SKM Work
SKM Work
Steel Structures
Professor Michel Bruneau
Date: 3/7/2019
Team Members
Ariana Fay
Michael Murphy
Vidhi Solanki
Snehasagar Gopagani
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Table of Contents
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Parameters for calculation of seismic load
Table 2: Lateral force distribution
Table 3: Final section details of the SMRF
Table 4: Story drifts for the right sway
Table 5: Story drifts for the left sway
Table 6: Axial forces in the beams
Table 7: Shear and moment in MRF beams
Table 8: Column member forces for story 1 & 2
Table 9: Column member forces for stories 3, 4 & 5
Table 10: Time sheet
Table 11: Task sheet
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: USGS Site Map
Figure 2: Acceleration response spectra
Figure 3: SAP2000 model depicting the moment resisting frames in the structure
Figure 4: Bending moment diagram of the frame for the right sway case
Figure 5: FBD moment at typ. connection
Figure 6: FBD shear at typ. connection
Figure 7: Connection design parameters
Figure 8: Design spreadsheet
Figure 9: Design spreadsheet
Figure 10: Connections – typ.
Figure 11: Connections – plan view
Figure 12: Elevation view of structure
Figure 13: Plan view of structure
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1. Special Moment Resisting Frame
The main objective of a moment resisting frame is to provide strength to a structural system as
it experiences a lateral load, such as an earthquake load. The design process behind a moment
resisting frame involves plastic analysis, due to how this frame behaves as it is taking a lateral
load. A properly designed moment resisting frame follows the strong column weak beam
theory, where columns remain elastic and plastic hinges form in the beams to allow for energy
dissipation and story drift. There are numerous methods to design this system to behave in the
manner named above. The team chose to implement reduced beam size as a method to allow
plastic hinges to form in the beams. This project entails a 5 story, 2 bay structure, with the
moment frame in alternating bays for each story
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Figure 2: Acceleration response spectra
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3. Loading Analysis
Loading was determined by ASCE 7-10 chapter 12, it was assumed there are 8 frames taking
the total earthquake load, therefore making the tributary with of one frame 30 ft. Taking this
into account, table 2 shows the loads applied on the structure via the equivalent lateral force
method. The forces increase linearly with the height of the frame.
5 53.13
4 41.38
3 29.98
2 19.0
1 8.75
4. SAP2000 Model
4.1 Preliminary sizing
The preliminary beam and column sizes are based on equation (1) from the book `Ductile
Design of Steel Structures’. Based on the beam moment of inertia, the sizes were chosen.
These sizes were used in SAP2000 model for obtaining the elastic drift. The member sizes
were iterated several times by choosing members with higher moments of inertia to obtain
inter-story drift lesser than 2%.
Where Vi is the frame shear at level i, hi is the height of level i, E is modulus of elasticity,
Ibi is the moment of inertia of each beam in the frame at level i and L is the span of each
beam in frame. The preliminary sizing gave large sections because of the drift criteria.
Therefore, our preliminary design is same as final design shown in Table 3.
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4.2 Modeling in SAP2000
The special moment resisting frame was modeled in SAP2000 to analyze for the member
forces and drift limit ratios. Since the given configuration is an alternating moment
resisting frame, in each story one beam is connected rigidly to the column essentially
making it a moment resisting frame and another beam is connected to the columns with pin
connections. The model of the frame in SAP2000 along with the partial releases is shown
in the Figure 3. It is evident from the SAP2000 model that the moment resisting frames are
modeled alternatingly. The forces are applied for both cases of left sway and right sway to
counter the asymmetry of the structure.
Figure 3: SAP2000 model depicting the moment resisting frames in the structure.
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than 300lb/ft cannot be picked, also while satisfying the maximum width of the beam
flange to be lesser than 1.75 inches. After several iterations, the final beam sizes along with
the column sizes that could satisfy the drift limits are selected. Since there is no moment
and shear taken by the beams that are not the part of moment resisting frames, lighter
sections were chosen. The section details along with the drift limits are shown in the below
tables. Limiting the cut of RBS to 40% of the flange width, the drift ratios are multiplied
by 1.08 times to account for the loss of the section in the beam. As evident from Tables 4
& 5, the story drifts are satisfying the specified limit of 2%. The drift limit of the structure
is also less than 2% for both the right and left sways.
Table 3: Final section details of the SMRF
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4.4 Forces on the members
After satisfying the drift limits of the Frame, the SAP2000 model is analyzed and the
member forces are checked with the capacity of the members provided by the steel manual.
The bending moment diagram of the frame obtained from the SAP for the right sway case
is depicted in the Figure. One key take-away is that there is no moment coming into the
members that are pin connected to the columns. Essentially only rigidly connected
members are acting as moment resisting frames. The forces occurring in each member are
given in the tables 6, 7, 8 and 9. The capacity of members in axial and bending are
determined using the Steel Construction Manual. The capacity of members in shear is
calculated using equation (2) in chapter G of AISC 360.
Vn = 0.6FyAw ….................................................................................................................(2)
Figure 4: Bending moment diagram of the frame for the right sway case
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Table 6: Axial forces in the beams
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4.5 Assumptions and Rationale
For the configuration of this system, there are moment frames in alternating bays for each story height.
This is achieved by fixing one beam while the beam in the bay adjacent is pinned. Moment is only
transferred in one bay on each story height. This results in different W shapes are used for the fixed
beam versus the pinned beam.
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Figure 6: FBD shear at typ. connection
5.2 Connections
How the connections are designed in this system is essential to how the system will perform.
The desired performance of the system is to have plastic hinges forming in the beams to achieve
strong column weak beam behavior. One way to achieve this proper performance is to use the
reduced beam size (RBS) connection, one of the many options of prequalified connections
specified in AISC 358. The reduced beam size connection is achieved by cutting down the
flange width in areas on the beams in the moment frame at locations where the formation of a
plastic hinge is desired. Three important parameters for RBS are a, b and c which correspond
to the dimensions of cut into the flange. Parameter a is the distance from the edge of cut to the
edge of the column on the beam. Parameter b is the length of the curved cut in to the flange
of the beam. Parameter c corresponds to the greatest distance cut into the flange on the circular
cut. These parameters can be seen in Figure 11 below. The design spreadsheet can be seen in
Figures 7-9.
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Variable Value Units Comments Check
Material Properties
Fy 50 ksi Yield strength of steel
Fu 65 ksi Ultimate strength of steel (AISC Steel Manual Table 2-4)
E 29000 ksi Elastic modulus of steel
Ry 1.1
Cpr 1.15 (Fy+Fu)/2*Fy, ANSI/AISC 358, Eq 2.4-2
Frame Dimensions
L/H 1.5
L 18 ft Length of beams
H 12 ft Height of columns
Beams
Section Properties
W21X201 Story 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
A 59.3 in^2
Zx 530 in^3
tw 0.91 in
d 23 in ANSI/AISC 358, Section 5.3.1 Limit: W36
tf 1.63 in ANSI/AISC 358, Section 5.3.1 Limit: 1.75 in
bf 12.6 in
ry 3.02 in
W 201 lb/ft ANSI/AISC 358, Section 5.3.1 Limit: 300 lb/ft
Columns
Section Properties
W36X853 Story 3, 4, 5
A 251 in^2
Zx 3920 in^3
tw 2.52 in
d 43.1 in Limit: W36
tf 4.53 in
bf 18.2 in
kdes 5.28 in
kdet 5.375 in
k1 2.0625 in
W36X487 Story 1, 2
A 143 in^2
Zx 2130 in^3
tw 1.5 in
d 39.3 in Limit: W36
tf 2.68 in
bf 17.1 in
kdes 3.63 in
k1 1.875 in
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Calculations
clear span/depth 7.5 ANSI/AISC 358, Section 5.3.1 Greater than: 7
RBS Dimensions
a 7.5 in 0.5*bf < a < 0.75*bf, ANSI/AISC 358, Eq 5.8-1 6.3
b 16.5 in 0.65*d < b < 0.85*d, ANSI/AISC 358, Eq 5.8-2 15.0
c 2.25 in 0.1*bf < c < 0.25*bf, ANSI/AISC 358, Eq 5.8-3 1.3
Z_RBS 373.3 in^3
Calculate Probable Maximum Moment at the Center of the RBS
Mpr 23608.1 kip-in Cpr*Ry*Fy*Z_RBS, ANSI/AISC 358, Eq 5.8-5
Calculate the Shear Force at the End of the Beam
Sh 15.8 in a+0.5*b
Lh 141.4 in L-2*(0.5*dc)-2*Sh
V_RBS 333.9 kips (2*Mpr)/Lh
φVn 627.9 kips φ*0.6*Ry*Fy*Aw
Calculate the Probable Maximum Moment at the Face of the Column
Mf 28867.4 kip-in Mpr+V_RBS*Sh, ANSI/AISC 358, Eq 5.8-6
Mpe 29150.0 kip-in Mpr+V_RBS*0.5*dc, ANSI/AISC 358, Eq 5.8-7
Design the Beam Web-to-Column Connection
dmin 12.2 in Vu/(φ*0.6*Fy*tw*Cv)
Check Continuity Plate Requirements
d* 21.4 in d-tf
Pf 1350.8 kips Mf/d*
tlim 2.1 in bf/6, Prov. Eq. E3-8
W36X853
Pfb 5771.5 kips φ*6.25*Fy*tf^2
φRn 5771.5 kips Pfb, Manual Eq. 4-4a
Pwo 3326.4 kips φ*5*Fy*tw*kdes
Pwi 126.0 kip/in φ*Fy*tw
Ib 1.6 in
φRn 3531.8 kips Pwo+Pwi*lb, Manual Eq. 4-2a
φRn 6441.1 kips Spec. Eq. J10-4
W36X487
Pfb 2020.1 kips φ*6.25*Fy*tf^2
φRn 2020.1 kips Pfb, Manual Eq. 4-4a
Pwo 1361.3 kips φ*5*Fy*tw*kdes
Pwi 75.0 kip/in φ*Fy*tw
Ib 1.6 in
φRn 1483.5 kips Pwo+Pwi*lb, Manual Eq. 4-2a
φRn 2286.1 kips Spec. Eq. J10-4
Continuity plates not required.
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Check Column-Beam Relationship, ANSI/AISC 358, Section 5.4
1 Beam, 1 Column W36X487
ΣMpc* 122755.3603 kip*in ΣZc*(Fy-(Puc/Ag))*(h/(h-0.5*db)), Prov. Eq. E3-2
ht 72 in 0.5*H
hb 72 in 0.5*H
ΣMuv 11820.76045 kip*in ΣV_RBS*(a+0.5*b+0.5*dc)
ΣMpb* 35428.9 kip*in Σ(Mpr+Muv)
Ratio 3.5 ΣMpc*/ΣMpb* Greater than: 1
1 Beam, 2 Columns W36X487
ΣMpc* 245510.7207 kip*in ΣZc*(Fy-(Puc/Ag))*(h/(h-0.5*db)), Prov. Eq. E3-2
ht 72 in 0.5*H
hb 72 in 0.5*H
ΣMuv 11820.76045 kip*in ΣV_RBS*(a+0.5*b+0.5*dc)
ΣMpb* 35428.9 kip*in Σ(Mpr+Muv)
Ratio 6.9 ΣMpc*/ΣMpb* Greater than: 1
1 Beam, 2 Columns W36X853
ΣMpc* 458148.6286 kip*in ΣZc*(Fy-(Puc/Ag))*(h/(h-0.5*db)), Prov. Eq. E3-2
ht 72 in 0.5*H
hb 72 in 0.5*H
ΣMuv 12455.20804 kip*in ΣV_RBS*(a+0.5*b+0.5*dc)
ΣMpb* 36063.3 kip*in Σ(Mpr+Muv)
Ratio 12.7 ΣMpc*/ΣMpb* Greater than: 1
1 Beam, 2 Columns Both
ΣMpc* 351829.6747 kip*in ΣZc*(Fy-(Puc/Ag))*(h/(h-0.5*db)), Prov. Eq. E3-2
ht 72 in 0.5*H
hb 72 in 0.5*H
ΣMuv 12455.20804 kip*in ΣV_RBS*(a+0.5*b+0.5*dc)
ΣMpb* 36063.3 kip*in Σ(Mpr+Muv)
Ratio 9.8 ΣMpc*/ΣMpb* Greater than: 1
Check Panel Zone
1 Beam, 1 Column W36X487
Vc 246.0339539 kips ΣMpb*/(hb+ht)
Ru 1104.802057 kips (ΣMf/(db-tbf))-Vc
φRn 2249.096243 kips 0.6*Fy*dc*tw*(1+((3*bcf*(tcf^2))/(db*dc*tw))), Spec. Eq. J10-11
1 Beam, 2 Columns W36X487
Vc 246.0339539 kips ΣMpb*/(hb+ht)
Ru 1104.802057 kips (ΣMf/(db-tbf))-Vc
φRn 2249.096243 kips 0.6*Fy*dc*tw*(1+((3*bcf*(tcf^2))/(db*dc*tw))), Spec. Eq. J10-11
1 Beam, 2 Columns W36X853
Vc 250.4398399 kips ΣMpb*/(hb+ht)
Ru 1100.396171 kips (ΣMf/(db-tbf))-Vc
φRn 3622.115258 kips 0.6*Fy*dc*tw*(1+((3*bcf*(tcf^2))/(db*dc*tw))), Spec. Eq. J10-11
1 Beam, 2 Columns Both
Vc 250.4398399 kips ΣMpb*/(hb+ht)
Ru 1100.396171 kips (ΣMf/(db-tbf))-Vc
φRn 1843.821517 kips 0.6*Fy*dc*tw*(1+((3*bcf*(tcf^2))/(db*dc*tw))), Spec. Eq. J10-11
Bracing at the Beam-to-Column Connection
Pbr 29.666 kips
Bracing Near the Plastic Hinge
Mr 20528.80775 kip-in Ry*Fy*Z_RBS
Pbr 57.63820613 kips (0.06*Mr)/ho
Bracing Along the Beam
Pbr 19.21273538 kip/in (0.02*Mr*Cd)/ho
Lb 150.6376 in (0.086*ry*E)/Fy
The beams will be braced at the midpoint.
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Figure 10: Connections – typ.
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5.3 Final Design
Figures 12 and 13 show the plan view and final design members chosen. In order to achieve
the strong column, weak beam theory, the final design show large columns relative to the
beams. Figure 12 shows where the frames are located within the structure as they resist the
lateral loads of the earthquake.
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Figure 13: Plan view of structure
6. Conclusion
More frames (8 in this case) were required for carrying seismic loads as compared to SCBF
(4) highlighting the higher flexibility of MRFs. It is challenging to find a column that is small
to resist earthquake loads in a structure that is the size of the one in this project. Therefore,
large W shape columns are likely to be what is chosen on projects similar to this one. This
raises the question, if the SMRF is the most efficient way to resist earthquake loads? As other
lateral force resisting steel systems are investigated and designed in future reports, it will give
an answer to if the moment frames are the best choice for building owners.
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7. Appendix
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7.3 Team Member Roles
Ariana Fay: Checked load calculations and edited the Excel spreadsheet that was used to
check the connection and section requirements.
Michael Murphy: Created the Excel spreadsheet that was used to check the connection and
section requirements. Also, created sketches of the frames located in the building.
Vidhi Solanki: Calculated the seismic forces on the building, ran preliminary design
calculations to choose the initial sections, and iterated to choose the optimum member sizes.
Snehasagar Gopagani: Generated the SAP2000 model, checked drift values, and assisted in
the iteration of the design.
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7.4 Time Sheet
Table 10: Time sheet
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7.5 Task Sheet
Table 11: Task sheet
CIE 524 Steel Structures
Spring 2019
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