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EXAMPLE OF OPENING PAGE LAYOUT

Identification of emission sources by trace

metal concentration

A. Del Borghi1, C. Solisio1, P. Perego1 & G. Genon2

1
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Genoa University, Italy.
2
Turin Polytechnic, Italy.

Abstract
Aerosols emitted by antropogenic activity are in relationship to their emission
source and exhibit distinguishable characteristics (size, metal concentration and
density) that can often univocally identify the source. Nevertheless, different
processes can characterize industrial plants that produce the same product. Due
to this, dusts emitted by the same source can have different chemical composition
and physical properties. This paper reports the analysis carried out on dusts
emitted by two cement plants that produce Portland cement, according to a
substantially similar technological cycle, realized using the same raw materials.
The most important difference between the two cement plants is that one uses a
long kiln while the other utilizes a short one equipped with cyclon preheater and
precalciner. This causes differences to be noticed in the composition of the dusts
emitted by the two plants.
Keywords: emission sources, trace and heavy metals, antropogenic activity, dust
composition, elemental concentrations.

1 Introduction
Many industrial processes are concerned with the production of dust aerosols,
e.g. industrial plants burning oil, residential heating, refuse incineration plants,
cement industry, smelting industry. These types of emission sources are also,
with traffic, mainly responsible for airborne trace metals in relationship with the
size of the dust emitted. This relationship between particle size of
atmospherically deposited dust and metal pollution has been previously studied.
Fergusson and Ryan [1] found that the concentrations of most elements increase
with a decrease in the size of the dust particles. The results of other studies, [2, 3, 6],
showed a higher affinity of heavy metals with the smaller particle sizes.

2 Main level heading

Small particles may be formed either by high-temperature vaporization followed
by condensation upon cooling, or from elements that are dispersed on a
molecular level within a combustible material. Elements that have predominantly
small particle distributions are: Na, Cs, Cl, Br, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, W and Pb
(75%<2mm).

2.1 Second level heading

There are considerable differences between the behaviour of the smallest and
largest particles within our range of interest, roughly from molecular sizes up to
103 microns, as shown in table 2. The smaller particles closely follow the motion
of the surrounding gas and may remain airborne almost indefinitely, whilst the
larger particles have an appreciable acceleration under gravity and are relatively
easy to precipitate. Nevertheless, large grains of dust are transported for many
miles under favorable atmospheric conditions, fig. 3.

2.1.1 Third level heading

The following elements can be chosen as tracers for a specific source type: Cu
for industrial heavy oil combustion, Pb for traffic, Cd and Zn for refuse
incineration plants and Cd and Cu for the cement industry. Size-resolved
elemental concentrations will make it easier to distinguish between sources
Bratanow et al [2]. Therefore similar industrial plants could emit different types
of dusts and then different types of metal pollutant. In this paper we consider a
particular location, situated near two cement plants, that is characterized by dust
pollution that does not exceed the law limits and we determine which substances
are really present in the dusts.

2.1.1.1 Fourth level heading Furthermore we determine if these substances

come from the operation that takes place in one or both cement plants, or if they
derive from other sources, and we evaluate the amount of dusts produced by
these plants.
In this case study, we also analyse the differences between the processes used
in both the cement plants.
In order to define the atmospheric dispersion and the ground fallout of the
dusts emitted by the cement plants, we have to consider that the size distribution
of the particle is not different because of the analogous dedusting system used by
 EXAMPLE OF TABLE LAYOUT AND TABLE CAPTION

Table 1: The maximum of the tracer concentrations.

value (mg/m3) Receptor (num) time (hour)

measurements 32.2 18 0800
set 1, umin = 0.5 7.8 20 0800
set 1, umin = 1.0 10.9 21 0800
set 1, umin = 1.5 14.8 22 0800
set 2, umin = 0.5 18.4 6 0800
set 2, umin = 1.0 17.0 9 0700
set 2, umin = 1.5 18.8 18 0600

EXAMPLE OF FIGURE AND FIGURE CAPTION LAYOUT

Figure 1: Example of sound diffusion from a wall.

OR IF THE CAPTION IS MORE THAN ONE LINE

Figure 1: Example of sound diffusion from a wall, from a sound source S for a
given frequency with a wavelength larger than the wall’s surface. The
waveform will not bounce off the wall like a beam of light but instead
will spread away from the wall in all directions.
 EXAMPLE OF EQUATION LAYOUT

Ni
dm
dt
= å m& i - m& e (1)
i =1

As a result, eqn (1) can now be written as follows:

¶T ¶
Ni é Ns ù
(u mT ) - aT ¶ T2 = 1
2
+
¶t ¶ x k ¶x k c pm
å m& i êêå (his - hs )x is úú
i =1 ë s =1 û, (2)
w& s hs M s Q&
Ns
1 ¶p
- å r c
- loss -
c m r c p ¶t
s =1 p p

Nr Ns N Ns
V ¶p 1 ¶x rs r
¶T x
Rm ¶t
= å mr Tr å M s + mr r
¶t r =1 ¶t
å å Mrss
r =1 s =1 s =1
(3)
Nr Ns
¶m r x rs
å
+ Tr
¶t
å .
r =1 s =1 M s

This shows that in general it is necessary to have an algorithm that

simultaneously selects the distribution of the DR internal points and surface
elements, eqn. (6), as suggested by the error analysis for the DRM

EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE LAYOUT

The references given below are examples of the following: (1) book; (2) paper in
a journal; (3) chapter in a book; (4) edited book; (5) paper in a conference
proceedings; (6) personal communication; (7-9) web site

References
[1] Brebbia, C.A., Telles, J.C.F. & Wrobel, L.C., Boundary Element Techniques,
Springer-Verlag: Berlin and New York, pp. 11–13, 1984.
[2] Bratanow, T. & De Grande, G., Numerical analysis of normal stress in non-
Newtonian boundary layer flow. Engineering Analysis, 6(2), pp. 20–25,
1985.
[3] Nardini, D. & Brebbia, C.A., Boundary element integral formulation of mass
matrices for dynamic analysis (Chapter 7). Topics in Boundary Elements
Research, ed. C.A. Brebbia, Springer-Verlag: Berlin and New York, pp. 191–
207, 1895.
[4] Brebbia, C.A. & Aliabadi, M.H., (eds). Industrial Applications of the
Boundary Element Method, Computational Mechanics Publications:
Southampton and Boston, 1993.
[5] Funke, E.R., Laboratory experimental studies controlled by mini and micro-
computers. Proc. of the 1st Int. Conf. On Hydraulic Engineering Software,
eds. C.A. Brebbia, C. Maksimovic & M. Radojkowic, Elsevier: Amsterdam,
pp. 1–26, 1984.
[6] Person, A.B. Personal communication, 27 January 1998, Head of Mech.
Engineering, Another University, London, UK.
[7] Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods; U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Wastes, SW-846 Online.
www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwastes/test/main.htm
[8] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response Web Site, Washington DC,
www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf
[9] CEDRE, www.cedre.ifremer.fr