The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be summarized in two equivalent statements:
1) It is impossible for a heat engine to extract heat from a single reservoir and produce no other effect than the raising of a weight.
2) It is impossible for heat to spontaneously flow from a cooler to a warmer body without an external work input.
Both statements express the same fundamental principle - that it is impossible to convert heat into work or to transfer heat from a cooler to a warmer object without consequences. Any violation of one statement would constitute a violation of the other as well.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be summarized in two equivalent statements:
1) It is impossible for a heat engine to extract heat from a single reservoir and produce no other effect than the raising of a weight.
2) It is impossible for heat to spontaneously flow from a cooler to a warmer body without an external work input.
Both statements express the same fundamental principle - that it is impossible to convert heat into work or to transfer heat from a cooler to a warmer object without consequences. Any violation of one statement would constitute a violation of the other as well.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be summarized in two equivalent statements:
1) It is impossible for a heat engine to extract heat from a single reservoir and produce no other effect than the raising of a weight.
2) It is impossible for heat to spontaneously flow from a cooler to a warmer body without an external work input.
Both statements express the same fundamental principle - that it is impossible to convert heat into work or to transfer heat from a cooler to a warmer object without consequences. Any violation of one statement would constitute a violation of the other as well.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be summarized in two equivalent statements:
1) It is impossible for a heat engine to extract heat from a single reservoir and produce no other effect than the raising of a weight.
2) It is impossible for heat to spontaneously flow from a cooler to a warmer body without an external work input.
Both statements express the same fundamental principle - that it is impossible to convert heat into work or to transfer heat from a cooler to a warmer object without consequences. Any violation of one statement would constitute a violation of the other as well.
Kelvin – Planck Statement: It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work TH
For heat engine to operate, the working fluid has
QH to exchange heat with heat sink as well with the heat source.
Violation QL Heat If QL = 0 , then η th = 1 − = 1 , therefore, the 2nd Law claims that of the 2nd Law: Wnet,out QH Engine no heat engine can be 100% efficient:
η th < 1
Clausius Statement: No device can operate on a cycle and produce effect
that is solely the heat transfer from TH a lower-temperature body to a higher-temperature body
QH
Violation There are devices that can transfer heat of the 2nd Law: from lower-temperature reservoirs to higher-temperature reservoirs but they have also to consume some energy Win QL
TL
1) Assume that Kelvin-Planck statement is violated 2) Attach heat engine to refrigerator 3) Violation of Clausius statement
Equivalence of TH TH TH two statements: QH QH QH + QL QL
If some device Refrigerator violates one statement, Heat Heat Engine QH =Wout QH =Win Engine combine in a single device it also violates ηth = 1 ηth = 1
