Scribd
Upload
65 views29 pages

Natural Ventilation: Architectural Environment and Acoustic

Okay, let's solve this step-by-step: * Volume flow rate (q) given = 125 m3/s * Height between openings (h) given = 1 m * Inside temperature (Ti) given = 25°C * Outside temperature (To) given = 20°C * Gravitational acceleration (g) given = 9.8 m/s2 * Using the equation for buoyancy driven airflow: q = A√(gHΔT) Where: A = vent area of each opening H = height between openings = 1 m ΔT = Inside temp - Outside temp = 25-20 = 5°C * Substitute known values: 125

Uploaded by

HemenMo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
65 views29 pages

Natural Ventilation: Architectural Environment and Acoustic

Okay, let's solve this step-by-step: * Volume flow rate (q) given = 125 m3/s * Height between openings (h) given = 1 m * Inside temperature (Ti) given = 25°C * Outside temperature (To) given = 20°C * Gravitational acceleration (g) given = 9.8 m/s2 * Using the equation for buoyancy driven airflow: q = A√(gHΔT) Where: A = vent area of each opening H = height between openings = 1 m ΔT = Inside temp - Outside temp = 25-20 = 5°C * Substitute known values: 125

Uploaded by

HemenMo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Natural Ventilation

Architectural Environment and Acoustic

Dawa Azad Aziz


Masters of Architecture in Design, University of Nottingham, UK
Email: dawa.azad@koyauniversity.org
Natural Ventilation – Design Strategies

1. Understanding the Principles

2. Natural Ventilation Strategies

3. Learning from precedent

4. Urban Air Pollution & Noise

5. Component Design - from Strategy to Detail Design


1. Principles of Natural Ventilation
 Modelling Effects by Artificial Light
Why is natural ventilation important ?

1. To supply fresh air (to meet physiological requirements & to remove

unpleasant odours).

2. To provide convective cooling (large volumes of air required)

3. To provide physiological cooling (air movement will increase convective

heat loss & evaporation from the skin)

4. To save capital & running costs +carbon emissions


BUT, ventilation can be undesirable :

• Heat loss in winter

• Heat gain in summer

Qv = 1200/3600.N.V.(Ti – To)

Where Qv = ventilation heat loss/gain

N = Number of air changes/hour

V = Volume of the building or room


Designing for Natural Ventilation

Design Process

 Analyse site and micro-climate

 Define a ventilation strategy

 Test the strategy

 Finalise the design


Understanding the Principles of natural ventilation

Natural ventilation is driven by either wind or thermal forces (or a

combination of both)

Wind pressure differences Wind Rose


Wind Forces
Pressure Difference (Δp) across building induces air movement via

cracks & openings

Air flow rate (Qw) is directly proportional to the area of opening (A) but

proportional to the √Δp

Qw = 0.827 x A x √Δp

Pressure difference (Δp) across a building approx = Pw

where Pw = wind velocity pressure, and

Pw = 0.612 x v²

where v = wind velocity m/s


Thermal Forces
In absence of wind, air will move between low and high level openings

driven by inside – outside temperature difference (Δt) which generates a

pressure difference (Δp)

Δp = 3462h [1/to +273 – 1/ti +273]

Where Δp = pressure arising N/m²

h = height between inlet & outlet m

to = outside temperature °C

ti = inside temperature °C
Buoyancy driven airflow

How to calculate the vent area


required to remove internal heat
gains.
2. Natural Ventilation Strategies
Developing a Ventilation Strategy - rules of thumb for single sided ventilation

Ventilation through a single opening

Ventilation through two openings


Developing a Ventilation Strategy - rules of thumb for cross ventilation

Cross ventilation W≤ 5H
Defining the Air Flow Path
Natural Ventilation Strategies – single cell

A & B - single sided ventilation


openings at different
heights

C & D - crossflow ventilation


(isolated floors)

E - buoyancy only

Ventilation patterns for isolated spaces (based on CIBSE, 2005)


Natural Ventilation Strategies – multi-cell

Atrium promotes
crossflow ventilation –
wind & buoyancy act
together – better control

Ventilation patterns using an atrium


BEDALES SCHOOL THEATRE, HAMPSHIRE

Tower vents face four directions to ensure exhaust


irrespective of the wind direction.
6. Component Design & Integration
Why is this important ?

• To ensure the strategy is carried through in detail

What are the frequent problems ?

• Poor performance & control of windows

• Thermal mass obscured

• Poor integration of vent, actuator & control

• Lack of understanding by occupants


Ventilator design
Distinction between structural opening, effective opening area and travel
distance. As a design develops, widow sills, reveals, internal and external blinds
have a major impact on the final effective area which is achieved. Continuity in
the design team is vital.
OFFICES FOR A HOUSING ASSOCIATION
• Velfac’ windows on the south side include fixed,
manually-operable and motorised elements with
concealed actuators, controls and wiring.
• The actuator’s chain drive attaches to the window at
the same point as the manual latch, making secure
fixing easier and helping the windows to close tightly.
• Integrated Factory-assembled components –
installation & operation has been trouble-free.

• north side purpose-made


motorised flaps and
concealed dampers in site-
built enclosures beneath
louvres in the window cills.
• integration less easily
achieved: - air leakage both
through and around the
dampers; and unclear
indication of control status
caused problems.
Middle Eastern Wind Towers – wind and ‘stack’ induced ventilation
Exercise:

Objective:

Preliminary calculation of the area


of vent openings required in an
office in summer and winter

Simple cross ventilation through


cellular office to provide convective
cooling
Exercise:
to calculate the area of vent openings required in an office in summer and winter
My office is 5m deep x 3m wide and 3m high.

When seated at my desk I generate approx 80 W, and my laptop generates


approx 70 W. In the winter these internal gains are useful, but in the summer
must be removed to avoid overheating. I can achieve cross ventilation by
opening a window on one side of the room and a door on the other.

Q1. Assuming an average air velocity through the openings of 0.3m/s, and that
Ti = 25°C and To = 24°C, how big do these openings have to be in order to
remove the internal heat gain ?
To Calculate air flow rate required to remove internal gains :

Qv = [Cpa.N.V.(Ti – To)] /3600


Where Qv = ventilation heat loss or cooling (watts)
Cpa = specific heat of air = approx 1200 (J/kg)
N = Number of air changes/hour
V = Volume of the building or room (m3)
Also,
To calculate the area of the openings required, we need to know the volume
flow rate:
Effective Area (A) of opening required
= Volume flow rate (m3/s) / velocity (m/s)
So,
Qv = ventilation heat loss or cooling (watts) = 150W
V = Volume of the building or room (m3) = 45m³
(Ti – To) = 25-24 =1°C
N = Number of air changes/hour = ?

Since Qv = 1200/3600.N.V.(Ti – To)


And Qv = [1/3.N.V.(Ti – To)]
then,
N = Qv/ [1/3.V.(Ti – To)]
= 150/[1/3x45x(25-24)]
= 10 air changes/hour (0.125m3/s)
What was the question ?
Q. What is the volumetric flow rate required to
remove 150 W ?
A. 10 air changes,
or 45m³ x10/hr = 450m³/hr = 0.125m³/s
Q. What is the effective opening area required to
remove internal heat gains ?
A. 0.125(m³/s)/ 0.3(m/s) = 0.416m²
What is the effective opening area required to remove
internal heat gains ?

Effective Area (A) of opening required (inlet)


= Volume flow rate (m³/s) / velocity (m/s)
= 0.125(m³/s)/ 0.3(m/s)
= 0.416m²

Q. What area do we need if we double the heat gains (cooling load) ?


What is the vent area
of each opening
required to achieve the
same volume flow rate
based on buoyancy
driven airflow ?

Where:
h=1m
q = 125 m³/s
Ti = 25 °C
To = 20 °C
g = 9.8 m.𝑠 −2

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy