87, won six conference titles in seven seasons, and
led Winthrop to three NAIA national tournaments. Griffin also played fastpitch
softball for the Rock Hill Merchants for five seasons, pitching his team to the
South Carolina state championship in 1988, for which he was named team MVP.
The Merchants went on to win the Southeast Regional championship in 1988
and again in 1989.
Deanna Gumpf is the head softball coach at Notre Dame

University. Under her tutelage, the Fighting Irish have made
11 trips to the NCAA championship while claiming four Big
East Conference tournament titles and six Big East regular-
season championships, the most recent occurring in 2010 and
2011. As of 2013 Gumpf had a record of 465-192-1 (.707) for
the highest victory average of any Big East skipper. She became
the program’s all-time winningest coach with her 378th victory
at Notre Dame in the 2010 NCAA tournament.
Under Gumpf’s guidance, the Notre Dame coaching staff was named the NFCA
Mideast Region Coaching Staff of the Year in 2002 and 2004 as well as the Big
East Coaching Staff of the Year in 2002, 2004, and 2011. She has seen 11 Notre
Dame players earn NFCA All-American honors; Andrea Loman (2002-03) and
Megan Ciolli (2004-05) were two-time All-Americans. The Irish have collected
41 NFCA all-region citations, 4 Big East Player of the Year awards, 4 Big East
Pitcher of the Year awards, and 74 All-Big East honors.
Kris Herman has been head softball coach at Williams Col-

lege since 2004. In May 2010 she became the 26th Division III
coach to reach the 500-win milestone in NCAA history. She
has led the Ephs to three straight New England Small College
Athletic Conference (NESCAC) championships, advancing to
the NCAA College World Series twice. She has a career record
of 521-290-5 (.642), and from 1997 to 2006, Herman coached
her teams to nine consecutive conference championships. She
was named NESCAC Coach of the Year four times and earned
New England COTY honors in 2001, 2005, and 2006. In her nearly 25 seasons as
a coach, Herman has coached 8 All-Americans and 27 first-team All-New England
players.
Herman began her coaching career at her alma mater, Tufts, in 1988. She coached
the Jumbos for 16 seasons and compiled a record of 339-164-3 (.679), winning
five NESCAC titles and guiding her team to an NCAA tournament appearance in
her last seven seasons at the school. Tufts also made its first NCAA World Series
appearance under Herman. In May 2011 Herman was promoted to senior women’s
administrator at Williams.
Head coach Kyla Holas has been with the University of Hous-
ton softball program since 1999. She has led the team to 11
consecutive winning seasons, 5 NCAA regional appearances
(2004, 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012), and 2 NCAA super regional
appearances (2008 and 2011). At the beginning of the 2013
season, Holas held the most wins (434) in Conference USA
history. The Cougars are three-time regular-season champions
(2007, 2008, 2011) and were the Conference USA tournament
champions in 2007. They became only the second team in con-
ference history to sweep both titles in a season.
Holas came to the Cougars program from the University of Florida, where she
was responsible for developing the pitchers and catchers for three seasons. Before
going to Florida, Holas spent two seasons as an assistant coach at Northern Illi-
nois University. Under her guidance the team reached the NCAA regionals. As an
athlete, she led Southwestern Louisiana to a third-place finish at the 1993 NCAA
Women’s College World Series. She is a three-time NCAA All-American pitcher,
received WCWS all-tournament team honors, and was a two-time finalist for the
Honda Broderick Cup. Her .839 (104-20) winning percentage is still in the top
15 in NCAA record books.
Kelly Inouye-Perez has served as head coach for the UCLA

Bruins since 2007, amassing a record of 255-88 (.743) between
the beginning of her UCLA career and 2013. Under her guid-
ance, in 2010 the team had their 12th national title and 11th
NCAA championship. After the season, Inouye-Perez and her
staff were honored as the NFCA National Coaching Staff of
the Year. Over Inouye-Perez’s six seasons, Bruins players have
earned 16 All-American awards, 25 all-region honors, and 46
All-Pac-10 or All-Pac-12 accolades.
No stranger to the Bruins dugout, Inouye-Perez started her 25th season with the
program in 2013. She is a link to four decades of Bruins softball success, joining the
UCLA softball program as a freshman and spending 13 years as an assistant coach.
As a player and assistant, she attended seven NCAA championships and earned
eight Pac-10 titles. Over Inouye-Perez’s seasons as an assistant coach, UCLA was
617-150-1; in 2004 she was part of the staff that was named the National Coaching
Staff of the Year by the National Fastpitch Coaches Association (NFCA).
Rachel Lawson began her sixth season as the head coach of the
Kentucky softball program in 2013. Kentucky made its fourth
consecutive appearance in the NCAA tournament in 2012. In
2011 Lawson directed the Wildcats to their first NCAA super
regional appearance and finished the season ranked 12th in the
country. Before joining the staff at Kentucky, Lawson spent three
seasons at Western Kentucky. She served as an assistant coach at
Maryland from 1996 to 2002, where she was named part of the
National Fastpitch Coaches Association Mid-Atlantic Coaching
Staff of the Year. She also served as the associate head coach of the Philadelphia
Force professional team in 2006.
Lawson was a two-time all-conference player at Massachusetts, where she was
part of a program that advanced to the 1992 Women’s College World Series. She
was part of squads that advanced to the NCAA tournament her freshman season,
won three Atlantic 10 tournament titles, and claimed the league regular-season
championship four straight years. Lawson was named an all-conference and
All-Atlantic 10 tournament performer and was named to the A-10 academic all-
conference squad after each of her final two seasons.
Bob Ligouri is the Des Moines Area Community College

softball coach. He joined the program in 2011 and built it from
scratch. In his first year of coaching at the collegiate level, he
compiled a 42-21 record and led his team to Region 11 and
District F championships. His team has also appeared in the
NJCAA College World Series. In his second year, the team
ranked 12th preseason in the nation for teams entering their
second year of existence. Ligouri has overseen 16 academic all-
region team members in his time with DMACC.
Before coming to DMACC, Ligouri coached softball at West Des Moines
Dowling Catholic and Des Moines East High School. While with the two high
schools, he compiled a 636-136 record. His teams won two state championships
and were state runners-up twice, making 10 state tournament appearances. For
his work with his high school teams, Ligouri was honored with 10 Coach of the
Year awards. He oversaw 11 top 10 teams in his 16 years of coaching, and 44 of
his players went on to play college softball, including 19 at the Division I level.
Sandy Montgomery is the longest tenured head coach for

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. The 2013 season
marked her 25th year as the head coach of the Cougars soft-
ball team. At the start of the 2013 season, her career coaching
record stood at 849-428-2. She led the Cougars to a Division
II national championship in 2007 and five Great Lakes Valley
Conference tournament championships. Her teams have played
in the NCAA Division II national tournament 11 times and the
national finals twice. Additionally, SIUE finished fourth during
its first run through the Ohio Valley Conference, qualifying for the 2011 OVC
tournament in its first year of eligibility.
Montgomery has coached 11 All-Americans and 52 players with all-region
status. She has been inducted into the SIUE Athletics Hall of Fame and Illinois
Amateur Softball Association’s Hall of Fame. She has received the Great Lakes
Valley Conference’s Coach of the Year honor four times, the NFCA Regional
Coaching Staff of the Year award three times, and the National Staff of the Year
honor in 2007. As a player Montgomery was one of the most successful pitchers in
SIUE’s history, hurling 42 shutouts, being named a Central Region All-American,
and being voted Most Valuable Player her senior year.
Teena Murray has been the director of sport performance at the

University of Louisville since 2004, where she oversees athlete
development and performance for the Cardinals’ 21 Olympic
sports. She is also the lead performance specialist for women’s
softball and basketball. Outside the collegiate realm, Murray is
the owner of Athlete Construction, LLC. From 2006 to 2010
Murray was the strength and conditioning coach for the U.S.
women’s national and Olympic ice hockey teams, winning two
world championships and a silver medal at the Olympic Games
in Vancouver in 2010.
In 16 years in the sport performance industry, Murray has worked at Cornell,
UConn, and Louisville. She has also worked as a consultant with USA Hockey, the
International Ice Hockey Federation, the NHL’s Florida Panthers and Anaheim
Ducks, and the AHL’s Hartford Wolfpack. Teena holds a master’s degree is exercise
physiology from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. She is a master
coach with the Collegiate Strength and Conditioning Coaches’ Association and is
certified by the National Strength and Conditioning Association, United States
Weightlifting, Functional Movement Systems, and Precision Nutrition. In 2012
Teena was awarded the Guiding Woman in Sport Award by the National Associa-
tion of Girls and Women in Sport (NAGWS).
Stacey Nuveman Deniz entered her fifth season at San Diego

State in 2013, serving as the recruiting coordinator and the hit-
ting instructor. She has helped SDSU to four straight NCAA
regional bids and a combined 133-81 (.621) record in her four
seasons on the Mesa. She has assisted the team in breaking many
school records, including slugging percentage (.466), doubles
(79), home runs (58), RBIs (237), and total bases (692). In addi-
tion to coaching, Nuveman Deniz has provided commentary for
ESPN, CSTV, and Fox Sports and has served as a studio analyst
for ESPN during NCAA tournament action. In the spring of 2010 Nuveman
Deniz served as an assistant coach for the women’s national team selection camp.
A three-time U.S. Olympian, Nuveman Deniz earned two gold medals (2000
and 2004) and a silver medal (2008) and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic
Hall of Fame for her work with the 2004 team. She helped the U.S. national
team to a World Cup championship in 2006, two world championships, and two
Pan American gold medals. As a collegiate player at UCLA, she set four NCAA
records—90 home runs, .945 slugging percentage (both of which rank her first in
the NCAA), 240 walks, and 81 intentional walks. She was a four-time first-team
NFCA All-American and a three-time Pac-10 Player of the Year, and she helped
lead the Bruins to a national championship. For her efforts in the national title
run, Nuveman Deniz was named to the All-Women’s College World Series team.
She was inducted into the UCLA Hall of Fame in 2012.
Donna Papa has been head softball coach at the University

of North Carolina since 1986. Papa has led Carolina to the
NCAA tournament 10 times, the 2001 Atlantic Coast Confer-
ence championship, and 5 regular-season titles, and her teams
appeared in the title game on three other occasions. One of the
20 winningest coaches in NCAA history, Papa has compiled an
impressive 1,051-569-5 record and is among only 11 NCAA
Division I coaches to achieve 1,000 victories. She has been
named ACC Coach of the Year five times and has coached 11
All-America players and 56 All-Southeast Region players.
Before arriving in Chapel Hill, Papa spent two seasons as head softball and vol-
leyball coach at Susquehanna University, two seasons as assistant softball coach at
St. John’s University, and one year as an assistant coach at UNC Greensboro. She
played four seasons of softball for the University of Connecticut and was cocap-
tain in her junior and senior seasons. Her playing career also encompassed stints
with two ASA Major Fast Pitch teams. Papa has served on the NFCA All-America
Committee and NCAA All-Region Committee and represented the ACC on the
NFCA Top 25 Selection Committee twice. She was inducted into the NFCA Hall
of Fame in November 2012.
Jeanne Scarpello began her 14th season as the head coach

at the University of Nebraska at Omaha in 2013. She led the
Mavericks to a Division II national championship in 2001 and
is now leading the program in the Division I Summit League.
Scarpello is UNO’s all-time winningest coach, entering the 2013
season with a 563-181-1 career record. She has led the Mavs to
three 50-win seasons and nine 40-win seasons in her 13 years
at UNO, including the program’s first national title in 2001.
Scarpello has averaged more than 43 wins per season, and
her resume includes 12 trips to the NCAA Division II tournament, five confer-
ence tournament titles, and one national championship. In 2001 she and her staff
were named the NFCA Division II National Coaching Staff of the Year. Scarpello
was named the 2001 North Central Conference Coach of the Year after guiding
UNO to its second consecutive NCC title. She has coached 8 All-Americans, 2
CoSida Academic All-Americans, 22 All-MIAA selections, 52 All-North Central
Conference selections, and 10 Academic All-North Central Conference selections.
In 2013 Elaine Sortino completed her 34th season at Massa-

chusetts, where she compiled a 1,267-483-6 (.705) record. She
led the Minutewomen to 21 NCAA tournament appearances
and three trips to the Women’s College World Series. In 2013,
Sortino was the third winningest active NCAA Division I coach
and never had a losing season at UMass. She won 23 Atlantic 10
regular-season titles and 23 tournament championships.
Sortino posted a 218-134-1 record as the UMass volleyball
coach from 1979 to 1986. A native of Yonkers, New York, and a
1971 graduate of Oneonta State University in New York, she earned her master’s
degree from the University of Bridgeport in 1973. Sortino was inducted into the
NFCA Hall of Fame in 2004. Sortino was coach of a Honda Award winner, an
Olympic gold medalist, 20 All-America selections, 15 A-10 Players of the Year,
18 A-10 Pitchers of the Year, 9 A-10 Rookies of the Year, and 129 all-conference
selections.
Elaine Sortino passed away on Sunday, August 18, 2013, following a lengthy
battle with cancer. She will be missed greatly by the softball community, and her
legacy will always be remembered.
Bonnie Tholl began her 20th season as a member of the Uni-

versity of Michigan softball coaching staff in 2013, marking her
11th season as associate head coach. Tholl provided guidance for
the 2005 Michigan team that shattered school records in nearly
every offensive category en route to the program’s first-ever
national championship. Working closely with outfield players,
she has overseen the development of 6 All-Americans, 27 All-Big
Ten Conference selections, and a Big Ten Player of the Year. She
has been a member of a Speedline/NFCA National Coaching
Staff of the Year and is an eight-time recipient of the Great Lakes Region Coach-
ing Staff of the Year.
As a collegiate player, Tholl started four seasons as shortstop at Michigan,
becoming the only player in the conference history to earn All-Big Ten first-team
honors four times. She was selected to the All-Mideast Regional team three times
and was named to the Big Ten All-Decade (1982-92) softball team. Tholl also par-
ticipated in the 1993 Olympic Sports Festival and played with numerous Amateur
Softball Association squads. She was a member of the U.S. Pan American Games
qualifying team that advanced to the 1995 Pan American Games and was named
to the ASA All-America second team in 1992.
Beth Torina began her second season at the helm of the Louisi-
ana State University softball program in 2013. In her inaugural
campaign, she earned a 2012 Women’s College World Series
berth. The trip to the 2012 WCWS was the program’s third
overall appearance. That same year, her pitching stuff held a sti-
fling 1.58 staff ERA, tied for second lowest in the SEC. She and
her players also excel in community service, regularly visiting
hospitals and schools in the Baton Rouge area and participating
in the annual Strikeout Ovarian Cancer event.
Torina also serves as the head coach of the USSSA Florida Pride of the National
Pro Fastpitch (NPF) League. Their roster features multiple Olympians, including
Jessica Mendoza, Caitlin Lowe, and Natasha Watley. The Pride captured the Ringer
Cup trophy in 2012 for being the league’s regular-season champions, and they
won the NPF championship in 2010. Before assuming her duties as head coach,
Torina served as an assistant coach for two seasons under Florida head coach Tim
Walton. She also coached the Florida International of the Sun Belt Conference
for four seasons and is a two-time SBC Coach of the Year.
University of St. Thomas head coach John Tschida holds the

record for highest win percentage in Division III at .850 (693-
121). In nearly 20 years of coaching, he has won three national
championships, and every team he has coached has been nation-
ally ranked. Tschida is the only coach in NCAA softball to win
national titles at two institutions. Tschida’s players have earned
29 NCAA All-American honors, 43 Academic All-American
honors, and 86 first-team all-conference awards. He was named
Coach of the Year in 2005 and 2004, is a 10-time Minnesota
Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Coach of the Year, and is a two-time inductee
in the Saint Mary’s University Hall of Fame.
As a player, Tschida competed in 17 ISC world tournaments, 18 ASA national
tournaments, and 8 NAFA World Series. He was a member of the ISC all-world
team in 2002, receiving the ISC world tournament Leading Hitter Award that
year. Tschida was a five-time ASA Class A All-American and an ASA men’s open
All-American in 2006. A two-time NAFA all-world player, he was a member of
the 2005 NAFA World Series open championship team. He played baseball for
Saint Mary’s University as an undergrad and was named an all-conference and
all-region baseball player in 1990.
Head coach Michelle Venturella entered her fifth season in

2013 at the helm of the University of Illinois at Chicago softball
program. In her years with the Flames, she has led the team to
a regular-season championship in 2009 and the tournament
crown in 2011. She has propelled 8 Flames members on 11
occasions to the all-conference team, and many of her players
ranked first in the league for records including batting average,
slugging percentage, on-base percentage, and runs scored. For
her work with the Flames, Venturella was named the Horizon
League Coach of the Year in 2009.
Before arriving at UIC, Venturella spent six seasons as the associate head coach
at the University of Iowa, where she assisted the Hawkeyes to a record of 251-
116, including five NCAA tournament appearances and a Big Ten regular-season
and tournament title in 2003. She also served as an assistant coach at Northern
Illinois during the 1996–97 season. As a collegiate athlete, Venturella was catcher
for Indiana University, earning All-America honors and being named Big Ten
Player of the Year. She also had a six-year stint on the U.S. national team, where
she earned four gold medals at the world championships and Olympic Games.
George Wares is the head softball coach at Central College in

Iowa. He has the most wins in NCAA Division III history, with
a record of 945-313-3 (.750) going into the 2013 season. Under
his guidance, the Dutch have competed in 24 NCAA Division
III tournaments, and these playoff teams have finished in the
national top five 12 times. Wares has piloted the Dutch to four
national championships and two national runner-up finishes, and
the team has won or shared 11 Iowa Conference titles. He has
been named Iowa Conference Coach of the Year 8 times, and
he and his staff were named the NFCA Division III Coaching Staff of the Year in
2003 and Regional Staff of the Year in 2001.
Before joining Central College, Wares spent seven years as girls’ softball coach
at NESCO High School in Zearing, Iowa, posting a 214-94 record and piloting
three squads to state tournament berths. He was named all-area Coach of the
Year three times. Wares also served as a high school boys’ basketball coach for 18
years and spent 4 seasons as an assistant men's basketball coach at Central Col-
lege. Wares is in his second 3-year term on the NFCA Division III All-America
Selection Committee, serving 2 years as chair. In 2007 he was inducted into the
NFCA Hall of Fame.
In 2013 Karen Weekly entered her 17th season as a collegiate

head softball coach and recently became the 58th head coach in
NCAA softball history to tally 800 career victories. She is one
of just 34 active head coaches in the nation with 800 or more
wins. She and cohead coach Ralph Weekly have led the Uni-
versity of Tennessee softball program to five appearances in the
Women’s College World series in the last eight years, two SEC
tournament championships, and the 2007 SEC regular-season
championship. She has coached 25 Louisville Slugger/NFCA
All-America selections, 39 Louisville Slugger/NFCA all-region players, and 46
All-SEC or All-SEC freshman picks. The UT coaching staff was named NFCA
Southeast Region Coaching Staff of the Year in 2010 and 2012.
Before joining the Lady Vols, Weekly compiled a 223-97 record as the University
of Tennessee Chattanooga’s cohead coach. She played softball at Pacific Lutheran
University (where she was an All-American), led NAIA hitters with a .440 batting
average, and was named Female Athlete of the Year. She has also worked with
USA Softball, most recently serving as a senior national team assistant coach in
the summer of 2012.
You’ll find other outstanding softball resources at
www.HumanKinetics.com/softball
In the U.S. call 1-800-747-4457
Australia 08 8372 0999 • Canada 1-800-465-7301
Europe +44 (0) 113 255 5665 • New Zealand 0800 222 062
HUMAN KINETICS
The Premier Publisher for Sports & Fitness
P.O. Box 5076 • Champaign, IL 61825-5076 USA

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The

Project Coordinated by Gayle Blevins

COACHING PRIORITIES AND PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER 2 Defining Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CHAPTER 3 Establishing a Winning Attitude . . . . . . . . . . 23

CHAPTER 4 Playing Hard and Respecting the Game . . . . . 31

CHAPTER 5 Leading by Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

PROGRAM BUILDING AND MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 7 Building a Successful College Program . . . . . 63

CHAPTER 8 Selecting and Mentoring Your Staff . . . . . . . . 79

CHAPTER 9 Promoting Your Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

CHAPTER 10 Recruiting the Right Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

EFFECTIVE PRACTICE SESSIONS

CHAPTER 12 Minimizing Monotony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

PLAYER SKILLS AND TEAM STRATEGIES

CHAPTER 14 Firming Up Offensive Fundamentals . . . . . . 163

CHAPTER 15 Developing Your Pitching Staff . . . . . . . . . . 185

CHAPTER 16 Developing Your Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

CHAPTER 17 Fielding Practice for Errorless Play . . . . . . . 221

CHAPTER 18 Strength Training, Conditioning,

PLAYER MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP

CHAPTER 20 Understanding Today’s Athlete . . . . . . . . . . 277

CHAPTER 21 Assessing Your Team’s Mental Makeup . . . . . 293

CHAPTER 22 Building Team Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

CHAPTER 23 Developing Student-Athletes off the Field . . 315

COACHING CHALLENGES, PRESSURES,

CHAPTER 25 Continuing to Learn,

CHAPTER 26 Coaching, Family, and Personal Priorities . . 349

FINDING THE PASSION

WHY ATHLETES TODAY MAY LOSE PASSION

WHERE DID ALL THE LEADERS GO?

Confidence and Self-Esteem

These are the sources that drive pride:

◆◆ Pride in your performance

◆◆ Joy or love of ongoing learning and improvement

KEEPING THE PASSION

Love What You Do and Show It

GOALS VERSUS EXPECTATIONS

Expectations at Practice and Games

COMMUNICATING OUR EXPECTATIONS

Timing of Expectation Communications

Communicating Expectations Through Mentoring

In addition, communication works better when it is coming from team members,

Mentoring Program at Work

EXPECTATIONS FOR COACHES

BENEFITS OF A WINNING ATTITUDE

Have Clearly Defined Goals

Accentuate the Positive!

Look Ahead, Not Behind

KEEP POSITIVE WHILE LOSING

COMBAT LOSING ATTITUDES

Look for the Good

RESPECT FOR THE HISTORY OF THE GAME

RESPECT FOR PIONEERS IN THE SPORT

RESPECT FOR OUR OPPONENTS

RESPECT FOR UMPIRES

RESPECT FOR EQUIPMENT

RESPECT FOR YOUR COACHING STAFF

RESPECT FOR TEAMMATES