Correlation ETC – WHTC (updated with additional information)

To support the development of Euro VI emission limits, member companies of ACEA have
performed additional engine tests to develop a correlation between the current ETC and the
European version of the WHTC (i.e. the UN-ECE Regulation No.49 version).
During the development of the WHDC test cycles, extensive correlation testing was carried out by
all the stakeholders and reported to GRPE. All those tests were run with hot engine
preconditioning. NOx emissions on the WHTC were found to be in the range 10% to 20% higher
than on the ETC, see Figure 1 below. The WHDC procedures were not only compared to ETC but
also to the US- and Japanese test cycles.
7.0
NOx-emission

6.0 EGR

ETC, EU

5.0 ETC, JPN

ETC, US CR-DPF
CRT
4.0
ETC in g/kWh

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
WHTC in g/kWh

Figure 1: Comparison ETC-WHTC (hot conditioning), GRPE report (2003).

Since the WHTC cycle was developed from a careful investigation of worldwide heavy-duty vehicle
driving patterns, the WHTC exhibits a different load factor and a different load/speed distribution
compared to the ETC test cycle.

ETC, WHTC, US-FTP (HD) and JE05 for HD truck engine

120

100 ETC
WHTC
80
US-FTP
POWER [%]

60 JE05
40

20

-20
0 500 1000 1500 2000

ENGINE SPEED [min-1]

Figure 2: ETC, WHTC, US-FTP and JE05 speed/load distribution for a given engine.

Ref.: ACEA2007
Figure 2 illustrates the speed and load point of different test cycles in the engine map for a given
truck engine. Typically engines are optimised to comply with the emission requirements while
offering best performance and best fuel economy under conditions of use. For this reason, engine
maps might be shaped accordingly and therefore it is very difficult to obtain a simple correlation
between very different test cycles operating in different load/speed areas. This conclusion was
already drawn in the report of the WHDC validation studies.
When introducing the cold start – hot soak – warm start procedure in the WHTC, new requirements
have been added which certainly have a major influence on the engine calibration and, by default,
to any test cycle correlation. For this reason, a simple back-to-back testing of current production
engines on different test cycles is not meaningful, in particular when engine are equipped with
temperature-dependent exhaust aftertreatment systems.
When approaching the evaluation of a test cycle correlation between the ETC and WHTC cycles,
ACEA has focused on current / future engine technologies achieving emission levels better than
Euro V and have applied engine calibrations taking into account the additional requirements of cold
and warm start emission controls.
The following engine tests have been carried out in this program:

WHTC (10% cold / 90% hot)

Engine Technology ETC Comment
R49 5min soak 20min soak
A EGR+DPF X X
B EGR+DPF X X
C EGR+DPF+SCR X X Base engine as A
D EGR+DPF+SCR X X Base engine as B
E DPF+SCR X X
F DPF+SCR+thermal X X Base engine as E
G EGR+DPF+SCR X X Base engine I
H EGR+DPF+SCR X X Base engine J
I EGR+DPF X X
J EGR+DPF X X US2004
K EGR+DPF X X
Note – all prototype engines except engine J.

As expected, the correlation between the ETC and WHTC cycles is not uniform as a result of the
utilised exhaust aftertreatment technologies and engine calibrations.
The results are summarised in Figure 3, below:

Ref.: ACEA2007 2
Figure 3: Results ETC-WHDC (R49) correlation study.

As Figure 3 shows, when temperature-dependent exhaust aftertreatment is involved, the WHTC

provides higher NOx values. This is a consequence of the warm-up of the exhaust aftertreatment
system during a cold start until the ‘light-off’ temperature of the catalytic system is reached.
Thermal management can improve the situation to a certain, but limited, extent.
As shown in Figure 3, there is a fairly consistent offset of the WHTC result independent of the
absolute NOx level (in the investigated range) due to the cold operation of the exhaust
aftertreatment system.
It is therefore proposed, and supported by the data, that an additive factor of 0.3 g/kWh is applied
as follows:
NOx WHDC = NOx ETC + 0.3 g/kWh
Concerning PM, HC and CO it is proposed to apply a correlation factor of 1.0 since these
pollutants were considered non-critical within this exercise. It should be noted that the above
factors/correlations are valid only for the range of tested engine and exhaust aftertreatment
technologies.
This investigation is not conclusive on the influence of the soak time on the WHTC result.

Ref.: ACEA2007 3
Additional information and new data:
• Three additional engine test data from 2 further OEM’s have been received (L, M, N) and
added to the data evaluation;
• The correlation study now includes data from all ACEA members;
• Cold start and hot soak engine test data is reported (as available) as well as key engine
configuration and performance data:

WHTC max. max.

ET cylinder displacement
cold hot combined power torque technology
C number (litre)
start soak (kW) (Nm)
A 1.7 2.23 1.67 1.73 6 12.8 362 2237 EGR+DPF
B 1.7 2.4 1.61 1.69 6 12.8 325 2237 EGR+DPF
C 0.14 2.38 0.44 0.54 6 12.8 362 2237 EGR+DPF+SCR
D 0.19 1.88 0.38 0.53 6 12.8 325 2237 EGR+DPF+SCR
E 1.02 2.5 1.33 1.45 6 6 220 1050 DPF+SCR
F 1.02 2.2 1.05 1.16 6 6 220 1050 DPF+SCR+thermal mgmt
G 0.18 1.34 0.28 0.38 6 12.8 335 2237 EGR+DPF+SCR
H 0.39 0.53 6 12.8 335 2237 EGR+DPF+SCR
I 1.6 2.23 2.38 2.37 6 12.8 335 2237 EGR+DPF
J 3.5 3.35 6 12.8 335 2237 EGR
K 1.57 2.23 6 10.5 287 1900 EGR+DPF
L 1.54 2.69 2.71 2.71 6 na na na EGR
M 0.18 1.27 0.56 0.63 6 12.9 355 na EGR+DPF+SCR
N 0.18 1.18 0.38 0.46 6 12.9 355 na EGR+DPF+SCR+thermal mgmt

The additional data confirms the offset of the WHTC result in the low-NOx range and the
conclusions with respect to the cycle correlation, see Figure 4 below:

Figure 4: Results ETC-WHDC (R49) correlation study (updated Figure 3).

Evaluating the individual results of cold start, hot soak start and the weighted combination, the
following conclusions can be drawn from Figure 5 below:

Ref.: ACEA2007 4
 ETC versus WHTC (R49) cold, hot soak, combined

3.5

3
NOx WHTC (g/kWh)

2.5
cold start
2 hot soak
combined
1.5

0.5 thermal mgmt (insulation)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
NOx ETC (g/kWh)

Figure 5: cold start, hot soak start and combined NOx result

• The cold start test results show significantly higher NOx, in particular when exhaust
aftertreatment is involved;
• Most of the WHTC hot soak test results (with aftertreatment) are higher than the ETC result.
Again, this is influenced by the aftertreatment system;
• Thermal management lowers both the WHTC-cold start and the hot soak test results. At very
low emission levels even thermal management will not result in a 1:1 correlation of the hot soak
test with the ETC.
Conclusions:
1. The data supports the conclusion that an additive factor of 0.3 g/kWh is applied as follows:
NOx WHDC = NOx ETC + 0.3 g/kWh
2. Concerning PM, HC and CO it is proposed to apply a correlation factor of 1.0;
3. These conclusions are only valid for the range of tested engine and exhaust aftertreatment
technologies;
4. Thermal management lowers both the WHTC-cold start and the hot soak test results but
thermal management will not achieve a 1:1 correlation of the hot soak test with the ETC.

31st May 2007

Ref.: ACEA2007 5