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Square Wave Generator

This laboratory report describes the design and implementation of a square wave generator circuit using an operational amplifier. The circuit uses positive feedback from an op-amp comparator to switch its output between two voltage levels set by back-to-back Zener diodes. The output switches states when the voltage on a feedback capacitor reaches threshold levels, producing a square wave. Pspice simulations and hardware tests confirmed the circuit generates square waves with frequencies determined by the capacitor and feedback resistor values.

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Rahul Kundu
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2K views

Square Wave Generator

This laboratory report describes the design and implementation of a square wave generator circuit using an operational amplifier. The circuit uses positive feedback from an op-amp comparator to switch its output between two voltage levels set by back-to-back Zener diodes. The output switches states when the voltage on a feedback capacitor reaches threshold levels, producing a square wave. Pspice simulations and hardware tests confirmed the circuit generates square waves with frequencies determined by the capacitor and feedback resistor values.

Uploaded by

Rahul Kundu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laboratory Report

On

Square Wave Generator Using Operational Amplifier

(Analog Integrated Circuits Lab)

Submitted by

Piyush Mishra(1704126)
Prashant Kumar(1704128)
Rahul Kundu(1704130)
Rittik Das(1704131)

B.Tech Programme in Electronics and Telecommunication


Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering


Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar, India

April 2019
OBJECTIVE

To generate square wave genearator using Opamp(uA741).

THEORY

The non-sinusoidal waveform generators are also called relaxation


oscillators. The op-amp relaxation oscillator shown in figure is a square
wave generator. In general, square waves are relatively easy to
produce. Like the UJT relaxation oscillator, the circuit’s frequency of
oscillation is dependent on the charge and discharge of a capacitor C
through feedback resistor R,. The “heart” of the oscillator is an inverting
op-amp comparator

The comparator uses positive feedback that increases the gain of the
amplifier. In a comparator circuit this offer two advantages. First, the high
gain causes the op-amp’s output to switch very quickly from one state to
another and vice-versa. Second, the use of positive feedback gives the
circuit hysteresis. In the op-amp square-wave generator circuit given in
figure, the output voltage vout is shunted to ground by two Zener diodes
Z1 and Z2connected back-to-back and is limited to either VZ 2 or –VZ 1. A
fraction of the output is fedback to the non-inverting (+) input terminal.
Combination of IL and C acting as a low-pass R-C circuit is used to
integrate the output voltage vout and the capacitor voltage vc is applied to
the inverting input terminal in place of external signal. The differential
input voltage is given as vin = vc – β vout

When vin is positive, vout = – Vz1 and when vin is negative vout = + Vz 2.
Consider an instant of time when vin < 0. At this instant vout = + Vz 2 , and
the voltage at the non-inverting (+) input terminal is β Vz 2 , the capacitor
C charges exponentially towards Vz 2, with a time constant Rf C. The
output voltage remains constant at Vz 2 until vc equal β Vz 2.

When it happens, comparator output reverses to – Vz 1. Now vc changes


exponentially,towards -Vz1 with the same time constant and again t
he output makes a transition from -Vz1 to + Vz 2. when vc equals -βVz 1.
REQUIREMENTS
1. IC uA741
2. Resistors(3)
3. Capacitors(1)
4. Connecting wires
5. Bread Board
6. Software: Orcad CIS Lite 14.6

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1 Square Wave Generator Circuit Diagram

DESIGN CALCULATIONS/ CIRCUIT DEVELOPMENT

Let Vz1 = Vz 2

The time period, T, of the output square wave is determined using the
charging and discharging phenomena of the capacitor C. The voltage
across the capacitor, vc when it is charging from – B Vz to + Vz is given by

Vc = [1-(1+β)]e-T/2τ
Where τ = RfC

The waveforms of the capacitor voltage vc and output voltage vout (or vz)
are shown in figure.

When t = t/2

Vc = +β Vz or + β Vout

Therefore β Vz = Vz [1-(1+β)e-T/2τ]

or e-T/2τ = 1- β/1+ β

or T = 2τ loge 1+β/1- β = 2Rf C loge [1+ (2R3/R2)]

The frequency, f = 1/T , of the square-wave is independent of output


voltage Vout. This circuit is also known as free-running or astable
multivibrator because it has two quasi-stable states.

OBSERVATIONS/RESULTS

Figure 2: Output Waveform for circuit in Fig.1

P.T.O
Figure 3: Pspice Simulation for Fig1. circuit

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The output remains in one state for time T1 and then makes an abrupt
transition to the second state and remains in that state for time T2. The
cycle repeats itself after time T = (T1 + T2) where T is the time period of
the square-wave.The op-amp square-wave generator is useful in the
frequency range of about 10 Hz -10 kHz. At higher frequencies, the
op-amp’s slew rate limits the slope of the output square wave. The
symmetry of the output waveform depends on the matching of two Zener
diodes Z1 and Z2. The unsymmetrical square-wave (T1 not equal to t2) can
be had by using different constants for charging the capacitor C to
+Vout and -Vout..

CONCLUSION:

Thus the hardware and software (using Pspice) implementation was


performed and was designed to create a square wave generator using
opamp uA741.

REFERENCES:

 https://www.edgefxkits.com/blog/square-wave-generator-working-
op-amp/
 http://www.circuitstoday.com/square-wave-generator-using-ua-741
 http://www.eeeguide.com/square-wave-generator-using-op-amp/
 Google Images.

STUDENT SIGNATURES

1. ---------------------------------
2. ---------------------------------
3. ---------------------------------
4. ---------------------------------

SIGNATURE OF THE CONCERNED LAB FACULTY MEMBER

----------------------------------
Signature of the concerned lab faculty member with date and comments (if
required).

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