Gof Patterns in Ruby

GoF patterns in Ruby

Matthieu Tanguay-Carel - 2007
Creational Patterns
• Abstract Factory
• Builder
• Factory Method # can be deduced from Abstract Factory
• Prototype
• Singleton # available in standard lib (doc in singleton.rb)
Structural Patterns
• Adapter
• Bridge # can be deduced from Abstract Factory
• Composite
• Decorator
• Facade # boring and trivial
• Flyweight
• Proxy
Behavioral Patterns
• Chain of Responsibility
• Command
• Interpreter # skipped
• Iterator # built-in (module Enumerable)
• Mediator # skipped
• Memento
• Observer # built-in (doc in observer.rb)
• State # nice implementation by maurice codik
• Strategy
• Template Method # the simplest is the block yielded to
• Visitor
1/33
#
# The GoF Abstract Factory pattern
# written by Matthieu Tanguay-Carel
#
# Factories behave in effect like singletons.
# Extra functionality can be tested for with "Object#respond_to? :extra"
# if needed (See GTKFactory).
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
module MyAbstractFactory
def create_button
raise NotImplementedError, "You should implement this method"
end
end
class Win95Factory
include MyAbstractFactory
def create_button
puts "I'm Win95"
"win95button"
end
end
class MotifFactory
def create_button
puts "I'm Motif"
"motifbutton"
end
end
class GTKFactory
def create_button
puts "I'm GTK"
"gtkbutton"
end
def extra
puts "I'm enhanced"
end
end
class LookAndFeelManager
@@types2classes = {
:motif => [MotifFactory,nil],
:gtk => [GTKFactory,nil],
:win95 => [Win95Factory,nil]
}
def self.create type

if !@@types2classes.include? type
raise NotImplementedError, "I know nothing about type: #{type}"
end
2/33
factory_and_instance = @@types2classes[type]
if factory_and_instance[1].nil?
puts 'instantiating new factory'
factory_and_instance[1] = factory_and_instance[0].new #mutex this
else
puts 'returning already instantiated factory'
factory_and_instance[1]
end
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
factory = LookAndFeelManager.create :gtk
puts factory.create_button
factory.extra if factory.respond_to? :extra
end
Output
------
instantiating new factory

I'm GTK
gtkbutton
I'm enhanced
3/33
#
# The GoF Builder pattern
#
# The Director class declares the creation process.
# The Builder classes are the concrete builders.
# The builders are free to implement a method or not, and can be
# customised at will by the client.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
class Director
def initialize
@process = [:create_header, :create_body, :create_footer]
end
def build builder
@process.inject("") {|acc, method|
acc += builder.send method if builder.respond_to? method
acc
}
end
end
class HTMLBuilder
def initialize title
@title = title
end
def create_header
"<html><title>#{@title}</title>"
end
def create_body
"<body>fig leave</body>"
end
def create_footer
"</html>"
end
end
class XMLBuilder
def create_header
"<?xml version='1.0' charset='utf-8'?>"
end
def create_body
"<root>welcome</root>"
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
director = Director.new
html_builder = HTMLBuilder.new 'xml sucks'
puts director.build(html_builder)
4/33
xml_builder = XMLBuilder.new
puts director.build(xml_builder)
end
Output
------
<html><title>xml sucks</title><body>fig leave</body></html>

<?xml version='1.0' charset='utf-8'?><root>welcome</root>
5/33
#
# The GoF Prototype pattern
#
# The Note and Clef classes are the prototypes.
# The deep copy used here will not work if the instances
# have singleton methods (the ruby meaning of singleton).
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
class PrototypeManager
def initialize
@prototypes = {}
end
def register key, prototype

raise IndexError, "a prototype is already \
assigned to this key: #{key}" if @prototypes.include? key
@prototypes[key] = prototype
end
def unregister key

raise IndexError, "this key is not \
registered: #{key}" if !@prototypes.include? key
@prototypes.delete key
end
def get key

@prototypes[key].deep_copy
end
end
class Object
def deep_copy
Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(self))
end
end
class Note
attr_accessor :duration
def initialize duration
@duration = duration
end
end
class Clef
attr_accessor :type
def initialize type
@type = type
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
manager = PrototypeManager.new
manager.register(:half_note, Note.new(2))
manager.register(:full_note, Note.new(4))
6/33
manager.register(:treble, Clef.new("high pitch"))

manager.register(:bass, Clef.new("low pitch"))
clef = manager.get :bass

puts "clef's type: #{clef.type}"
note = manager.get :half_note
puts "note's duration: #{note.duration}"
note.duration = 6
puts "note's duration: #{note.duration}"
other_note = manager.get :half_note
puts "note's duration: #{other_note.duration}"
end
Output
------
clef's type: low pitch

note's duration: 2
note's duration: 6
note's duration: 2
7/33
#
# The GoF Adapter pattern
#
# The Adapter offers exactly the same interface as the adaptee, but it can
# override any method or add new ones.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
class Adaptee
def talk
puts "I'm Adaptee"
end
def whine
puts "Stop bullying me!"
end
end
class Adapter
def initialize
@adaptee = Adaptee.new
end
def talk #override

puts "Let me introduce you to Adaptee!"
@adaptee.talk
puts "That was my adaptee"
end
def do_other_stuff
puts "I'm versatile"
end
def method_missing method

if @adaptee.respond_to? method
@adaptee.send method
else
raise NotImplementedError, "This method is not " + \
"available on this interface"
end
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
adapter = Adapter.new
adapter.talk
adapter.whine
adapter.do_other_stuff
end
Output
------
8/33
Let me introduce you to Adaptee!

I'm Adaptee
That was my adaptee
Stop bullying me!
I'm versatile
9/33
#
# The GoF Composite pattern
#
# The Component module contains the common behavior between the leaf
# and composite. The component being a module, two classes are free to
# share the same interface without being in the same object hierarchy.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
module Component #file system entity

attr_accessor :name
attr_accessor :owner
def initialize name

@name = name
end
def children
@children ||= []
end
def rename new_name

@name = new_name
end
def to_s
@name
end
def add_child *new_children

new_children.each {|child|
children.push child
puts "adding #{self} as owner of #{child}"
child.owner = self
}
end
def remove_child child

children.delete child
end
end
class MyFile
include Component
attr_accessor :file_type
def initialize name, type

@file_type = type
super name #we need to call super whatever happens
#see ruby cookbook's recipe 9.8
end
end
class MyDir
include Component
10/33
attr_accessor :icon
def is_dir; true; end
def initialize name, icon

@icon = icon
super name
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
#setup
root = MyDir.new 'root', :ginger
puts "created directory root with icon in the form of a #{root.icon}"
music = MyDir.new 'music', :clef
jewel = MyDir.new 'jewel', :guitar
notes = MyFile.new 'notes', :text
puts "created file notes whose file type is #{notes.file_type}"
movie = MyFile.new 'ratatouille', :mpeg
todos = MyFile.new 'todos', :text
song = MyFile.new 'iloveyou', :mp3
root.add_child notes, movie, todos

root.add_child music
music.add_child song
music.add_child jewel
#use case 1
puts 'prefixing all components as if they were the same type'
def recursive_prefix prefix, component
component.rename(prefix + component.name)
component.children.each {|child|
recursive_prefix prefix, child
}
end
recursive_prefix 'prefixed_', root
#use case 2
puts "extracting all directories"
def all_directories root
root.children.inject([]){|acc,component|
if component.respond_to? :is_dir
acc << component
acc.push *all_directories(component)
end
acc
}
end
all_directories(root).each {|d| puts d}
#use case 3
puts "going up the hierarchy"
def get_master component
component = component.owner while !component.owner.nil?
component
end
11/33
puts get_master(song)
puts get_master(jewel)
end
Output
------
created directory root with icon in the form of a ginger

created file notes whose file type is text
adding root as owner of notes
adding root as owner of ratatouille
adding root as owner of todos
adding root as owner of music
adding music as owner of iloveyou
adding music as owner of jewel
prefixing all components as if they were the same type
extracting all directories
prefixed_music
prefixed_jewel
going up the hierarchy
prefixed_root
prefixed_root
12/33
#
# The GoF Decorator pattern
#
# This pattern is made trivial by Ruby's meta methods.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
module Bordered
attr_accessor :color
attr_accessor :width
end
module Scrollable
def position
@position ||= 0
end
def scroll offset
@position = position + offset
end
end
class Widget
attr_accessor :content
def initialize content
@content = content
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
widget = Widget.new "flagada jones"
widget.extend(Bordered)
widget.color = :blue
widget.extend(Scrollable)
widget.scroll 3
puts widget.kind_of?(Scrollable)
puts widget.kind_of?(Bordered)
end
Output
------
true
true
13/33
#
# The GoF Flyweight pattern
#
# The Glyph instances are the flyweights.
# Each glyph knows how to draw itself, given the context.
# You can supply a block to Glyp#draw to draw something else than
# the glyph itself.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
class Glyph
attr_accessor :char
def initialize char
puts "initializing with #{char}"
@char = char
end
def draw context #hash expecting :color and :size and :x and :y as keys
inner_html = block_given?? yield(@char) : @char
"<span style='color:#{context[:color]}; font-size:#{context[:size]};\
position:absolute; top: #{context[:y]}px; " + \
" left: #{context[:x]}px'>#{inner_html}</span>"
end
end
class FlyweightFactory
def initialize
@flyweights = {}
end
def get charsym

return @flyweights[charsym] if @flyweights.include? charsym
@flyweights[charsym] = Glyph.new charsym
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
#a few tests
factory = FlyweightFactory.new
a = factory.get :a
a2 = factory.get :a
puts "Flyweights are the same object: #{a.eql?(a2)}"
b = factory.get :b
b2 = factory.get :b
puts "Flyweights are the same object: #{b.eql?(b2)}"
#draw a rectangle containing letters in random contexts

File.open('test.html','w') {|file|
file.write "<div style='width:800px; height:600px; " + \
"border:1px #ccc solid; background-color:#efefff;'"
colors = ['red', 'blue', 'grey']
sizes = ['24pt', '8pt', '14pt']
context = {}
syms = [:a, :b, :b, :b, :c, :d, :e, :e, :f, :d, :e, :e, :f]
syms.each {|s|
14/33
index = rand 3
index2 = rand 3
x = rand 800
y = rand 600
context[:color] = colors[index]
context[:size] = sizes[index2]
context[:x] = x
context[:y] = y
file.write factory.get(s).draw(context) {|char|
"#{char}?!"
}
}
}
end
Output
------
initializing with a
Flyweights are the same object: true
initializing with b
Flyweights are the same object: true
initializing with c
initializing with d
initializing with e
initializing with f
15/33
#
# The GoF Proxy pattern
#
# The Image class is the proxy. It should override the operations
# the clients need before costly processing has to take place.
# The attr_proxy method allows the Proxy module to automatically
# remove the overridden methods once the real subject is created.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
module Proxy
def self.included cls
puts "creating the attr_proxy method"
cls.instance_eval {
def proxy_methods
@proxy_methods ||= []
end
def attr_proxy name
proxy_methods << name
end
}
end
#call this to set the proxy object

def proxy real_cls, constructor_args
@real_cls = real_cls
@constructor_args = constructor_args
end
def real_subject
@real_subject or nil
end
def method_missing method, *args

if real_subject.nil?
@real_subject = @real_cls.new *@constructor_args
puts "instantiating real subject"
self.class.proxy_methods.each {|proxy_meth|
puts "removing #{proxy_meth} from proxy"
self.class.instance_eval {
remove_method proxy_meth
}
}
end
if real_subject.respond_to? method
real_subject.send method, *args
else
raise NotImplementedError, "This method (#{method}) is " + \
"not available on this interface"
end
end
end
class Image
include Proxy
16/33
attr_accessor :mtime
attr_proxy :mtime
attr_proxy :mtime=
attr_proxy :to_s
def to_s
"proxy_image"
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
#create the proxy
img = Image.new
img.proxy(File, ["img.jpg", 'w'])
img.mtime = "a few hours ago"
puts "proxy methods:"
img.class.proxy_methods.each {|m| puts m}
puts ''
#use the proxy

puts "image's last modified time is #{img.mtime}"
puts "image's string representation: #{img}"
puts ''
#force creation of the real subject

img.write "im stuck in an image !\n"
puts "image's last modified time is #{img.mtime}"
puts "image's string representation: #{img}"
puts "file written to!"
end
Output
------
creating the attr_proxy method

proxy methods:
mtime
mtime=
to_s
image's last modified time is a few hours ago

image's string representation: proxy_image
instantiating real subject

removing mtime from proxy
removing mtime= from proxy
removing to_s from proxy
image's last modified time is Sun Oct 14 17:25:17 +1000 2007
image's string representation: #<Image:0xb7bfcbbc>
file written to!
17/33
#
# The GoF Chain of Responsibility pattern
#
# Each handler needs to be added to a chain and needs to be given
# an operation.
# The handler's operation is a block that should return false if the request
# should be sent forward.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
class Array
def element_after item
inject(false){|acc, elem|
return elem if acc
elem == item ? true : false
}
nil
end
end
class Chain
def initialize
@chain = []
end
def add_handler *handlers

handlers.reverse.each {|h|
@chain << h
h.chain = self
}
end
def forward caller, request

next_soul = @chain.element_after caller
raise Exception.new("End of chain: caller has no forward " + \
"neighbor available in this chain") if next_soul.nil?
next_soul.handle request
end
end
module Handler
attr_accessor :chain
def handle request
raise Exception.new("Handler without a chain") if @chain.nil?
raise Exception.new("Handler without an operation") if @operation.nil?
chain.forward self, request if !@operation.call request
end
def operation &block

@operation = block
end
end
def protect
begin
18/33
yield
rescue Exception
puts $!
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
@chain = Chain.new
#create some handlers and add them to chain

default_handler = Object.new
default_handler.extend Handler
default_handler.operation {|request|
puts "Default handler: the chain of responsibility could not handle" + \
" the request: #{request}"
}
coward = Object.new
coward.extend Handler
coward.operation {|request|
puts "I'm not getting my hands dirty. Let's forward."
false
}
hard_worker = Object.new
hard_worker.extend Handler
hard_worker.operation {|request|
if request.respond_to? :include? and request.include? "work"
puts "Request handled!"
true
else
puts "Could not handle request... forwarding."
false
end
}
@chain.add_handler default_handler, hard_worker, coward
#tests
protect {
puts "\nSending first test request"
coward.handle "test"
}
protect {
puts "\nSending work request"
coward.handle "work"
}
puts "\nMaking it fail"
foreigner = Object.new
foreigner.extend Handler
protect { foreigner.handle "me" }
foreigner.operation {|request| puts "Guten Tag"}
protect { @chain.forward foreigner, "hehe" }
end
19/33
Output
------
Sending first test request

I'm not getting my hands dirty. Let's forward.
Could not handle request... forwarding.
Default handler: the chain of responsibility could not handle the request: test
End of chain: caller has no forward neighbor available in this chain
Sending work request

I'm not getting my hands dirty. Let's forward.
Request handled!
Making it fail
Handler without a chain
End of chain: caller has no forward neighbor available in this chain
20/33
#
# The GoF Command pattern
#
# The Command instance is initialized with its receiver.
# Commands can be grouped by registering children to a macro command.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
class Command
attr_accessor :receiver
def initialize receiver
@receiver = receiver
@commands = []
end
def register_command *command

@commands.push *command
end
def execute
@commands.each {|cmd| cmd.save }
@commands.each {|cmd| cmd._execute }
save
_execute
end
def undo
@commands.each {|cmd| cmd.undo }
end
#implement the following methods in the subclasses

protected
def save
end
def _execute
end
end
class TextCommand < Command

def save
@last_state ||= Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@receiver.text))
super
end
def undo
@receiver.text = @last_state
@last_state = nil
super
end
end
class UppercaseCommand < TextCommand

def _execute
@receiver.text.upcase!
super
21/33
end
end
class IndentCommand < TextCommand

def _execute
@receiver.text = "\t" + @receiver.text
super
end
end
module Invoker
attr_accessor :command
def click
@command.execute
end
def undo
@command.undo
end
end
class Document
attr_accessor :text
def initialize text
@text = text
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
text = "This is a test"
doc = Document.new text
upcase_cmd = UppercaseCommand.new doc
button = Object.new.extend(Invoker)
button.command = upcase_cmd
puts "before anything"

puts doc.text
button.click
puts "after click"
puts doc.text
button.undo
puts "after undo"
puts doc.text
puts "\nNow a macro command"

allCmds = Command.new doc
indent_cmd = IndentCommand.new doc
allCmds.register_command upcase_cmd, indent_cmd
big_button = Object.new.extend(Invoker)
big_button.command = allCmds
puts "before anything"
puts doc.text
big_button.click
puts "after click"
puts doc.text
22/33
big_button.undo
puts "after undo"
puts doc.text
end
Output
------
before anything
This is a test
after click
THIS IS A TEST
after undo
This is a test
Now a macro command

before anything
This is a test
after click
THIS IS A TEST
after undo
This is a test
23/33
#
# The GoF Memento pattern
#
# The Originator can save and load itself.
# The Caretaker (the main function in this case) never has to touch
# the memento objects.
#
# This implementation is a bit naive:
# - saves should be kept in files
# - Marshal will not always work (singleton methods, bindings, etc..)
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
module Originator
def saves
@saves ||= {}
end
def save key

puts "saving key #{key}"
saves[key] = Marshal.dump self
end
def restore key

puts "restoring key #{key}"
include_state Marshal.load(saves[key])
end
def include_state other

other.instance_variables.each {|var|
instance_variable_set(var, other.instance_variable_get(var)) \
if var != "@saves"
}
end
end
class Example
include Originator
attr_accessor :name, :color
def initialize name, color

@name = name
@color = color
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
ex = Example.new "Matt", "blue"
puts "my name is #{ex.name}"
ex.save :now
ex.name = "John"
ex.save :later
ex.restore :now
24/33

ex.restore :later
end
Output
------
my name is Matt
saving key now
my name is John
saving key later
restoring key now
my name is Matt
restoring key later
my name is John
25/33
#
# The GoF State pattern
#
# Here is Maurice Codik's implementation.
# I only added an "if __FILE__ == $0", tweaked the layout, and fixed
# a typo.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
#
# Copyright (C) 2006 Maurice Codik - maurice.codik@gmail.com
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
# ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
# Each call to state defines a new subclass of Connection that is stored
# in a hash. Then, a call to transition_to instantiates one of these
# subclasses and sets it to the be the active state. Method calls to
# Connection are delegated to the active state object via method_missing.
module StatePattern
class UnknownStateException < Exception
end
def StatePattern.included(mod)
mod.extend StatePattern::ClassMethods
end
module ClassMethods
attr_reader :state_classes
def state(state_name, &block)
@state_classes ||= {}
new_klass = Class.new(self, &block)

new_klass.class_eval do
alias_method :__old_init, :initialize
def initialize(context, *args, &block)
@context = context
__old_init(*args, &block)
end
end
26/33
@state_classes[state_name] = new_klass
end
end
attr_accessor :current_state, :current_state_obj
def transition_to(state_name, *args, &block)

new_context = @context || self
klass = new_context.class.state_classes[state_name]
if klass
new_context.current_state = state_name
new_context.current_state_obj = klass.new(new_context, *args, &block)
else
raise UnknownStateException, "tried to transition to " + \
"unknown state, #{state_name}"
end
end
def method_missing(method, *args, &block)

unless @current_state_obj
transition_to :initial
end
if @current_state_obj
@current_state_obj.send(method, *args, &block)
else
super
end
end
end
class Connection
include StatePattern
state :initial do # you always need a state named initial
def connect
puts "connected"
# move to state :connected. all other args to transition_to
# are passed to the new state's constructor
transition_to :connected, "hello from initial state"
end
def disconnect
puts "not connected yet"
end
end
state :connected do
def initialize(msg)
puts "initialize got msg: #{msg}"
end
def connect
puts "already connected"
end
def disconnect
puts "disconnecting"
end
27/33
end
def reset
puts "resetting outside a state"
# you can also change the state from outside of the state objects
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
c = Connection.new
c.disconnect # not connected yet
c.connect # connected
# initialize got msg: hello from initial state
c.connect # already connected
c.disconnect # disconnecting
c.connect # connected
# initialize got msg: hello from initial state
c.reset # reseting outside a state
c.disconnect # not connected yet
end
Output
------
not connected yet

connected
initialize got msg: hello from initial state
already connected
disconnecting
connected
initialize got msg: hello from initial state
resetting outside a state
not connected yet
28/33
#
# The GoF Strategy pattern
#
# Sorter is the Context object. It allows to choose between sorting
# implementations.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
class QuickSort
def sort arr
return [] if arr.length == 0
x, *xs = *arr
smaller, bigger = xs.partition{ |other| other < x }
sort(smaller) + [x] + sort(bigger)
end
end
class MergeSort
def sort array
if array.length <= 1
return array
end
middle = array.length / 2
left = array[0...middle]
right = array[middle...array.length]
left = sort left
right = sort right
return merge(left,right)
end
def merge left,right

result = []
while left.length > 0 and right.length > 0
left.first <= right.first ? result << left.shift : result << right.shift
end
result.push *left if left.length > 0
result.push *right if right.length > 0
return result
end
end
class Sorter
@@default_strategy = QuickSort.new
def self.sort arr, strategy=nil
strategy ||= @@default_strategy
strategy.sort(arr)
end
end
def print_elems arr

arr.each {|elem| $stdout.write "#{elem} "}
puts ''
end
def get_random_array size
29/33
arr = []
size.times do arr << rand(100) end
arr
end
require 'benchmark'
if __FILE__ == $0
arr_length = 1000
arr1 = get_random_array arr_length
puts "Sorting first array"
#print_elems arr1
puts "Time taken for QuickSort: #{Benchmark.measure {
arr1 = Sorter.sort(arr1, QuickSort.new)
print_elems arr1[0...40]
}}"
puts "\nSorting second array"

arr2 = get_random_array arr_length
#print_elems arr2
puts "Time taken for MergeSort: #{Benchmark.measure {
arr2 = Sorter.sort(arr2, MergeSort.new)
print_elems arr2[0...40]
}}"
end
Output
------
Sorting first array

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
Time taken for QuickSort: 0.030000 0.000000 0.030000 ( 0.030721)
Sorting second array

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
Time taken for MergeSort: 0.030000 0.000000 0.030000 ( 0.029816)
30/33
#
# The GoF Template pattern
#
# The module Template implements the boilerplate of the algorithm.
# Some hooks are optional and some mandatory.
#
# Of course you could also just yield to a block if your template is simple.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
module Template
#mandatory_methods = ["tagname", "content"]
#optional_methods = ["font_size", "background_color"]
def generate
str = "<#{tagname}"
styles = ''
styles += "font-size:#{font_size};" if respond_to? :font_size
styles += "background-color:#{background_color};" \
if respond_to? :background_color
str += " style='#{styles}'" if !styles.empty?
str += ">#{content}</#{tagname}>"
end
end
class Body
def tagname
"body"
end
def content
"hello"
end
def font_size
"18pt"
end
include Template
end
if __FILE__ == $0
b = Body.new
puts b.generate
end
Output
------
<body style='font-size:18pt;'>hello</body>
31/33
#
# The GoF Visitor pattern
#
# Depends on Rubytree (gem install rubytree).
# The Node module contains the whole logic. A visitor can only implement
# the callbacks it is interested in.
#
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
require 'rubygems'
require 'tree'
module Node
def accept visitor
if self.kind_of? StringNode
visitor.visit_string self if visitor.respond_to? :visit_string
elsif self.kind_of? IntegerNode
visitor.visit_int self if visitor.respond_to? :visit_int
end
end
end
class StringNode
include Node
attr_accessor :string
def initialize val
@string = val
end
end
class IntegerNode
include Node
attr_accessor :int
def initialize val
@int = val
end
end
class PrintingVisitor
def visit_string node
puts node.string
end
def visit_int node
puts node.int
end
end
class RevertingVisitor
def visit_string node
puts node.string.reverse!
end
end
if __FILE__ == $0
myTreeRoot = Tree::TreeNode.new("ROOT", StringNode.new("this is the root node"))
32/33
myTreeRoot << Tree::TreeNode.new("child1", StringNode.new("madam im adam")) \

<< Tree::TreeNode.new("grandchild1", IntegerNode.new(3)) \
<< Tree::TreeNode.new("grandchild2", IntegerNode.new(2))
myTreeRoot << Tree::TreeNode.new("child2", StringNode.new("race car")) \
<< Tree::TreeNode.new("grandchild3", StringNode.new("damn, i agassi " + \
"miss again. mad"))
puts "PRINTING visitor..."

@pvisitor = PrintingVisitor.new
myTreeRoot.each { |node| node.content.accept @pvisitor }
puts "\nREVERTING visitor..."

@rvisitor = RevertingVisitor.new
myTreeRoot.each { |node| node.content.accept @rvisitor }
end
Output
------
PRINTING visitor...
this is the root node
madam im adam
3
2
race car
damn, i agassi miss again. mad
REVERTING visitor...
edon toor eht si siht
mada mi madam
rac ecar
dam .niaga ssim issaga i ,nmad
33/33

Gof Patterns in Ruby

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Gof Patterns in Ruby

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GoF patterns in Ruby

GoF patterns in Ruby

def self.create type

instantiating new factory

<html><title>xml sucks</title><body>fig leave</body></html>

def register key, prototype

def unregister key

def get key

manager.register(:treble, Clef.new("high pitch"))

clef = manager.get :bass

clef's type: low pitch

def talk #override

def method_missing method

Let me introduce you to Adaptee!

module Component #file system entity

def initialize name

def rename new_name

def add_child *new_children

def remove_child child

def initialize name, type

def is_dir; true; end

def initialize name, icon

root.add_child notes, movie, todos

created directory root with icon in the form of a ginger

def get charsym

#draw a rectangle containing letters in random contexts

#call this to set the proxy object

def method_missing method, *args

#use the proxy

#force creation of the real subject

creating the attr_proxy method

image's last modified time is a few hours ago

instantiating real subject

def add_handler *handlers

def forward caller, request

def operation &block

#create some handlers and add them to chain

@chain.add_handler default_handler, hard_worker, coward

Sending first test request

Sending work request

def register_command *command

#implement the following methods in the subclasses

class TextCommand < Command

class UppercaseCommand < TextCommand

class IndentCommand < TextCommand

puts "before anything"

puts "\nNow a macro command"

Now a macro command

def save key

def restore key

def include_state other

def initialize name, color

puts "my name is #{ex.name}"

new_klass = Class.new(self, &block)

attr_accessor :current_state, :current_state_obj

def transition_to(state_name, *args, &block)

def method_missing(method, *args, &block)

not connected yet