Glossary of Mutual Fund and Other Related Financial Terms

You can find more information about many of these entries in the Investment Company Fact Book and on www.ici.org.

actively managed fund. A fund that employs a portfolio manager or management team to manage the fund’s investments to try
to outperform their benchmarks and peer group average.
adviser. See investment adviser.
after-tax return. The total return of a fund after the effects of taxes on distributions and/or redemptions have been assessed.
Funds are required by federal securities law to calculate after-tax returns using standardized formulas based upon the highest tax
rates. (Consequently, they are not representative of the after-tax returns of most mutual fund shareholders.) These standardized
after-tax returns are not relevant for shareholders in tax-deferred retirement accounts.
annual report. A report that a fund sends to its shareholders that discusses the fund’s performance over the past fiscal year and
identifies the securities in the fund’s portfolio on the last business day of the fund’s fiscal year. The annual report includes audited
financial statements. See also semiannual report.
appreciation. An increase in an investment’s value. Contrast depreciation.
asset allocation. The proportion of different investment categories—such as stocks, bonds, and cash equivalents—that investors
hold in their portfolios.
asset class. A group of securities or investments that have similar characteristics and behave similarly in the marketplace. Three
common asset classes are equities (e.g., stocks), fixed income (e.g., bonds), and cash equivalents (e.g., money market funds).
assets. The securities, cash, and receivables owned by a fund. Examples of this are stocks, bonds, and other investments.
auditor. An auditor certifies a fund’s financial statements, providing assurance that they are prepared in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and fairly present the fund’s financial position and results of operations.
authorized participant. An entity, usually an institutional investor, that submits orders to an exchange-traded fund (ETF) for the
creation and redemption of ETF creation units.
average portfolio maturity. The average maturity of all the securities in a bond or money market fund’s portfolio.
back-end load. See contingent deferred sales load (CDSL).
basis point. One one-hundredth of 1 percent (0.01 percent); thus, 100 basis points equals 1 percentage point. When applied
to $1.00, 1 basis point is $0.0001; 100 basis points equals one cent ($0.01). Basis points are often used to simplify percentages
written in decimal form.
bear market. A period during which the majority of securities prices in a particular market (such as the stock market) drop
substantially. One generally accepted measure is a price decline of 20 percent or more over at least a two-month period. Contrast
bull market.
benchmark. A standard against which the performance of a security or a mutual fund can be measured. For example, Barclays
Capital Aggregate Bond Index is a benchmark index for many bond mutual funds. Many equity mutual funds are benchmarked to
the S&P 500 index. See also index.
bond. A debt security issued by a company, municipality, government, or government agency. A bond investor lends money to
the issuer and, in exchange, the issuer promises to repay the loan amount on a specified maturity date; the issuer usually pays the
bondholder periodic interest payments over the life of the loan. The term fixed-income is often used interchangeably with bond.
bond fund. A fund that invests primarily in bonds and other debt instruments.

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breakpoints. Designated levels above which certain discounts or fee rate reductions apply. In the mutual fund context,
breakpoints relate to the sales charges investors pay if they buy fund shares through a broker or other intermediary, or to the
management fee the fund pays to its investment adviser. Many funds offer sales charge (load) discounts to investors when they
initially purchase fund shares if the amount invested surpasses a specified breakpoint. The amount of the discount typically
increases as the amount of the investment reaches higher breakpoints. Similarly, funds may establish breakpoints requiring a
reduction in the rate of the management fee the fund’s investment adviser may charge as fund assets surpass specified levels.
break the dollar. A phrase used to describe when the net asset value (NAV) of a money market fund falls below its stable $1.00
NAV. This could be triggered by a deviation greater than one-half of 1 percent (one-half cent, or $0.0050) between the fund’s
mark-to-market value (shadow price) and its stable $1.00 NAV. Also known as break the buck.
broker. See broker-dealer.
broker-dealer. A broker is a firm engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the accounts of others, and
is often paid by commission. A dealer is a firm engaged in the business of buying and selling securities for its own account.
A broker-dealer is a firm that acts as both a broker and a dealer. Broker-dealers selling mutual fund shares are required to be
registered with the SEC and regulated by FINRA. They typically are compensated for their services through sales charges paid by
investors and other fees paid by the fund (e.g., 12b-1 fees).
bull market. A period during which the majority of securities prices in a particular market (such as the stock market) rise
substantially. Contrast bear market.
capital gain. An increase in the value of an investment, calculated by the difference between the net purchase price and the net
sale price. Contrast capital loss.
capital gains distributions. A distribution to mutual fund shareholders resulting from the fund’s sale of securities held in its
portfolio at a profit.
capital loss. A decline in the value of an investment, calculated by the difference between the net purchase price and the net sale
price. Contrast capital gain.
catch-up contribution. An additional contribution that individuals aged 50 or older are permitted to make to an individual
retirement account (IRA) or employer-sponsored retirement savings plan in excess of the annual contribution limit. In 2015, the
catch-up contribution amount was limited to $1,000 for traditional and Roth IRAs, $6,000 for 401(k) plans, and $3,000 for SIMPLE
IRA plans.
certificate of deposit (CD). A savings certificate entitling the bearer to receive interest. A CD bears a fixed maturity date, has a
specified fixed interest rate, and can be issued in any denomination. CDs generally are issued by commercial banks and currently
are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to a maximum of $250,000. CDs generally are offered at
terms ranging from one month to five years.
closed-end fund. A type of investment company that issues a fixed number of shares that trade intraday on stock exchanges at
market-determined prices. Investors in a closed-end fund buy or sell shares through a broker, just as they would trade the shares
of any publicly traded company.
commercial paper. Short-term, unsecured notes issued by a corporation to meet immediate short-term needs for cash, such as
the financing of accounts payable, inventories, and short-term liabilities. Maturities typically range from overnight to 270 days.
Commercial paper usually is issued by corporations with high credit ratings and sold at a discount from face value.
commission. A fee paid to a broker or other sales agent for services related to securities transactions.
common stock. An investment that represents a share of ownership in a corporation. Also known as common shares. See also
preferred stock.
compounding. The cumulative effect that reinvesting an investment’s earnings can have by generating additional earnings of its
own. Over time, compounding can produce significant growth in the value of an investment.

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contingent deferred sales load (CDSL). A fee that may be imposed by a fund on shareholders who redeem (sell back to the
fund) shares during the first few years of ownership. A CDSL is disclosed to shareholders in the fund’s prospectus. Also known as
a back-end load.
corporate bond. A bond issued by a corporation, rather than by a government entity. The credit risk for a corporate bond is
based on the ability of the issuing company to repay the bond.
Coverdell Education Savings Account (ESA). A tax-advantaged trust or custodial account set up to pay the qualified education
expenses of a designated beneficiary. These accounts were previously referred to as education IRAs.
creation unit. Financial institutions (called authorized participants) interact directly with an ETF by purchasing and redeeming ETF
shares in large blocks called creation units. A creation unit generally contains between 25,000 and 200,000 ETFs shares. See also
authorized participant.
credit quality. A term used in portfolio management to describe the creditworthiness of an issuer of fixed-income securities and
to indicate the likelihood that the issuer will be willing and able to repay its debt.
credit risk. The possibility that a bond issuer may not be willing and able to pay interest or repay its debt. Also known as default
risk. See also default.
custodian. An organization, usually a bank, that safeguards the securities and other assets of a mutual fund.
dealer. See broker-dealer.
default. A failure by an issuer to: (1) pay principal or interest when due, (2) meet nonpayment obligations, such as reporting
requirements, or (3) comply with certain covenants in the document authorizing the issuance of a bond (an indenture).
defined benefit (DB) plan. An employer-sponsored pension plan in which the amount of future benefits an employee will receive
from the plan is defined, typically by a formula based on salary history and years of service. The amount of contributions the
employer is required to make will depend on the investment returns experienced by the plan and the benefits promised. Contrast
defined contribution plan.
defined contribution (DC) plan. An employer-sponsored retirement plan, such as a 401(k) plan or a 403(b) plan, in which
contributions are made to individual participant accounts. Depending on the type of DC plan, contributions may be made by the
employee, the employer, or both. The employee’s benefits at retirement or termination of employment are based on the employee
and employer contributions and earnings and losses on those contributions. See also 401(k) plan and 403(b) plan. Contrast
defined benefit plan.
depreciation. A decline in an investment’s value. Contrast appreciation.
director. A person serving on the board of directors of a mutual fund. Mutual fund directors oversee the management and
operations of a fund organized as a corporation. Directors also have significant and specific responsibilities under the federal
securities laws. Among other things, they oversee the performance of the fund, approve the fees paid to the investment adviser
for its services, and oversee the fund’s compliance program. All directors have a fiduciary duty to represent the interests of
shareholders. See also independent director and trustee.
distribution. (1) A fund’s payment of dividends and capital gains to shareholders, (2) a method of selling fund shares to the
public, which could involve either direct sales from the fund to retail or institutional investors, or sales through intermediaries,
such as broker-dealers, who interact directly with the purchaser of fund shares, or both, or (3) a term used to describe a
withdrawal of funds from a retirement plan.
diversification. The practice of investing broadly across a number of different securities, industries, or asset classes to reduce
risk. Diversification is a key benefit of investing in mutual funds and other investment companies that have diversified portfolios.
dividend. Money that a fund or company pays to its shareholders, typically from its investment income, after expenses. The
amount is usually expressed on a per-share basis. A dividend is a type of distribution.

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dollar-cost averaging. The practice of investing a fixed amount of money at regular intervals, regardless of whether the
securities markets are declining or rising, in the hopes of reducing average share cost by acquiring more shares when prices are
low and fewer shares when prices are high.
education IRA. See Coverdell Education Savings Account (ESA).
emerging market. Generally, economies that are in the process of growth and industrialization, for example, countries in Africa
and Latin America. Though relatively undeveloped, these economies may hold significant growth potential in the future. May also
be called developing markets.
equity. A security or investment representing ownership in a company. By contrast, a bond represents a loan from the investor
(owner of the bond) to a borrower (the issuer of the bond). The term equity is often used interchangeably with stock.
equity fund. A fund that concentrates its investments in equities. Also known as a stock fund.
exchange privilege. A feature of some funds that enables shareholders to transfer their investments from one fund to another
within the same fund family as the investor’s needs or investment objectives change. Typically, fund companies allow exchanges
several times a year for a low fee or no fee. Information relating to a specific fund’s exchange privileges can be found in the fund’s
prospectus.
exchange-traded fund (ETF). An investment company, typically a mutual fund or unit investment trust, whose shares are traded
intraday on stock exchanges at market-determined prices. Investors may buy or sell ETF shares on the secondary market through
a broker, just as they would the shares of any publicly traded company. Authorized participants are the only entities allowed to
purchase and redeem ETF shares directly from the ETF. See also authorized participant.
ex-dividend date. With regard to mutual funds, this is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are
deducted from the fund’s assets before it calculates its net asset value (NAV). The NAV per share will drop by the amount of the
distribution per share.
expense ratio. A measure of what it costs to operate a fund, expressed as a percentage of its assets. This ratio is disclosed in the
fund’s prospectus and shareholder reports.
face value. The stated principal or redemption value of a bond; the amount that a bond’s issuer must repay at the bond’s
maturity date.
fair value. The amount a fund might reasonably expect to receive upon a current sale of a security. Where the value of the
security cannot be readily determined from transactions occurring on an exchange or otherwise, a fund must have a process in
place to determine how to value the amount it would expect to receive upon a current sale.
federal funds interest rate. The interest rate at which banks lend to each other in overnight borrowings to maintain their bank
reserves at the Federal Reserve.
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). A self-regulatory organization that was created under the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 and that is charged with regulating broker-dealers. To fulfill its responsibilities, FINRA adopts regulatory rules that
broker-dealers must comply with, conducts inspections of such broker-dealers, and imposes sanctions on those broker-dealers
that violate its rules. FINRA’s activities are overseen by the SEC.
financial statements. The written record of the financial status of a fund or company, usually published in the annual report. The
record generally includes a balance sheet, income statement, and other financial statements and disclosures.
529 plan. An investment program designed to help pay future qualified higher education expenses through a tax-advantaged
account. These plans are offered by state governments and may also be offered by private consortiums. States offer two types
of 529 plans: prepaid tuition programs allow contributors to establish an account in the name of a student to cover the cost of a
specified number of academic periods or course units in the future; and college savings plans allow individuals to contribute to an
investment account to pay for a student’s qualified higher education expenses.
fixed-income security. See bond.

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forward pricing. The concept describing the price at which mutual fund shareholders buy or redeem fund shares. Shareholders
must receive the next computed share price following the fund’s receipt of a shareholder transaction order.
457 plan. An employer-sponsored retirement plan that enables employees of state and local governments and other tax-exempt
employers to make tax-deferred contributions from their salaries to the plan.
401(k) plan. An employer-sponsored retirement plan that enables employees to make tax-deferred contributions from their
salaries to the plan. See also defined contribution plan.
403(b) plan. An employer-sponsored retirement plan that enables employees of universities, public schools, and nonprofit
organizations to make tax-deferred contributions from their salaries to the plan. See also defined contribution plan.
front-end load. A fee imposed by some funds at the point of purchase to cover selling costs. Any front-end load imposed by a
fund will be described in detail in the fund’s prospectus.
fund family. A group or complex of funds, each typically with its own investment objective, that is managed and distributed by
the same company.
funds of funds. Mutual funds that primarily invest in shares of other mutual funds rather than investing directly in individual
securities. Also, ETFs that primarily invest in shares of other ETFs rather than investing directly in individual securities.
fund supermarket. A brokerage platform that provides access to funds from a wide range of fund families.
government bond. A debt security issued by a government or its agencies (e.g., in the United States: savings bonds, Treasury
bonds, Treasury inflation-protected securities [TIPS]).
government money market fund. A money market fund that seeks to maintain a stable share price and invests at least 99.5
percent of its total assets in cash, government securities, and/or repurchase agreements collateralized by government securities
or cash.
government securities. Any debt obligation issued by a government or its agencies (e.g., Treasury bills issued by the United
States). See also U.S. Treasury securities.
hedge fund. A private investment pool for qualified (typically wealthy) investors that, unlike a mutual fund, is exempt from SEC
registration.
hybrid fund. A mutual fund that invests in a mix of equity and fixed-income securities, which can change proportionally over time
or remain fixed.
income distributions. Dividends, interest, and/or short-term capital gains paid to a mutual fund’s shareholders. Operating
expenses are deducted from income before it is distributed to shareholders.
independent director. A fund director must satisfy a number of specific and stringent requirements to be “independent.” In
general, under the 1940 Act, an independent director cannot currently have, or at any time during the previous two years have
had, a significant business relationship with the fund’s adviser, principal underwriter (distributor), or affiliates. An independent
director also cannot own any stock of the investment adviser or certain related entities, such as parent companies or subsidiaries.
See also director and trustee.
independent public accountant. The entity that audits a fund’s financial statements. As part of the audit, the independent
public accountant must consider the fund’s internal control over financial reporting, including controls for safeguarding the fund’s
securities. The independent public accountant reports to the board’s audit committee.
index. A portfolio of assets that tracks the performance of a particular financial market or subset of it (e.g., stock, bond, or
commodity markets) and serves as a benchmark against which to evaluate a fund’s performance. The most common index for
equity funds is the S&P 500. See also benchmark.

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index fund. A fund designed to track the performance of a market index. The fund’s portfolio of assets is either a replicate or a
representative sample of the designated market index. Often referred to as passively managed portfolios.
individual retirement account (IRA). A tax-advantaged account set up by or for an individual to hold and invest funds for
retirement.
inflation. The overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy. Inflation is one of the major risks to
investors over the long term because it erodes the purchasing power of their savings.
inflation risk. The risk that the purchasing power of the future value of assets or income will be lower due to inflation.
initial public offering (IPO). A corporation’s first public offering of stock or a closed-end fund’s first offering of its shares to the
public.
institutional investor. Businesses, nonprofit organizations, and other similar investors that own funds and other securities on
behalf of their organizations. This classification of investors differs from individual or household investors who own the majority
of investment company assets.
institutional money market fund. A money market fund that does not qualify as either a retail or government money market
fund and does not limit all beneficial owners of the fund to natural persons.
interest/interest rate. The fee charged by a lender to a borrower, usually expressed as an annual percentage of the principal.
interest rate risk. Risk of gain or loss on a security due to possible changes in interest rate levels. When interest rates rise, the
market value of a debt security will fall, and vice versa.
intraday indicative value (IIV). A real-time estimate of an exchange-traded fund’s (ETF) intraday value. Typically, third-party
providers calculate and disseminate this measure every 15 to 60 seconds during securities market trading hours.
investment adviser. An organization retained by an investment company to give professional advice on the fund’s investments
and asset management practices. All investment advisers to registered investment companies, such as mutual funds, must be
registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
investment company. A corporation, trust, or partnership that invests pooled shareholder dollars in securities appropriate to the
organization’s objective. Mutual funds, closed-end funds, unit investment trusts, and exchange-traded funds are the main types
of SEC-registered investment companies.
investment objective. The goal (e.g., current income, long-term capital growth) that a fund pursues on behalf of its investors.
The fund’s investment objective is disclosed to investors in the fund’s prospectus and the fund’s investments must be consistent
with the stated investment objective.
investment return. The gain or loss on an investment over a certain period, expressed as a percentage. Income and capital gains
or losses are included in calculating the investment return.
investment risk. The possibility of losing some or all of the amounts invested or not gaining value in an investment.
issuer. The company, municipality, government, or government agency that issues securities, such as stocks, bonds, or money
market instruments.
Keogh. A tax-favored investment vehicle covering self-employed individuals, partners, and owners of unincorporated businesses;
also called an H.R. 10 plan. These were first made available by Congress in 1962, but today operate under rules very similar to
those for retirement plans for a corporation’s employees.
level load. A combination of an annual 12b-1 fee (typically 1 percent) and a contingent deferred sales load fee (also often 1
percent) imposed by funds when shares are sold within the first year after purchase. See also contingent deferred sales load and
12b-1 fee.

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lifecycle fund. See target date fund.
lifestyle fund. Mutual funds that maintain a predetermined risk level and generally use words such as “conservative,” “moderate,”
or “aggressive” in their names to indicate the fund’s risk level. Also known as target risk fund.
liquidity. The ability to gain ready access to invested money. Mutual funds are liquid because their shares can be redeemed for
the next computed net asset value (NAV) on any business day. In the securities market, a security is said to be liquid if the spread
between bid and ask prices is narrow and reasonably sized trades can take place at those quotes.
load. See sales charge.
load fund. A mutual fund that imposes a sales charge—either when fund shares are purchased (front-end load) or redeemed
(contingent deferred sales load)—or a fund that charges a 12b-1 fee greater than 0.25 percent. See also 12b-1 fee.
long-term funds. A mutual fund industry designation for all mutual funds other than money market funds. Long-term funds are
broadly divided into equity (stock), bond, and hybrid funds.
management fee. The amount paid by a mutual fund to the investment adviser for its services.
market value. The price at which a security was last traded or a price based on its current ask or bid prices.
maturity. The date by which an issuer promises to repay a bond’s face value.
money market. The global financial market for short-term borrowing and lending where short-term instruments such as Treasury
bills (T-bills), commercial paper, and repurchase agreements are bought and sold.
money market fund. A mutual fund regulated pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 that invests in
short-term, high-quality, fixed-income securities, and seeks the highest level of income consistent with preservation of capital
(e.g., maintaining a stable share price).
mutual fund. An investment vehicle that offers investors professional money management and diversified investment
opportunities. All mutual funds are investment companies that are registered with the SEC under the Investment Company Act
of 1940. Mutual funds buy a portfolio of securities selected by the fund’s investment adviser to meet a specified investment
objective. One hallmark of mutual funds is that they are considered a liquid investment because they issue redeemable securities,
meaning that the fund stands ready to buy back its shares at their next computed net asset value (NAV). See also open-end
investment company.
net asset value (NAV). The per-share value of an investment company, calculated by subtracting the fund’s liabilities from the
current market value of its assets and dividing by the number of shares outstanding. Mutual funds calculate their NAVs at least
once daily on each day the financial markets are open.
net new cash flow. The net amount of “new” money flowing into a mutual fund. The amount is determined by calculating
the dollar value of new sales of the fund minus redemptions, plus net exchanges. A positive number indicates new sales plus
exchanges into funds exceeded redemptions plus exchanges out of funds. A negative number indicates redemptions plus
exchanges out of funds exceeded new sales plus exchanges into funds.
no-load fund. A mutual fund whose shares are sold without a sales charge and without a 12b-1 fee of more than 0.25 percent
per year. See also 12b-1 fee.
open-end investment company. The legal name for a mutual fund, indicating that it stands ready to redeem (buy back) its
shares from investors. See also mutual fund.
operating expenses. Business costs paid from a fund’s assets. These include management fees, 12b-1 fees, and other expenses.
payroll deduction plan. An arrangement that some employers offer where employees can authorize their employer to deduct a
specified amount from their salaries at stated times to buy mutual fund shares.

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pooled investing. The basic concept behind mutual funds and other investment companies in which a fund aggregates the assets
of investors who share common financial goals. A fund uses the pooled assets to buy a portfolio of investments, and each share
purchased represents a shareholder’s pro rata ownership interest in the fund’s portfolio.
portfolio. A collection of investments owned by an individual or an institution (such as a mutual fund) that may include stocks,
bonds, money market instruments, and other investments.
portfolio manager. A specialist employed by a fund’s adviser to invest the fund’s assets in accordance with predetermined
investment objectives.
portfolio turnover rate. A measure of how frequently securities are bought and sold within a fund during a year. The portfolio
turnover rate usually is expressed as a percentage of the total value of a fund.
preferred stock. An investment that represents a share of ownership in a corporation that has a higher claim on the corporation’s
assets and earnings than common stock. Preferred stock differs from common stock in that preferred stock generally pays a
fixed dividend that must be paid out before dividends to common stock shareholders. Also known as preferred shares. See also
common stock.
prepayment risk. The possibility that a bond owner will receive his or her principal investment back from the issuer prior to the
bond’s maturity date.
principal. See face value.
principal underwriter. A mutual fund underwriter enters into sales agreements with retail distributors (e.g., broker-dealers) of
the mutual fund. To sell fund shares, a retail distributor must have executed a contract with a fund or its principal underwriter,
which authorizes the distributor to offer and sell fund shares to the public. Generally speaking, a fund’s underwriter is not
involved in the offer or sale of fund shares to investors.
prospectus. The official document that describes an investment company to prospective investors. The prospectus contains
information required by the SEC, such as investment objectives and policies, risks, services, and fees. Federal law requires that
every mutual fund investor receive a prospectus. See also summary prospectus.
redeem. To sell mutual fund shares back to the fund. Mutual fund shares may be redeemed on any business day. An investor
receives the next computed share price, called net asset value (NAV), minus any deferred sales charge or redemption fee.
redemption price. The amount per share that mutual fund shareholders receive when they redeem. See redeem.
registered investment company. Any fund—including a mutual fund—that is registered as an investment company with the SEC
under the Investment Company Act of 1940. In addition to registering as an investment company under the Investment Company
Act of 1940, shares of the registered investment company must be registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (if they are offered
to the public) and the investment company’s investment adviser must be registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers
Act of 1940. Each of these acts imposes regulatory responsibilities on the entities or securities registered under such acts.
regulated investment company (RIC). A fund eligible under subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code to eliminate tax at the
entity level by distributing all of its taxable income to its shareholders. The fund’s income thus is taxed only once, at the investor
level. A RIC may be organized in either corporate or trust form—but is treated in all cases as a corporation. To qualify as a RIC, a
corporation must be registered at all times during the taxable year under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and must derive
at least 90 percent of its income from certain sources, including dividends, interest, and capital gains. It also must distribute at
least 90 percent of the dividends and interest received.
repurchase agreements. A form of short-term funding that is typically used by dealers and other institutional investors. In a
repurchase transaction, one party sells securities to another party and agrees to buy back the securities at a specified time (e.g.,
the next day) for a specified price. Also known as a repo.

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required minimum distribution (RMD). Rules under the Internal Revenue Code that require a person who owns a traditional
IRA or 401(k) account to take annual distributions from the IRA or 401(k) account beginning at age 70½. The annual distribution
amount is determined by formulas established by the IRS and must be calculated each year based on the owner’s age (or the ages
of the owner and the owner’s spouse). The IRS formula is intended to ensure that the entire amount of a traditional IRA or 401(k)
account be distributed over the expected life of the individual (or the joint lives of the individual and the individual’s spouse).
Distributing less than the required amount will result in a tax penalty. Roth IRAs are not subject to required minimum distributions
during the account holder’s lifetime.
retail money market fund. A money market fund that has policies and procedures reasonably designed to limit all beneficial
owners of the fund to natural persons.
return. The gain or loss of a security in a particular period. It usually is quoted as a percentage.
RIC. See regulated investment company.
risk. The degree of uncertainty associated with the return on an asset.
risk/return tradeoff. The principle that an investment must offer a higher expected return as compensation for the likelihood of
higher volatility in returns.
risk tolerance. An investor’s willingness to lose some or all of an investment in exchange for greater potential returns.
rollover. The transfer of an investor’s assets from one qualified retirement plan (including an IRA) to another—due to changing
jobs, for instance—without a tax penalty.
Roth 401(k) plan. A type of account within a 401(k) plan to which after-tax contributions are made, and from which qualified
distributions of contributions and earnings are tax-free.
Roth IRA. An individual retirement plan, first available in 1998, that permits only after-tax contributions; earnings are not taxed,
and qualified distributions of earnings and principal are generally tax-free.
sales charge. The sales fee that may be imposed on mutual fund shares that are purchased through a broker-dealer or other
financial intermediary. By regulation, mutual fund sales charges are capped. Sales charges may vary depending on where the
shares are acquired (e.g., a fund supermarket or a broker-dealer), the amount invested, and the fund purchased. Also known as
the load.
SAR-SEP IRA (salary reduction simplified employee pension). A SEP IRA with a salary reduction feature (see SEP IRA). The
Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, which created SIMPLE IRAs, prohibited the formation of new SAR-SEP IRAs, which
were created in 1986.
secondary market. Market in which an investor purchases or sells certain assets (such as investment company shares [closed-
end, UIT, and ETF]) from another investor through an intermediary such as a broker-dealer.
sector fund. A fund that invests in a particular or specialized segment of the marketplace, such as stocks of companies in the
software, healthcare, or real estate industries.
securitization. The process of aggregating similar instruments, such as loans or mortgages, into a negotiable security, such as the
creation of mortgage-backed securities.
security. A general term for stocks, bonds, interests in funds, and other investments.
semiannual report. A report a fund sends to its shareholders that discusses the fund’s performance over the first six months of
the fiscal year and identifies the securities in the fund’s portfolio on the last business day of the first six months of the fiscal year.
See also annual report.
separate account. An insurance company account that is segregated or separate from the insurance company’s general assets.
Also refers to a fund managed by an investment adviser for a single plan.

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SEP IRA (simplified employee pension plan). A retirement program created in 1978 that consists of individual retirement
accounts for all eligible employees, to which the employer can contribute according to certain rules. A fairly simple, inexpensive
plan to establish and administer, a SEP IRA can be attractive to small businesses and self-employed individuals.
series fund. A group of different mutual funds, each with its own investment objective and policies, that is structured as a single
corporation or business trust.
share. A representation of ownership in a company or investment fund. Also a synonym for stock.
share classes. Some mutual funds offer investors different types of shares known as classes (e.g., Class A, institutional shares).
Each class will invest in the same portfolio of securities and will have the same investment objectives and policies, but each
class will have different shareholder services and/or distribution arrangements with different fees and expenses and, therefore,
different performance results. A multiclass structure offers investors the ability to select a fee and expense structure that is most
appropriate for their investment goals (including the time that they expect to remain invested in the fund).
shareholder. An investor who owns shares of a mutual fund or other company.
short-term fund. See money market fund.
SIMPLE IRA (savings incentive match plan for employees). A simplified tax-favored retirement plan created in 1996 that small
employers can set up for the benefit of their employees.
S&P 500 index. A daily measure of stock market performance based on 500 U.S. stocks chosen by Standard & Poor’s for market
size, liquidity, and industry group representation.
sponsor. A company or financial institution that creates a fund and determines its investment objective. When a new fund
complex is launched, the fund sponsor (often an investment adviser) typically is the initial and sole shareholder of the new funds
and elects the initial slate of directors.
stable value fund. An investment fund that seeks to preserve principal and to provide consistent returns and liquidity. Stable
value funds include collective investment funds sponsored by banks or trust companies or contracts issued by insurance
companies.
statement of additional information (SAI). The supplementary document to a prospectus that contains more detailed
information about a fund; also known as “Part B” of the fund’s SEC registration statement.
stock. A share of ownership or equity in a corporation.
stock fund. See equity fund.
summary prospectus. SEC rules permit mutual funds to provide their investors with a brief summary (generally three to four
pages) of key fund information instead of the fund’s long-form, statutory prospectus if they make the statutory prospectus
available online or by mail upon request and meet certain additional conditions. The summary prospectus must contain the
following items in standardized order and cannot include additional information, nor omit required information: investment
objectives/goals; fee and expense tables; principal investment strategies, principal risks and performance table; and management
information. See also prospectus.
target date fund. Funds designed to satisfy their investors’ investment objective by a particular target date, which is usually
included in the name of the fund. For example, a Target Date 2025 fund may be designed for persons who plan to retire in 2025.
To fulfill the investor’s investment objective, the fund is typically constructed as a hybrid fund that follows a predetermined
reallocation of risk over the lifetime of the investment. These funds invest in a mix of asset classes and typically rebalance their
portfolios over time to become more conservative and income producing as the fund approaches and passes its target date.
Target date funds are most commonly used to save for retirement or education, where the owner of the account expects to use
the account proceeds at a known future date. Also known as lifecycle fund.
target risk fund. See lifestyle fund.

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tender offer. In a closed-end fund tender offer, shareholders are given a limited opportunity to sell a portion of their shares back
to the fund at a price—the tender price. Generally, the tender price is close to the fund’s net asset value (NAV) and is higher than
the market price.
total net assets. The total amount of assets, less any liabilities, a fund holds as of a certain date.
total return. A measure of a fund’s performance that encompasses all elements of return: dividends, capital gains distributions,
and changes in net asset value (NAV). Total return is the change in value of an investment over a given period, assuming
reinvestment of any dividends and capital gains distributions, expressed as a percentage of the initial investment.
traditional IRA. The first type of individual retirement account, created in 1974. Individuals may make tax-deductible or
nondeductible (depending on income and other requirements) contributions to these accounts. See also individual retirement
account (IRA).
transfer agent. A transfer agent is the entity within a fund complex that maintains all shareholder account records, processes
all transactions effected by shareholders, and provides shareholders who own shares directly with the fund communications
regarding the fund or the shareholder’s account. Typically, when a mutual fund shareholder contacts the fund to discuss the
shareholder’s account, it is the transfer agent that handles such inquiries. The transfer agent must be registered with the SEC
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and must perform its services pursuant to an agreement with the fund’s board.
Treasury bill (T-bill). A short-term debt obligation of the U.S. government with a maturity of less than one year. T-bills are sold
in denominations of $1,000 up to a maximum purchase of $5 million and commonly have maturities of one month (four weeks),
three months (13 weeks), or six months (26 weeks).
trustee. A member of the board of trustees of a fund organized as a business or statutory trust. Mutual fund trustees oversee the
management and operations of the fund and have a fiduciary duty to represent the interests of shareholders. Fund trustees have
the same responsibilities as fund directors. See also director.
12b-1 fee. A mutual fund fee, named for the SEC rule that permits it, used to pay distribution costs such as compensation to
financial advisers for initial and ongoing assistance. If a fund has a 12b-1 fee, it will be disclosed in the fee table of a fund’s
prospectus.
underwriter. See principal underwriter.
unit investment trust (UIT). A type of fund that blends characteristics of mutual funds and closed-end funds. Like mutual funds,
UITs issue redeemable shares. Like closed-end funds, however, UITs typically issue only a specific, fixed number of shares. A
UIT does not actively trade its investment portfolio. Instead it buys and holds a fixed portfolio of securities until the UIT’s set
termination date, at which time the trust is dissolved and proceeds are paid to shareholders.
U.S. Treasury securities. Debt securities issued by the U.S. government and secured by its full faith and credit. Treasury securities
are the debt financing instruments of the U.S. federal government, and they are often referred to simply as Treasuries. There are
four types of Treasury securities: Treasury bills, Treasury bonds, Treasury notes, and Treasury inflation protected securities (TIPS).
See also Treasury bill.
variable annuity. An investment contract sold by an insurance company. Capital is accumulated, often through mutual fund
investments, with the option to convert to an income stream in retirement.
withdrawal plan. A fund service allowing shareholders to receive income or principal payments from their fund account at regular
intervals.
yield. A measure of income (dividends and interest) earned by the securities in a fund’s portfolio less the fund’s expenses during
a specified period. A fund’s yield is expressed as a percentage of the maximum offering price per share on a specified date.

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