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    HCHEM Notes Enthalpy Entropy and Free Energy

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    Enthalpy is a measure of heat absorbed or released by a chemical reaction. Entropy measures disorder - gases have the most disorder, followed by liquids then solids. Free energy (G) depends on enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and temperature (T), and determines if a reaction is spontaneous (negative G) or nonspontaneous (positive G). Reactions favor low energy (-H) and high disorder (+S). The temperature effect on spontaneity depends on whether H and S have the same or opposite signs.

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    HCHEM Notes Enthalpy Entropy and Free Energy

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    Enthalpy is a measure of heat absorbed or released by a chemical reaction. Entropy measures disorder - gases have the most disorder, followed by liquids then solids. Free energy (G) depends on enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and temperature (T), and determines if a reaction is spontaneous (negative G) or nonspontaneous (positive G). Reactions favor low energy (-H) and high disorder (+S). The temperature effect on spontaneity depends on whether H and S have the same or opposite signs.

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    Enthalpy

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    HCHEM Notes Enthalpy Entropy and Free Energy (1)

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    Enthalpy is a measure of heat absorbed or released by a chemical reaction. Entropy measures disorder - gases have the most disorder, followed by liquids then solids. Free energy (G) depends on enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and temperature (T), and determines if a reaction is spontaneous (negative G) or nonspontaneous (positive G). Reactions favor low energy (-H) and high disorder (+S). The temperature effect on spontaneity depends on whether H and S have the same or opposite signs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    177 views5 pages

    HCHEM Notes Enthalpy Entropy and Free Energy

    Uploaded by

    ^password
    Enthalpy is a measure of heat absorbed or released by a chemical reaction. Entropy measures disorder - gases have the most disorder, followed by liquids then solids. Free energy (G) depends on enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and temperature (T), and determines if a reaction is spontaneous (negative G) or nonspontaneous (positive G). Reactions favor low energy (-H) and high disorder (+S). The temperature effect on spontaneity depends on whether H and S have the same or opposite signs.

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    of 5

    Enthalpy,

    Entropy, and
    Free Energy

    Enthalpy Entropy
    H – heat lost or absorbed
    A measure of the disorder, or
    in a chemical reaction
    randomness, in a chemical
    + H – endothermic reaction
    absorbs heat
    - H – exothermic
    gives off heat
    Entropy and Phase S = Sfinal - Sinitial
    Gases – most disorder We will not do calculations but just look
    at signs:
    Liquid – less disorder
    + S – products more disordered
    Solid – little disorder than reactants
    - S – products less disorder than
    reactants

    What would be the sign of S for the following: 2. Solid bromine sublimes into gaseous
    bromine
    1. Liquid water becomes solid water Answer: Since the product is
    Answer: Since the product is LESS MORE DISORDER, the sign of S
    DISORDERED, the sign of S is is positive
    negative
    Gibbs Free Energy G= H–T S
    The above equation is what is used to
    A measure that reflects the enthalpy,
    calculate the free energy change when
    entropy, and temperature of a
    given enthalpy, temperature, and
    reaction that is used to determine
    entropy changes.
    spontaneity.
    - G = Spontaneous reaction
    For now, we will not do calculations, but
    + G = Nonspontaneous reaction
    you do need to know the equation!

    IMPORTANT Some scenarios:


    All reactions would prefer to have 1. A reaction results in Woo Hoo!

    LOW ENERGY (- H) low energy (- H) Yeah!

    HIGH DISORDER (+ S) high disorder (+ S)


    It will always be SPONTANEOUS
    Spontaneity ( G) depends on the because it is getting everything it
    above two factors. wants! So G will be negative!
    2. A reaction results in 3. A reaction results in
    high energy (+ H) low energy (- H)
    low disorder (- S) low disorder (- S)
    It will always be One is good and one is bad so
    NONSPONTANEOUS because it temperature is going to be
    is getting nothing it wants! So G important. In order for this
    will be positive. reaction to be spontaneous, the
    temperature will have to be LOW.

    4. A reaction results in Summary of Spontaneity


    Scenario H S High T Low T
    high energy (+ H)
    1 - + Spontaneous at
    high disorder (+ S) all Temps!!! - G

    One is good and one is bad so 2 + - Nonspontaneous at


    all Temps!!! + G
    temperature is going to be NonSp! Spont!
    3 - -
    important. In order for this + G - G
    reaction to be spontaneous, the 4 + + Spont! NonSp!
    - G + G
    temperature will have to be HIGH.
    H=
    H=
    S=
    S=
    T=
    T=
    G=
    G=

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