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Physics describes sound as a form of energy that is transmitted through a medium as

pressure waves making rarefactions and compressions. These pressure changes can be
captured by an electromechanical device, such as a microphone, and converted into an
analog signal. Typically, a recording device consists of a magnet surrounded by a coil,
which is attached to a diaphragm. As sound waves vibrate the diaphragm, the coil
moves about the magnet, which induces an electric current proportional to the ampli-
tude of the vibration. The electric current is captured as an analog signal, which can he
further stored on an analog recording device such as a magnetic tape. The first sound
capturing/reproducing equipment appeared in the late 1800s in the form of a phono-
graph created by Thomas Alva Edison and a gramophone by Emile Berliner. These
sounds were initially monophonic having only one channel. Stereophonic sounds aim to
add dimensionality to the sound experience by using more than one channel.
Engineers make a technical distinction between binaural and stereophonic recording.
Whereas binaural is reserved for the use of two channels, stereophonic refers to the
use of more than two channels. In binaural recording, a pair of microphones records
two different sounds or channels, which are then played back on two differ-
his creates the perception of spatial
ent speakers without mixing or cross talk. T sound.
were introduced in the 1920s. BBC made radio's first
Binaural sound systems stereo
soon made its way to other distribution modes, such as
broadcast in 1925 and movies and
ltichannel stereo sound was first used in Walt Disney's
television. Mu Fantasia in 1940,
ree channels created a surround sound experience. Since
where th then, the concept of
round sound has been extended to the use of five (and have
sur upwards) channels that
now become standard in home entertainment systems, latforms,
movie theaters, game p
and so on. Another related concept in stereophony tempts to create
is spatial audio, which at
surround sound like effects using a few chan-
ons first discuss the digitization of analog sound, explain
nels. The following secti its
xplanation for surround sound as well as
digital representation , and further the e spatial
audio.

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