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Camelid Infertility

Camel reproduction involves seasonal breeding between November and May. Females reach sexual maturity around age 3-4 years old. Estrus signs include chasing other females and swelling of the vulva. Ovulation occurs 24-30 hours after mating. Gestation lasts 315-440 days. Infertility can arise from repeat breeding failures, ovarian cysts, early embryonic death, endometritis, vaginal abnormalities, and uterine issues. Common diagnostic tools include rectal palpation, ultrasonography, and pregnancy detection via tail cocking at 16-17 days.

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199 views

Camelid Infertility

Camel reproduction involves seasonal breeding between November and May. Females reach sexual maturity around age 3-4 years old. Estrus signs include chasing other females and swelling of the vulva. Ovulation occurs 24-30 hours after mating. Gestation lasts 315-440 days. Infertility can arise from repeat breeding failures, ovarian cysts, early embryonic death, endometritis, vaginal abnormalities, and uterine issues. Common diagnostic tools include rectal palpation, ultrasonography, and pregnancy detection via tail cocking at 16-17 days.

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gnpobs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Camel Reproduction and

Infertility
Prof G N Purohit
South American
camelids
Reproductive anatomy of female
camels
• Ovaries
• Dorsoventrally flattened in adults
• Slightly convex in camel heifers
• Suspended by mesovarium
• Enclosed in the ovarian bursa
• Weight 2-5 g
• Length 2.5-6 cm
Cyclic CL absent in non-mated camels
Anovulatory follicles (hemorrhagic) 25-90 mm in non-
bred females

CL formation 24-48 h after mating-slow development


and early death (6-9 days)

Regression 8-12 days following


infertile mating

Follicles ovulate from 9 mm- 20mm

Large anovulatory follicles (25-90 mm)


present on ovary in 30-50% non bred
females
Oviduct
• Uterine end (Isthmus is well developed)
• Long and tortous
• 17-22 cm long
Uterus
• T or Y shaped Left uterine horn longer
• Bicornuate
• Present at the brim of pelvic
• cavity
• Left horn longer in pluriparous
• females but of equal size in primipara
Cervix
• Soft with longitudinal folds 3 or 4 in number
• Consistency of cervix does not differ with that
of the uterus which makes it difficult to
identify by rectal palpation
• Cervix projects caudally in the vaginal cavity
forming a fornix (1-1.5 cm)
Cervical canal presents longitudinal folds which extend
on annular muscular projections and form the cervical
rings

The external cervical orifice is surrounded by 1-2 circular


indented rings of the cranial part of the mucosa of the
vagina
Vagina
• Long 30 cm 2 vestibular glands on the lateral
walls
• Contains many longitudinal folds
• Vulva opens below the anus, clitoris is small

• 4 teats in mammary glands

• Extra fetal membrane- epidermal membrane 1-2


mm thick attached to fetus at lips, nostrils, anus,
vulva, prepuce, foot pad and umbilicus
Camels are seasonally polyestrus

• Puberty 3-4 years around 400 Kg weight


Breeding seasons
Location Breeding season
Egypt Dec – May
India Nov – March
Pakistan Dec – March
Kenya Continuous
Somalia May – June, Oct - Dec
Saudi Arabia Dec – March
Sudan March – Aug
Uniter Arab Emirates Nov - April
Follicular dynamics
• Follicular growth during breeding season
• Follicular growth continuous during season
• Follicular activity continues in presence of an
active CL
• USG findings suggest
– Growth phase 10 days
– Mature phase 7-8 days
– Regression phase 12 days
• Follicular growth depends on mating
• No luteal phase in non-mated camels
• In mated non-pregnant camels luteal phase is
short 6-9 days

• Follicular recruitment 2-4 days, growth 10-12


days and dominance at 6mm

• Follicles ovulate at 9-10 mm


• No follicle above 2-2.5 cm ovulates
• Fate of dominant follicle in absence of mating
is anovulatory follicle which may become
hemorrhagic and may persists for many days
and regresses in 4-18 days

• Follicular growth can occur in presence of a


anovulatory follicle
Non-Mated
camels
Mated camels
Estrus signs Strong in 55-60%
• Chasing other females
• Swelling of vulva
• Receptivity towards a male
• Restlessness, bleating
• Up and down movement of tail on approach of
male and spraying of urine using the tail
• Kneels down in front of a male camel
Estrus and Mating
• Hand mating was reported to be the
predominant mating method practiced

• The mean ratio of camel cows to a camel bull


during the mating season was 47.8 cows per
bull (Table 2). Mean length of mating was 26.3
minutes
Ovulation
• Induced in response to mating occurs 24-30 h
after mating
• Size of ovulatory follicle 8-20 mm
• Follicle grows to ovulatory size in 6 days
• Inter-estrus intervals in non-pregnant mated
camels is 13-14 days
• Estrogen peaks at estrus and progesterone
rises after mating and peaks 6 days later
• Embryo descends in uterus at Day 6-7 of
mating
• Embryo elongates at Day 9-10
• Implantation not known clearly Day 20
• Exclusive left uterine horn pregnancy
• Migration of embryos Day 15-18 post
breeding
• Difference in the luteolytic properties of PG
from left and right uterine horns
• Gestation 315-440 days
• Twins rare
Pregnancy diagnosis
A pregnant camel will
show it by lifting and
curving her tail (tail
“cocking”) when a
male camel
advances toward her.
First seen at 16-17
days of gestation
Transrectal palpation
• Sitting
• Examination of camels
• Xylazine 0.5-2.0 mg/Kg IV
• Loss of lower lip tone
Transrectal Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography
Artificial Insemination in Camel
• Semen collection in sitting position tried using
different methods, AV (with different liners),
electro-ejaculation, female camel or artificial
dummy for mounting.

• Artificial Vagina with rubber liners similar to


bull, mounting over female camel in sitting
position – better result.
Arab World
• Yagil et al
• Skidmore et al.
• Mckinnon et al. (Tinson)
• Anouassi et al
• Wani et al.
• Nagy et al.

India
• Vyas et al
Superovulatory Protocol

Donors under induced Luteal phase


Day 0: hCG 3000 i.u.
Day 6/8: FSH-P (10 doses)
or Super-OV (8 doses)
Mating: 36, 48 & 60 h after last FSH

Recipients

Day 13/14: hCG 3000 i.u.


Non-Surgical Embryo Flushing

Day 7 or 8 after first mating

Sitting posture on inclined plane

18-gauge, 63 cm, flexible two-way Foley balloon cathetor


(equine)

Both horns were flushed simultaneously

1700-1800 ml DPBS

EmCon embryo filter, stereozoom microscope.


INFERTILITY
Repeat Breeding Syndrome
• Fertilization rates 80-85%
• A “repeat breeder syndrome” is generally defined
as any camel that failed to conceive after at least
three regular spaced services, with no clinical
abnormalities.
• Causes
• Improper breeding management
• Ovulation failures
• Inability to complete mating
• Ovarian cysts
• Early embryonic deaths
• Clinical endometritis-Barren multiparous
females
• Ovarian hydrobursitis
• Vaginal septa
• Persistent hymen
• Vaginal adhesions
Vaginal affections
• Persistent hymen, vulvar atresia and vaginal
adhesions
• Second most common problem with poor
prognosis
• Bleeding at mating is the usual complaint
• Surgical correction with proper instruments is
possible
• Vaginitis and vaginal tumors are rare
Uterine and cervical affections
• Cervical/Uterine congenital malformations rare
• Cervicitis associated with metritis/endometritis
• Metritis/endometritis
• Clinical endometritis is the commonest
• Uterine lavage/infusion of antibiotics/lotagen
• Pyometra/mucometra recorded in camels
Ovarian abnormalities
• Ovarian cysts, tumors and hydrobursitis
• Hydrobursitis is the common problem
• Chlamydophila abortus and E Coli
• Surgical removal by flank laparotomy is
suggested if the condition is unilateral
• Post-operative fertility is 40-50%
Refused mating syndrome
• Female curls her tail dorsally when
approached by a male
Abortions in camels
• Trypanosoma evansi
Other causes of abortions
• Brucella
• Leptospira
• Chlamydophila
• Toxoplasma
• Twins
THANKS

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