The student will be able to summarize a

process for preparing a crime scene

investigation
A. Organizing a plan of action

1) Mentally reconstruct the crime based on:

a) Information from the responding officer (s).
• Your best source for initial information
b) Quick observation/scan of the scene.

a) Physical evidence that is in plain view.

Based on a mental reconstruction, establish an organized plan

of action.
Basic guideline include:
 1. Assign one person to be in charge.
2. Establish a command post.
3. Task assignments should be disseminated in writing
Verbal direction may be misinterpreted or simply disregarded
4. Personnel given assigned tasks must be made aware of the
specifics of their assignments; no assumptions can exist in
this area.
5. Trading of assignments should not to permitted without
authorization by the officer in charge.
6. Utilize a systematic checklist or other method to insure
a duplication of job effort is avoided.
7. Make assignments concurrent with the aptitude and
training of the personnel involved.
 8. Do not permit personnel to begin the search until a briefing
has been conducted describing the goals and direction of the
search to all persons involved.
9. Make no inferences that one duty is of greater or lesser
significance than other tasks.
10. Written reports are to be submitted by all personnel involved

11. Ensure that agreements with all agencies in multi-jurisdictional

crime scene searches are coordinated.
 Establishing a command post and a search team

Establish a command post and assemble personnel outside

the area to be searched.
This command center can also be used for providing protective
gear and wardrobe, special equipment, food and shelter, medical
assistance, duty/shift assignments, and security to personnel.
In order to resolve any questions during the crime scene
search, establish contact between medical examiners,
laboratory personnel, and the prospective attorney (CA – DA).
Relevant information given to the search party should include:

1. Basic information on the crime that was committed.

2. The type of materials to be sought and reasons.
3. The search method(s) to be used.
4. Guidelines for proper evidence recovery.

A careful and thorough search must be emphasized to the

search party.

 A defeatist attitude is contagious and results in a

poor search.
Emphasize:

1. That evidence will always be located if the time and effort

are expended in a methodical manner.

2. That nothing is to be excluded from consideration and the

search will not be concluded until personnel are certain
all possibilities have been explored.

3. Extensive/detailed note taking.

Remind the party to proceed with:

Caution.

Coordinated movements.
Communication, between the search parties and the
commander is essential. A chain of command must be
established and maintained.

OVERALL COMMANDER

COMMO OFFICER

SEARCH TEAM SUPERVISOR

SEARCH TEAM LEADER SEARCH TEAM LEADER

SEARCH TEAM LEADER

The supervisor's responsibility is to ensure a complete, thorough
and careful search of all areas.
This may require a recheck of areas previously covered.

1. An effective procedure for rechecking is to:

a. Alternate search groups.
b. Alternate searchers within the groups.
 Determining the search method and a starting point of the
search.

 Consider the size and type of area to be searched.

 Consider personnel and equipment necessary and available.

 Indoor scenes, depending on their size and content,

usually require only a 2-person team.

 Outdoor scenes, performed by two or more individuals,

are more effective as long as the search is well organized.
Consider the degree of thoroughness required depending on:

a. Crime committed.
b. Physical evidence sought.
c. Purpose of the search.
 Since all crime scenes are unique in circumstances and
characteristics there can be no set procedure that will apply in
each search.

Each scene must be studied and thoroughly planned to

ensure complete coverage of the search area.
The various types of search methods.

Strip or line search.

Circular (spiral or concentric) search.

Quadrant, sector, or zone search.

Elevation Zone Search

 Strip or Line search.
 This method, is among the most effective for
outside searches due to its thoroughness.
Single strip search.

 Stakes and lines are useful in setting up lanes.

 Natural landmarks may be used as boundaries or

lane markers. Double strip (grid) search.
 Another
example of a
strip search.

Another
example of
a grid
search.
 Circular (spiral or concentric) search.
1. This type of search is useful when an item is
missing from the center and the search must be
conducted rapidly.
2. The search may begin in the inside working
outward, or vise-versa as the circumstances dictate.

spiral concentric
 Quadrant, Sector, or Zone Search.
1. This type of search is effective for indoor and outdoor scenes
that have regular patterns or defined borders.
2. This type of search also permits different types of searches in
the different sectors.
a. Subdivide the scene into areas or sectors,
such as dividing:
(1) A building into rooms.
(2) A bookshelf into sections.
(3) A vehicle into sections.
Elevation Zone Search
Overlapping Zone Search

The Team Leader should

observe and supervise the
search while other team
members perform the
search. With a overlapping
search items are unlikely to
be missed.
Some investigative tools and equipment that are
recommended for performing crime scene searches.
41.21.
Hand lens (magnifying glass).
71. Evidence
Extensiontape, cords. seals and identifier.
42.31.
51.
1. Waterless
22.
Chalk.
Gloves
Portable
61. Body
Four-weather
hand
(Universal
electric area
fluid gear
wash.
Precautions).
lighting.
collection
(raincoat, kits.
umbrella, etc.). UV/amp/laser,
72. Forensic
11. Watch. light source (alternate light source,
43.32.
52.
2. Thermometer.
Directional
Writing
Barrier
goggles.)
62.sheeting
Casting
marker/compass.
implements
aka, (pens,screens
privacy
materials.
pencils,(to markers).
shield body/area from
23. Medical
12. 81.
Paper equipment
bags (for kit (scissors,
hands, feet, forceps,
etc.). tweezers,
public
3. Crime
33.
53. Body
Tarps bags. Refrigeration
– to protect
scene tape. evidence
or cooling unit.
from weather.
exposure suit,
73. Generator.
63. Specimen
High scalpel
density handle, blades,
lights. disposable syringe,
13. containers (for evidence items and
view).
large gauge
4. First 82.
Communication needles,
Roll cotton-tipped
of equipment
string. swabs,
(cell phone, etc.).
pager,
34.
54.
74. Traffic
aid cones.
toxicology
Gunshot kit. specimens).
residue glass. kit.
64. Magnifying
radio).
44.24.
Purification
Phone
14. 83. mask
listing
Rubber
Disinfectant (disposable)
(important
bands.
(Universal respirator
phone with filter
numbers).
Precautions).
35.
55.
75. Latent
Consent/search
print kit. forms.
5. Laser trajectory kit.
65. Permanent
Flashlight. markers.
45.25.
Reflective
Tape or
15. 84. vest.
rubber
Departmental bands.
scene forms.
36.
56.
76. Local
Crime
6. Marking
Body maps.Shoe
scene print
barricade
paint/snow
ID tags. lifting
wax. equipment.
tape.
46.26.
66.
Audio/video
Sketchrecorder
paper.
37.
57. Disposable
16. Camera
Plastic
Flares. trash (paper)
with flash.
bags. jumpsuits, hair covers, face shield, etc.
7. Metal
77. Camera
67. 85. –Templates
35mm
detector.
Tool kit. (with(scene and human).
extra batteries, film, etc.).
47.27.
Basic hand
17. Blood
Evidence tools (bolt
collection
seal (use cutter,
tubes
with screwdrivers,
(syringes
body hammer,
and
bags/locks). shovel, trowel,
needles).
38.
58.
8. Gunshot
78. Personal
Investigative
86.
Mirror. residue
protective
notebook
Trajectory analysis
equipment
rods. kits (SEM/EDS).
(for scene (PPE).etc.).
notes,
68.
paintbrushes, Business cards.
etc.). lists (clothes, drugs, etc.).
18. Inventory
28. Pocketknife.
Remember,
9. Photo
39.
59.
79.
48. Body
Measurement
Phone
69.
bag
19.
this
Bindleplacards
paper.
listings
Chemical
locksenvelopes.
Paper
is
of a
instruments
(signagesuggested
important
enhancement
(to secure
(tape
to ID
body inside
list,
measure,
case
numbers.
supplies.
bag).
innot everyone is going
ruler,
photo).
rolling measuring
to
29.
40.need
60. ever
Shoe-covers.
Boots
Biohazard
(for wetitem,
bags. ever scene.The
conditions, construction new sites,
WCSO Crime
etc.).
80. Protrusion
70. Entomology rod set. (insect) collection kit.
Scene
49. Personal
tape, Search
20. Clean
comfort
etc.). Unit
whitesupplies
30. Trace evidence kit (tape, etc.).is
linen
well
sheet
(insectstocked
(stored
spray, in and
sunplastic
should
screen, hat,provide
bag). etc.). for
just
50. 10. about
Official any
Presumptive blood normal
test kit.(for
identification scene needs!
yourself).
Evidence collection kits recommended for
crime scene searches

Blood Collection

Evidence identifiers. Sterile swabs.

Bindle.
Latex gloves. Test tubes/test tube rack.
Coin envelopes.
Photographic ruler (ABFO
Disposable scalpels.
scales).
Distilled water.
Presumptive chemicals.
Ethanol.
Sterile gauze.
Bloodstain Pattern
Documentation

ABFO scales.
Calculator.
Laser pointer.
Permanent markers.
Protractor.
String.
Tape.
Excavation
Cones/markers.
Evidence identifiers.
Metal detectors.
Paintbrushes.
Shovels/trowels.
Sifting screens.
String.
Weights.
Wooden/metal stakes.
Trace Evidence Collection
Acetate sheet protectors.
Bindle (from German das
Bindle paper. Bündel = bundle, bale) is a
term used to describe the bag,
Clear tape/adhesive lift. sack, or carrying device used
by the (commonly American)
Flashlight (oblique lighting). sub-culture of hobos.
Forceps/tweezers.
Glass vials.
Trace evidence vacuum
with disposable collection
filters.
Fingerprint
Black and white film.
Brushes.
Chemical enhancement supplies.
Cyanoacrylate (super glue) wand / packets.
Flashlight.
Forensic light source.
Lift cards.
Lift tape.
Measurement scales. (RULER)
One-to-one camera.
Powders.
Impression
Bowls/mixing containers.
Boxes.
Evidence identifiers.
Measurement scales.
Permanent markers.
Water.
Plaster of Paris
Pattern Print Lifter Trajectory
Chemical enhancement Calculator.
supplies.
Canned smoke.
Electrostatic dust lifter.
Dummy.
Gel lifter.
Laser.
Wide format lift tape.
Mirror.
Protractor.
Toolmarks
String.
Casting materials.
Trajectory rods.
Guideline for conducting a crime scene search.

1. Approach scene
 The direction and location you approach the
scene from should cause as little disturbance to
the scene as possible.

2. Secure and protect

 Insure that no unauthorized persons are permitted to

enter the scene and insure no evidence is removed
prior to being properly documented and collected.

3. Preliminary survey
STOP and look at the scene, start evaluating
what steps you need to take.
Guideline for conducting a crime scene search.
4.Photograph
Evaluate thescene.
possibilities
prints.of
7. physical evidence.
9.
16.Fingerprints/Latent
Release scene to ensure that all evidence is
Refer to department
Look
appropriately for possible
collected, policy/protocol
evidence
marked or for
clues
for particular
that might
identification, order
and of
steps.  Before anything isand
touched, moved or tested, take
10. Identify,
leadpictures collect,
todocumented.
evidence mark, preserve evidence
of theas soonas asityou
waswalk
properly upwhen
to theyou arrived.
scene found
scene.
Makeorsure that ifevidence.
anything hasuse
been moved priorand
to
11.noEvaluation
If policy protocol
of DNA is in place, your training
past your arrival
5. Establish
experience. a that itofiscustody.”
“chain noted, who moved it and why it
17. Debriefing.
was moved. The more
12. Detailed pictures you take the easier it
search.
 will
This be
18. should
to recall
Notify be done
theof
next scene
before
kin. years
you later
ever when
enter itthe
finally
scene.
Know
goeswho to13.trial.
is going
FILM to IS
Evaluation collect
CHEAP!
of and who
actual is goingevidence.
physical to record
19. Transport evidence, body, etc.
evidence, and where it is going to be stored prior to
releasing
8. Sketch it14.
20.scene.
Createto Collection,
the property
case room.
file. recording, marking and
21. Labpreservation
results, of evidence.
autopsy, etc.
 A detailed
6. Narrative sketch is the only
description. way
 you 22.can
Write Press
down addyour
dimension
release
15. Final firstor
survey
to the conference.
impression
news scene.
to ensure of the scene, of
conditions
before youthe collect
crime orscene
move anything.
have been documented
23. Follow-up investigation.
as thoroughly as possible.
 Methods of conducting a preliminary investigation.
1. Upon arrival at the scene, determine if a crime has been
committed. (The specific crime and elements of the offense.)
2. Cautiously approach and enter the crime scene, perform a
“walk through,” remaining observant of any person, vehicles,
events, potential evidence, and environmental conditions.
3. Provide first aid to injured persons and request emergency
medical attention, if necessary.

4. Determine if a weapon is involved and secure it.

5. Locate and interview victims and witnesses. Keep witnesses

separated. Be aware of any persons or vehicles attempting to
leave the scene.
6. Obtain identification of witnesses’ name, date of birth,
address, residential telephone number, place of employment,
and work phone number and other important information.

7. Document specific information in “field notes” regarding

the crime scene.

8. Identify and arrest the person responsible, if possible.

Determine whether a "fresh pursuit" would be of value (if
the suspect is still in the vicinity).

9. Conduct a “neighborhood or door-to-door canvass,”

if necessary.

10. Remain alert and attentive.

11. Follow department policy.
Field notes
 Obtain and record the following information:

was
did
How:
What:
Why:
When:
Where:
Who:
the
the
crime crime
suspects
was committed?reported?
getWas
in? stolen,
Was
observed the crime? Saw the suspects?
Didthe the crime
damaged,
crime
was
did the
committed?occur?
the crime
crime
or otherwise
Committed Was Were
committed?
occur?
affected?
the the
Was
evidence
crime? Evidence
Had police
Was
the
a motive that victim
evidence
discovered?
has
for been
chosen?
located?
notified?
located? Was
Do the
Was that
Statements
committing the location
crime?
any were chosen?
made?
Accompanied
evidence
suspects live? Do Wasthethat
the Additional
located?
suspect? Called the police? Is/was the victim?
specific property taken? Was that specific
information
witnesses is needed?
live?
property taken?
 Protection of a crime scene.

Protect the crime scene from destruction,

contamination, or removal of evidence and loss of
property.

A little much but you get the message, use

the tape to control entry to the area.
If necessary, use street barricades, ropes,
police line" tape, or additional personnel
around the perimeter to keep unauthorized
persons out.
 Once evidence has been located, remind personnel not to
touch, move, or handle the items, in any way, until the
evidence has been:
Documented. Sketched.
ReadyPhotographed
to be collected, marked, and preserved.
 Establishing a “chain of custody.”
 A record of all individuals who handle the
evidence, as well as any details of of events.
 Documentation should begin during the
preliminary investigation.
 Ensure that evidence tags are created.
 Each time the evidence exchanges possession from one
person to another,or moves from one location to another, the
investigator must record this transaction.

“chain of custody.”
Always follow department policy and protocol.
 It is critical to record all pertinent information possible and
maintain the chain of custody.
Conducting a final survey of the crime scene.

A final “walk through” of the crime scene.

It ensures that evidence has been collected

and scene has been processed prior to
release.
Ensures that evidence, equipment, or materials
are not inadvertently left behind and dangerous
materials or conditions have been reported and
addressed.
Conducting a final survey of the crime scene:
During the walk through, the following should be ensured:
1. Each area identified as part of the crime scene is visually
inspected.
2. All evidence collected at the scene is accounted for.
3. All equipment and materials generated by the investigation
are removed.
4. Any dangerous materials or conditions are reported and
addressed.
5. Crime scene is released in accordance to department policy
 After the Search is complete, but prior to releasing the scene, it
is important to DEBRIEF the search team by the investigator(s)
who are in charge of the search:

This enables law enforcement personnel and other

responders to share information regarding particular
scene findings prior to releasing the scene.

Provides an opportunity for special requests for assistance, and

the establishment and verification of post-scene responsibilities
(Body identification, notification, press relations, and evidence
transportation).

Share investigative data (if collaborating with other law

enforcement agencies/jurisdictions).
This collaboration helps in following ways:

1. Determine what evidence was collected

2. Discuss preliminary scene findings with team members.
3. Discuss potential technical forensic testing, crime
laboratory, storage facility, and the sequence of tests to be
performed.

Good opportunity for investigators and other responders to

ensure that the crime scene search is complete.
Allows law enforcement officials to prepare a press release or
public news conference, if necessary.
Allows the investigator (s) in charge to make special requests
and to remind all responders of maintaining confidentiality of
case.
The importance for maintaining a case file.
The file is a record of all actions taken and evidence
collected at the scene. If it is not written down, it did not
happen!

This documentation allows for independent review of

the work conducted, or if preparing a case for
prosecution.
A case file contains the following information:
1. Initial responding deputies documentation. ( Offense
Report, Property Reports, CCH’s, 27’s…ect…)
2. Emergency medical personnel documentation.
3. Entry/exit documentation.
4. Photographs/videos.
5. Crime scene sketches/diagrams.
6. Evidence documentation/copies of tags.
7. Other responder’s documentation. (Additional Deputies,
Fire Departments, JP’s)
8. Record/copy of consent form or search warrant.
9. Forensic reports, as they become available.
The importance for conducting a follow-up
investigation:

Reasons for conducting a follow-up

investigation.
1. To follow-up on leads pertinent to the case
once the preliminary investigation has been
concluded.
2. Should be based on what is discovered or
learned during the preliminary investigation.
3. Consists of double-checking on addresses,
possible escape routes, and other leads that may
provide important new information.
Tasks performed in a follow-up
investigation include the following:
1. Analyzing reports and documents to ensure
accuracy.
2. Reviewing official departmental records and
files for more evidence.
3. Gathering information on friends and
associates of suspect (s).
4. Examining the victim’s background.
5. Checking police intelligence files to develop
potential suspect (s).
6. Organizing police actions, such as
neighborhood canvassing, raids, and search
warrants.
Sketching and Photographing
The use of sketches during crime scene
searches.

Definition of a crime scene sketch:

a rough drawing, which represents the crime
scene and serves to supplement photography by
providing accurate information concerning
distance between various points in the scene.
 The main reasons for using crime scene sketches.

1. To provide a permanent record of conditions otherwise not

easily recorded (i.e., distance, photography, and movement of
suspect).
2. To reconstruct the crime scene.
3. To record the exact location and spatial relationships between
pieces of evidence and the surroundings.
4. To help refresh the investigator’s memory.
5. To help corroborate testimony of witnesses.
6. To eliminate unnecessary and confusing details.
7. Can be enlarged by an artist in order to be as an exhibit during
a courtroom testimony.
The crime scene sketch should include the
following information:

 Investigator’s complete name and rank.

 Date, time, type of crime, and assigned case number complete
name of other officers assisting in the making of the sketch
(measuring, etc.).
 Address of the crime scene, its position in a building,
landmarks, and so on.
 Scale of the drawing (if no scale, that should be indicated by
printing “not to scale.”).
The crime scene sketch should include the
following information:
Primary items of physical evidence and other critical
features of the crime scene, located by detailed
measurements from at least two fixed points of
reference.
 Key or legend identifying the symbols or points of
reference using in the sketch
 The types of crime scene sketches.
The rough sketch:

a) A rough sketch is a quick and crude drawing of a crime

scene.
b) Usually drawn on 8 ½ by 11-inch note or graph paper,
using a clipboard and a pencil. It’s not drawn to scale.
c) It should be as accurate as possible, under the
circumstances, without deliberate distortion, and it should
contain all measurements necessary to make a scale
drawing.
d) The rough sketch must be done entirely at the scene.
Additional "remembered" details should never be placed on
a rough sketch after you have left the scene.
 The finished sketch.

a) A finished sketch is usually drawn on 8 ½ by 11-inch graph or

b) Plain paper, using permanent ink. This sketch is a
supplemental page to your investigative report.
c) It is drawn at the station, using a ruler or a particular drafting
tool.
d) Like the rough sketch, the typical finished sketch is not drawn
to scale (this fact should be clearly indicated on the sketch), but
it should contain all the necessary information for producing a
scale drawing of the crime scene.

Even if you do not do a scale drawing at this

time, you should be able to come back 10
years from then and do a perfect scale drawing.
The scale drawing:
A) The scale drawing is a blueprint of the crime scene, drawn
in ink on a large display board (Ex: 30 inches by 36 inches);
and to be used for court presentations. All details in the
drawing should be large enough to be seen at least 15 feet
away by jury members.

B) The drawing should be drawn to exact scale, with the scale

reduction (Ex: ½ inch equals 1 foot), indicated clearly on
drawing.

C) Since the drawing is to scale, distance arrows and

measurements indicating the exact location of the evidence
should not be included.
D) If requested, dimensions and descriptions can be placed on
the scale drawing in the courtroom by using your rough or
finished sketch for reference.

The perspective sketch:

A) Objects are drawn as they appear to the eye with
reference to relative distance or depth.
B) Useful when no camera is available or the condition of
the scene is such that a photograph would not be
illustrative. (Ex: 3-D Cube)
 The projection sketch:
A) Most frequently used.
B) All places and objects are drawn in one plane, as seen from
above.
C) Cross projection drawing is where walls and ceiling of a room
are seen as folded out into the same plane on the floor.
D) This type of drawing is used to illustrate interrelationships
between objects in different planes, such as bullet holes and
blood stains.
The schematic sketch:
Used to represent an orderly combination of events that has
occurred. (Ex: tracing the path of a fired bullet through glass,
flesh, or walls; tracing the path of a skidding vehicle.)
The detailed sketch:
1. Used when describing a small area which is
not illustrated due to the scale chosen for the
rough or finished drawing.
2. Used when small items of evidence must be
illustrated prior to their removal from immovable
objects. (Ex: bullet holes, tool marks, blood spots
or patterns, on the location of a latent fingerprint.)

A drawing within a drawing:

Main Drawing
Detail Drawing

Detail Area
Prevalent sketch:
Sketch of the general locality.
A sketch of the scene of the crime and surrounding
environment.
This sketch would, for example, include other buildings,
roadways or the presence of miscellaneous material nearby.
An arson scene is an example of one that might require this
type of sketch in order to illustrate the proximity of
combustible material.
 The elements of a crime scene sketch.

Measurements

1. A decision must be made on the scope of the sketch.

2. Take measurements with equal accuracy whenever possible.
Always indicate the method used to arrive at a given dimension,
such as the rule or pace.
3. The sketcher should always have control of taking and
observing the measurements.
4. While measurements may be indicated between movable
objects to establish a correlation, at least one set of dimensions
must reach immovable objects or positions. This should be clearly
identified in the notes as reference points.( more on this later)
 Compass direction.

A standard arrow of orientation pointing to

the north must be present in order to
facilitate proper orientation of the sketch.
 Scale or Proportion.
1. This will normally be dependent upon the area to be
portrayed, the amount of detail to be shown, and the size
of the drawing paper. The scale can be determined by
dividing the longest measurement of the drawing paper.
(Ex: A scene 70' X 100' and drawing paper approximately
8" X 10", would require a scale of 1" = 10 feet.)
Formula: 100 feet = 10 feet/inch or 1 inch = 10 feet.
10
 Suitable scales for use in police work are as
follows:
Areas may not be in proper proportion in the sketch but this will be
corrected when proper measurements are reproduced to the
scale.
1 in. = 1 ft. (for small rooms)
. ½ in. = 1 ft. (for small rooms)
¼ in. = 1 ft. (for large rooms)
1/8 in. = 1 ft. (for large areas w/several buildings)
½ in. = 10 ft. (for large buildings)
½ in. = 10 ft. (for buildings w/surrounding gardens)
1/8 in. = 10 ft. (for large areas w/several buildings)
1/8 in. = 100 ft. (for areas with lengths at least 1 mile each way)
 Legends or Key

a. An explanation of symbols used to identify objects in the sketch.

b. Excessive lettering should be avoided, so objects are given
numerical or letter designations.
c. When the scene consists of large outdoor sites, conventional
signs used on maps can be used advantageously.
d. When possible, the legend must be unmistakably related to the
sketch so the sketch will have meaning.
 Title
The title should contain data necessary to authenticate it.
The following information should be included:
(1) Offense Number
(2) Date and hour of case or incident (when sketch is
prepared)
(3) Scene portrayed
(4) Location sketched
(5) Person who sketched the scene
(6) Scale
(7) Legend or Key
 Types of methods for developing a sketch

Triangulation
Measurements are made by triangulation from two fixed
permanent objects within the area of the crime scene to the point
you desire to plot and illustrate in the sketch. (Ex: fixed starting
points may be the corners of a room. From these fixed points,
measurements are made to the various objects within the scene.)

Blood Pool NOTE: By calculating the

reduced distances on a scale
drawing and scribing arcs from
the fixed points indicated, the
7’ 10’
point at which the arcs intersect
14’ is the exact location of the
object.
Fixed points
 Rectangular Coordinates
Objects are located in this method by their distance from two
mutually perpendicular lines. Make sure that
the straight-line
measurements
taken from a
given base line
are taken with
the rule at right
angles with the
given base line.
Only then will the
finished scale
drawing be an
accurate
representation of
the scene.
Photographs

The student will be able to summarize the use

of photographs during crime scene searchers.
Reasons for taking Crime Scene Photographs
Photographs set forth a visual record of
the crime scene and all of its pertinent
factors.
 Photographs present a logical "story" told by the
scene in visual form.

Crime scene photography is one of

the major integral facets of the entire
investigative process.
 Photographs should be taken prior to
disturbing the scene if at all possible. The
photographs need to depict the scene as it
was discovered.

The more pictures you take the better.

YOU CANNOT TAKE TOO MANY!
Once the scene has been photographed
overall, detail photos should be taken to
include measurement devices.
If an ABFO scale is not
available, any thing that can
be measured later will do.

Odontology is the
scientific study of
the teeth

American Board of

Forensic Odontology
 Photographic Log
1. It is a complete record of photographic operations at a
crime scene.

2. Used to record the chronology of pictures taken.

See handout of photo log

A. A sequence of photographs showing all pertinent locations
in an organized manner must be compiled to adequately
exhibit a crime scene.
B. Subject matter found in a crime scene should be represented
by a progression of "general to specific."
C. To achieve a progression, the crime scene should be covered
by photographs from three major vantage points:

1. Long-range photographs.
a. These are usually an overview of the scene.
b. Examples: an aerial view of an apartment
complex; a few down a long hallway looking into a
bedroom.
 Mid-range photographs.

a. Usually taken in a manner which portrays the scene from

approximately ten to twenty feet of distance from the subject.
b. In order for the viewer to associate the general crime
scene with separate areas photographed, sufficient detail
should be contained in each photograph to allow this
association.

Close-up photography.

a. Normally taken five feet or less from the subject matter.

b. Detailed photographs of items that could not be effectively
seen and studied in long-range or mid-range photographs.
 The different categories
of "range“ photographs.

1. Focusing on the location of the crime.

a. These photographs depict various places that are
part of the crime scene area. Example: aerial
photographs (exterior and interior).

2. Concentrating on the nature of the crime.

a. The nature of the crime should try to be depicted which
will assist the investigator in determining the type of crime
committed.
3. Centering on the results of the crime.
a. Example: a homicide may have begun with a house
break-in through a kitchen window, continued with
vandalism and culminated with homicide when the victim
confronted the intruder.
b. The results of each portion of a crime are depicted in
sequence to reproduce events.
4. Featuring the physical evidence existing at the scene.
a. These are of great relevance to the investigation.
b. Pictures of all evidence as it relates to a crime scene
will ultimately enable the connection of the evidence to
be made with the crime scene and the defendant in court.
c. This type of photograph will be a major component in
establishing the chain of custody of items introduced in the
courtroom.
5. Focusing on follow-up activity not directly occurring at the
scene.
a. Example: autopsy photographs; photographs of
live victims or suspects to show bruises or other
wounds.

Now lets take a look at some

photographs and see how they
measure up.
 General standards used to review the
credibility of crime scene photographs.

No matter how extensive the photographic

efforts are at a crime scene, they must
withstand the test of legal admissibility.
 General standards used to review the credibility of
crime scene photographs:

1. Accurate representations

2. Free of distortion.

3. Material and relevant.

4. Unbiased.
 The relationship between crime scene sketches
and crime scene photographs.

1. Sketches supplement photographs.

2. Sketches combine features of both notes and pictures.
3. Photographs portray greater detail.
4. Sketches eliminate unnecessary detail.
5. Photographs provide permanent record of items that may be
overlooked or forgotten.
6. Photography, being a two-dimensional representation of the
scene of a crime, does not provide accurate information
concerning the distance between various points in the scene.
7. A sketch provides true distance relationships which will
complement and supplement photographic representations of the
crime scene.
8. In a photograph, objects in the foreground are often distorted as
compared with those in the background.
9. Frequently only part of a scene can be shown in a photograph.
10. Sketches are not a substitute for notes or photographs. They
are merely a supplement to photographs.
11. Sketches, photographs, and notes should be utilized together
at the crime scene to provide the most accurate account of what
happened.
 10 feet from base point 1 to base point 2.

1 10 feet 2

1A – 5’ 1C – 7’ 1E – 9’
2A – 6’ 2C – 8.5’ 2E – 4.5’
R = 1.5’
1B – 7’ 1D – 8.5’
2B – 4.5’ 2D – 7.5’
Fingerprints as physical evidence.

Relate directly to the ultimate

objective of every criminal
investigation, the positive
identification of the offender.

Prove person's presence at crime scene.

Frequently present at a crime scene.

The methods of classifying fingerprints.
A fingerprint classification is a formula given to all
ten fingers on a fingerprint card based on a pattern
type, ridge count, or ridge tracing. Anything less
cannot be classified and searched.
The fingerprint classification could be referred to
as the alphabet by which fingerprint cards are
filed.
 The only patterns usually used to define
pattern areas for classification purposes are
loops and whorls. The pattern area consists of
the part of a loop or whorl in which appear the
cores, deltas, and ridges with which is the
focus when classifying.
 Despite such factors as aging and a variety of
environmental influences, a person's fingerprints have
never been known to change. The unchanging pattern
thus provides a permanent record of the individual
throughout life.

No change in prints
during life time!
 Methods for identifying
FINGERPRINTS

Scientific basis of fingerprint identification

•Based on distinctive ridge outlines that appear on the
bulks on the inside of the end joints of the fingers and
thumbs.
•The ridge outlines have definite contours and appear in
several general pattern types. Each type has general
and specific variations of the pattern, depending on the
shape and relationship of the ridges.
•The ridge arrangement on every finger of every person is
different.
• The ridge arrangement is permanent throughout
the person's life; that is, the ridge arrangement
never changes from birth to death.

• These statements are true also of the ridges on the palms

of the hands and the soles of the feet. Identifications in
those areas have the same technical and legal validity as
fingerprints.

An identification is made by comparing the ridge

details in two prints to determine whether or not they
match.
 Types of Patterns

Fingerprints may be resolved into

three large general groups of
patterns:

 Whorl
 Loop
 Arch
 Patterns can be further subdivided by means of the smaller
differences existing between patterns in the same general group
as follows.
a. Arch loop
b. Whorl
c. Plain radial
d. Plain tented
e. Ulnar
f. Accidental double
g. Central pocket
 Identification points
1. Bifurcation - ridge forks and becomes two or more ridges.

2. Ending ridge - ridge makes a sudden stop.

3. Ridge island – ridge bifurcates and then forks into a ridge.

4. Dot - self-explanatory.
There is no specific number of comparison points
5. Short ridge – no longer than the width of the corresponding
required for a positive ID.
ridges.
Only enough points are necessary to form an
6. Divergence - spreading
opinion in the mindapart
of theofexpert
two ridges
who is that have
making the
been running parallel or nearly parallel.
comparison.
 “Visible", “Plastic", and “Latent"
impressions.
Visible impressions (dust prints).
Plastic Impressions
1. Print that has been defected with foreign matter.
2.1.If The result
a finger of the fingers
is placed being
in a thin layerpressed
of dust,into
the adust
softmay
substance,
cover
such
the as putty,
friction wet Ifpaint,
ridges. soap,subsequently
the finger grease, tar ortouches
wax, and are visually
a clean
surface, a visible fingerprint may distinct.
result.
2. A
3. They arefingerprint
visible also foundmay
on recently painted
also develop as surfaces,
a result ofintouching
the gum on
stamps such
other substances or envelopes,
as blood, and on flour,
wood, adhesive
ink ortapes.
oil.
4. Impressions are usually distinct and visible without the use of
additional light.
5. Should be a caution sign to an officer that there are probably
some good prints available.
Latent Impressions (patent fingerprint).
1. Occurs when the entire pattern of whorls on the finger, which
contain small amounts of grease, oil, perspiration, or dirt, is
transferred to an object when it is touched.
2. The grease and oil are usually neutral and are transferred to
the finger when the person touches other areas of his or her body
containing various bodily excretions.
3. Latent prints are usually not visible (“hidden”) to the naked eye
and require the use of special techniques and equipment in order
to examine properly.
4. Is a reproduction of the ridges of fingers, palms, toes, or soles
of the feet on any surface touched.
 The process of producing latent impressions
As we all know, just looking for a fingerprint with the naked
eye does not reveal all of the prints on an object. We have to
use other means to locate the prints.

 Techniques for locating latent impressions 

 Examination of a surface from different angles

The beam from a flashlight held at an acute angle with a

surface may reveal impressions that are not otherwise visible.

Breathing on a surface may cause fingerprints to be

visible on certain types of materials.
 The quality of latent impressions can be affected
by conditions such as:

The manner in which the impression was transferred.

The nature and quantity of the substance (perspiration, oils,

blood, and other), which cover the ridge surfaces.

Weather conditions
- Rain
- Humidity

Any physical or occupational defects of the person transferring

the print.
Occasionally, wet items, such as beer cans or glasses that
have condensation on the outside of them, or automobiles
which have been covered with dew, must be processed for
prints.
(1) These items should first be allowed to dry under natural
conditions in a sheltered area.
(2) Under no circumstances should heat lamps or artificial
heat of any kind be used to dry an object.
Protect all areas, as best you can, where you think the
criminal has had his hands and feet.
Any surface, that has been touched, is a
potential place to lift latent impressions.

Decide whether or not there are latent prints

on the objects touched.

Points of entry and exit should be carefully examined.

The use of powders and chemicals may interfere with

physical and chemical analysis, particularly in the
case of blood, fabrics, and documents.
In cases involving items with material adhering to their
surfaces and/or will require further laboratory examinations,
fingerprint processing should not be performed at the crime
scene.
These items should be carefully collected in a manner not
likely to disturb the fingerprint evidence and submitted so the
prints can be lifted in a controlled environment.
Dusting for Latent Impressions
For hard, dry, smooth surfaces it is best to use
printing powder.

Dusting the fingerprint with powder makes it visible to the

naked eye and prepares the print to be lifted for safekeeping
as evidence.

No attempt should be made to brush or apply powder to prints

in dust, obviously greasy prints or bloody prints, as this will
usually destroy them.
Before developing the print, the fingerprint brush should be
cleaned and the bristles separated by rolling the handle
rapidly between the palms of the hands and letting the
bristles spread out naturally.

Black powder should be applied to white or light

colored surfaces

Gray powder should be used on dark-colored

surfaces, mirrors, and polished metal surfaces

Black or gray powder can be used on clear transparent glass

Other colors of powder used, but black or gray are the most common.
 Powder should be used sparingly.

Distribute the powder lightly across the fingerprint until the

characteristic outlines of the ridge become visible.

AnyCare
excess powder
should
Gentlybe may
brush
taken destroy
away all ofthe
to brush theclarity
the latent
excess of thewith
print ridge
powder detail
the and
tips of
render it useless
the bristles for identification
by using short, quickpurposes.
strokes.
 Prints should be photographed before they are lifted

A small tab of paper on which is Date

inscribed appropriate identifying Location
data, should be placed in the
Case
field of view in a manner that number
will insure its inclusion in the
photograph. Your Info.
 Use lifting tape large enough to cover the entire
latent impressions.

Press the sticky side of the plate against the powdered

impression(s), do your best to avoid air bubbles and wrinkles in
the tape.
Rub the entire surface starting in the center and working
toward the edges.
Place on a 3 x 5 card.
Identifying data can be written on the 3 x 5 card to indicate the
location, date, case number, examiner's name, or any other
pertinent information.
 Methods used to develop latent finger impressions on paper,
cardboard, unpainted wood, or other absorbent surfaces.

When exposed to slight heat will

 Iodine vaporize, producing violet
fumes.

The violet fumes are absorbed

by fatty or oily matter, as they
come into contact with it.
Iodine prints begin to fade once the fuming is
stopped.
The prints must be photographed
If the specimen treated bears latent impressions containing
immediately.
these oils or fats, the print is made visible by the absorption of
iodine vapor and the prints appear yellowish brown.
  Ninhydrin.
This chemical acts as a dye on amino acids that are present in
perspiration

The amino acids turn light purple

Ninhydrin is available in aerosol cans or white

powder form.
Note:After
powder Ninhydrin must
the application, bewill
prints turned
begininto
to a
liquid using ethyl alcohol
appear or acetone before it
spontaneously
Prints will eventually lose contrast, so they
can be used.
within 1be
tophotographed
2 hours. Mostwith
prints will befilter
fully
should a green
developed within
after they are 24 hours.
developed.
  Silver Nitrate.
Silver nitrate crystals are mixed with either distilled water or
alcohol to form a solution.
 This solution reacts with sodium chloride (salt) present in the
perspiration (which forms the ridges in most latent impressions) to
form silver chloride.
Items may be immersed in the solution, taken out, blotted, and
dried. Items too large to be dipped may be treated by brushing the
solution onto the time.
Items too large to be dipped may be treated by brushing the
solution onto the time. In treating extremely thin types of paper,
the solution is best applied with a cotton swab.

Fingerprints developed with the silver nitrate solution appear

reddish-brown.
 


Immersion in silver nitrate solution washes

away any traces of fat, oil, and amino acids,
so the iodine fuming and the ninhydrin
process must take place prior to silver
nitrate treatment.
Print development by this method depends on the exposure to
light. Sunlight works well. As soon as the ridge detail of the prints
is clearly visible, the paper should be removed from the light.
Continued exposure will darken the paper; the contrast will be
lost.

Photographs should be taken right after development. Store

specimens in absolute darkness.
 Super-glue fuming
(cyanoacrylate resin)
Used to develop latent impressions on plastic, glass, glossy or
waxed paper, metal, leather, lacquered wood, and almost all hard
surfaces.
In orderThree
to speed up the
to four development
drops of glue are process,
placed inadd ½ a drop of
a fuming
normal sodium
chamber withhydroxide to the
the suspect glue.
items.
The
item
may be
dusted
in the
regular
manner
after
this
process
and the
latent
impress Development occurs when fumes from drying
ion is glue adhere to a latent impression through the
lifted. friction ridges, then harden as ridge detail is
built up on the print.
Lasers.
a. Technique used to develop prints that could not have been developed
through the use of powder, iodine, ninhydrin solution, silver nitrate, or super
glue fuming.
b. The laser procedure is a clean, relatively easy method to develop prints, and
pretreatment of the specimen is not required.
c. Unlike with the ninhydrin method, the age of the print is not important.
d. It is generally used before other methods are employed because no
alteration of the evidence is required.
e. In this process, an expanded laser beam, which is used to luminesce certain
properties of perspiration, body oils, or other foreign substances found on a
latent print.
f. These types of lasers are currently used: argon ion laser, copper vapor laser,
and neo dynium. (Yag lasex).
g. Special eye protection must be worn, due to the intensity of the laser light.
 THE AFIS SYSTEM
AFIS technology uses a computer to scan and digitize fingerprints,
translating the unique ridge patterns of the prints into a binary
code for the computer’s searching algorithm.
In a short time, an AFIS computer can compare a new fingerprint
with vast files of prints and make identifications that previously
were possible only through a time-consuming and error-prone
process of manual comparison.

The search time for a search of about 500,000 prints ranges from
a half-hour to a matter of minutes.
Rolling a full set of legible fingerprints on a standard DPS/FBI
fingerprint card.
 First things first, make sure the person’s hands are clean
and free of foreign matter

Visually examine the person's hands and fingers.

Temporary disabilities affecting an individual's hand, which are
sometimes beyond the control of the identification officer.
Example: fresh cuts or wounds, bandaged fingers,
occupation (carpenter, bricklayer, and other), blisters,
excessive perspiration, or any other disability.

These issues should be noted on the fingerprint card.

 Fingerprint cards bearing these notations cannot
be properly classified and filed.

If at all possible, injuries or temporary conditions should be

allowed to heal prior to taking fingerprints for submission to
AFIS or prior to any attempt to classify them.
Prior to taking fingerprints Have the person clean their hands
and fingers with soap and water or a good waterless hand
cleaner. This will remove any excess perspiration or other
foreign material on the finger which could distort the
fingerprint.
Recommended equipment:

Inking plate

Cardholder

Printer's ink (paste type)

Roller
 Obtaining Clear and Distinct Fingerprints

The inked surface should be at a height where the person's

forearm can assume a horizontal position when the fingers
are being inked.

Use a thin coating of ink.

Person should stand in front of and at forearm's length

from the inking plate.

It is important that the subject be cautioned to

relax and refrain from trying to help by exerting
pressure.
In taking rolled impressions, the side of the bulb of the finger is
placed upon the inking plate, and the finger is rolled to the other
side until it faces the opposite direction (i.e., fingernail to
fingernail)

Stamp pad ink, printing ink, ordinary writing ink, or other colored
inks do not produce a suitable fingerprint, are too light, too thin,
and do not dry quickly.
Identification, Collection, and Preservation of Evidence

The process of identifying, collecting, and preserving crime

scene evidence for examination/analysis.
Prior to gathering physical evidence, the crime scene should be
photographed and sketched, a search conducted for latent
impressions and casts made of tracks, footprints, and tool
impressions, if found.

When collecting, marking, and packaging physical evidence,

anticipate the needs of the following:

Who will examine the evidence

Judge

Jury Members Defense Attorneys

 Closely observe the crime scene. It may disclose obvious items
such as the weapon used, broken articles, blood, scuff marks,
overturned furniture, trampled ground, or smaller physical
evidence in the nature of buttons, pieces of torn fabric, as well as
trace evidence, such as hair, fibers, or any other particles, which
indicate where the victim fought with the assailant.
hair
trampled ground weapon

blood
fibers

scuff marks
particles
overturned furniture
broken articles
buttons
pieces of torn fabric
 Case number.
Exhibit number (when numerous items are seized).
Date and time of seizure.
Name and DETAILED description of articles.

Location at time of discovery.

Signature or initials of officer making the discovery.

 Be sure that you’ll be able to answer “yes” to the following
question:

"If I never see this item

again until I am seated on
the witness stand, will I be
able to state that this is the
item I collected at a
particular location in
connection with this
particular case, to the
exclusion of all other
evidence I have ever
handled in this or any other
investigation?"
 Definition:
A list of persons handling evidence from the time it is
collected until the time a court order releases it or
orders it destroyed.

If the evidence leaves one persons

possession he or she should record
on the bag, to whom the evidence
was given, the date and time. Then
in a supplement to the report, record
the reason it was turned over.
 Marking Evidence

Anyone who handles evidence should affix his or her name and
badge number to the package containing evidence.

When a piece of evidence is turned in, the investigator should

check his or her identification mark on it to ensure that it is the
same item.
After an item is returned to the investigator, he or she should
determine if the item is in the same condition as when it was
discovered. Any change in the physical appearance of the
evidence should be called to the attention of the court.
 After you have decided what is the best
container for the evidence, you will want to
properly package it to prevent:

Spoilage
Breakage

Loss.
Contamination
 Each different item
should be packaged
separately.
Whenever a syringe is to be sent for
testing ( contains liquid which is probably
Any time you have a package
dope) it should be packaged separate
containing a suspected drug that is to
from everything else.
be used as evidence, it must be sent
Weto the
haveDPS Lab containers
sharps for testing. inPackage
the file
these
cabinet items
in the separately
patrol room tofrom anywith.
do this of
the paraphernalia which might be
with it.
 Different classes of evidence:
The rising specter of AIDS and
Infectious:
other dangerous diseases
creates a major health concern
for criminal investigators
Weapons
charged with collecting and
preserving crime scene
evidence.
Drug Paraphernalia.

Razor blades.

Hypodermic needles.
An unfortunate side affect of these infectious diseases is that it is
likely that officers who either lack adequate protective equipment
and training, or who are uneasy about the prospect of contracting
certain diseases, intentionally or inadvertently limit their searches,
thus jeopardizing the development of the case.

And, Don’t be afraid to

conduct a complete and
thorough search
Don’t get lazy during your search
Stay ALERT
 Soil
(dirt, mud, sand, ect..)
Dry soil as it was found on the shoes to prevent growth of mold
Often
IfCollect
encountered
is soil exemplars
adhering
from
to the
asubmit
point
shoesas
theof
close
a suspect
to
soil present on clothing, clothing.
the area where the evidential soil originated.
The exact locations from which exemplars are collected
Soil adhering
shouldto be
a plaster
noted cast is ideal.
in a sketch.
Collect a sufficient amount of exemplar soil.

I got it here

Be careful when packaging this evidence, don’t knock

the soil off.
 Liquids
Most often encountered in arson, alcohol or drug related cases

If liquid is not already in an airtight container, place in screw

If absorbed into another material, the material
cap vial
should or otherinto
be placed glass
an container with lid.(ex:
airtight container
clean, unused paint can with lid)
 Beware of acids and caustics that are
explosive, corrosive, and/or dangerous.

Vapors can case the container to

expand and fail, resulting in injury or
death to anyone nearby.

Odai_Hussein
 Flammable liquids and accelerants evaporate easily.
Liquid evidence should be weighed for content in metric units.
Firearms
 The firearm should be
handled carefully by the
grip or the sides of the
trigger guard.
Never stick anything, such as a pencil, into the barrel of
a firearm; this could destroy valuable trace evidence.

There should be no attempt to fire the gun,

dismantle it, or to interfere with the mechanism in
any way.
 Note the following conditions:

Physical appearance of a weapon before it is moved

The position of slide, bolt or cylinder

The position of exposed hammer, firing pin, and safety

Photographs should be taken

before the firearm is touched or
moved.
Weapon may now be processed for latent impressions.

Avoid areas that appear to be blood

stained.
Blood on articles of evidence to be
processed for latent impressions
should necessitate the article being
submitted to the lab before any
powder or chemical, is applied, as it
will contaminate the blood sample
Avoid the front of revolver cylinders (smoke halos
may be present.)

What does this tell us?

These can often indicate the sequence of firing

Never retain a loaded weapon, unload it.
 Marking firearms.
a. Don't deface a firearm with identifying data.
b. Never put marks on an easily removed part.
c. Be consistent with markings.

General notes on firearms.

a. Do not clean or fire the weapon.
b. Do not work mechanism except to unload the round in
chamber.
c. Never take the weapon apart.
d. Never place an object inside the barrel.
 Loaded firearms.
Revolvers.
(1) Mark empty cases or live cartridges and the rear edge of
the cylinder with a code to show the chambers in which each
empty case or live cartridge rested at the time of its removal.
(2) If cocked, carefully release the trigger.
(3) Carefully remove the bullets from their point of impact,
and the location where they were found must be recorded
accurately.
(4) Handle them as little as possible and package individually
in a marked container.
When cylinders must be unloaded
(1) Prepare a drawing and make notes about the position of
every fired and unfired cartridge in relation to the 12- o'clock
position. (Be careful they do not accidentally spill out of the
chambers.)
(2) Place unloaded ammunition in individual containers, which
are numbered to correspond to the respective chambers from
which each was removed.
(3) Unloaded ammunition may have to be processed for trace
evidence and fingerprints.
(4) Place identification data on containers.
 Semi-automatic handguns
(1) Usually found cocked with an intact cartridge in the chamber.
(2) Place the safety switch in the "safe" position.
(3) Remove the ammunition magazine.
(4) Preserve the clip or magazine for latent impressions. Do not
remove ammunition from clip or magazine. Never work
ammunition from the clip or magazine through mechanical action
of firearm.
(5) Release the safety (place in fire position).
(6) Place the slide back in order to eject the cartridge.
(7) If a round is jammed in slide-action, do not operate the slide in
anyway.
 Projectile evidence (expended bullets)
1. Record the position through photography and sketches.
2. Carefully remove the bullets from their point of impact.
a. Example: If embedded in wood or plaster, cut around bullet site until it falls free.
b. Retain surface material around entry site for comparison with debris on the
bullet.
c. Collect a sample of any surface material you suspect as having been contracted
by a bullet.
d. Label the control sample clearly.
3. Accurately record the location where they were found.
4. Handle bullets carefully and as little as possible.
5. Place identification marks on the base of the bullets, only if necessary.
Many types of trace evidence (paints, fibers, blood, and wood) may be adhering
and may be of great value in reconstructing sequences of events.
6. It is recommended that rather than attempting to mark a bullet directly, it should
be packaged individually and the container marked appropriately.
 Glass evidence
1. Glass fragments can result from many circumstances.
Example: a bullet can shatter glass by passing through it, or glass
purposely broken will leave behind fragments in the crime scene
and on the perpetrator. When collected, glass could be used to:
a. Show the direction of travel of a projectile.
b. Show the sequence of impact of a projectile.
c. Match other broken glass.
Collection and preservation of glass evidence
a. Carefully collect and package all glass.
b. If glass remains in the window frame, mark the glass with the
words, "outside" or "inside," before removing. The purpose of
doing this is so that the fracture pattern may be utilized to
determine the direction from which the breaking force was
applied.
c. Latent impressions lifted from the window glass should have a
notation as to which side the latent was found.
d. Exemplar glass should be properly marked and photographed
before it is removed. Samples of glass should be taken
preferably from all four corners in the window frame rather than
possibly contaminated glass on the ground. The purpose for this
is to discern if the physical properties of the questioned glass
are within the range of the physical properties of the exemplar.
e. Glass on the ground should be carefully examined for latent
and shoe prints.
f. The clothing of a suspect should be carefully handled to prevent
the loss of evidence. Dry clothing if wet. Clothing is best wrapped
in paper to avoid the loss of trace evidence and then packaged in
new paper bags.
g. The clothing of suspects should never be included in the same
container with exemplar glass, suspected tools, or other trace
evidence.
h. Large pieces of glass should be packaged carefully to avoid
breakage, shifting and chipping. Properly mark containers in order
to prevent them from being cut.
 Paint evidence.
1. Collection and preservation of paint evidence.
a. If paint cannot be removed without alteration, and if practical,
submit the item bearing the questioned paint.
b. Collect samples with a clean-bladed instrument and include all
paint layers. (Afterwards, throw blade away or retain as evidence.)
c. Exemplar paint should be collected from areas attacked.
d. Obtain paint samples from all damaged areas on a vehicle
because of composition, thickness and/or order of layers
frequently vary at different locations. The sequence of paint layers
indicates the make of the vehicle. (Refer to the metal when getting
samples.)
 Paint evidence
e. Smeared paint, particularly metallic automotive paints, may
appear quite different from original paint.
f. Sketch the location where an individual paint sample was
removed.
g. Paint fragments may be mixed with other debris. This debris
may be collected by sweeping or vacuuming into a container
that will not permit any loss.
h. Do not use plastic bags when packaging paint evidence.
Static electricity strongly holds the chips, making their removal
intact very difficult.
i. Do not use letter envelopes, chips can escape through the
corners.
j. When packaging, use a tight-fitting cardboard container.
 Suspects clothing
1. A suspect’s clothing should be collected in the following
manner:
a. Have suspect stand on a large sheet of white paper while
removing clothing.
b. Allow clothing to dry, if wet.
c. Do not attempt to remove evidence from the clothing. The
location of the evidence on the clothing may be important.
d. Package clothing items in separate paper bags.
e. Collect remaining debris from the large sheet of paper after
suspect has finished undressing. This evidence can be carefully
folded in a smaller piece of paper and placed in an envelope.
 Controlled substances.
1. Keep drugs from different sources (i.e.,
persons, places) separate in order to:
a. Preserve such substances for court,
b. Transport the substances, and
c. To protect all persons, including the officer,
from experiencing harmful effects of certain
drugs.
Most illicit drugs come in one of several forms:
a. Plant materials – place in a porous container such as a paper
bag to best preserve. For large amounts, such as marijuana
growing sites, samples of the material should be collected and the
remainder destroyed after weighing in metric units. However, this
is done only after the prosecuting attorney has given his or her
authorization.
b. Powdered materials – heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine
can be packaged in plastic envelopes that are sealed to prevent
loss of powder. The net weight of the powder seized should be
computed. The actual weight of the container should then be
determined and subtracted from the weight of the exhibit.
c. Liquid material – liquid PCP, liquid LSD, and marijuana may be
stored successfully in a glass bottle. Be cautious of liquids
composed of explosive, corrosive, or dangerous materials. Weigh
liquid evidence for content in metric units.
d. Tablets or capsules – package in a clear plastic envelope that
has been sealed and properly marked. Weigh the evidence and
count the dosage unit; the result should be recorded as
“approximate” weight.
Avoid the use of slang expressions when marking drug evidence.
Do not use plastic bags because static electricity causes the
substance to cling to the bag.
 Stains
a. Blood is the stain found most commonly.
b. Blood can provide an investigator with much valuable evidence.
c. Investigators should remember that not all bloodstains found at
a crime scene belong to the victim.
d. Indeed, a bloodstain may belong to the perpetrator, who might
have been injured while committing the crime.
e. In any case, it is usually a good idea to adhere to the following
guidelines when considering the collection of blood:
(1) Good photos and videos should be taken of bloodstains.
(2) Samples should be taken from all locations where blood is
found.
(3) Blood samples may easily rot, so they should be swabbed and
air-dried prior to storage.
 Prints and Impressions.

Prints and impressions.

1. Print and impression evidence should be regarded as valuable
and must be protected.
2. Examples of impression evidence include:
a. Tool marks (usually found on metal doors or window frames
and on locked metal desks, cabinets, and safes).
b. Tire impressions.
c. Foot impressions.
d. Teeth impressions (can be located on partly eaten food at crime
scenes).
3. Prints, such as latent prints and shoe prints, should be
protected against smearing, weathering, and all types of
mechanical damage.
4. Heat may destroy some prints.
5. Impressions such as from a finger, tool, tire, and shoe may be
readily destroyed if another surface comes into contact with them.
6. For this reason, access to the scene should be limited to a few
persons who are directly involved with the collection of evidence.
 Hair and Fibers
It may be necessary to close all doors/windows to keep things
from being blown away. (Make note of all open doors and/or
windows.)
May be carried away by other objects or persons
that come into contact with them.

The best way to avoid any of

these occurrences is to restrict
access to the scene until the
investigation of the scene is
complete.
 Precautions that should be taken to avoid contracting
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or other
infectious diseases during a search.
A. AIDS is caused by a virus, which can be transmitted by intimate
sexual contact, illicit use of intravenous drugs and blood and
blood product transmission to newborns by infected mothers.

B. AIDS is not an airborne disease. It cannot be transmitted

through toilets, showers, and/or saliva.

C. Even though low concentrations of the AIDS virus have been

isolated in saliva, tears, and urine. However, there is no evidence
that the disease can be transmitted from these bodily fluids.
There are certain precautions, which should be taken to avoid
contracting AIDS or other infectious diseases at a crime
scene.
1. All blood and body fluids should be treated as
potentially infectious.
2. Disposable latex gloves should be worn when there is
potential for Intermediate contact with blood or body
fluids.

A) Research has indicated that the

AIDS virus can survive from 4 to 7
days in dried blood; up to 15 days in
liquid blood at room temperature.

B) It has not been determined how long

the AIDS virus can survive in other
bodily fluids.
After finishing with a crime
scene, remove gloves and
wash hands thoroughly with a
special anti-bacterial soap and
water.

Hands or other exposed skin

surfaces should be washed
thoroughly and immediately after
accidental contamination with blood
or body fluids.
 In the case of an accidental wound, immediately clean
wound with isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol and seek medical
attention.

Avoid being punctured by soiled needles,

knives, razors, or other sharp instruments.
a. Do not attempt to re-sheath needles.
b. Use caution when thrusting a hand into
clothing during searches.
c. Place sharp objects in puncture proof
containers.
Spills of blood or other potentially contaminated body fluids should
be flooded with liquid germicide before cleaning and then
decontaminated with a fresh germicidal chemical, such as any of
the following:
a. Diluted household bleach - 1:10.
b. Isopropyl (rubbing alcohol - 35% solution.
c. Lysol.

Saliva has not been implicated as a transmitter of AIDS.

However, if cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is
necessary, mouthpieces/shields and ventilation devices
should be worn. This will help protect the officer from
any potentially infectious diseases.
Evidence stained with blood or body fluids should be handled
with disposable latex gloves, placed in plastic bags, and
clearly labeled.
a. The storage of liquid blood or other damp evidence in
plastic bags for an extended period of time can destroy its
evidentiary value.

b. It is necessary to immediately transport evidence to the

laboratory, or to a controlled drying compartment area to dry
the evidence.
When a dried bloodstain is scraped, particles of dried blood
fly in every direction. Therefore, surgical masks and
protective eyewear should be considered when the
possibility exists that dried blood particles may strike the
face or eyes.
Even after evidence has been properly dried and
packaged, it is still potentially infectious. Therefore,
appropriate warnings should be placed on all items.
 When a dead body is discovered and is known or
suspected of having AIDS, it should be clearly marked
as such with a distinctive toe tag or label; and then
transported in a plastic body bag.
 Safety precautions, safe work practices, and personal
protective equipment (PPE) recommended for personnel
processing crime scenes in hazardous environments.

Routes of exposure:
1. Inhalation.
2. Skin contact.
3. Ingestion.
4. Injection.
Safety

1. Bloodborne pathogen safety.

2. Chemical safety.
3. Confined space safety.
Personal Protective Equipment

1. Hand protection.
2. Eye protection.
3. Foot protection.
4. Respiratory protection.
5. Head protection.
 Hazardous materials transportation.
1. Title 49 (Code of Federal Regulations)
Special Storage Needs for Certain Types of Evidence
Blood
Liquid blood must be refrigerated

In order to prevent coagulation, a

preservative such as EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetracetic acid)
must be added and stored in vials
that can be capped

Dried blood must be

stored in paper, not
plastic, and away from
moisture
 Explosives

Blasting caps, unstable

When in doubt, seek explosives
expert advicesuch as
nitroglycerin, and any
"live" explosive or
incendiary devices should
not be kept in
or around the station
 Tools
Protect the working surfaces from:

Mechanical damage

Rust and corrosion

 Preserving evidence during foul weather

Work fast to collect as much evidence as possible

First collect the evidence that will suffer the most loss

Try to protect shoe and tire impressions from rain,

dew, snow, and hail by covering with boxes or
plastic.
DNA Evidence
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- the molecule that encodes genetic
information
DNA is a chemical substance contained in cells, which
determines each person’s individual characteristics

An individual's DNA is unique except in cases of identical

twins.

Biological
DNA is most
fluids
commonly
- fluids that
recovered
have human
from crime
or animal
scenes
origin;
in the
are
most
formcommonly
of hair, tissue,
encountered
bones, teeth,
in crime
blood
scenes
or other
containing
biological
blood, mucous, perspiration,fluids.
saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, and
urine
 Two methods of DNA evaluation

DNA analysis/examination –
process of testing to identify DNA patterns or types. In the
forensic setting, this testing is used to exclude or include
individuals as possible sources of body fluid stains (blood,
saliva, semen) and other biological evidence (bones, teeth,
hair). This testing can also be used to indicate parentage.

DNA profiling -
the result of determining the relative positions
of DNA sequence at several locations on the
molecule.
 Important considerations of DNA evaluations

DNA is analyzed (examined) in body fluids, stains, and

other biological tissues recovered from evidence

The results of DNA analysis of questioned biological

samples are compared with the results of known
samples

DNA analysis of known samples is an examination that

can associate victims(s) and/or suspect(s) with each
other or with a crime scene.
Examinations can determine the following:

Presence or absence of blood in stains

Whether blood is human or nonhuman

Animal species
Blood examinations cannot determine
the age or the race of a person

Conventional serological techniques

are not adequately informative to
positively identify a person as the
source of a stain
 Maintaining a “chain of custody” when collecting and
preserving potential DNA evidence

The key point is to keep a detailed list of

individuals who had control of the evidence
at any point, from collection to final
disposition.

Always follow department policy, protocol, and current laws.

 Methods of collecting known blood
samples
A. Only qualified medical personnel should collect (“draw”) blood samples from
an individual.
B. At least two 5-mL tubes of blood in purple–top tubes with EDTA as an
anticoagulant for DNA analysis; and drug or alcohol-testing samples in gray-top
tubes with NaF (sodium fluoride) should be collected.
C. Each tube should be identified with the date, time, subject’s name,
location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number.
D. Refrigerate, do not freeze blood samples. Use cold packs, not dry ice during
shipping.
E. Pack liquid blood tubes individually in Styrofoam™ or cylindrical tube
containers with absorbent material surrounding the tubes.
F. Label the outer container: KEEP IN A COOL DRY PLACE, REFRIGERATE
UPON ARRIVAL, and BIOHAZARD.
G. Submit blood samples to a crime laboratory as soon as possible.
 Collecting Blood
Samples
Liquid blood on a person

1. Absorb suspected liquid blood onto a clean

cotton cloth or swab.
2. Leave a portion of the cloth of swab unstained
as a control.
3. Air-dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean
paper or an envelope with sealed corners.
4. Do not use plastic containers.
 Dried blood on a
person

1. Absorb suspected dried

blood onto a clean cotton cloth,
or swab, moistened with
distilled water.
2. Leave a portion of the cloth
or swab unstained as a control.
3. Air-dry the cloth or swab and
pack in clean paper or an
envelope with sealed corners.
4. Do not store in plastic
containers.
 Blood on surfaces or in snow
or water

1. Absorb suspected liquid blood or blood clots into clean

cotton cloth or swab.
2. Leave a portion of the cloth of swab unstained as a control.
3. Air-dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paper or an
envelope with sealed corners.
4. Do not store in plastic containers.
5. Collect suspected blood in snow or water immediately to
avoid further dilution.
6. Eliminate as much snow as possible.
7. Place in a clean airtight container.
8. Freeze the evidence and submit to the library as soon as
possible.
 Bloodstains
Air-dry wet bloodstained garments
Wrap dried bloodstained garments in clean paper
Do not place wet or dried garments in plastic or
airtight containers

Place all debris or residue from the garments

in clean paper or an envelope with sealed
corners.
 Air-dry small suspected wet bloodstained objects

Preserve bloodstain patterns

Avoid creating additional stain patterns
during drying and packaging

Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive

action or packing materials during shipping

Pack in clean paper

Do not store in plastic containers

When possible, cut a large sample of
suspected bloodstains from immovable
objects with a clean sharp instrument.

Collect an unstained
control sample

Do not store in plastic containers

Pack to prevent stain
removal by abrasive
action or packaging
materials during
shipping.
Absorb suspected dried bloodstains on immovable
objects onto a clean cotton cloth or swab,
moistened with distilled water

Leave a portion of
the cloth or swab
unstained as a
control
Do not store in plastic containers
Air-dry the cloth or
swab and pack in
clean paper or an
envelope with
sealed corners
 Blood examination request letter
A blood examination request letter should contain the
following:

a. A brief statement of factions relating to the case.

b. Claims made by the suspects(s) regarding the source of
the blood.
c. Whether animal blood is present.
d. Whether stains were laundered or diluted with other body
fluids.
e. Information regarding the victim(s)’ and suspect(s)’ health,
such as AIDS, hepatitis, or tuberculosis

Follow Department policy and that of the

receiving lab
 Collecting saliva and urine samples
1. Use clean cotton swabs to collect saliva samples.

2. Rub the inside surfaces of the cheeks and gums

thoroughly.

3. Air dry the swabs and place in clean paper or an envelope

with sealed corners.

4. Do not use plastic containers.

5. Identify each sample with the date, time, subject’s name,

location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence
number.

6. Samples do not need to be refrigerated.

Saliva on cigarette butts
1. Pick up cigarette butts with gloved hands or clean
forceps. Do not submit ashes.
2. Air dry and place the cigarette butts from the same
location (ashtray) in clean paper or an envelope with sealed
corners.
3. Do not submit the ashtray unless latent print examination
is requested.
4. Package the ashtray separately.
5. Do not use plastic containers.
Saliva on chewing gum
1. Pick up chewing gum with gloved hands or
clean forceps.

2. Air dry and place in clean paper or an envelope

with sealed corners.

3. Do not use plastic containers.

Saliva on envelopes and stamps
1. Pick up envelopes and
stamps with gloved hands
or clean forceps and place
in a clean envelope.

2. Do not use plastic

containers.

3. Submit to a crime
laboratory as soon as
possible.
 Saliva
a. Absorb suspected liquid saliva or urine onto clean
cotton cloth or swab.

b. Leave a portion of the cloth unstained as Urine

a control.

c. Air-dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paper or an

envelope with sealed corners.

d. Do not use plastic containers.

Liquid saliva or urine

Dry saliva- or urine-stained objects

a. Submit suspected small, dry saliva- or

urine-stained objects to a crime laboratory.

b. Pack to prevent stain removal by

abrasive action or packaging materials
during shipping.

c. Pack in clean paper or an envelope with

sealed corners.

d. Do not use plastic containers.

Saliva or urine stains from immovable objects

a. When possible, cut a large sample of suspected saliva

or urine stains from immovable objects with a clean
sharp instrument.

b. Collect an unstained control sample.

c. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action or

packaging materials during shipping.

d. Pack in clean paper.

e. Do not use plastic containers.

 Semen stains
Liquid semen
1. Absorb suspected liquid semen onto a clean cotton
cloth or swab.

2. Leave a portion of the cloth or swab unstained as a

control.

3. Air-dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paper or an

envelope with sealed corners.

4. Do not use plastic containers.

 Dry semen-stained objects

1. Submit small suspected dry semen-stained objects to a

crime laboratory.

2. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action or

packaging materials during shipping.

3. Pack in clean paper.

4. Do not use plastic containers.

Semen stains from immovable object

1. When possible, cut a large sample of suspected semen

stains from immovable objects with a clean sharp
instrument.

2. Collect an unstained control sample.

3. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action or

packaging materials during shipping.

4. Pack in clean paper.

5. Do not use plastic containers.

 Dried semen stains on immovable object

1. Absorb suspected dried semen stains on immovable

objects onto a clean cotton cloth or swab moistened with
distilled water.

2. Leave a portion of the cloth or swab clean and place in

clean paper or envelope with sealed corners.

3. Do not use plastic containers.

Seminal evidence from sexual assault victim(s)

1. Sexual assault victim (s) should be medically

examined in a hospital or a physician’s office
using a standard sexual assault evidence kit to
collect vaginal, oral, and anal evidence.

2. Refrigerate samples and submit the evidence

to a crime laboratory as soon as possible.
 Collecting hair samples
Known hair samples

1. Thorough random samples should be taken from the

head and pubic regions of a suspect (s) and victim (s).

2. Twenty-five full-length hairs, pulled and combed

from different areas of the head and pubic regions, are
generally considered an adequate representation of an
individual’s hair characteristics.
 Hairs in the hand of the victims

1. Hairs found in the hands of the victim usually belong to

the victim.

2. Rarely are the hairs similar to the suspect’s known hairs;

nevertheless, these must be collected and submitted for
analysis.
 Pubic and Head Combings
Pick up hair carefully with clean forceps to
1. Pubic and head
prevent hair combings
damaging the rootshould
tissue. always be
taken in violent crimes.
Air dry hair mixed with suspected body fluids
2. Foreign hairs as well as fibers can be recovered
Package
from these each group of hair separately in clean paper or
samples.
an envelope with sealed corners.
3. If a hat is recovered at the crime scene and a
suspect is identified
Do not use soon, it may
plastic containers andbe possible and
refrigerate to find
submit
fibers
as soonsimilar to thosetoinathe
as possible hat,laboratory.
crime in the suspect’s hair.
 Methods of collecting Tissue, Bone, and Teeth
samples

Pick up suspected tissues, bones, and teeth with

gloved hands or clean forceps

Collect 1-2 cubic inches of red skeletal muscle.

Collect 3-5 inches of long bone such as the fibula or femur

 Collect teeth in the following order:

A. Non-restored molar.
B. Non-restored premolar.
C. Non-restored canine.
D. Non-restored front tooth.
E. Restored molar.
F. Restored premolar.
G. Restored canine.
H. Restored front tooth.
Place tissue samples in a clean, airtight
plastic container without formalin or
formaldehyde

Place teeth and bone samples

in clean paper or an envelope
with sealed corners.

Freeze the evidence, place in

Styrofoam containers, and
ship overnight on dry ice.
Collecting DNA evidence from hats, shoes, sock,
fingernails, weapons, and doors and windows

Hats
1. Package all hats in separate paper bags.
2. Use care when collecting baseball-style
caps with adjustable plastic headbands.
3. The bands are an excellent source for
fingerprints.
Shoes
1. An excellent source of fiber evidence, blood stains,
and shoe print comparisons.
2. Shoes worn by a suspect can deposit fibers from a
vehicle he or she exited at a crime scene and can also
pick up fibers from the scene and then deposit them
in another location.
Socks
1. Socks worn by a homicide victim can provide
invaluable fiber and hair evidence.

2. Many times the victim is transported by vehicle.

Contact with the interior surfaces of a vehicle can cause
hairs and fibers to collect on the socks.

3. It may be necessary to obtain elimination samples of

carpeting of the victim’s car or residence to avoid the
possibility of coincidental match.
Fingernails

1. Use care when scraping or clipping the fingernails of a

victim or suspect.
2. DNA on the hands or tools of the medical personnel can
contaminate the material and influence the DNA results.
Weapons
Weapons recovered at a crime scene should always be
searched for trace evidence before processing for
fingerprints.
Doors and Windows
Doors and windows should be searched for trace
evidence if they are possible points of entry or exit.
Considerations of documenting, collecting, packaging,
and preserving DNA evidence

A. If DNA evidence is not properly documented,

collected, packaged, and preserved, it will not meet
the legal and scientific requirements for admissibility
in a court of law.

B. If DNA evidence is not properly documented, origin

can be questioned.

C. If DNA evidence is not properly collected, biological

activity can be lost.

D. If DNA evidence is not properly preserved,

decomposition and deterioration can occur.
 E. When DNA evidence is transferred by direct or
secondary (indirect) means; it remains on surfaces by
absorption or adherence.

1. In general, liquid biological evidence is absorbed into

surfaces, and solid biological evidence adheres to
surfaces.

2. Collecting, packaging, and preserving DNA evidence

depends on the liquid or solid state, as well as the
condition of the evidence.

F. If evidence retains its original integrity once it reaches a

laboratory, there is greater possibility of obtaining useful
examinations results.
G. It may be necessary to use a variety of techniques to
collect suspected body fluid evidence.

H. Follow department policy for document, collecting,

packaging, and preserving all types of evidence.
 Specific Crime Scene Searches
Burglary

Observe exterior scene

Area lighting

Observe point of entry

Observe interior scene

Search the burglarized structure to locate the
burglar.
a. The suspect is sometimes interrupted in his/her
work and finds the path of escape blocked.
General description of interior scene affected.
a. If the scene is complex and difficult to describe,
make a sketch and take photographs.

Note any unusual features of the suspect’s M.O.

a. Example: Suspect left valuable articles at scene, or has
committed an extensive criminal mischief).

b. This information may assist in determining a suspect's

age, ability, experience, and sophistication.
 Evidence.
1. Collect, mark, and inventory the evidence, if found.

Stolen property inventory.

1. Include a complete description of the following:

a. Size, make, color, type.
b. Serial and model numbers.
c. Identifying marks.
Checklist for burglary investigation:

11. Identify the window of opportunity.

1.Vehicle
12.
6. Observe
Pawn as you approach.
shops/tickets; usual
description/tire sources for recovering
impressions.
property.
2.Footwear
7. Establishimpressions.
the elements.
13. Specific nature and value of items taken (serial
numbers).
3.Traffic
Work as any other crime scene (thoroughly).
8. tickets issued in area/time frame.
14. What was not taken?
4.Interview
9. Identify entry/exit points.
neighbors/any
15. How much destruction tosolicitors?
the interior?
16.
5. Profile
Tool the scenetransfer
(juvenile vs. professional).
10. Had marks/pry
any visitors lately?evidence.
17. Thoroughly interview the victim thoroughly, obtain a
detailed description of the missing property
Investigating an alleged robbery
A. Response to a robbery crime scene.

1. The chances of an officer involved in a shooting while

handling a robbery call, is greater than in most crimes.

2. Use extreme caution when approaching the scene,

even when advised that the suspect has fled. The
location or route of flight may still involve a hazard to
responding officers.

3. When proceeding to the scene, be alert for the

following:
a. Speeding vehicles and license plate information.
b. People running or walking unusually fast.
c. Nervous appearing pedestrians.
d. Vehicles or pedestrians resembling descriptions
provided by initial media broadcast.
 Crime scene search:

Physical evidence at a robbery

scene is usually minimal and
every precaution must be taken
to preserve that which does
exist.
 Checklist for robbery and aggravated robbery:

7.
1. Physical
Plan yourdescription (right or
tactical response toleft handed?).
a robbery in progress.
13.19. Surveillance
What cameras,
property was taken? if any.
(be specific)
8. Conduct
2. Arrive a thorough
safely and assumecrimeascene investigation.
possibility of shootout.
20. Getaway vehicles
14. Description of weapon. and direction of travel.
9.
3. Obtain
Observe a fingerprint of all areas where the suspect
as you approach.
15.21.
might
Any counter
Interview
haveof
surveillance
witnesses
touched.
seen? (separately).
and victims
4. Ensure the scene is safe for police and civilians.
16.22. Check immediate
Canvass the area for discarded evidence.
neighborhood.
10. Actual verbiage, what force was threatened?
5. Avoid a hostage situation, if possible.
17.23.
11.
Preserve all evidence
Immediate
The note,broadcast
preserve forof for prints.
information.
prints.
6. Establish the elements of a robbery.
18.12.
Robber’s M.O. Where
How many? (Ex: time,
theydisguises,
organized? weapon, voice, and
peculiarities.)
 Investigating an alleged theft
B. Determine value of property taken (PC 31.08).

1.
A. The value reporting
Interview of property or service is that represented by
party/victim.
the fair market value at the time and place of the offense.
1. Obtain a complete list and description of the
2. If fair market taken.
property value cannot be ascertained, the value is
the cost of replacing the property within a reasonable
time after the theft.
2. Obtain serial numbers, manufacturer, and
model number, identifying characteristics of the
3. If property
missingorproperty
service has value
or any that
other cannot befeatures.
descriptive
reasonably ascertained by the two methods previously
mentioned, the property
3. Determine or was
if there service is deemed
a theft to have a
of service.
value of more than $500 but less than $1,500.

4. Certain kinds of property have a clear value (i.e.,

automobiles).
 Investigating an alleged physical assault.

1. First consideration is the protection of life and property.

4. For simple assault cases, the officer may advise the
2.victim
Get allorpertinent information.
complainant to: (Example: who is involved,
identify a.
victim or complainant,
Determine suspect
if the situation canorbesuspects indicate
settled without
whetherfurther
it is domestic quarrel
police action oror other).
prosecution.

3. Indicate the motive

b. Advise or reason for
the procedure for the assault.
a filing complaint, if
such is desired.

5. The officer has the authority to make an arrest if

he/she witnessed the assault.
a. CCP 14.03.
 Crime Scene
1. Do not touch anything until it has been photographed
and/or sketched.

2. Photograph the victim's wounds.

3. Collect all physical evidence.

4. Reconstruct the crime.

5. All evidence must be collected, marked, and tagged.

6. Alleged assaults, by their very nature are violent cases,

an officer must always be on guard for his or her own
safety. A person at the scene, possibly mistaken for a
witness may be potentially dangerous. Be alert, this
person may possibly be the suspect.
 Checklist for an assault, or aggravated assault:

1. Ensure the scene is safe for officers and others.

11.17.
Search
Is thisimmediate area
matter civil for evidence.
or criminal?
2. Provide medical attention, if necessary.
3.12. Was
Examine
18. it mutual
Apply the
familycombat?
victim for defensive
violence wounds.
procedures, if applicable.
4. Does the victim know the suspect?
13.19.
Were the a
Obtain suspect’s actions
waiver for medicallegally justified?
records, if applicable.
5. Do the victim’s wounds match the story he/she is telling.
6.14. What was
Suspect’s
20. Gather thetrace
suspect’s
description.
all intent?
and fiber What did
evidence, he/she say?
if any.
7.15.
Work the crime scene.
21. Photograph thephysically
Was the suspect capable
injuries again of committing
within 2-3 days.
8.the
Photos
act? of injuries and surroundings.
9. Identify the weapon/s if applicable.
16. Do the elements of aggravated assault exist?
10. Thorough interview of victim/witnesses.
 Investigating an alleged sexual assault.
A. Sexual assault investigation.
1. CCP 57 - Confidentiality of Identifying
Information of Sex Offense Victims.

2. Determine if the crime scene has been altered or

contaminated.
a. Did the victim change clothing; discard ripped or
soiled clothing; remove towels, bedding, or any
other article?
b. Did the victim shower or bathe prior to the
officer's arrival?
c. Did the victim clean up the scene (e.g.,
contaminate fingerprints or other items of
evidentiary value)?
 3. Note and document the victim's condition.
a. Photograph injuries, if applicable.
b. Identity of possible witnesses who may have
left the scene.
c. List all witnesses, even if only partial
information is available.
4. Reconstruct the crime.
a. Have the victim recount the suspect's route and actions.
b. Isolate evidence to prevent contamination and
destruction.
c. Check the suspect's escape route for discarded
evidence.
d. Call the victim and witnesses' attention to any items
that may have evidential value. Clarification or confirmation
of evidential items will be needed for further investigation or
court purposes.
e. Photograph the crime scene and evidence, if applicable.
f. Identify, collect, and preserve the following evidence:

(1) Fingerprints/footprints.
(2) Clothing, bedding, towels that may possibly contain
biological evidence.
(3) Items suspected of containing biological evidence
should be permitted to dry at room temperature and
should be loosely folded, and then wrapped in clean
paper (not plastic).
(4) Binding material used to tie up the victim is usually
cut at the bindings several inches away from the knot.
The severed ends are tied together with string. Do not
cut or untie knots: they may establish MO and/or link
material to that found in suspect's possession.
(5) Weapon (s).
(6) Tool marks (forced entry).
 Medical treatment (specimens)

a. Advise the victim where he/she is going and what is going

to transpire.

b. Advise the victim to take a change of clothes or

underclothes, if clothing will be taken for evidence.

c. Transport the victim to the hospital for medical treatment

and medically supervise the collection of evidence of sexual
assault. If available, consider using a plain vehicle if the
victim so requests.

d. In accordance with medical protocol, the doctor will check

the entire body for injuries.
e. Specimens:
Request slides even though the victim bathed or
douched following the assault. Male officers shall remain
outside the examining room. Female officers may remain
in the room during the examination, if the victim desires.

(1) Vaginal slides (rape).

(2) Rectal slides (sodomy).

(3) Oral slides (oral copulation).

(4) Loose hairs.

f. Samples for comparison.
(This will be handled according to department policy.) The
attending physician may give the following samples to
officers as evidence:

(1) Vial of victim's blood for blood typing with preservative;

should be refrigerated.

(2) Sample of victim's saliva for secretion and blood typing.

Take vial of saliva and subsequently refrigerate or have
subject chew on filter paper, blotting paper, clean gauze
or cloth. Outline the area of the sample. Submit
uncontaminated paper or cloth as control. Dry and
package.

(3) Hair from the victim. Request approximately 20 strands

from several areas of the head, as well as from the pubic
area.
 If a suspect is taken into custody:
a. Record spontaneous statements.
b. Separate each suspect.
c. Do not permit the suspect (s) into the crime scene area. If
the suspect was arrested inside, immediately remove
him/her from the scene.
d. Prevent communication between the suspect (s), victim
(s), and witness (s), unless absolutely necessary.
e. Photograph the suspect (s) if there is evidence of injury
or torn/stained clothing, which may be of evidentiary value.
f. Preserve and collect the evidence found on the suspect(s)
(e.g., semen/blood stains, stolen property, and other
evidence).
g. Blood and urine samples should be taken for alcohol and
drug analysis following consent.
h. If clothing is described, or if of evidentiary value, remove
from the individual and book as evidence.