Precise Levelling PDF

Maa-6.
3261
Precise Levelling: differential &
digital
Dr. ANDREI, Constantin-Octavian

octavian.andrei@aalto.fi
Syllabus: tentative lectures (period II)
Week Topic Description Text book

44 TS Summary
45 DL Digital levelling: background, 2.1-2.8
instrumentation, field techniques and
procedures
46 DL Precise levelling computations 2.14-2.17
47 TLS Terrestrial Laser Scanning: principles, work- Schoefield
flow in geodetic engineering, applications 14.9 +
handouts
48 TLS TLS raw data processing
49 TLS Summary
50 Revision
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Reference material
•  Course book (Kanavagh)

–  Sect 2.1-2.8
•  Alternative or complementary (Schofield)

–  Sect 3.5, 3.7-3.9, 3.14
Any other Surveying textbook containing a

Levelling chapter should be suficient!
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After this part you will be able
•  To explain the concepts of differential and digital

levelling
•  To carry out a digital levelling procedure
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Differential levelling
•  Background
•  Instrumentation
•  Principle
•  Check & Adjust
•  Methods of booking
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Levelling concepts
•  Elevation
•  Datum, Mean sea level
•  Vertical line
•  Level line
•  Horizontal line
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Levelling process
RR@A = 6.27
RR@B = 4.69
ΔHAB = 1.58
H@A = 61.27
H@B = 62.85
Can you see any potential problem?

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Effects of Curvature
•  Elevation refers to level line

•  Line-of-sigh is almost horizontal
line
•  All RRs contain an error c over Mean radius of Earth

a distance d R= 6370 km
•  The curvature (divergence)

–  0.8 mm for 100 m
–  7.1 mm for 300 m c = D2/2R or c = 0.0785 D2
with c in meters and D in kilometers
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Effects of Curvature and Refraction
•  Refraction (r) is affected by

atmospheric pressure,
temperature, and geographic
location
•  The effect is to bend the line of

sight down
•  One-seventh of the curvature

error
Combined effect: (c – r) = 0.0673 D2
–  r = 0.14 c
Example: D = 122 m => (c – r) = 1 mm
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Types of Surveying Levels
Automatic level Digital level
Tilting level Dumpy level

Rotary laser level
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Leveling Rods
•  Rod, staff, stadia
•  Wood, metal, or fiberglass

•  One- or multiple-piece rods
–  Folding
–  Telescopic
•  Graduated
•  Invar strip
•  Bar-code
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Rod Reading examples
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Definitions for Differential Levelling
•  BM: bench mark, permanent point with published known elevation
•  TBM: semipermanent point with unpublished known elevation
•  TP: point used temporary to transfer an elevation
•  BS: rod reading to establish the elevation of the instrument line of sight
•  HI: elevation of the line of sight
•  FS: rod reading taken on a TP, BM, TBM
•  IS: rod reading taken at any other point where elevation is required
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BM, TBM, TP
Bronze disk or plug set
Benchmark
Turning plate (Turtle)
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Flange bolt octavian.andrei@aalto.fi
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Differential levelling procedure
Elevation @BM.A = 410.26
RR @BM.A = +4.71 (BS)
HI (line-of-sight) = 414.97 (HI)
RR @TBM.B = -2.80 (FS)
Elevation @TBM.A = 412.17
Direction of survey
New elevation = Existing elevation + BS – FS (IS)
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Differential levelling: multiple setups
Original elevation + ΣBS – ΣFS = Final elevation
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Collimation check
Two-peg test
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Collimation Check
•  Allow instrument and rods to acclimate prior to performing

the collimation and/or leveling (allow equipment to adjust
to the working environment for 10 minutes or more)
•  Perform Collimation Check on level ground at the work

site in the work environment (slope less than 2%)
•  Perform a Collimation Check at the beginning of every day

that geodetic leveling is performed or when the level is
jarred or any time there is a question about the instrument
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Collimation check (continued)
•  Perform a Collimation Check whenever the ambient

temperature changes more than 10 degrees Celsius
during the course of leveling during the day
•  Remove parallax and sharply focus the instrument and
ensure all circular levels are in adjustment
•  Apply collimation to all future measurements (also note
in digital data files that this correction has been applied
to all measurements)
•  Record collimation (arc-seconds) on Backup Recording
Sheet
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Collimation Check - Kukkamaki Method
AxBx
Rod A Rod B
Instrument Instrument
Position 1 Position 2
10 m 10 m 20 m
Set up 2 staves (A, B) roughly 20 m apart. First measure these staves from instrument
station (1) located midway on the connecting line between the two staves. Then repeat
the measurement from instrument station (2) which is located on the elongation of the
two staff stations approx. 20 m outside the defined distance.
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Collimation Check - Japanese Method
Rod B
Rod A A x Bx
1/2 L 1/2 L 1/10 L
This method is largely identical with the Kukkamaki method. With this method, however,
the distance between the staves should be about 30 m with station (2) being about 3 m
behind staff A.
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Collimation Check – Förstner Method
AxxB
Rod A Rod B
1/3 1/3 1/3
15 m 15 m 15 m
Set up two staves (A,B) roughly 45 m apart. Divide this distance into three and
define 2 instrument stations (1,2) about 15 m away from the staves on the
connecting line between them. Measure both staves from each of these stations.
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Collimation Check – Näbauer Method
Rod A
x A B x Rod B
1/3 1/3 1/3
15 m 15 m 15 m
Define a distance of approx. 45 m length and divide it roughly into three. Create an
instrument station (1,2) at either end and set up a staff at each point marking one third of
the connecting line (A,B). Measure both staves from each of the instrument stations.
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Methods of booking
1.  Rise-and-fall
2.  Height of collimation
3.  Inverted staff
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Rise-and-fall method
Σ BS - Σ FS = sum of rises − sum of falls = last reduced level − first reduced level
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Height of collimation method
Σ RL (except the first) = Σ (HPC x the number of IS or FS taken from it) − Σ (IS + FS)
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Inverted staff
inverted sights are treated as negative quantities
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Precise levelling rules (few)
•  Never Setup on Asphalt

•  Double Run Everything
•  Never Read Below 0.5 Meter on Rod
•  All Three Crosshairs Must be on Invar
•  Same Rod on Starting and Ending BM
•  Use Hammer and Pins as Turning Points
•  Always Keep a Hand on Rod when Setup
•  Keep Setup Imbalance at a Minimum
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Applications
•  Benchmark levelling
–  Vertical control surveys
•  Profile and Cross-section levelling
–  Road, sewer pipeline, channel, etc
•  Reciprocal levelling
–  River or valley crossing
•  Contouring
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Digital levelling
•  Instrumentation
•  Measuring
–  Principle, procedure, processing
•  Factors affecting the measuring procedure
•  Operating features
•  Advantages
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Digital levelling system
•  Bar code rod
•  Digital level
–  Levelling instrument
–  CCD (couple charge
device) camera
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DL: Principle
•  The image of the whole bar code rod is stored in the

instrument as reference
•  Digital level sees only a certain sector of the bar code rod
•  Sectors length depends on sighting distance and optics of
the instrument
•  CCD- camera grabs a gray value image for rod sector
•  DL recognize its position with the digital image processing
•  DL determines the height reading and horizontal distance
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DL: Procedure
•  Level
•  Point
•  Focus
•  Trigger
•  Few seconds
•  Coarse correlation
•  Fine correlation
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DL: Processing
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Factors affecting the measuring process
•  Pointing and focusing
•  Vibrations and heat shimmer
•  Illumination
•  Staff coverage
•  Collimation
•  Physical damage
See more on pg.49-50 from the DNA03 user manual
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Corrections @ the instrument
•  Balance backsights/foresights •  Use mean/median mode for

•  Calibrate for collimation error VIBRATION
•  Keep earth curvature correction •  Hold tripod to dampen
ON VIBRATION
•  Setup on stable ground •  Avoid bridges; place rod on
bridge instead
•  Measure 0.5 m above the
ground when HOT
•  Shorten the distance to rod
when HOT
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Corrections @ the rod
•  Check and calibrate bubble

level
•  Brace rod firmly
•  Leap from two rods
•  Designate one rod for turning
points only
•  Clean bottom of the rod
•  Choose a solid, prominent
turning point
•  Clearly mark the turning point
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Advantages
•  Increase productivity (about 50% in time)

•  Eliminate the field booking mistakes
•  Preprogrammed functions
•  But any human mistake may prove significant
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Level unit
•  One Observer (Instrument •  One Pacer to Help with Setups

Person)* •  Computer to Download and
•  Two Rod People* Process Data*
•  One or Two Vehicles
–  One capable of transporting
equipment – rods*
–  Drop one vehicle at end of
day’s work
•  Safety People if Necessary
–  Warning Person to drive
behind crew
* Required
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Levelling tips
•  Current line-of-sight error OK

•  Earth curvature correction ON/OFF
•  Which measurement mode to use
•  Setup in relatively convenient location

•  Spread the legs to increase stability
•  Check the clarity of the cross-hairs
•  Place the device midway
•  Close the leveling line
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Example: Levelling at the Olkiluoto
http://www.fgi.fi/fgi/themes/detecting-crustal-deformation
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Please be Safe!
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Resources
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TODO list
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Leica DNA03
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Operating features: Leica DNA03
•  Program version •  Sight distance range 1.8 m to

•  Accuracy 100 m
–  Invar staff: 0.3 mm / km double •  Measuring time (single): 3 sec
–  Standard staff: 1.0 mm •  Operation temperature:
–  Optical: 2.0 mm –  -20°C +50°C
–  Distance: 5 mm / 10 m
•  Opening angle: 2 deg •  6000 measurements (or 1650
stations BF)
•  Magnetically damped •  Dimensions
pendulum compensator –  158 (H) x 240 (W) x 210 (L)
–  2.85 kg
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Leica DNA03 functions
•  Functions (FNC) •  Measurement programs

1.  Test measurement –  Measure & Record
2.  View measurement –  Line levelling
3.  CODE –  Line adjustment
4.  PtID & Incremen –  Check & Adjust
5.  Manual Input
•  Start programs (PROG) •  Coding
–  Job •  Menu settings
–  Line
•  Data manager
–  Tolerances
–  Method •  Data storage
–  Memory mode
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Sample Backup
Recording Sheet
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F = -13.23456 m
B = +13.23750 m
+ 0.00294 m
Allowable
Section Closure
1st Order, Class II

4√1.47782 = 4.86262 mm
2nd Order, Class I

6√1.47782 = 7.29393 mm
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Maa-6.

Dr. ANDREI, Constantin-Octavian

Week Topic Description Text book

• Course book (Kanavagh)

• Alternative or complementary (Schofield)

Any other Surveying textbook containing a

• To explain the concepts of differential and digital

• To carry out a digital levelling procedure

Can you see any potential problem?

• Elevation refers to level line

• All RRs contain an error c over Mean radius of Earth

• The curvature (divergence)

with c in meters and D in kilometers

• Refraction (r) is affected by

• The effect is to bend the line of

• One-seventh of the curvature

Automatic level Digital level

Tilting level Dumpy level

• Rod, staff, stadia

• Wood, metal, or fiberglass

• BM: bench mark, permanent point with published known elevation

• TBM: semipermanent point with unpublished known elevation

• TP: point used temporary to transfer an elevation

• HI: elevation of the line of sight

• FS: rod reading taken on a TP, BM, TBM

Bronze disk or plug set

New elevation = Existing elevation + BS – FS (IS)

Original elevation + ΣBS – ΣFS = Final elevation

• Allow instrument and rods to acclimate prior to performing

• Perform Collimation Check on level ground at the work

• Perform a Collimation Check at the beginning of every day

• Perform a Collimation Check whenever the ambient

1/2 L 1/2 L 1/10 L

1/3 1/3 1/3

1/3 1/3 1/3

inverted sights are treated as negative quantities

• Never Setup on Asphalt

• Bar code rod

• The image of the whole bar code rod is stored in the

• Pointing and focusing

• Vibrations and heat shimmer

• Balance backsights/foresights • Use mean/median mode for

• Check and calibrate bubble

• Increase productivity (about 50% in time)

• But any human mistake may prove significant

• One Observer (Instrument • One Pacer to Help with Setups

• Current line-of-sight error OK

• Setup in relatively convenient location

• Program version • Sight distance range 1.8 m to

• Functions (FNC) • Measurement programs

1st Order, Class II

2nd Order, Class I

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•  Course book (Kanavagh)

•  Alternative or complementary (Schofield)

•  To explain the concepts of differential and digital

•  To carry out a digital levelling procedure

•  Elevation refers to level line

•  All RRs contain an error c over Mean radius of Earth

•  The curvature (divergence)

•  Refraction (r) is affected by

•  The effect is to bend the line of

•  One-seventh of the curvature

•  Rod, staff, stadia

•  Wood, metal, or fiberglass

•  BM: bench mark, permanent point with published known elevation

•  TBM: semipermanent point with unpublished known elevation

•  TP: point used temporary to transfer an elevation

•  HI: elevation of the line of sight

•  FS: rod reading taken on a TP, BM, TBM

•  Allow instrument and rods to acclimate prior to performing

•  Perform Collimation Check on level ground at the work

•  Perform a Collimation Check at the beginning of every day

•  Perform a Collimation Check whenever the ambient

•  Never Setup on Asphalt

•  Bar code rod

•  The image of the whole bar code rod is stored in the

•  Pointing and focusing

•  Vibrations and heat shimmer

•  Balance backsights/foresights •  Use mean/median mode for

•  Check and calibrate bubble

•  Increase productivity (about 50% in time)

•  But any human mistake may prove significant

•  One Observer (Instrument •  One Pacer to Help with Setups

•  Current line-of-sight error OK

•  Setup in relatively convenient location

•  Program version •  Sight distance range 1.8 m to

•  Functions (FNC) •  Measurement programs