CONTENTS

SL.NO TOPIC PAGE NO

1. INTERIOR DESIGNING METHOD: BASIC CONCEPT 2-20

2. ORGANIZATION OF SPACE 21-51

3. INTERIOR LAYOUT 52-78

Unit 1 Interior Designing Method: Basic Concept
Introduction
Interior design is a discipline that looks after designing all of the interiors of a space. This can include
things like flooring, windows, doors, walls, lighting, furniture, and miscellaneous design pieces. The goal
of interior design is generally to make a space that is both comfortable and aesthetically pleasing, often
catered specifically to the needs and likes of the person hiring the interior designer. Interior design is
actually a relatively old discipline, although historically it was reserved primarily for royalty and the
aristocracy. In the modern world, many people make use of interior design, either doing it themselves with
the assistance of classes or books, or by hiring an interior designer to assist them in bringing their vision
to life.

The work of a designer can range from laying out small dwellings, to designing massive corporate
buildings, to coming up with a cohesive aesthetic that will be used in many businesses under a single
umbrella, such as the design of an international hotel chain. The best practitioners of interior design use a
wide range of different skills in their work, melding bits of architecture, psychology, aesthetics, and
product design to create a cohesive whole. They must also have a grasp of many fields that are
important to their work, including things like how floor plans work, and what local building codes might
limit their design decisions.

Most interior designers choose a specialty to focus on, as this allows them to become well versed in the
diverse skills needed to do their job. For example, someone who designs airports is likely to work
primarily on airports or similar structures, as a great deal of time must be invested in becoming familiar
with the requirements of airports, and most of this knowledge would not be transmittable to, for example,
a loft apartment. More broadly, an interior designer may choose to focus on commercial design, which
would encompass a diverse range of buildings, like schools, hospitals, and government buildings, or may
choose to focus on residential spaces.

Methods of Furnishing

The first step is to determine precisely the sort of furnishing desired, or possible. There are three modes
in which the home of moderate dimensions may be treated:

The Modern Style

This is a thoroughly practical and in its simpler form inexpensive yet satisfactory mode, suitable for either
the house or apartment, and where well managed results in a home of charm and beauty as well as
usefulness and sterling wearing qualities. It is a very adaptable style that may be made fully expressive of
one's tastes and individuality; and it is also exceedingly "various", so that there is no likelihood of
premises furnished in this manner tiresomely resembling others treated in the same style.
The furniture employed is simple in character but of excellent design, and the textiles used are
inexpensive but beautiful in colour and pattern. Overcrowding is strictly avoided, and, the ideal being
simplicity and charm, the home is easily cared for and drudgery becomes unnecessary. Certainly this
manner of furnishing has much to recommend it.

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An Inexpensive Living-Room in Modern Style (Colour-Scheme of Blue, Rose, and Buff)

The effect is in no way dependent upon the furniture and nearly every family will already have such
simple pieces as those employed in the back of the room. But the Modern method is also capable of
affording homes of little if any less elegance than the period styles and this phase of the mode has
likewise, therefore, received extensive attention and will be found more fully developed by the present
writer then has hitherto been done. The style is also capable of supplying much novelty

A Novel Dining-Room Treatment In Modern Style

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Liberal Period Furnishing of Modest Elegance

The word "liberal" as applied here is a new term. Period furnishing in past years was considered as being
a close reproduction of the style current during some particular epoch in some one country. As the walls
were an intrinsic part of, and indeed the basis for, such treatment, and as they were, with some
exceptions, panelled or made ornamental in other expensive manners, it is plain that it is difficult or
impossible to carry out this project under many existing modern conditions. Furthermore, the decorative
influences which produced a certain style were not confined to one country but spread through other
civilised nations, so that a narrow adherence to the mode of any one is unnecessary and productive of
monotony. "Liberal" Period furnishing therefore indicates a broader outlook and an adaptation of this
method to the conditions of today, not forgetting the principles, characteristics, spirit, color and design of
the particular period chosen as best suiting our tastes and desires

LIBERAL PERIOD FURNISHING IN A REMODELLED FARM HOUSE

(Central table, Italian; Gate-leg table, English; Joint stool, Pennsylvania German; and Chairs, American)

Simple Period Furnishing in Breakfast-Room of an Old Farm House

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 A Fine Example of Neo-Classic Liberal Period Furnishing (The table at left is of Sheraton type: the chair
and table at right are Italian 18th century type.)
In all past ages there undoubtedly were homes such as we are now considering – the smaller houses,
made "beautiful within," but in a far less expensive and less ornate style than the palaces, châteaux,
villas, and "seats" which have been preserved. Such homes of modest elegance may be realized to-day.

Ornate Period Furnishing

Size is not the determining factor in elegance. There are those of cultivated tastes and means abundant
to gratify them who may prefer to live in apartments or houses of modest dimensions; and with the
difficulties of securing adequate service these are likely to increase in number. There is no logical reason
why these homes should not be in accordance with the wishes of their owners, provided that
overcrowding with artistic objects is avoided and the furniture chosen is proportionate to the size of the
premises. Such furnishing will also, therefore, be treated in the present volume, as in many cases it may
be successfully carried out by the householder. If elaborate walltreatments are decided upon then the
services of an able interior decorator are required, and, in order to familiarize himself with the various
details, and so be capable of intelligent co-operation with the decorator, a person contemplating such
work should study "The Practical Book of Interior Decoration," wherein all styles of decoration are fully
treated. Much general information of the sort is nevertheless given here.

Physical Conditions that Indicate Choice of Method of Furnishing

As there are three methods of furnishing, so are there also three physical conditions which have their
influence in deciding which of these methods to employ.

The Architecture of the House

A bungalow or small cottage imposes its own conditions. The abode is simple, and necessarily it must be
simply furnished - though it will be shown how it may be made entirely delightful. Only the cottage type of

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furniture is appropriate here - gate-leg tables, slat-back, spindle-back, ladder-back and Windsor chairs,
dressers, chests and the like with simple furniture of modern design. The Peasant furniture of other
nations often supplies a welcome relief.
In a house of Tudor style it would obviously be an error to employ eighteenth century mahogany or
satinwood pieces.
There are, however, many modern houses of generally plain or picturesque character in which "Period" is
not decidedly marked, and a liberal interpretation may be given: Such premises may be furnished by
either method.
The exterior architecture of an apartment house need not, of course, affect the furnishing. The interior is
seldom stylistically defined except in imposing, expensive houses, and then the style should be followed
in the decoration.

Whether the Premises Be Owned or Rented

It is scarcely necessary to dwell upon the effect of these differing conditions: permanent improvements,
such as alterations, built-in features, wainscoting, and panelling, which one might make in his own house,
will scarcely be considered under uncertain tenure and for the benefit of a landlord. The tenant is likewise
often debarred from changing the staining of floors (a rule exists against this in many apartment houses)
and from special wall-treatments. Even such paper-panelling would probably have to pay for under
present conditions.

The Sum of Expenditure

"Money talks" in furnishing, as in most affairs of life, but taste and judgment do much to defeat its tyranny,
and a delightful home may be secured without a plethoric pocket-book. This condition, nevertheless, may
have a deciding influence upon the mode of furnishing to be adopted. A good mahogany Chippendale or
Hepplewhite chair at present often costs from $50.00 to $100.00 and if one has not the means properly to
furnish the house or apartment on this scale it is better at once to face the fact and choose either
extremely simple period furnishing or the Modern, inexpensive mode, as these will give pleasing,
individual results at far less cost.

In cases where the amount of expenditure is in doubt, careful consideration of the respective advantages
of the two systems, should be given before a decision is reached: for, in furnishing the home, provision is
made not for a few years only but rather for many; and the importance of an abiding-place in relation to
our lives can scarcely be over-estimated.

Discounting the future by borrowing funds is never to be recommended and is often fatal to happiness.
There is another course possible in many instances - the gradual furnishing of the premises. Frequently
the use of all the rooms is not necessary, and if those furnished are rendered charming why one care
should if others are left till the next year or that following for completion? If then the future seems secure,
so far as can be judged in an exceedingly uncertain world, this method may often be adopted. In many
cases families possess much modern furniture, including wicker, of various kinds and of no particular
style, and there is no alternative to using it. While it is not an advisable method of furnishing to be
deliberately chosen, when it already exists and the owners have taste the results may be very charming
and homelike.

It is then intimated that it is possible and desirable to develop these homes; and this idea will now be
given greater force and direction. In comparison with both consistent methods a conglomerate home can
never be fully satisfactory, and it is recommended that a change be made, either at once or by degrees,
as circumstances may allow. The occupants are happily in excellent position to make improvements, for
the premises are already fully furnished and the necessity for quickly supplying and arranging household
goods does not exist. Plans may be matured and carried out more or less at leisure, and the result will be
all the better because of careful thought.

The first step will be to "take stock" of existing pieces, so as to determine how many may remain, and
whether they are of Modern or Period character. If there is a number definitely of either style this will of
6
itself indicate which manner of furnishing may best be adopted in the improvement of the premises.
Frequently much good furniture has been inherited, but its quality is obscured by indifferent pieces
secured from other sources: these pieces should be weeded out and their place supplied by others that
will properly accompany those remaining. The style to be followed once determined upon, background,
textiles and accessories should be brought into accord, if necessary to change them. It is possible here
also to make such improvements gradually – the main floor of a house or the principal rooms of an
apartment may first be treated and the remainder subsequently carried out in the manner decided upon.
It is always well to plan fully and carefully before beginning operations, and to be sure that the scheme
adopted will prove satisfying, so that there will be no need of annoying and expensive changes. As the
work precedes some minor alterations in one's projects may seem desirable, but its main features should
be such that they may be adhered to, or inconsistencies will result.

To young people just beginning their married life and furnishing limited quarters two courses are open.
They may buy very simply, with the idea of subsequently using these purchases in the unimportant rooms
of a future establishment; or, if they have studied the matter and have a clear view of what their home of
later years is to be, they may at once buy excellent pieces that will act as a nucleus for future
acquisitions. The latter plan, when possible, affords the satisfaction not only of a better home for the
present, but of having already made a good beginning for future years.

Temperamental and Social Considerations of Methods of Furnishing

These are quite as important as those just reviewed. There are those of exceedingly simple and plain
tastes to whom ornament is distasteful and even seems an affectation. The Modern method will be found
to satisfy their requirements far better than the non-committal, miscellaneous furnishing usually found in
the houses of persons with these preferences. To others, color and novelty are the spice of life, and the
reader may be surprised to learn that this same adaptable method is capable of supplying all of either that
they can possibly wish. Those to whom the beautiful things of the past make their appeal will as a matter
of course choose period furnishing, and this mode is not only generally the richer while possessing the
greater dignity, but it, too, is so exceedingly various that by selecting the proper epoch any desired result
may be gained, from the simplicity of the American Colonial style to the more ornamental effects of other
periods.
The abode should always be appropriate to the status of its occupants, neither falling below nor
exceeding their general position in life. Disregarding any other considerations, only discomfort and
dissatisfaction would result from a violation of suitability to personality. Of late years the financial
conditions of many who previously were deprived of educational and cultural advantages has greatly
improved. It is a cause for rejoicing that these disabilities are removed, and it is hoped that full advantage
of new opportunities will be taken. Additional means have not always been spent wisely; objects and
furnishings have been introduced into homes, clothes have been purchased, which are, to express it
kindly, at least inappropriate. One could hardly expect otherwise at first, but many will quickly realize that
an advance in the scale of living marked by an increase of taste will win additional respect, while tawdry
display would but forfeit it. Every possible encouragement and aid is due them: if they feel it too difficult to
undertake planning and purchasing, a wise step would be to place the work in the hands of an able
decorator, one employed by cultured people, telling him that what is desired is a thoroughly tasteful, quiet
home. If a new house is to be built, an architect of the same character should be arranged with and
similar instructions given.

Discussion of the British Point of View on Methods of Furnishing

The recital of the respective advantages of Modern and Liberal Period furnishing would not be complete
without taking into account valuable expressions of opinion upon the subject in notable British journals in
their reviews of "The Practical Book of Interior Decoration." This volume was generally received in the
most kindly spirit, and has met with an excellent demand on the part of the British public as well as in
the Colonies and Japan. A record of the British view upon these manners of furnishing and some further
explanation of American circumstances and customs is the more desirable as an aid to the mutual
knowledge of conditions and problems and a co-operation in the advancement of household art referred
to in the Foreword .
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The Studio, which has been such a powerful influence for good in both countries, says: "There is
unquestionably a growing sense of the need for a style of domestic equipment which responds more
intimately to the needs of the time than either the 'Period' styles or style less styles of fifty or sixty years
ago." Earlier in this review it had noted of the authors of the book: "They do not, it is true, ignore the
modern school, and have included a few illustrations of interiors as representing it, but of the really
important work of the past twenty or thirty years hardly a hint is given, and we look in vain for a bare
mention of the name of Ernest Gimson, recently deceased, who deserves to be remembered as a great
furniture-designer".

The Manchester Guardian, writing of the "vast mass of middle-class folk who are interested in the
decoration of their homes" says of them: "Indeed such people have a great advantage over their own
collecting class and their compeers in England in that they are not to the same extent under the tyranny
of the antique and can consequently approach the furnishing of their rooms with a freer mind. The result
is that whilst the very wealthy in America are struggling to find a way through the maze of their own
purchases the ordinary plain citizen is evolving simple schemes of decoration and furnishings suited to a
servantless age which already leave our overloaded English rooms far behind".

The review in The Journal of Decorative Art Begins: "To nine well-to-do Americans out of ten, 'Interior
Decoration' means 'Period Decoration': therefore, when an American book on decoration appears, one
may be quite sure that the periods will be very much to the fore. One may also hazard a guess that the
book will deal very thoroughly with the subject, and that it will be quite perfectly printed.

It so happens that on the same page appears the end of a humorous article in which the writer is
evidently telling of what had been his ideal of a home. It is much too good to miss: "well-planned affair,
somewhat on bungalow lines, with a white gate and green painted exterior woodwork, and it was to be
situated in permanent sunshine, a goodish way from London, but near a main line station. The interior
would be free from drawing-rooms, and would have an enormous Chesterfield in front of a big fireplace.
The garden would contain a tennis court, and something rather special in hen-runs. And there would be a
very lively wire-haired terrier." Unhappily, as usual, this writer appears to have been "bilked" in his desires
by entirely unsympathetic contractors and dealers.

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 A Drawing-Room in Modern Style

From these frankly set down remarks, favorable and otherwise, a rather wide acquaintance with present
British tendencies and the strength and great ability of the newer school of designers of interiors and
furniture, it is evident to the writer (though it will be a surprise to many Americans) that in England, the
home of a long series of very beautiful Period styles, there is a very considerable revolt from Period
furnishing in favor of a newer and simpler manner more in accord with present-day characteristics and
manner of life. It is worthy of note, too, that new and fresh and crisp as this decoration is, it is built on
sound decorative principles, and as a basis to all its wealth of color, most of it provides a strong and
dignified or else structurally simple architectural background. It also strictly avoids overcrowding and
"fussiness".

To recur to "The Practical Book of Interior Decoration" the sections on the Modern movement were written
during the last year of the war. A number of letters to British designers went unanswered: they doubtless
were never received or during those devastating times could be given no attention. Decorative matters in
England had for several years remained almost in abeyance, and the authors were fortunate in securing
as much material as they did. Furthermore it is to be remembered that this Modern movement in England
has greatly developed since the war. The discussion in the "Book of Interior Decoration," then, was,
perforce, largely concerned with American conditions.

The present volume abundantly redresses this and presents as thorough-going a representation as
possible of both interior work and furniture, the writer having been aided by the kindest co-operation on
the part of a number of British designers.He would have been glad to include the work of others who did
not so respond.

A short review of American conditions will be of interest to readers on both sides of the Atlantic, for
though there is a parallel movement here there are decided differences.

First should it be mentioned especially that certain architects of great ability and having a strong
sympathy with the desire for simpler homes have not taken up the Modern method but are working out
this ideal, where desired by their clients,through the use of simple period elements. An example of this is
given in figure 3 and the writer calls particular attention to this mode as worthy of careful consideration
and as being eminently suited to the tastes of many. He, however, also feels that it would be a decided
advantage more often to incorporate with this procedure a considerable but still appropriate colour-
development, giving it even greater attractiveness and wider applicability. There are also decorators of
exceedingly smart interiors employing colour-schemes both exquisite and individual who accomplish
simple results by the use of comparatively plain or handsome elements when desired.

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 A Charmingly Simple Dining-Room
(Modern furniture of Hepple white type)

10
 A French Bedroom

In America the modern movement is even yet not at all organised or very greatly to the fore. There are
but a few talented men and women working in this direction and they are doing so individually. Furniture
manufacturers as yet employ their own designers without a connexion with independent originators
making an exhaustive study of conditions and the best furniture to meet them. Decorators have not in
great numbers taken up this method, probably because commissions for comparatively simple furnishings
are not sufficient to meet the heavy expenses of doing business and of living which have been prevalent
here.

Modern decoration has been considerably written up in household journals, but here its exemplifications
need steadying. We should remember that, unless due caution is administered with the advice given, it is
likely to be mis-understandingly applied and exaggerated at the hands of the inexperienced householder
and this valuable method thus be discredited through its wrong use. The spirit of simplicity and
levelheadedness which is the very basis of the movement must not be lost.

Speaking by and large, decoration in America is Period decoration - but in its best manifestations it is
Liberal, International-Inter period, or Catholic decoration, as one may choose to term it. If one has the
means he may buy in New York - and to a more restricted degree in other large cities - original furniture,
English, French, Italian, Spanish or Portuguese of almost any epoch: he will find faithful reproductions of
many such pieces in so-called "decorators' furniture": but he will not find such an assortment in
"commercial" period furniture, for in this the supply of styles other than English and some Italian and
French phases is more limited.

America is an extremely cosmopolitan nation and many of its people are widely travelled, so that
International-Inter period decoration is eminently suited to its needs and desires. The mode is year by
year finding its way into many of the more modest homes, especially those of persons of intellectual and
artistic attainments, and all that is needed for its fuller development is that manufacturers should supply a
greater assortment of the requisite furniture, not "adapted" but faithfully reproduced, and if possible at
more moderate prices.

With the world-wide interests of Great Britain the International-Inter period mode would be equally
applicable and appropriate. The amount of French furniture in English houses of the better class must be
very great, and much sympathetic appreciation has always existed between England and Italy. The
employment of the furniture of other nations in connexion with its own will be found to give broader
scope and still greater variety to British interiors.

An Intelligent Interior Design Method

The "intelligent interior design system" is a prototype of a combined natural language processing and
visual scene creation system, with an agent system at its centre, which acts in the domain of interior
design. The system handles instructions and questions related to the positioning of furniture in the room,
and the addition of furniture to or removal from the scene. The system works with speech input processed
through the Dragon Naturally SpeakingTM speech recognition system. It performs a syntactic and
semantic analysis of the recognized verbal input and produces a frame-structure representing the userÂs
query or command. The analyzed query or command is processed by the system through accessing and
modifying the knowledge base, which contains ontology of the domain, i.e. essentially concepts of
furniture and other interior design objects. Spatial relations between those objects are also modeled in the
knowledge base. The system integrates some commonsense rules like transitivity of spatial relations, or
simple design constraints about placing objects in a room. The system maintains a visual representation
of the scene, showing the results of successful instructions given by the user.

Processing Examples
In the "intelligent interior design system", the user can issue command sentences like:
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"Put a green table in front of the fireplace."

The system creates a green table based on the conceptual specification of table stored in the knowledge
base. The created instance of the table will be assigned the color value 'green'. Table is in the conceptual
hierarchy a sub concept of moveable furniture,and thus we are allowed to re-position (move) the table
later. The resulting visual scene created based on this command-input is shown in the left picture of
Figure below . When interpreting commands or questions, the system currently assumes a fixed position
of the user looking at the scene, and interprets spatial relations like 'left-of' or 'behind' with respect to the
user's viewpoint.
The right picture in Figure below shows the change of the scene after the user issues the instruction

"Put a blue sofa besides the table."

The instruction to put a blue sofa besides the green table is ambiguous, and due to the absence of any
other rules or constraints to resolve this ambiguity, the system enters a clarification dialog with the user:

"What did you mean by beside? Left or right?"

This results in the interpretation 'left-of' for 'besides', based on the user's response, which is in this
example supposed to be "left".

Modification of a visual scene as response to a verbal instruction

The system confirms a successful action to the user with a verbal feedback:

"The sofa has been successfully placed beside the green table."

If the verbal input is a query, the system formulates an answer through retrieving the
requested information from the knowledge base, for example:

"Where is the green table?"

Since the knowledge base stores spatial relations between objects, which are updated frequently, when
actions occur in the scene, the system can retrieve information about the current relative positions of
objects present in the scene. As mentioned earlier,when answering questions about the location of
moveable items, a preference is given to describe those locations in relation to non-moveable objects.
Thus, the system creates for the question above the following answer:
"The green table is in front of the fireplace." Instead of specifying its location relative to the blue sofa. It is
also possible to remove objects from the scene, simply by issuing an instruction like "Remove the green
table". The object denoted as "green table" will be identified by the system, the visual representation will
be removed from the scene,and the corresponding instance of 'table' will be removed from the knowledge
base together with all its relations to other currently existing objects.

System Architecture and Processing at a Glance

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The overall processing within the system, connecting the natural language interface and the agent system
is illustrated in Figure 1.10. The analysis and representation of a natural language instruction is shown
with an example of a put-instruction. The processing starts with a syntactic analysis, followed by the
creation of a case frame as basic linguistic representation of the verbal instruction. The processing
includes several reasoning steps, for example, identifying the sofa, which is addressed in the user's
instructions, as the concrete instance of a sofa named sofa-1, which is present in the scene. Furthermore,
the system has to resolve the ambiguity of besides (left-of or right-of), which in this case takes place in
cooperation with the user, through a clarification dialogue, since the agent system has otherwise
no evidence to decide whether the sofa has to be placed left or right of the fireplace. The result is an
instantiated frame representation of the action to be done, including references to involved parameter-
objects necessary for the performance of the action. This representation is used for execution, i.e. if it is
part of a command-sentence; the visual scene is updated accordingly, provided this does not violate any
constraints.

Processing and Representation of a Natural Language Command

In the following sections, we describe the linguistic processing and the underlying knowledge
representation of the interior design system in more detail.

Linguistic Processing

The natural languages inputs considered here, which establish the communication with the agent system,
consist typically of commands, questions, and possibly declarative statements, as well as confirmations
as part of clarification dialogues between system and user.
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The natural language input is processed with a standard parsing algorithm, the Earlyparser, and uses a
grammar adapted to typical sentence types and structures used in such verbal interactions, plus a
domain specific vocabulary, stored in the lexicon.
The lexicon provides a connection to the knowledge base, since lexical items (words) may refer to
respective concepts in the knowledge base. For example, the words "sofa" and "couch" are entries in the
lexicon, which both refer to the concept sofa in the knowledge base. The major part of the lexicon is
constituted by verbs, nouns, adjectives, and prepositions, which are syntactic categories relevant in the
interior design domain. The lexicon also contains information on necessary and optional complements to
verbs, which is taken into account in the grammar rules and used during parsing.

For example, verbs like "put" require a direct object (what to put) as well as a destination phrase (where
to put it); verbs like "move" can have in addition a source specification (from where to move it).

The parser determines the sentence type (e.g. query or command), and the main syntactic constituents of
the sentence, like subject noun phrase, object noun phrase, and prepositional phrases for locations, and
an indicator for the queried part of the sentence in case of questions. A command sentence, for example,
is characterized through a leading verb, like "move", followed by complements, like a noun phrase for
the affected object (the "theme" or "patient"), and one or more prepositional phrases for describing
locations (e.g. the "source" and "destination" in case of a move-action).

The structural representation of the sentence is processed further through a shallow syntactic-semantic
analysis, in which the contents or fillers for a case-frame representation are determined.

Example: "Put the red sofa beside the fireplace"

The system recognizes the sentence-type as a command-sentence, due to the structure verb ("put")
followed by an object-NP ("the red sofa"). The prepositional phrase "beside the fireplace" is interpreted as
location, since it contains a spatial preposition ("beside") followed by a physical object ("the fireplace").
The system can now construct a case frame representation as shown in Figure 1.10. Case frames are
suitable for systems like the "intelligent interior design system", since they combine syntactic and
semantic information, and are thus useful to bridge the gap between the verbal input, the knowledge
base, and the agent system.

Knowledge Representation

Interior Design Domain

The interior design system focuses on certain types of physical objects, like furniture, lamps, etc. and
other floor plan items like fireplaces, windows, doors, and actions related to positioning and moving
furniture and similar objects. Descriptions of these objects are provided through concepts in the
knowledge base, which also contain characteristic features of such objects, like color and size, and
spatial relations, as interpretations of prepositions and location phrases. General and domain-dependent
rules and constraints are important in this application, in order to check for the applicability and
meaningfulness of user instructions.

Concept Hierarchy

The representational framework is based on structured concepts, which are arranged in a taxonomic
hierarchy. A formal semantics defines clearly the meaning of those concepts and the relations between
them. The knowledge representation is based on the formalism of description logics.

Description Logic (DL) languages were conceived and used in the first instance for the representation of
static concepts and their structural properties. Work on adding dynamic concepts, like actions and events,

14
into the description logic formalism have started in the mid eighties; more recent work is described in
particular in.

The knowledge base maintains conceptual knowledge about objects in general, e.g. that a table is
moveable and has a color, and information about specific objects present in the current scene, e.g. that a
green table is in front of the fireplace (in more formal terms: there is an instance of the concept 'table',
with 'color'-value 'green', and relation 'in-front-of' to a unique instance of the concept 'fireplace').

Spatial relations are modeled as concepts in their own right, which can connect object concepts.
Instances of this relation represent physical objects, which are in the respective relation to each other,
e.g. if a specific table called "table-1" is left of a specific sofa called "sofa-1", then the pair (table-1, sofa-1)
is an instance of the concept left-of.

Actions are described in a format similar to case frames but with an additional role for the precondition
and the effect of the action, described in a logic formula, whose predicates refer to object and relation
concepts described in the concept hierarchy. The description of preconditions and effects in a logic format
is necessary to apply planning and reasoning methods.

Rules and Constraints

Domain rules and constraints are implemented and utilized in reasoning processes by the system through
a connection to CLIPS. The rules typically specify spatial conditions and constraints, e.g. "if x is left of y,
then y is right of x" or "x can be placed on top of y, only if y has a flat surface".

Here is an example of a simple CLIPS-rule, expressing the transitivity of the UNDE-Rrelation.

(defrule UNDER-TRANSITIVITY
(direction ?X ?Y UNDER)
(direction ?Y ?Z UNDER)
=> (assert (dir ?X ?Z UNDER)))

When interpreting a user's instruction, the agent system matches the input representation to the rules in
the CLIPS rule base. If an instruction involves violating a constraint, it will be refused by the agent. The
agent provides instead an explanation, e.g. "The table cannot be put on top of the sofa, because the sofa
does not have a flat surface." or "The sofa cannot be placed behind the door because the door can not
have objects behind it."

Principles and Elements of Interior Design

Interior design elements are essential considerations before embarking on any interior design project. It is
important to should always be guided by the fundamental principles and elements of design when
planning your interior and it should influence your decisions

.The key interior design elements are colour, texture, line, form and space.The principles of interior
design relate to how these elements are used to achieve balance, harmony and unity, as well as
proportion and scale.

Colour

Colour can set the mood in a room and can make a room beautiful, more so than any other interior design
element. Colour can make a room feel warmer or cooler and appear to be larger or smaller visually. This
is because colour occurs due to light reflecting off a surface back into the eye. This creates the illusion of
depth. Contrasting colour can be used to highlight a focal point in a room. Analogous or matching colours
can be used to hide undesirable features by blending in. Colour can transform a room and give it life.

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Texture

Tactile or real texture is how the surface of a particular object feels. Implied or visual texture is the way a
material portrays an apparent smoothness or roughness. Texture is becoming an increasingly important
home interior design element. Heavily textured fabrics can be used to maintain and enhance a casual
feeling. It is a good idea to always avoid dramatic contrast in texture. Smooth, shiny materials such as silk
add a certain formality to a room.

Several levels of complementary textures, carefully chosen, can add variety to a subject and maintain
interest.

Line

Line is the basic element that represents continuous movement along a surface. Second only to colour,
the lines in a room are important in setting the overall mood or feeling of a room. Usually the dominant
line is straight rather than curved. Edges of shapes and forms create lines. The choice of and direction of
lines in a room should be based on the mood you want to create. Horizontal lines create a peaceful, if
informal feeling, ideal for a family room.

Vertical lines add height and dignity and balance horizontal lines found in furniture and other objects.
Curved lines are feminine and soft, giving a room an atmosphere that is soft and light.

Diagonal lines attract attention which can be disturbing, so should be used with caution.

Form

Shape is created by an outline that encloses a space, and form is the three-dimensional mass of that
shape. Form is found in both hardscape and plants, and it is typically the dominant visual element that
spatially organizes the landscape and often determines the style of the garden. The form of structures,
plant beds, and garden ornaments also determines the overall form theme of the garden. Formal,
geometric forms include circles, squares, and polygons. Informal, naturalistic forms include meandering
lines, organic edges, and fragmented edges. Plants create form in the garden through their outlines or
silhouettes, but form can also be defined by a void or negative space between plants.

Space

Space is the area provided for a particular purpose. It may have two dimensions (length and width), such
as a floor, or it may have three dimensions (length, width, and height). Space includes the background,
foreground and middle ground. Space refers to the distances or areas around, between or within
components of a piece. There are two types of space: positive and negative space. Positive space refers
to the space of a shape representing the subject matter. Negative space refers to the space
around and between the subject matter.

1. Space Planning: What happens within a space determines the perception and experience that the
user will encounter. Some important considerations for space planning include:

(a) Personal space: Provide for the personalization of each userÊs space for display of personal items
within limits. Provide individual lighting whenever possible.

(b) Functional relationships: Take into account the different groups of people and their working
relationships.

(c) Adjacency priorities: Identify and prioritize which employee groups need to be located adjacent to
each other adjustments within a space to accommodate staff size changes and new technology.

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(d) People relationships: Identify the relationships and interactions of individuals within a group.

(e) Status and function: Identify special requirements for circulation, public/private space separation, VIP
areas, informal gathering spaces (coffee bars, break rooms, and shared equipment space), and storage
(filing, coats,supplies, etc.). The occupantÊs rank or position will influence the square footage and
selection of materials.

(f) Equipment usage: Identify all equipment and its users within each facility or each area of the facility.

(g) Efficient use of space: Maximize the use of all spaces for their functions.

(h) Flexibility within the space: Recognize that future modifications and function changes may require
adjustments within a space to accommodate staff size changes and new technology.

(i) Aesthetics and comfort: Create an atmosphere that increases human comfort and efficiency (i.e.,
ergonomics) in a pleasing way.

Principles of Landscape Design

The principles of landscape design include the elements of unity, scale, balance, simplicity, variety,
emphasis, and sequence as they apply to line, form, texture, and color. These elements are
interconnected. These elements are then arranged and laid out with consideration to seven primary
principles.

The principles of landscape design work together to create the overall look of the garden. These
principles interact with the elements of color, texture, line, form, and scale to develop a unified landscape
design that blends the beauty of nature with the splendour of modern architecture. Landscape design is a
process of developing practical and pleasing outdoor living space.

 Unity: Unity, or a central, unified theme, is an important part of an outdoor design that blends
with the entire property. Plan every part of your landscape design carefully to ensure consistency.
Choose materials, plants, and accessories that complement the theme you have selected and
avoid any items that do not add to the harmony of the design.

 Balance: Balance is the design principle that creates a layout that is visually pleasing. Your
landscape plans should be built around a single center point and each side of this should balance
the other side.

There are three different ways to achieve balance:

1) Symmetrical balance duplicates the garden design on one side of a clearly defined central
axis and repeats the exact same design on the opposite side.Each side of the design is a
mirror image of the other with no variation in color, texture, or other elements.

 2) Asymmetrical balance is less rigid with natural curves and more variety in the design. The
center point may not be obvious and balance is achieved through mass and weight rather
than color, texture, and plant types.

3) Radial balance works in a circular pattern from a center point to produce a balanced
appearance. Sunflowers, wheels, and other round elements can produce radial balance.

 Transition: One of the most important principles of landscape design to remember if you want to
create a natural looking outdoor area is transition. Transition, or sequence, gradually changes
patterns in the elements to assist in easy visual movement across the landscape. Transition is a

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 logical sequence that introduces a change in style slowly rather than all at once. For example,
use medium sized shrubs to transition tall trees to sprawling shrubs.

 Proportion: A well planned outdoor space is designed with function in mind. Closely related to
the element of scale, proportion means carefully selecting materials that are appropriately sized
for the landscape and its purpose. A small fish pond, for instance, would appear out of place and
insignificant in a large, estate style landscape with grandiose structures but it would be ideal for a
private landscape design in an average backyard.

 Rhythm: Rhythm gives a landscape design a feeling of natural movement through the use of
natural elements and careful repetition. Groups of plants, as well as individual materials, can
create rhythm within the environment by patterns of color, form, and other elements.

 Focalization: Perhaps the most important aspect of the principles of landscape design is creating
and emphasizing a point of focalization which sets the tone and arrangement for the rest of your
outdoor area. A decorative fountain, magnificent sculpture, or even a simple garden with a
relaxing sitting area could become the focal point of your yard design. All elements of the
landscape should work to
emphasize this area.

 Repetition: Careful repetition is an essential principle of landscape design. Too much repetition
can destroy the atmosphere of an outdoor area by creating a dull appearance, but appropriate
repetition of similar plants, colors, and textures bring a uniform, blended look to your landscape.
Repetition can complete a garden design, tying all the parts and pieces of the plan together into a
unified design that blends with your home.

Each of these principles of landscape design has been practiced throughout the history of landscaping
and incorporates the elements of design with the considerations of planning an outdoor living space to
create the ideal garden plan.A carefully planned landscape design that places special attention on the
many aspects of effective landscaping will ensure beauty, enjoyment, and an overall improvement to the
appearance and value of your property.

Stages of the Design for any Residential, Commercial, Institutional

There are five stages in the design process that every designer or architect follows.
It is a natural progression that helps take you from the beginning of the design to final built completion of
the project, whether it is a house or an art piece. While design can be very artistic and free flowing, the
design process can be seen as very scientific. It allows for checks and balances at each stage of the
design process so that you know when you are drifting in a different direction.

 Schematic Design: The first stage is called schematic design. This is when the ideas are laid out
and the potential problem that needs to be solved with the design is set forth. An architect will use
this stage to get an understanding of the client's needs and wants and try to really understand
what it is they are looking for in their design. It is at this stage that an architect will use such tools
as an adjacency matrix and a bubble diagram to help understand the potential design
requirements while putting together the criteria that are required.

 Design Development: The second stage is design development. This is when the design is
starting to take shape and the spaces are understood and recognized. This is also when an
architect will start picking out the materials and the structural system that will be used in the
design. The style and direction of the design will start to be developed at this stage.

 Construction Documents: The third stage is construction documents. This is when the details of
how to build the project are put together in a concise and thorough set of plans. A set of
construction documents consists of the drawings and a set of specifications such as electrical

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 diagrams. They are kept together so that a contractor has all the information needed to build the
project.
 Bidding and Negotiations: The fourth stage is the bidding and negotiations stage. This is when
the construction documents have been approved and an owner gets estimates, or bids, from
potential contractors.

 Construction Administration: The last and final stage is construction administration. This is
when the project is being built and the architect is in charge of interpreting and clarifying the
drawings for the contractor. Many times this is the most time-consuming aspect of the process,
because many different variables come into play when putting a project together. Sometimes
materials that were available 6 months ago during the construction documents stage are no
longer available during the construction administration stage, so substitutions have to be found,
approved and ordered.

Summary

The work of a designer can range from laying out small dwellings, to designing massive corporate
buildings, to coming up with a cohesive aesthetic that will be used in many businesses under a single
umbrella, such as the design of an international hotel chain. The "intelligent interior design system" is a
prototype of a combined natural language processing and visual scene creation system, with an agent
system at its centre, which acts in the domain of interior design. The natural languages inputs considered
here, which establish the communication with the agent system, consist typically of commands,
questions, and possibly declarative statements, as well as confirmations as part of clarification dialogues
between system and user.

The interior design system focuses on certain types of physical objects, like furniture, lamps, etc. and
other floor plan items like fireplaces, windows, doors, and actions related to positioning and moving
furniture and similar objects. The key interior design elements are colour, texture, line, form and space.
The principles of interior design relate to how these elements are used to achieve balance, harmony and
unity, as well as proportion and scale. The principles of landscape design include the elements of unity,
scale, balance, simplicity, variety, emphasis, and sequence as they apply to line, form, texture, and color.

Keywords
Intelligent Interior Design System: The "intelligent interior design system" is a prototype of a combined
natural language processing and visual scene creation system, with an agent system at its centre, which
acts in the domain of interior design.

Linguistic Processing: The natural languages inputs considered here, which establish the
communication with the agent system, consist typically of commands, questions, and possibly declarative
statements, as well as confirmations as part of clarification dialogues between system and user.

Description Logic (DL) languages: Description Logic (DL) languages were conceived and used in the
first instance for the representation of static concepts and their structural properties. Colour: Colour can
set the mood in a room and can make a room beautiful, more so than any other interior design element.

Texture: Tactile or real texture is how the surface of a particular object feels.

Form: Form is found in both hardscape and plants, and it is typically the dominant visual element that
spatially organizes the landscape and often determines the style of the garden.

Space: Space is the area provided for a particular purpose. It may have two dimensions (length and
width), such as a floor, or it may have three dimensions (length, width, and height).

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Unity: Unity, or a central, unified theme, is an important part of an outdoor design that blends with the
entire property.

Rhythm: Rhythm gives a landscape design a feeling of natural movement through the use of natural
elements and careful repetition.

Review Questions

1. Briefly explain the Intelligent Interior Design Method.

2. What is Knowledge Representation?

3. Write down the elements of Interior Design.

4. Explain the Principles of Landscape Design.

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 Unit 2 Organization of Space
Introduction

The home represents the most intimate environment of the individual. No matter how unconscious of their
surroundings persons may seem, their tastes and ideas are affected by the things with which they live
continually. Such being the case, the woman who makes it her task to provide for her family significant
surroundings, thereby adds to the ordinary experiences of life a real factor of education and enjoyment.

Space Planning

One of the most impressive aspects of home design is space planning. The space itself is much more
important than the size of the area. In other words, if the space is planned and designed well, then you
don’t need it to be so big. Narrow lot design is perhaps one of the most challenging for space planners.

This home design displays beautiful architecture, classic charm, and a great floor plan. Exterior and
interior spaces are equally important for a complete and balanced design. The architect has obviously
taken into consideration every angle as the multidimensional façade shows off several layers of
interesting elements. This house was finished with wood siding as well as shakes in matching tones of
brown. The white trim varies from the windowsills, to the hand rail on the upper deck, to the columns
along the front porch and the fence. What’s more important architecturally is the placement of the
windows. Think of the view from inside the house with windows at the corners, from top to bottom along
the staircase, and glass doors leading from the master suite to the outdoors. The clerestory window
centered at the top of the front of the house allows a beautiful display of light. The exterior of the house
not only prepares you for the interior, but it can bring the outdoor elements surrounding the structure
indoor.

Important spaces must be emphasized to create the feel of comfort when designing with limited square
feet. This is especially true when the client entertains guests. This house plan features large main rooms
that are open to each other, in a very real sense doubling the size of each room. Even the den has
French doors, opening it up to the rest of the house.

The Kitchen is always an important area of the house for almost anyone. The plan features an especially
large kitchen with an island offering plenty of storage. The nook is big enough for dining as well, leaving
the formal dining room available for other uses for those who wish not to have one. The upper floor
houses the bedrooms, which allows privacy and seclusion. This design has space for a large master suite
with an elaborate private bath, a bonus room, and open space for a 2 story ceiling above the nook. This
plan is a great example of smart design and maximizing spaces.

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Main Floor Plan

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 Upper Floor Plan

A well-designed room is not just about a funky suede couch or breathtaking floor to ceiling satin drapes.
Rather, there is a facet of interior design dedicated to creating functional, organized spaces that can be
easily and fully utilized. This facet is more concerned with the behind the scenes workings of a room.
Once rooms is arranged and structured properly, the important pieces of the room truly pop out and
create the aesthetic appeal a client desires. Space planners consider how a room is used. Areas with a
large amount of traffic flow should be planned and arranged to allow for high usage. Properly planning a
room also takes into account how many people use the space and how frequently the space is used for
different activities. For example, in a home with three toddlers, a space planner would organize a kitchen
to keep the space clutter free, but also kid-friendly and safe. Basically, space planners work to make a
space more usable.

Equipment location is also key to this type of work. Consider two examples. In a kitchen, a space planner
works to organize things used daily in the most accessible storage spaces and things used less

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frequently in other areas. Or, in an office, space planning entails placing the fax machine, printer, copier
and other multi-user equipment in a convenient location. It is the space planner's philosophy that
everything going into a room should have a designated and allocated place.

Space planners also consider aesthetic appeal, corporate culture, and community and individual needs
Space planners design, incorporate, and build great homes and offices that allow individuals to efficiently
use their environments and assets. You are probably more familiar with space planning than you realize!
Television decorating shows like "Clean Sweep" and "Mission Organization" are great examples of space
planners working to provide systems of organization and function that truly make the space more
appealing and beautiful.

Importance of Interior Design Space Planning

The importance of interior design is apparent throughout our daily lives. Producing an environment that is
functional and aesthetically pleasing is the goal of every good interior designer. Interior design is a visual
art. Interior design is a technical art. Interior design is a practical art. The challenge of interior design
education is to address the artistic, intellectual, technical and practical considerations necessary to
provide students with a stable base upon which to begin to practice the art of interior design.

The interior design program is based on the premise that interior design is both an art and a science. As
the discipline that interfaces between architecture and the user, its purpose is to enhance the quality of
life and facilitate human activity within the built environment.

How important is interior design space planning? Space planning is all about function. When doing a
decorating job you need to think about how much space you'll have to work with.

When doing a decorating job you need to think about how much space you'll have to work with. Involved
in this is measurements and drawing the plan, and figuring out many different ways that you can arrange
a room. Instead of testing your drawings out on a piece of paper, you can use helpful CD-ROMs to create
floor plans.

Prepare by drawing a floor plan gives you an idea of what to work with. You can experiment with many
different options before you make a change. A floor plan helps you sketch out how much materials you
need to get the job done.
Many homeowners move from house to house with the same furniture. Unfortunately, it is rare that two
houses have the same floor plan, or floor plan that is even close to one another. Often the furniture that
looked fantastic in an old home will look out of place in a new setting. Many a times due to an unusual
floor plan, therooms of a house may look uneven, too empty, or even crowded depending on the furniture
that is used in the room. An interior designer can help you transform your new house into a home by
using space planning. Space planning in interior design is the process of determining where to place
furniture based on foot traffic, the use of each room in a home, and the shape and size of each piece of
furniture.

An interior designer can make your house and separate rooms look aesthetically appealing and cohesive.
Your home will be designed in such a way that each space in your home adds to the overall harmony of
the home. Based on your budget and needs, your interior designer can utilize your existing furniture as
the foundation for your new look and can add new pieces of furniture, paint colors, window treatments,
and home accessories to round out the new look and feel of your home. Interior design space planning
does not mean just taking a space and walls and adding random furniture so that is looks full. Interior
design is about customizing your home and decorating it in such a manner so that every corner of a room
evokes your sense of style and gives a feeling of harmony.

Another time that you may hire an interior designer is when you move to a new geographic location.
Furniture that might have looked ski-chic in Mammoth, CA, will likely look out of place in your beach home
in Malibu. But an experienced interior designer may be able to salvage your existing key furniture pieces
to create a new look and feel no matter where you live. Oftentimes furniture can be reupholstered to
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create an entirely new aesthetic. Window treatments, pillows, rugs, and even paint that accentuate the
accent colors in a multi-colored furniture fabric can also create a different feeling in a room based on your
geographic location.
Whether you just moved into a new home or feel that it is time for an interior design facelift, consider
hiring an interior designer to help you with your space planning needs. Interior design space planning can
make your home feel like new.

Measure by using a steel measuring tape to jot down the actual measurements of the room and whatever
is necessary. Before measuring, make a sketch of the floor plan and be sure to include all the needed
furniture and amenities in your sketch. Measure along the length of the baseboard from one corner of the
room to another corner of the room.

Steps:

1. Measure to the nearest ¼ inch and put this approximate inch on the floor plan.

2. Include every four walls in the sketch, this way you can determine what color or wall covering.

3. Measure any openings, whether it's doors or open archways from the ends of the walls.

4. Measure any features that are part of the house, shelves, the brackets, and any built-in-features. Once
you've finished measuring, draw your floor plan by using graph paper.

5. Lightly pencil the main parts of the room on the graph paper, including any revisions or changes that
need to be made.

6. Make note of direction of the room.

7. Ask yourself where you would put electrical wiring or any outlets.

By drawing a wall elevation, it will help you determine to place tall pieces of furniture and any other
accessories. Mary Noe, Academic Director of Interior Design at the Illinois Institute of Art - Schaumberg
says, "For instance, sometimes you put a sofa behind a sofa table to cover the first. I think the first reason
people started doing that was to disguise the sometimes boring backside. Then, these people started to
realize that this sofa table had so many possibilities for additional functions, and they would
put lamps on top of it."

After you've made a basic two-dimensional floor and wall plan, make note of the square footage of the
room. Multiply the room's length by its width. If the room were to be L-shaped it would be broken into four-
sided sections, get the square footage of each area, and add them together for the total.

Make copies of your plan, be sure to make enough and keep your plan work with you or in a file labeled
"floor plan." This would be your guide for when you go on a shopping trip to know how much paint, wall
covering, or carpeting you'll need.

It's important to know how you will be decorating your room, when you've gotten your completed analysis
of your plan, make what's use of your space and where you'll be positioning your furniture and any
electrical appliances. Mary believes that "When you walk into the room, you want to see a magnificent
painting hanging over the fireplace mantle. You know that the placement or the planning has now taken
on a nonfunctional role. It gives you something aesthetic to enjoy. In that room you use
furniture pieces that will intrigue you and draw you closer in. It should start with function."

By virtual planning you can remodel and redecorate as oppose to having to sketch out or erase your
drawings. You can see the work of your room in a three-dimensional cyber version and a two-dimensional
colorful 3-D plan. Once you're done, you can view the results of your plans and you can print them out.
Mary says "Space planning becomes an issue of solving the problem to inventing new uses for otherwise
kind of unnecessary pieces of furniture."
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Interior Design Tools
When facing an empty room, it would be easy to assume all you have to do is paint the walls, place some
furniture, and hang some pictures to "design" the room. A welldesigned room does not just "happen". A
professional interior designer has tools available to ensure success, many of which are available to
individuals.

 Style: Your "look" which should be compatible with the structure and other rooms within the
home. Use idea books and magazines for ideas.

 Palette: Selecting a color palette that is compatible with your style is one of the biggest
challenges. All paint companies have begun to offer color palettes instead of regular color chips
that show the primary colors along with accent and trim colors.

 Maps: Using a scale ruler, make a drawing of the room itself, along with the window and door
measurements. A detailed drawing will be invaluable when you begin shopping.

 Swatches: Collect swatches of all fabrics you are using or considering, to make sure they work
well together.

 Storyboard: It can be helpful to track your selections in a folder or on a storyboard. Swatches of

fabrics and paint chips should be included here.

 Templates: Templates are scaled cutouts of furniture and accessories along with a "floor plan"
that allow you to test your furniture placement ideas.

 Plans: To avoid errors and to have a finished room that presents well, it is important to stick to
the plans you made in these steps. Use self-discipline and always carry a tape measure.

Structural Consideration of Rooms

Size

The old ideal for a room was the largest, "squarest" room possible for every use - for a family room,
bedroom, or kitchen. Changed conditions of living and the increased cost of labor and building material
have reduced the size of the modern house. According to the varied nature of their use, it is evident that
rooms should vary in size and in shape.

Living-Room
The living-room for the family should be the largest room in the house, since it serves a greater variety of
purposes and a larger number of persons than any other room. The restful effect of an appearance of
ample space is one of its charms. Sacrifice of spaciousness in other parts of the house may well be made
in order to provide a spacious living-room. The actual size for a living-room is a matter allowing great
variation, but rooms varying from 14 to 16 feet in width and from 18 to 24 feet in length suggest good
sizes.

Dining-Room
The dining-room is also a gathering place for all the members of the family. It, however, has but one
center and serves only one function. It may, therefore, well be considerably smaller than the living-room.

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For the comfortable serving of the meals, at least three feet should be allowed between the edge of the
table and the sideboard or any other furniture in the room.

Kitchen
The kitchen should be small and compact in arrangement and should not contain a foot of unnecessary
space. A good size for a kitchen in which the work is done by one person is estimated to be from 100 to
150 square feet of space.

Bedrooms
The bedroom of the modern house may be relatively small because the convenience of built-in closets, of
lighter types of furniture, and of bathrooms makes a large size unnecessary. In a bedroom, after sufficient
space has been allowed for purposes of ventilation, sleeping, dressing, and storage of clothes,
convenience is better served by compactness than by size.

Halls
Halls are used to give direct access to all parts of the house. After this purpose has been accomplished,
space may appropriately be economized here in a home of moderate size.

Room Shape and Proportion

Simple rectangular shapes for rooms are the natural outcome of building conditions. Any extension or
projection should be a coherent structural feature and should be used only to satisfy a need in the
function of the room. A chimney seat, a recess necessitated by a dormer window, an ingle nook when it
works out naturally on plan, are often reasonable features. A bay-window built to add space or to improve
the lighting conditions of a room, if well designed may furnish an interesting decorative feature both inside
and outside the house. No excrescences or protuberances should be built merely for the sake of original
or ornate effect.

A typical low room in an old-fashioned cottage, showing how even a good horizontal
arrangement of lines and furnishings decreases the apparent height of the room.

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The same type of low room as in above figure showing how a vertical arrangement of
lines and furnishings tends to increase the apparent height of the room.

An oblong is in general a more pleasing shape for a room than is a square. A pleasing relation between
the three dimensions - length, breadth, and height - should if possible be maintained. A room that is very
long is not easily adapted to general uses and is lacking in an effect of intimacy. A room that is too high is
wasteful of unused space, is hard to heat, and is unfriendly in appearance. In a room in which all the
dimensions are equal or nearly equal, the shape is obvious at once; nothing is left to the imagination, and
the result is stupid and uninteresting. However, a square may sometimes be the most convenient and
economical shape for a room. For a small dining-room with a square or round dining table, a square may
be both a convenient and a fitting shape. An oblong in which one dimension is perceptibly longer is much
more pleasing than one in which there is a doubt as to comparative dimensions. An excellent proportion
for an average room is one in which the width is more than half and less than two-thirds the length.

In a house of moderate cost and size, it is not always possible to plan so that each
room is of ideal proportion. Persons must often live in homes which they themselves have not built. In
such cases there are many devices by which the apparent proportion may be improved.

Devices for Changing Apparent Proportion

The eye naturally tends to follow any continuous line. By establishing lines in any particular direction,
therefore, that direction is emphasized at the expense of the others.

Rooms that are too high may be made to appear lower by introducing strong horizontal lines, for example:

 By bringing the ceiling color down on the side wall. This is successful only when the ceiling color
is happily related in hue and values to the side wall, and when its width corresponds to the width
of a moderate border 10 inches or 12 inches, in a room of ordinary dimensions, say 14 feet by 16
feet by 9 feet.

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A tall room of the late nineteenth century type showing a placing of picture molding and
a selection and arrangement of furnishings that tend to decrease the apparent height of
the room. Wall coverings of such dignified pattern and harmonious color as are shown in
Plate V, may sometimes be used above the molding with decorative effect. Note the relation
of the shapes of the pictures to the spaces.

A typical modern living-Room in which a group of casements and a built-in seat dominate
the furnishing effect.

 By using a molding at the intersection of side wall and ceiling, and by making the picture-molding
continuous with the top of doors or windows.
 By a wainscot or dado, the top of which is on a level with the window-sills.􀁺By using a valance
in the window drapery, if this is consistent with the style of the room and the other furnishings,
and by hanging all draperies so that the width of the opening is emphasized.
 By using furniture in which the horizontal lines dominate, such as long low bookcases,
davenports, sideboards, or tables.
 By using pictures which are horizontal oblongs in shape, or by grouping several smaller pictures
so that either the lower or upper edges of their frames will establish continuous horizontal lines.
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Rooms that are too low may be made to appear higher by emphasizing the vertical lines, for example:

 By placing the picture-molding at the ceiling, leaving the sidewall undivided.

 By using vertically striped wall paper. Stripes should always be of nearly the same color or value
in order to be unobtrusive.
 By using as long draperies as are consistent with the use and structure of the room, and by
hanging these in straight folds and so arranging them as to make the openings high and narrow
in effect.
 By the use of tall and narrow bookshelves, cabinets, and other furniture.
 By the use of pictures that are vertical oblongs, or by grouping the pictures with each other or with
pieces of furniture so that the vertical is emphasized.

In a room that is square or is too short an oblong, emphasis may be given to one dimension, for example:

 By opening up a vista through a door or window, or by planning interesting features in the

furnishings in order to emphasize the long axis of the room. A mirror may perform a valuable
office in adding to the apparent length of a room.The French have understood this and have
increased the apparent size of dancehall and dining-room by the skillful use of many mirrors.

A study of windows in relation to the adjoining wall space. First group:

A single window in the middle of a short wall: a small double-hung window of bald
design; a generous double-hung window with pleasing wall space around it; an
interesting and well-placed casement. Second group: Two separate windows in a
generous wall space: a good arrangement both for distribution of light and for the
placing of furniture; a poor arrangement both for lighting and for furnishing. Third
and fourth groups: Pairs and groups of windows in a generous wall space: a fair
arrangement for a pair of double-hung windows, providing good light and good
wall space; an interesting group of casements, dominating the wall space and

30
furnishing abundant light; a pleasing group of double-hung windows; a pleasing
arrangement of French windows. The use of moldings in any case must be related
to the proportion of the room and the structural line of the openings.

 By placing the long dimension of a rug in the direction to be emphasized. If the room is sufficiently
large and the other conditions warrant it, two narrow rugs so placed as to emphasize the length of
the room may be used.
 By placing the long pieces of furniture in the direction to be emphasized. Seats or shelves may
sometimes be built in.

In rooms that are too long, the apparent width should be increased and the apparent length diminished by
every device possible, for example:

 By placing openings or important structural features centrally on the long sides, thus breaking the
length of the room into two or more furnishing centers.
 By using more than one rug, placed with the long edges parallel to the short side of the room, in
order to break up the space and establish lines across the room.
 By placing the long pieces of furniture or by grouping furniture so that the width rather than the
length of the room is emphasized.

Location of Windows and Doors

The location, style, and proportion of windows and doors are structural considerations that affect every
interior. The amount and shapes of the remaining wall spaces after windows and doors have been placed
define the possibilities of the furnishing scheme. It is, therefore, important to arrange windows and doors
in such a way as to leave usable wall spaces. These spaces should be so pleasing in shape and
proportion that the bare room is in itself a design. Many doors in a room are an evidence of poor planning.
While there is no rule about windows, an amount of window area equal to about one-fourth the floor area
will in general be found a reasonable guide.

A-B: Two types of bay windows. C: A well-placed group of high

31
casements. D-I: A study of six windows showing how the appearance of the
window is affected by the division of the glass.

Structural Surfaces

The structural surfaces of the room are walls, ceiling, and floor. Walls include plaster walls, windows,
doors, and trim.

Planning the Kitchen Space

Any home-maker should be able to plan a kitchen intelligently. This means a kitchen those measures up
to some standard tests on general essential points. The details are of small moment when compared to
such fundamental considerations as the size of the kitchen, the amount of light and air, and the general
organization of the work. Too much or too little floor space, too many doors, too few windows, and too
little wall space are basic matters that may break up the entire convenience of the place, no matter how
perfect the details of equipment may be. Naturally, it is too late to begin to plan a kitchen after it is built,
for the structural conditions are then fixed and the possibilities of arrangement are accordingly limited.
This is not meant to discourage the remodelling of old kitchens, but merely to emphasize the importance
of planning the kitchen correctly at the start.

Use of the Kitchen

Properly speaking, the kitchen is a scrupulously clean room intended for operations connected with food
materials, and for this purpose only. It is not the province of the kitchen to provide space for eating, for
washing and ironing clothes, for lavatory purposes, for removing boots, wraps, and overalls, or for
passageway from the back of the house to the front. For the sake of cleanliness and speed, such
activities should be provided for elsewhere. It is poor logic and poor economy to plan for such features
as laundry tubs and cleaning closets in the kitchen, for they are too unsanitary and too unrelated to food
work to have a place there. Moreover, in order to include the laundry work, the kitchen must be made
larger than it would otherwise need to be. A separate room for laundry purposes should be provided,
either in the basement or, as in the case of the farm-house, on the same floor as the kitchen and adjacent
to it.

A large kitchen, 14 by 18 feet, so rearranged that food and laundry

work are separately grouped, while the stove is common to both.

This room can also be used for the storage of cleaning materials and as a direct entrance into the main
part of the house, thereby eliminating constant passage through the kitchen. Therefore, by taking out of
the kitchen proper all operations foreign to foods, a smaller and more convenient room may be planned.
32
Even in altering an old house, this idea of planning the kitchen proper for food work only, should be the
guiding thought. Thus, a large kitchen in which the family washing has been done should be remodeled in
such a way that all food work is grouped at one end and laundry work and passage at the other end, with
the stove as the common piece of equipment between. If the room is large enough for it, a thin partition
wall may be used to complete the division. This makes a more cleanly and more economical arrangement
than does the single large room with the two kinds of work crossing each other.

The same idea of grouping the food work in an alcove and using the remainder of the space for another
purpose can be applied to a combination kitchen and dining-room, such as is shown in Figure 2.9. The
compact kitchen end could be made light and washable in character, and the dining-room end more like a
sitting-room, with passage through the room halfway between, thus disturbing the comfort of neither
part.

It is evident from the foregoing explanation that the intelligent planning of a kitchen involves a number of
side issues, which, in the case of the farmhouse, unite to make of it a very complex problem. If the
kitchen is to become a compact, businesslike compartment for one use only, the entire working
arrangements of the house must be thoroughly studied in order to make sure that there is a definite place
allotted to every need.

Exposure
The location of the kitchen will of course depend on the remainder of the house plan and on the location
of the other rooms. Theoretically, the best exposure and location for a kitchen is toward the north, the
northeast, or the northwest, with at least two outer walls for light and air. This implies either a corner
location or a separate wing. South, southeast, and south-west are less desirable exposures for a kitchen,
because they are likely to be hot and glaring and are usually hard to ventilate. Furthermore, southern
exposures are usually at a premium for the more important living-rooms. If the arrangement is such that
the kitchen can have but a single exposure, it can still be made a very comfortable one as regards light,
air, and coolness, if it faces north and is provided with plenty of windows; whereas, a kitchen having but
one outside wall, and that facing directly south, is in the very worst situation from every viewpoint.

Size
The size of the kitchen is determined chiefly by the number of workers and by the kind of fuel to be used
for cooking. In general it should always be large enough to accommodate two workers in emergency, and
yet at the same time as small as convenience will allow.

A kitchen in which coal is to be used for fuel is normally larger than one in which gas is to be used,
because of the larger size of the range, the need for a convenient supply of fuel, and the fact that for
reasons of comfort the other pieces of furniture cannot be placed too near the stove. Years of experience
in planning, equipping, and using kitchens under conservational methods, show that a gas-fuel kitchen
with a pass pantry need not exceed 150 square feet of floor space, and that a coal-fuel kitchen, together
with a pass and food pantry, ordinarily need not exceed an area of 200 square feet of floor space. This
area may be arranged in such shapes as 9 by 12 feet, 10 by 12 feet, 10 by 13 or 14 feet, 11 by 11 feet,
11 by 12 or 13 feet, or 12 by 12 feet, for the kitchen proper, and 5 by 7, 8, 9, or 10 feet, or 6 by 6, 7, or 8
feet, for the pantry, according as these measurements best fit into the plan for the remainder of the
house. In general, approximately square shapes for kitchens and pantries are more convenient than are
long, narrow ones. Eight feet should be the minimum width for a kitchen.

Of course the areas given are merely guides to help determine the probable amount of space needed for
kitchen developments and to serve as a sort of check on wasteful or crowded planning. It is very easy to
plan a kitchen that is too large; it is also possible to plan a kitchen that is too small, where freedom of
motion is cramped and where one tires of standing always in one place or position.

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Kitchen Doors
After the size and the location of the kitchen have been determined, the placing of the openings is the
next step to be considered. The subject of doors especially should be given the most deliberate attention,
for the inconvenience of many kitchens can be traced back to the presence of too many or wrongly
placed doors.

It is evident that a kitchen should have as few doors as possible in order to avoid breaking up the wall
space and to avoid passage through the kitchen to different parts of the house. Ordinarily, five or six
doors are needed in connection with the kitchen work: an outside door, a pantry door, a cellar door, a
door to the dining-room, and perhaps one leading to a rear stairway or hall. Fortunately, all these doors
need not be located in the kitchen proper. Different combinations can be arranged whereby one door can
be made to serve two or three purposes. Thus, the cellar or the rear-stair door might open from a pantry
or from an outside entry, which might also contain the outside door. Two or three doors of passage are all
that are needed in a well-planned kitchen. These should, as nearly as possible, be arranged at one side,
corner, or end, thus leaving a continuous wall space in an alcove form for the arrangement of equipment.

Kitchen Windows
The function of a window is essentially, two-fold to admit light and air. Naturally that arrangement of
windows will be most reasonable which provides for the best diffusion of light and the best ventilation with
the least amount of glass space. For, while it is poor economy to have too few windows, it is also poor
economy to have too many.

It has been found that for effective results, a sort of flexible relation exists between the amount of window
space to be used and the size of the room to be lighted. Accordingly, the total window area for a kitchen
should in general be about 25 per cent of the floor area. For example, a kitchen 11 by 11 feet, having 121
square feet of floor area, should be provided with about 30 square feet of window space, arranged
on the two outer walls. This space may be divided into two windows 3 by 5 feet each, or three windows 2
1/2 by 4 feet each, or three windows 2 by 4 1/2 feet each, as the case may require. The necessary
window space for any given kitchen may thus be approximated.

A Good Kitchen Arrangement

Ordinarily, kitchen windows should be located as far apart as possible. In the case of a corner exposure,
they should be placed near the partition walls rather than near the corner of the house. This arrangement

34
insures a strong diagonal sweep of air and an even distribution of light. The tops of the windows should
be not more than a foot from the ceiling, so that the rising heat and odors can easily escape. Broad, short
windows, built high from the floor, are an excellent type for kitchen use. The distance from the floor to the
sill should be from three to four feet, in order to allow for table space beneath the windows. While not so
picturesque as casements, double-hung windows are usually the easier type to operate in a kitchen.

Arrangement of Kitchen Equipment

Having planned the kitchen that is structurally suited to its use, further convenience depends on the
selection and arrangement of the furniture, or equipment. In this, as in the case of any industry, the aim
should be to do the most work in the least time without friction and with the fewest workers.

The equipment should line the walls, leaving a free central space for working. Theoretically, every change
in working level, whether of floor or table, and every gap between two pieces of equipment, cause loss of
efficiency; that is to say, the more continuous the arrangement of equipment, the more convenient will be
the work. Having dispensed with all unnecessary doors and deliberately preserved one or two continuous
wall spaces, the disposition of the equipment becomes an easy matter. Indeed, it would be difficult to
make a really inconvenient work-place of a compact, well-lighted kitchen of limited size, having few doors
and generous wall spaces, such as has been previously described. But in order to reach a standard of
maximum convenience, the work and the equipment should be organized so that all things pertaining to a
given operation are grouped together.

The table, the stove, and the sink represent the three essential operations carried on in a kitchen: the
preparation of the food, the cooking of the food, and the cleaning-up process that follows. This equipment
and this work form the nucleus of three operation centers: (1) the food center, (2) the heat center, and (3)
the water center. This organization is the basis of convenient arrangement for every home kitchen, large
or small, whether it belongs to apartment, suburban home, or farmhouse.

1. The food center requires the following equipment:

(a) Table space, from 8 to 12 square feet exclusive of sink-boards

(b) Storage space

 For cold foods: Ice-box Dumb-waiter Food pantry (Any or all of these)

 For dry supplies and utensils needed in food preparation

Kitchen Drawers and Shelves

(In form of closet or cabinet)

2. (a) The heat center requires the following equipment: a. Stove or range, from 2 by
3 feet to 2 1/2 by 5 feet b. Storage space.

(b) Fuel box or bin, if coal or wood is to be used Pan Closet for utensils Water
Boiler

3. The water center requires the following equipment:

(a) Sink, 2 by 3 feet, more or less

(b) Drain-board, 8 square feet or more - part to right and part to left of sink

(c) Storage space for china and utensils

35
Shelves and drawers (In form of china closet and pan closet)

The food center should, if possible, be located on an outer wall, with the sink and range centers on inside
walls and with light coming from the side. Ordinarily, the position of the dining-room and the location of
the main chimneys of the house determine the general location of the sink and the range, respectively.
The sink should be near or next the dining-room wall, so that meal service involves a short path of travel
and but one handling of dishes.

If possible, the food and water centers should be combined into one arrangement, so that all the table
space, such as the table top, the cabinet shelf, and the drain-board, forms a continuous work shelf on the
same level.

Ordinarily the stove or the range is the one piece of equipment that should be set somewhat apart. It may
even be conveniently placed in a detached position on a separate wall space, partly because the other
work is more comfortable if the stove is not too near, and partly because the design of stoves is such that
two or three sides must be accessible to the worker.

The question is often asked whether movable or built-in equipment is preferable. While the use of either
sort can be made entirely convenient in arrangement, there is much to be said in favor of built-in
equipment as far as cleanliness and appearance are concerned. In the latter case, there are no cracks
behind or under the furniture, and, consequently, the moving of heavy articles is unnecessary in cleaning.
A table, a stove, and a cabinet, all separate and standing on legs or casters, make the problem of
a clean floor more difficult than if the cabinet and the range were set directly on the floor and the table
space was supplied by drain-boards or a shelf. Also, the appearance is simpler and more restful with the
built-in pieces. However, a satisfactory kitchen can be made by the use of separate pieces.

Table Space

Extensive table space may be gained by providing generous drain-boards to right and left of the sink,
continuous with the cabinet shelf. A movable table of the same height, mounted on casters or, preferably,
on small wheels, will prove a great step-saver and will simplify the serving of meals. A double-deck wheel
tray would serve this purpose even better since it is lighter to push about. All floors on a level and all table
tops on a level save many an accident in the kitchen. A work table covered with zinc will give satisfaction
for it is non-absorbent and is easily cleaned.

Kitchen Range
The newer patterns of reliable ranges are simpler and less ornate than those of the older stoves and
require less care

.If a new kitchen is to be built, a separate ventilating flue maybe provided in addition
to the smoke flue. This ventilating flue, provided with a register inlet about four feet above the stove top,
will relieve the kitchen of odours and of excessive heat, especially if a projecting metal hood is fastened
over the range for collecting the rising air.

The stove or range requires more care and makes more dirt than any other feature in the kitchen. Fuel
must be brought in and ashes must be removed. Whatever can be done to simplify the incoming and the
outgoing of fuel will make for cleanliness and for economy of labour. A generous temporary supply may
be stored either in a separate fuel compartment next to the kitchen, or in a fuel box fitted with a double
hinged cover and built into the wall in such a way that it may be filled from without and emptied from
within. The actual arrangement in any case will depend on whether wood or coal is burned and. whether
the main supply may be stored in or near the house.

Ashes may be emptied directly into an air-tight metal can in the cellar. This is an easier and cleaner
method than removing them by hand. A can of a size that one man can handle easily will probably not
need to be emptied oftener than once a week. Many of the newer ranges are already equipped for this
36
method of ash-disposal, but any stove may be so arranged if there is a careful workman at hand. The ash
pan should first be removed from the stove and a round hole cut through the bottom of the ash
compartment and through the floor below; a stovepipe is then passed through these holes and is flanged
over the bottom of the ash pit of the stove. Two precautions must be observed in this piece of work: first,
the stovepipe which is to lead the ashes into the cellar can must be provided with a damper near the
stove, in order to prevent an upward draught of air from burning out the fire; second, a free air space of at
least two inches must be allowed all around the pipe where it passes through the floor, consequently the
floor hole must be cut at least four inches larger than the pipe. This open space may be filled with
concrete or covered with an ordinary metal collar. Measures should also be taken to make the ash can
perfectly safe. A container of hot ashes in a place not frequently visited, such as the cellar, may prove a
source of danger unless it is surrounded by a wire cage or in some way protected so that
rubbish, paper, kindling, or other combustible material can never be thrown directly
against it.

Sink and Drain-Boards

A one-piece enamelled iron sink, with high back, will prove a satisfactory appliance. This sink should be
large enough to hold a dishpan conveniently. Dishwashing will be more quickly accomplished with the
double drain-board before mentioned than if a single drain-board is used. Enamelled iron drain-boards
are not advisable. They are more showy than serviceable, for, besides being noisy, they are too small to
be useful and too hard to be safe for dishes. Suitable drain-boards may be made of ash or of maple, or
they may be made of some other wood and covered with zinc. For the purpose of shedding water,
wooden drain-boards should be grooved and zinc covered boards should be provided with a curbed or
raised edge. Furthermore, a drain-board should slope slightly toward the sink, on the rim of which it rests.
The resulting board level is about one inch above the sink level.

The construction of sink-boards requires the most careful workmanship. The use of wood for draining
purposes subjects it to the severe test of being continually wet on one side only. In order to avoid warping
and splitting, therefore, a sink-board should be thick, heavy, and well cleated on the underside. A surface
finish that will render the boards water-resisting should be applied before they are put into use. Usually
sink-boards are varnished, but this finish water-mark, wears off, and on the whole is less serviceable than
a surface finished with wood filler, followed with linseed oil.

The sink should be supported from the wall, rather than on legs, and should be piped, if possible, through
a partition wall rather than through the floor. A sink should be set at a height convenient for the worker-34
inches from the floor is a good average height. The usual height of 30 inches to the top of the rim is too
low for most persons.

Discussion of Plans

The plan of a farmhouse kitchen that has been developed in accordance with the principles of kitchen
planning previously described is shown in Figure Above. It will be found to work out satisfactorily on each
of the essential matters of use, location, size, number and location of doors, number and location of
windows, and organization of work. In this kitchen, coal or wood is used for fuel, and the equipment is
movable.

In the below figure is shown the arrangement of a kitchen in a suburban house. In this case, gas is used
for fuel, and the equipment is built in. This arrangement also will be found to stand the test on the points
essential to good planning.

The working area of a farmhouse is represented in next Figure in which the principles of kitchen planning
are clearly expressed. The relation of the kitchen to the dining room, the porch, the pantry, and the
washroom, should first be noted, after which size, location, openings, and general equipment may be
studied. This kitchen has a corner location on the plan, with the food pantry and one wall exposed in a
northerly direction. The kitchen proper represents an area of 130 square feet and the pantry an area of 45
square feet. The number of doors has been reduced to two, which are placed adjacent so that travel from
37
the porch occurs around a corner and not across the working center. The most direct passage from the
barns lies through the washroom, as should be the case. The windows of the kitchen, which are placed
high, light the working area sufficiently and provide good ventilation. Moreover, if it is needed, a complete
sweep of air may be obtained from end to end by opening the two pantry doors, over either of which a
transom may be built. Both these doors are glazed, in order to afford light and view. A fuel compartment
is conveniently located for either kitchen or washroom. An eating porch, looking toward the garden and
the sunset, occupies the corner angle between the kitchen and the dining-room. The kitchen and the
porch connect with a Dutch door, so that outdoor meals are easily served. Extra food and extra fuel are
stored in the cellar, whence they are delivered by a dumb-waiter, or lift.

To Barns

The purpose of a washroom is to save the other parts of the house. Here all dirty and occasional forms of
work may be done. The room is equipped for the family washing and ironing, and stores such general
cleaning apparatus as brooms, pails, and vacuum cleaner. Here, also, men coming from the barn may
remove muddy boots and overalls, and may clean up before going to the table. Such feeding pails for
stock as are brought to the house should be deposited here, not taken into the kitchen.

A farmhouse kitchen that demonstrates the

principles of sound planning.

Considering the nature of this room and its many uses, it should be made as large as can be afforded,
and should be provided, if possible, with a cement floor and a painted wall so that splashing will not injure
it. The room shown in next figure is in reality the old washhouse and woodshed, fitted more completely
than formerly, and is an important part of the plan.

38
A kitchen for a suburban house, developed in accordance with the
principles of good arrangement.

Pantries and Closets

No part of the kitchen equipment has been so evaded in planning as has accurate and systematic storage
space. The habit has been acquired of using every corner and tuckaway place for a closet, the idea being
that the more closets, and the greater would be the convenience. Too much or inaccessible storage
space invites slack housekeeping and is, therefore, more destructive to the general scheme than is too
little closet room.

Shelves of suitable size for the materials to be stored.

39
Utensils in which foods may be both cooked and served-casseroles and meat plank.

Limited storage space compels one to organize, to eliminate, and to arrange compactly, the general result
thereby favouring conservation. Only such storage space should be planned as is really needed to
complete and assist the operation of the kitchen.

Farm View
Plan in which principles of kitchen arrangement are clearly expressed

Living Room

There are three general types of storage space that may be used in connection with the kitchen
arrangements: (1) the pantry, (2) the cupboard filled with shelves, and (3) the cabinet, or dresser. Of
these three, the pantry is by nature the most capacious, the cupboard next, and the cabinet least. An

40
analysis of these three forms should enable one to plan intelligently the storage space for an individual
kitchen.

The pantry may be defined as an enlarged closet through which one passes or into which one steps
instead of merely reaching. Its purpose is primarily to furnish more generous storage space than is
provided by the ordinary cupboard. There are in general two types of pantries, the food pantry and the
pass pantry. The food pantry is intended primarily for the storage of food supplies that must be kept
cooler than the temperature of the kitchen. The pass or butler's pantry is used for the storing of china
and for the serving of meals. Often these two pantries can be combined into one without breaking up the
organization of the work.

A Complete and Convenient Kitchen for any House

Whether a food pantry, or a pass pantry, or both, or a combination of the two shall be planned for any
given house, depends on the conditions of that special case. In general, a food pantry is always needed
when coal is used for cooking, because the temperature of the kitchen then becomes so warm that
certain foods will not keep; whereas, when gas is used, the temperature is likely to be fairly cool and
even, which often allows for the food pantry to be replaced by an ice-box, a dumb-waiter, or both,
placed directly in the kitchen. If the ventilation of the room is good, such an arrangement will require very
little more ice a year than the amount needed if the refrigerator were placed in a separate entry or pantry
or on an outer porch.

The Pass Pantry or Serving-pantry,

41
If the family is large, however, or the house located at a distance from the markets, a food pantry is
almost necessary to store sufficient supplies. Often one tier of shelves in the food pantry is reserved for
utensils, which makes a separate cupboard unnecessary. Owing to the nature of its use, the food pantry
should preferably be located on a northerly outside wall and should be provided with a window.

The pass pantry (Above Figure) is for several reasons an almost invaluable adjunct to the kitchen. Not
only does it provide closet space for china and aid the smooth serving of meals, but it also shuts off the
noise and the odors of the kitchen from the remainder of the house. Owing to the nature of its use, the
pass pantry should be located on the partition wall between the dining-room and the kitchen. It is of
course desirable, but not really necessary, to arrange the pass pantry so that it touches the outer wall and
is provided with a window. Where this is impossible, an inside serving-pantry painted white and lighted
through a glass panel in the door leading to the kitchen, will be found to be light and satisfactory.

Sometimes in place of, or in addition to, the pass pantry, a china closet opening both ways is built into the
wall between the dining-room and the kitchen. Although convenient, this destroys the quieting effect of
the pass pantry, as it provides direct communication between the dining-room and the kitchen, and
danger of noise and odours. A simple and direct arrangement for meal service is shown in Above Figures.
where the pass pantry is used and there is a slide through to the sink drain board. In neither case are the
dishes carried across the kitchen; they are delivered, washed, and returned within the shortest possible
line of service.

Glass china closets and plate rails should be used sparingly in the design of the dining-room. The
cupboard - a closet filled with shelves - is a valuable place of storage for pans, china, or supplies. If
intelligently shelved, it can be made almost as capacious as a small pantry.

The arrangement of shelving is perhaps the most important feature in the planning of storage space. For
the best results, shelves should be designed only wide enough to hold comfortably one row of supplies, of
whatever kind considered. An arrangement of narrow shelves spaced close together will prove to be more
capacious, accessible, and easy to clean than wide shelves spaced far apart. From every standpoint,
deep shelves are a great mistake, because one must then arrange for two or three rows of materials in
order to use the space. It will be found that the area of comfortable reach is between one and six feet
from the floor, leaving about five feet of quickly available space. For the sake of efficiency, this space
should be as compactly shelved as is feasible for the use intended. A cupboard provided with one or two
broad shelves below and a series of narrower shelves above will hold a large number of articles, both
effectively and accessibly displayed. A cupboard with doors for pans, china, or supplies is ample if made
from 10 to 15 inches deep; a series of open shelves, if made from 8 to 10 inches deep. Shelves as
narrow as 6 inches are good for single rows of dry supplies. From 7 to 10 inches between shelves is a
safe average distance for spacing; but in order to make the most out of a given space, it is best to think
out carefully the materials that are to be stored, and to space the shelves accordingly.

The kitchen cabinet, or dresser, brings a new element into the storage arrangement. It introduces a work
shelf at table height, thereby dividing the storage into an upper and a lower part. The deep under part
may be arranged for either closet or drawer space; the upper part may be arranged as a shallow
cupboard for supplies. The most valuable form of storage for the lower section of a cabinet is an
arrangement of drawers, for these pull out and expose their contents from the top so that one need
not stoop to reach them. From four to six well-planned drawers will be adequate for the ordinary kitchen:
a broad, shallow drawer subdivided for small utensils, such as knives, forks, spoons, egg-beaters, and
the like; a deeper drawer for kitchen linen, such as towels, clean cloths and aprons; and two or three
deep, narrow drawers, or bins, for storing flour, sugars, and other dry supplies of a bulky nature.

Appropriate drawer space for the pass pantry is about as follows: a broad, shallow drawer with
subdivisions for the different kinds of table silver; one, two, or three broad, shallow drawers for table linen;
and a deep drawer for miscellaneous needs, containing perhaps a compartment for string, one for
wrapping paper, and so on.

42
It should be realized from the foregoing discussion that the cabinet, or dresser, is an appropriate form of
storage only when table space is needed also; that is, the emphasis is here placed on the work shelf
rather than on the storage capacity .To equip a pantry, whose function is to furnish maximum storage
space, with closets of the dresser type is therefore a mistake, since it furnishes an excess of table space
at the expense of cupboard room. An ordinary cupboard or a series of open shelves, supplemented by a
small table or work shelf with drawers below, is a much more appropriate arrangement than to break up
the most valuable part of the storage space by the intrusion of a work shelf. The cabinet form is chiefly
valuable in the kitchen proper.

The subject of kitchen storage should not be dismissed without emphasizing the usefulness of the dumb-
waiter. This is an almost indispensable convenience when a portion of the cellar is used for food supplies.
The dumb-waiter will carry wood, coal, and food between floors, and is a great labor-saver. With such an
arrangement, a cold part of the cellar may be substituted for the food pantry, even taking the place of an
ice-box satisfactorily. One trip a day to the cellar is enough to keep the lift supplied.

Interior Finish
Any kitchen that is to give full satisfaction must be sound in arrangement, slightly in appearance, and
smooth in operation. Within reasonable limits, anything that can be devised to enforce this triple standard
must be considered worthy of trial.

The demands of convenience will of course always come first, thereby deciding matters of arrangement
and of management; but the less insistent needs for a work place that shall be a fit and lovely spot, must
also be met. A clean, level floor, walls and furniture with smooth washable surfaces, and a pleasing color
scheme are elements that eliminate mental friction and that add the touch of refinement which makes of
any work a joy.

Up to the present time, no perfect flooring that is cheap enough for use in private homes has been
evolved. The materials most available are wood and linoleum. Of the two, linoleum is thought to be
preferable, because it can be cemented tight to the under floor, it is practically crackles, and it is quiet and
easy to walk on. Plain brown "battleship" linoleum is a reliable, standard product, or a modest inlaid
pattern may be used instead. Experienced housekeepers claim that linoleum with a pattern is both more
attractive and easier to keep clean than is the plain color. Although good linoleum is not a cheap floor
covering, its satisfactory and lasting nature commends it in spite of its cost.

A maple or a beech floor of narrow boards is the next best material. Yellow pine and oak are too open
grained to make a satisfactory floor for kitchen use. Maple and beech are both light in color and do not
make a very attractive floor under hard use, but they can be scrubbed and kept clean. A maple floor
should be finished by saturating it with hot linseed oil for a number of hours; then all the extra oil should
be thoroughly wiped up. In this way, the wood is practically impregnated against the absorption of
grease.

Kitchen woodwork should be plain, with as few grooves and moldings as possible. Wooden wainscotings
in kitchen and bathroom should never be used.

For the interior finish of the kitchen, nothing is comparable to clean, light-colored paint for walls and
woodwork. Warm grays, buffs, and other soft, neutral tints may be used. Sometimes walls, woodwork,
and furniture are all painted the same color, thereby uniting the whole effect. Even ready-made cabinets,
tables, and refrigerators are far more attractive if painted a light color.

A kitchen finished in stained oak or varnished pine, like the remainder of the house, is unnecessarily
monotonous. It should be differentiated from the other rooms in color scheme and general atmosphere.
cheering and restful to look at, but have the further advantage of reflecting and distributing the light so
that there are no dark corners.

43
Such a room becomes also an easy and economical one to light well at night. When gas or oil lamps are
used, light colors are positively invaluable in the kitchen. Each wall then becomes in reality a huge
reflecting surface, so that a given amount of light is virtually used several times over. If an electric fixture
for indirect lighting-an inverted metal bowl-is placed centrally on a white ceiling, the entire kitchen is
evenly lighted so that there are neither heavy shadows nor dark corners to impede the work.
Naturally, the lighter the general color scheme, the less the current that will be needed. Light colors may,
therefore, be considered as having a practical, as well as an aesthetic, value.

Arrangement of House Space

The plan of the house must be above all a direct and business-like arrangement. Every foot of space
must be made to count, must contribute either to the smoothness of the housework or to the effectiveness
of the whole interior. There should be neither waste nor stagnant space, no idle or undefined areas.

The organization of the floor plan should fit the organization of home activities. The three phases of daily
life-work, play, and sleep-suggest three divisions of space in the arrangement of a dwelling, the living-
rooms forming one group, the working parts another, and the sleeping-rooms another. Each of these
space groups is distinct in use, in arrangement, and in the character of its furnishings.
Communication between these parts is provided by means of hall and stairs; in fact the starting point of
any plan is a study of its circulation or passage. The hall may, therefore, be considered as the kernel of
the plan, the distributing center of space.

The arrangement of the living-rooms should be generous in feeling. To this end, wide doorways, groups
of windows and long vistas both indoors and out are essential. One large unit for general family use and
two or three smaller ones usually comprise the living area of the modest house. Some variety in the size,
shape, and direction of the rooms is desirable in the design of the living space. Combinations of oblong
rooms of different sizes placed at right angles to each other, or of oblong and square rooms of different
dimensions, make a more interesting and more furnishable arrangement than a succession of square
rooms, which tend to repeat each other in character and use. Generous window groups on long or
important walls and arrangements of single windows or pairs on short or unimportant walls furnish a
variety of outlook and lighting that is bound to give life and animation to the whole interior.

In general the living-rooms in temperate climates should occupy southerly exposuressouth, southeast,
and south-west-unless such an arrangement is contradicted by the direction of the view, prevailing winds,
or other conditions of the site. An east diningroom is especially to be desired, since the morning sun on
the breakfast table starts the day off cheerily. Living-rooms southerly and working parts northerly make a
good complementary arrangement for using to advantage the four exposures of a free-standing house.

The sleeping-rooms must above all be private in location. That means that each room must be entered
directly from a hall, not from another room. In a two-story house the privacy of the sleeping-rooms is
automatically assured by placing them on the second floor. In a one-story arrangement a small bedroom-
hall must be deliberately provided in addition to the entrance-hall.

The relative advantages of a one-floor or two-floor arrangement for a private dwelling depend on a
number of factors. In general, the two-story house and the real bungalow, which has all the rooms
arranged on a single floor, are climatic expressions of housing for widely different localities. Each is so
normal for its own conditions that it becomes the prevalent type of that place. The informal spread-out
plan of the bungalow is normal for warm climates, where yard and grounds form part of the daily life for a
large part of the year and where the buildings may be lightly constructed without cellars and without
heating systems. But when a dwelling must be arranged for year-round comfort in a locality of extreme
heat and cold, the supposed economy of a one-floor arrangement, unless kept very small and compact,
loses all point and defeats its own end. Large cellar and roof areas, the need for weather-tight
construction and for an effective heating plant soon eat up the supposed economy of cost.

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Floor plans of a small house. The first floor plan shows a
desirable spaciousness of living area and adaptability of working parts.
The second floor plan shows an arrangement of four bedrooms, closets,
and bath developed from a central hall.

There is, however, something to be said for the simpler housekeeping of the one-floor arrangement. The
ease with which a servant less household may be comfortably maintained when all the living
arrangements are on a single floor, is responsible for the popularity of various forms of apartments, flats,
two-family dwellings, and even cottages with bedrooms on the first floor. Most of these are, however,
rented dwelling-places and must not be confused with the type of house that it is desirable to build and
own as a permanent home.

The three arrangements shown in the accompanying illustrations are typical examples of houses planned
for modern conditions.

In the above figure are shown both floor plans of a small house 26 by 30 feet. Here the spaciousness of
the living area and the adaptability of the working parts may be instantly noted. The contrast in the size
and shape of living- and dining-rooms, together with the long vista through both rooms and porch to the
yard beyond, form a pleasing development of the space. The stairway is screened from the front door and
is arranged in a separate stair-hall which serves also as passage to the coat-room and the kitchen. Such
an arrangement greatly assists smooth and noiseless housekeeping. The second-floor plan shows an
arrangement of four rooms, closets, and bath developed from a central hall.

45
The first floor plan of a suburban house designed for the
accommodation of a family with little children.

The panel of space across the front, comprising living-room, hall, and dining-room, is supplemented by a
similar arrangement of rooms in the rear, in the form of nursery and kitchen. The front of the house can
thus be kept in order while the rear part is in use. The nursery is so located that it can be watched by the
worker in the kitchen, and the stairs are very accessible. With such an arrangement properly equipped, a
mother could do her own work without exhaustion or loss of time. The children's lunch could be served in
the nursery and the mother's couch and sewing materials would always be ready. The nursery could later
be transformed into a study-room or library, or in case of illness into a downstairs bedroom, since toilet
facilities are at hand. The house also adjusts itself to hired help.

A typical arrangement of all rooms on one floor. The living-rooms and

kitchen are grouped snugly together, and the bedrooms are grouped and arranged
to open from a retired hall.

A typical arrangement of all rooms on one floor is shown in Above Fig. The living rooms and kitchen are
grouped snugly together, and the bedrooms are grouped and arranged to open from a retired hall. Such a
plan is suitable for a one-floor cottage arrangement in temperate climates. Another one-floor arrangement
is shown in next figure

46
A small farmhouse arranged on a single floor, with a cellar beneath for the furnace
and for vegetable storage.

The Farmhouse

No building can be discussed intelligently apart from its surroundings. The best placing of the farmhouse
depends on the location of the barns and other outbuildings. The relation of these buildings to one
another and to such considerations as sunlight, view, roadways, and garden should be carefully studied.
Obviously, a general farm scheme that unites into one workable system lands, barns, and dwelling is the
wisest beginning for the development of any property. Each improvement will then take its place in the
final scheme, and permanent economy will result. Owners of either old or new farmsteads will profit by
adhering to a simple and direct working plan for the farm grounds. The farmhouse is merely one unit of
the whole farmstead.

The practical value of a working plan can hardly be overestimated. The haphazard farm groups
commonly seen bear eloquent testimony to the futility of developing property without plan. Failure to plan
involves waste of money and labor; it means a continuous process of tearing down, reconstructing, and
makeshift. Under all circumstances, hit-and-miss methods of work have proved unfailingly wasteful.
Organized farming and organized housekeeping are the present tendency, and to this end an organized
arrangement is necessary. A well-planned farmstead is more economical, more orderly, more beautiful,
and more salable than one which, like Topsy, "just growed."

Farmhouse Planning

A farmhouse is more difficult to plan than either a city or a suburban dwelling, because it must provide for
so many needs. The city or the suburban house is merely a home; it is supplemented by an outside place
of business and by outside markets. The farmhouse, on the other hand, must be not only a home, but
also the business center and to a limited extent the store and the market. This means that, planned as
compactly as may be, a farmhouse is necessarily larger in floor area than a suburban house for the same
family need be. Much thought and planning are, therefore, required in order arranging this larger area in
such a manner that wasteful methods of work will be avoided.

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Traditional Types

It may truly be said that the problem of the American farm-house is still unsolved. For the building of new
appropriate farm dwellings, there is almost no precedent to guide one. Most of the rural houses now
standing are failures as farm-houses because they were not planned for farm conditions. In fact, many of
them were not planned at all. They were merely built, and built in about the following fashion: an outer
shell was constructed and roofed over, the inside was divided into rooms, and somewhere a kitchen was
attached. If the house became too small, more rooms were added to fit the growing needs of the family.
With each addition to the house, the kitchen retreated to the rear of the structure, where, by its very
distance from the living rooms, it confined the housewife to her post of duty. As the family decreased in
numbers and helpers became few, the front part of the house was closed and home life was centered
within the radius of the kitchen and its activities.

Such of these old structures as are soundly built are worth replanning and equipping with running water,
electric light, sound floors, and a good heating system. Alteration should be undertaken only after the
complete project has been worked out on paper.

In the below figure is illustrated a rambling plan of the traditional farmhouse of the upright-and-wing type
previously described. The original and the remodelled arrangement are shown in A and B, respectively.
The main faults of the old plan A, are two: first, the plan is deficient in correctly located hall space;
second, the distance from the kitchen to the front of the house is too great. Since a person must pass
through one room in order to reach another, the whole floor virtually becomes a passageway. This
condition destroys privacy, interrupts work, and entails much extra cleaning. The correct amount of hall
area placed in the heart of the plan would give separate entrance to each room and would save the whole
house. Hall space should be regarded as the developer of the plan. If the plan is compactly arranged and
the hall centrally placed, great service may be obtained from even a small allowance of hall space. The
presence of five, six, or seven doors in a room indicates poor hall-planning and therefore poor house-
planning. It is well to remember that the number of doors in a room diminishes in proportion to the
excellence of the plan.

In plan B there is introduced enough central hall area to give direct access to each of the rooms. The
kitchen is placed centrally at the rear of this hallway. This brings the kitchen nearer the living rooms and
shortens all working distances. If the distances from the center of the kitchen to the center of each room
in plans A and B are computed, it is found that the remodeled plan saves an average distance of fifteen
feet a round trip over the old plan.

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 The Old Plan A and B

In the remodelled plan, such modern improvements as heat, light and running water have been added;
closets also have been provided. The whole plan is now arranged so as to encourage wholesome living.

Under the old plan the house contained two cellars, one under the square upright and one under the
kitchen, with an unexcavated area under the dining-room. A long journey was thereby involved in going
from one excavated part to the 'other. The new plan simplified this difficulty by excavating under the
dining-room.

Attention must now be focused on more economical arrangements. The plan of any building is based
primarily on its needs. Broadly speaking, family life makes three demands on a house plan: that it shall
provide living area, working area, and sleeping area. The living area includes such parts as sitting-room,
dining-room, library, office, and porch; the working area includes kitchen, pantry, laundry, hall, and stairs;
the sleeping area includes bedrooms and bath. It is the function of a good plan to organize these three
elements into a compact arrangement, allowing each requirement an area to itself. Spaciousness must be
expressed in the living area, compactness in the working area, and privacy in the sleeping area.

Commercial and Institutional Space Organization

An organized office space is a key to success in business. Knowing where everything is allows for pens,
paper and needed documents to be accessed in an efficient manner, increasing productivity. Maintaining
an organized office space is easier said than done. Throughout the course of a busy work day, such
clerical tasks often slip through the cracks. This challenge can be overcome by implementing a few tips.

Desktop Essentials

Perhaps the easiest method for keeping clutter at bay is to only allow essential items to take up desktop
space. In most cases, a computer, a telephone, a notepad, a calendar and a clock are the only items a
person will use consistently throughout the course of a day. Files and other documents that are needed
sporadically should be removed from their storage space during use, and restored when they are no
longer needed. By implementing this practice, a person ensures that her desk always has an appearance
of order.

Color-Coded Files

Records, files and other documents should be in stored file cabinets and drawers at all times. This not
only eliminates clutter from desk and tabletops, but also allows a person to easily access them. While
49
standard practice dictates that documents are filed in alphabetical ordered, color coding each file adds an
additional layer of efficiency. or example, a sales executive may store paperwork pertaining to new clients
in blue folders and those pertaining to existing clients in green. When his supervisor asks him a question
regarding new clients, he can quickly access the information taking a visual cue from the color of the
folders.

Dedicated Project Space

Although a person’s office may store documents related to various projects she has been assigned over
the years, more often than not she is only working of one or a few projects at a given time. With this in
mind, dedicating a specific drawer to current projects allows her quickly access the appropriate files
without having to sift through folder upon folder of irrelevant archival information. Dedicated project space
should be located within arm’s reach of her desk. Once a project has concluded, she should transfer all of
its files to a separate archive, leaving room to store documents related to her next project.

Spot Check

Before ending his workday, a person should perform a throughout spot check of his office space. He
should ensure that all documents have been stored in their proper place. He should make sure all scratch
paper and other refuse has been properly disposed. This action guarantees that his next business day
will begin with a completely organized office space.

Institutional interior design is a very important part of your Ontario organizations building. Although the
look of an educational, medical or financial facility may not seem relevant, it actually is. The area you
provide for visitors, employees, and organization members can nurture many different things. Whatever
your purpose is,

Summary

Important spaces must be emphasized to create the feel of comfort when designing with limited square
feet. This is especially true when the client entertains guests. This house plan features large main rooms
that are open to each other, in a very real sense doubling the size of each room. Even the den has
French doors, opening it up to the rest of the house. Space planners consider how a room is used. Areas
with a large amount of traffic flow should be planned and arranged to allow for high usage. Properly
planning a room also takes into account how many people use the space and how frequently the space is
used for different activities.

Simple rectangular shapes for rooms are the natural outcome of building conditions. Any extension or
projection should be a coherent structural feature and should be used only to satisfy a need in the
function of the room. A room that is very long is not easily adapted to general uses and is lacking in an
effect of intimacy. A room that is too high is wasteful of unused space, is hard to heat, and is unfriendly in
appearance. In a room in which all the dimensions are equal or nearly equal, the shape is obvious at
once; nothing is left to the imagination, and the result is stupid and uninteresting. The location, style, and
proportion of windows and doors are structural considerations that affect every interior. The amount and
shapes of the remaining wall spaces after windows and doors have been placed define the possibilities of
the furnishing scheme.

Any home-maker should be able to plan a kitchen intelligently. This means a kitchen those measures up
to some standard tests on general essential points. The details are of small moment when compared to
such fundamental considerations as the size of the kitchen, the amount of light and air, and the general
organization of the work. There are three general types of storage space that may be used in connection
with the kitchen arrangements: (1) the pantry, (2) the cupboard filled with shelves, and (3) the cabinet, or
dresser. Of these three, the pantry is by nature the most capacious, the cupboard next, and the cabinet
least.

50
The panel of space across the front, comprising living-room, hall, and dining-room, is supplemented by a
similar arrangement of rooms in the rear, in the form of nursery and kitchen. A farmhouse is more difficult
to plan than either a city or a suburban dwelling, because it must provide for so many needs. The city or
the suburban house is merely a home; it is supplemented by an outside place of business and by outside
markets. In the remodeled plan, such modern improvements as heat, light and running water have been
added; closets also have been provided. The whole plan is now arranged so as to encourage wholesome
living. The living area is unique and spacious. Instead of two separate rooms, each of which would be
small, living-room and dining-room are combined into one large apartment. A group of three glass doors
connects this generous living-room with an unusual porch arrangement, called on the plan an "arbored
terrace."

Keywords

Living-Room: The living-room for the family should be the largest room in the house, since it serves a
greater variety of purposes and a larger number of persons than any other room.

Dining-Room: The dining-room is also a gathering place for all the members of the family.

Bedrooms: The bedroom of the modern house may be relatively small because the convenience of built-
in closets, of lighter types of furniture, and of bathrooms makes a large size unnecessary.

Halls: Halls are used to give direct access to all parts of the house.

Structural Surfaces: The structural surfaces of the room are walls, ceiling, and floor.
Walls include plaster walls, windows, doors, and trim.

Review Questions

1. What is space? Explain the concept of Space planning

2. Write down the importance of interior design space planning.

3. What are the tools of Interior Designing?

4. Briefly explain the room shape and proportion.

5. What are the devices for changing apparent proportion?

6. Briefly explain the general organization of kitchen space.

7. How Kitchen Equipment is arranged? Also explain Kitchen Drawers and Shelves.

8. „The interior design program is based on the premise that interior design is both
an art and a science‰. Explain how interior design is both art and science?

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 Unit 3 Interior Layout of Residence
Introduction

Making plans the inner layout of your private home generally is an enjoyable affair once you move in
regards to the entire task by yourself. Desire a few how one can beautify your house? Do you observe
you must supply your room a pretty good makeover? Purchasing a brand new residence each time you
become bored with the interiors is rarely possible for everyone. With considerate making plans in regards
to the inside layout of your home, you could have a brand new appear without quite burning a gap to your
pockets. Inner designing as an occupation is usually awfully well-liked. When you have the innovative
streak in you, possible prevent the heavy fees by looking for reputable suggestions! With a few making
plans in regards to the area and colour schemes, you may get a brand new search for your house without
too many hassles. Want a few easy methods to boost the interiors? Examine directly to be aware of
greater approximately inner layout and how to spruce up the interiors.

Formerly you being with the making plans for the internal layout, you could recognize the regions you
would have to paintings upon. Is there any extraordinary room or a nook you intend to spotlight? Have
you ever considered the price range? Having a hard and fast finance can help plan it systematically.

Think of you’ve got the dimensions of the room you want to paintings on. ItÊs spacious and comfy or
compact? In case your home is truly compact you need to use sure components to create the sensation
of spaciousness. For this, you would have to figure out at the lights of the room, which ought to get rid of
all of the shadows inside. Lighting mounted within the ceiling environment can is inclined to make the
ceiling seem to be scale back and this may make your room seem smaller. Use a comfortable mild inside
the room, as subtle mild is thought to create the sensation of house besides.

Including too many styles and textures within the room can added supply it a compact appearance.
Hence, it needs to be kept away from in case you live in a really small flat. That you may cross in for sleek
finishes providing it a bigger look. Prevent utilizing seriously embellished rugs or carpets for such
properties.

Do you must paintings on a particular environment? Concentrating on one level within the room can draw
greater awareness to that specific part and upload a factor of hobby to the interiors. For those who plan
for one enormous engaging characteristic, you ought to play down the alternative materials within the
room. Of course, you do not need each of the items vying for cognizance. You may get extensive portray
or have a few dramatic furnishings.

The colours of the room should be deliberate with cautious attention to the application of the room and
who will be making use of it besides. Loud colours for the bed room side may very well motive you to lose
your attractiveness sleep. Each coloration is associated with sure feelings. Darkish shades could make
any room seem smaller than its true length. Mild shades might actually help a compact room seem larger
than its real length. You may pass in for decent colours for the lounge and the kitchen in addition. Such
heat hues are full of life and might make someone suppose vigorous. Cool colour schemes create a
peaceful feeling and are favoured for the bed room location.

Plan a subject matter for the room. This may additionally depend upon your finances and private opinion.
Floral topics are fairly famous and will be more straightforward to control as the components are on hand.
Be sure you stability all of the resources nicely. In case you have floral curtains, stability it with an
undeniable rug. The colors will have to steadiness out all of the factors. Too many flowered styles all
around the room can the truth is lead to a crisis. Having a good looking portray with flora on an
undeniable wall can coordinate effectively with floral bedspreads, without particularly hurting the attention.

52
Styles can be used to feature a few dramas to the room. Cross in for patterned wallpapers or have an
oriental rug inside the middle. Tough textures can be utilized carefully to create a few dazzling
consequences. Patterned rooms may give your home a brand new seem and convey a few contemporary
switches.

Make use of your house properly in terms of the association of the furnishings. Vicinity the tables close to
the window, to be able to make use of the organic gentle. Use curved merchandise or furnishings within
the nook to melt the perspective of the room. Steer clear of hanging too many enormous products
throughout as you ought to additionally believe how cozy it’s far to stroll in the room. Don’t be frightened
approximately experimenting with inside layout. While you get the cling of it, you need to use ingenious
selections to bring forth a non-public contact on your domestic.

Layout Concepts

Interior decoration and design have become increasingly popular in today's culture based on the success
of shows such as Trading Spaces. Trading Spaces employs a handful of designers to decorate the
houses of show guests. The guests are typically neighbours, but quite often friends and family as well.
They "trade spaces" for a weekend, and each team work with a different designer on the other team's
room. A budget is set as is a time limit, and after a grueling weekend of painting, sewing, and building,
each team is surprised with a completely renovated room. Below are some quick facts about the Trading
Spaces designers' professional and personal lives.

Many houses have several rooms with specialized functions. These may include a living/eating area, a
sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) washing and lavatory areas. Additionally, spa
room, indoor pool, indoor basketball goal, and so forth. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies,
domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) often share part of the house with
human beings. Most conventional modern houses will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen (or
kitchen area), and a living room. A typical "foursquare house" (as pictured) occurred commonly in the
early history of the United States of America where they were mainly built, with a staircase in the center of
the house, surrounded by four rooms, and connected to other sections of the house (including in more
recent eras a garage).

In order to choose a home design that will please for years to come, first consider your lifestyle. When
searching for their perfect home, some people truly relish collecting plan books and poring over the
myriad home designs available. Most people, however, are simply overwhelmed by the many choices,
and welcome some help in narrowing their search.

A style, or theme, is a consistent idea used throughout a room to create a feeling of completeness. Styles
are not to be confused with design concepts, or the higher-level party, which involve a deeper
understanding of the architectural context, the socio-cultural and the programmatic requirements of the
client. These themes often follow period styles.

The evolution of interior decoration themes has now grown to include themes not necessarily consistent
with a specific period style allowing the mixing of pieces from different periods. Each element should
contribute to form, function, or both and maintain a consistent standard of quality and combine to create
the desired design. A designer develops a home architecture and interior design for a customer that has a
style and theme that the prospective owner likes and mentally connects to. For the last 10 years,
decorators, designers, and architects have been re-discovering the unique furniture that was developed
post-war of the 1950s and the 1960s from new material that were developed for military applications.

House Layout

The philosophy of design for this house was to have the „living space‰ on the first floor, and to have the
„sleeping area‰ on the second floor. In practice, the guest room is not used as often as a family
member’s bedroom, so the guest room (albeit a bedroom) was placed on the first floor.
53
Also, since the majority of the laundry is generated in and around the bedrooms, the laundry room was
placed on the second floor. This design is very livable and facilitates entertaining, because the private
bedroom areas are naturally segregated from those areas where company would normally frequent
(family room, living room, dining room). Also, because living during the day is mostly on the first floor and
at night on the second floor, the zoned heating and air conditioning can be adjusted to concentrate on the
regions of activity at particular times of day. The ceilings on the first floor at all 9' in height, while those on
the second floor are all 8'. The master bedroom tray is about 11' high and grand foyer ceiling with its
chandelier extends up to 18 feet.

Foyer: The main entrance opens into a 15' x 10.5' two-story foyer with a 90 degree spiraling staircase to
the upper floor. Upon walking in through the leaded glass front door from the covered front porch, your
guests are greeted with a majestic two-story open area surrounding a chandelier. The front door does not
open directly into a staircase as in many poorly designed houses. Open access from the foyer leads into
the formal dining room, family room, and breakfast room. Doors allow access from the foyer into the first
floor guest bedroom and access to the basement (this second door is not visible from the foyer entrance).
The winding staircase is bounded by tapered ornately lathed posts supporting a wooden railing leading up
to an encircling open hallway (also bounded by wooden railing) from which there is upstairs bedroom
access. A triad of second-story windows assures that the foyer is always bright during the day, but never
with direct sunlight. The walls along the stairway and the upper story hallway make are an ideal area for
display of expensive artwork or a rogue’s gallery of people and places associated with your life’s
adventures.

Family Room: The 17' x 17' family room is newly carpeted and has two floor-to-ceiling windows looking
out onto the deck. A built-in fire place and hearth is located on the West wall of the family room and has
an outside air source as well as a a ‘heatilator’ system to blow hot air into the family room from the firebox
exterior to enhance energy transfer even when the screen and glass doors are closed. Downstairs
bathroom access is available off of the family room. The family room has a home entertainment center
niche with power and signal connections. A multi-speed ceiling fan with integral light is centered in this
room. Access to the family room is directly from the foyer and the breakfast room. Formal Living Room:
The 14' x 11' formal living room is accessed directly from the entry foyer and connects to the formal
dining room. The living room has three floor-to-ceiling windows on a full bay looking out onto the
Victorian-style porch at the front of the house. The living room is newly carpeted and has a sculptured
moulding around the ceiling.

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Formal Dining Room: The 13' x 11' formal dining room is accessed directly from the formal living room
on the North side, and through a door leading directly into the kitchen on the South side. This newly
carpeted room has floor-to-ceiling windows looking out onto a plush garden on the East side of the house.

A thyristor-dimmable chandelier provides elegant light at the center of this room.

Guest Room (Bedroom _ 1): The 15' x 11Ê guest room is accessible through a private door from the
formal foyer and has three floor-to-ceiling windows on a full bay looking out into the stone wall-bounded
front yard with its central ornamental Chinese Maple. The guest room has access to the ground floor full
bathroom.

First Floor Bathroom: The 29.3 square foot first floor bathroom is a full functioned facility having a
cultured marble counter top with integral sink, shower with glass doors, and toilet. It allows a guest full
privacy in this quadrant of the house without having to interact with the regular bedroom complex
upstairs. This bathroom has lockable door access from both the guest room and the family room for those
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times when guests are not living in. It is the main bathroom used by a family during the day or when
entertaining. It is located apart from the formal living room and dining areas of the house. This bathroom
has a single window looking out into the forest to the West. Under-sink storage and a medicine cabinet
provide space for supplies.

Kitchen: The 14½' x 11' kitchen is tiled throughout. Counter tops are Corian with tile backsplashes.
The kitchen has a large stainless steel sink below a window looking out into the garden along the back of
the house. Access is through the breakfast room, through a door from the formal dining room, or from the
garage door. The pantry is directly off of the kitchen. Fluorescent light fixtures light up the kitchen at night,
but the large breakfast room picture window and the over-sink window provide lots of natural light during
the day. The appliances in the kitchen include a brand new (2008) electric oven just below an enclosed
shelf for the free-standing microwave oven (3 years old).

Storage cabinets are above these ovens, and shelves below. A short counter top is next to the ovens with
a condiment cabinet above.

A cabinet bar extends out into the room and acts as a divider between the kitchen and the breakfast
room. A four burner gas range and griddle with down draft vent is on top of this divider cabinet. This joins
the main counter top which has cabinets above and drawers/cabinets below. A dishwasher is located
beneath this counter top and the sink is located in the adjacent part of the counter top. The refrigerator
terminates the end of this counter top. There are even cabinets above the refrigerator space. Accessibility
of appliances is easy as there is no „island‰ to get in the way.

Serving from the kitchen to the breakfast room table or the formal dining room table is also conveniently
close. A high plug and cable TV connection are supplied at the corner of the breakfast room should it be
desired to place a television that is viewable to both the kitchen and breakfast room while not taking up

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floor or counter space. At the junction of the kitchen, breakfast room and foyer entrance to these rooms is
a notch designed for a roll-top desk where mail and breakfast room table projects can be stored.

Pantry: The 6' x 4½' pantry has shelving on all of its walls and on the back of the pantry door. The pantry
is directly accessible from the kitchen. Space is allocated for a full-sized chest freezer along the Eastern
wall of the pantry. A 50" x 28" chest freezer is installed in the pantry and is included as a feature of this
house. A telephone outlet for use with an Âout-of-sightÊ answering machine has been included in the
pantry. Because of its central location, the pantry can be wired as an intranet node with a downstairs
Ethernet switch. This is facilitated by the wire access at the back of the pantry.

Breakfast Room: The 15' x 10¾' breakfast room is newly tiled with large Italian tile that flows into the
immediately adjacent kitchen and pantry. Entry to the breakfast room is direct from the foyer and family
room. The breakfast room has a full wall of cabinets for storage as well as a book shelf niche and a very
large single pane 6' x 6' picture window looking out onto the flat backyard with its bounding plantings and
hand-laid stone garden wall. An external door with a window leads out onto the deck from the
breakfast room.

Closets and Storage: The first floor has various closets and storage areas. A coat closet is off of the
foyer. Above this closet is a hinged panel hiding several cubic feet of storage. Off the breakfast room is a
build-in two drawer file cabinet space behind a hinged panel as well as a full wall of storage space for
large items (see „Extra Storage‰ description below). The pantry described above, has significant storage
area designed primarily for foodstuffs.

Cabinetry: Upper and lower wood Kraft Maid hickory cabinets adorn the kitchen on all sides and under
the gas range. Very large items such as crock pots are accommodated by the under-counter cabinets
while upper above-counter cabinets are useful for plates, bowls, cups/glasses, and spices. A large set of
drawers below the oven holds items of large radius such as serving platters and pizza stones. Adequate
drawer space is also provided for silverware and utensils.

Extra Storage: Between the breakfast room and the family room is a floor-to-ceiling storage area that
includes a closet with storage above, a bookshelf niche with a large 24 cubic foot storage area above and
place for a two-drawer file cabinet below. All of these storage areas are behind paneled hinged doors.

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Garage: The 22' x 22' two-car garage is built for two full-sized cars with enough room for storage around
the perimeter. A single 18' windowed automatic belt-drive garage door operable from both keypad and
transmitter, secures this area. A keyed dead-bolt locking windowed door grants access from the garage
directly to the kitchen to facilitate the unloading of groceries from an automobile. The 8 kilowatt propane-
fuelled generator is located at the back of the garage (see earlier note). The attic area
above the garage is affords lots of storage for large items.

Front Porch: The front porch wraps around the formal living room and encompasses the front door with
access from the front steps. The porch is 6 feet wide with a high ceiling. Tongue-in groove narrow
pressure-treated floor boards make a solid base without gaps. A wood railing spans the distance between
the lathe-turned posts which support the porch overhang.

Victorian-style gingerbread 3-D decorations adorn the eves of porch where there are spots for hanging
fern baskets at regular intervals. Access to porch overhead joists is available on the East side so that a
chain-supported porch swing can be hung. Multiple flush ceiling lights (all controlled by a thyristor
dimmer) and three outdoor electrical outlets are available on this porch.

Deck: The rear deck is 16' x 11', uncovered, and surrounded by a railing. This deck is newly constructed
(2004) from pressure-treated wood and is accessed from the breakfast room and by four steps up from
the back yard walkway leading past the rear garden to the concrete turn-around pad at the rear entry
garage door. Being directly off the breakfast room and kitchen, the deck is convenient for summer
evening meals and entertaining. One outdoor electrical outlet and a light are available on this deck.

Internal Layout

Now let us understand the concept of internal layout:

Bedroom Interior Design

There are a wide range of bed room internal layout principles. There are specific components which are
average in them all and wish to be stored in intellect whilst designing the bed room interiors. We now
have highlighted all the ones sides of contemporary bed room inner layout concepts.

The layout of a bed room relies on a number of most important elements. The 1st one is who can be
occupying the room. For example, the bed room layout for a person could be completely diverse from the

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layout of a teenager’s bed room. Equally, the scale of the bed room additionally issues. The layout so that
it will go well with a master suite isn’t perfect for a small spaced bed room. Consequently, we’re going to
be speaking a couple of few fundamental bed room indoors layout principles.

Master Bed Room Inside Layout Ideas

The main bedroom is the biggest considered one of the complete different bedrooms in your home.
Consequently, you may get numerous scopes to scan with the designs of the bed room. You ought to opt
for a layout for this bed room in a method that it displays the character of its occupants. The colour of the
bed room partitions have to have a relaxed and serene consequence to your brain and senses. Hence,
blue, inexperienced and lavender are the hottest collection of hues. Nevertheless, if you would like a
younger contact in your bed room, then pick a few hotter colours like misty peach, buttery yellow, soft
crimson, pale colors of pastels and so forth. If you’re searching for a sober full of life ambiance on your
bed room, then select impartial colours like faded sunglasses of brown.

The furnishings of a master suite comprise a double mattress, dresser, dressing desk, facet desks and a
writing table. If there’s a terrace connected to the room, you then can avoid a few formal seating
preparations over there to boot. The end and colours of the fixtures must supplement properly with the
colours of the partitions as they cowl part of the wall area. Lights of the room must contain right use of the
two the unreal faded in addition to pure sunlight. Bed room partitions may be adorned with art or paintings
or lovely wall hangings or posters. You may supply a customized contact to the room by placing a college
of household graphics enclosed in an ornamental body. Uses of organic aspects like houseplants
contained in the bed room could make you are feeling in the direction of nature. Vegetation that undergo
flora as soon as in a month is the proper selection for this aim as they’ll result in a metamorphosis within
the seem of the room after each few days.

Kids Bed room Internal Layout Ideas

Generally, the red colour is linked to the wall colour of the ladies bed room and blue for the lads’ bed
room. Nevertheless it, now, instances have replaced and you’ve got extra selection of alternatives readily
available with you. Red, yellow, eco-friendly, crimson, pastel, orange, beige are the opposite colours that
are a great deal preferred by small teens. Anything be the decision of the colours ensure this can be a
water primarily based one in order that cleansing the partitions shall be a better activity. After getting
performed portray, that you would be able to enhance the partitions extra with the aid of hand painted wall
work of art. Images of fairies, geometrical shapes like rectangular and rectangle, birds, teddy undergo,
cloudy sky, are favourite as females bed room inside layout tips. When woodland issues, playhouse
subject matters, photographs of reptiles, wild animals, exercises automobiles are the alternative for
adorning boys bed room. You too can use wallpapers for wall decorations.

Security of the kid is your very best precedence. Hence, the proper floors choice must be protecting the
ground with carpet or wooden floors. It’s worthwhile to store adequate space for storing in youngsters bed
room as they’ve their toys, books, crafts and different knick knacks which should be saved effectively in
order that the ground area stays unfastened. Aside from the mattress and cabinet, incorporate shelving,
putting cabinets, freestanding bookcases, and so on as consistent with their
necessities. The room ought to be correctly lit with desk lamps, ground lamps, wall sconces and many
others. There must be ample materials within the variety of bed sheets, curtains, pillows, throw pillows,
domain rugs to provide a softer suppose to the room. Discover extra on children bed room redecorating
principles.

Small Bed Room Inside Layout Ideas

For a bed room with a small area, the layout need to be easy and the furniture, the colour and the
ornament need to make it appearance spacious. Colours like blue and inexperienced at the partitions
could make the room appear better. Use a paint which has an excessive gloss conclude because it will
mirror satisfactory faded make the room appearance greater extensive and open.

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The bed rooms furnishings will need to have an extra compact appear in order that they occupy much
less ground area. Furthermore, a huge piece of fixtures will appear misplaced in a small bed room.
Authentic garage is significant in a small area as they could preclude the room from getting cluttered. You
could pick such furnishings for those bedrooms which have garage amenities besides. Most significantly,
be sure that there’s sufficient mild and airflow within the room in order that it would not appearance dingy.

Use gifts fabricated from metals, glass and different polished floor for bed room ornament as they could
replicate many of mild. Placing up an effectively embellished framed reflect on a wall contrary to the
window could make the room appear much more brighter. Get additional info on small bed room
association: redecorating innovations for small bed room. Those are a few of the best bed room indoors
layout thoughts. Integrate most of these thoughts to make a special layout that fits your style, form and
standards. Simply understand that the layout aren’t deliver a cramped appearance to the bed room and
they seem need to make you comfy.

Room Interior Design

Are you making plans to create a room inside layout without riding a paraprofessional’s assistance? Then
listed here are a few suggestions and tips on room internal layout to help you create a superb internal
layout for diverse rooms.

Room inside layout is an essential component with regards to making a first rate shopping area. There
are lots of components you want to take into account whilst making a house. Elements just like the
accessible area, mild and price range must be regarded as when making plans room internal layout
concepts. You should use most suitable strains, shades, shapes, textures, types, and so forth to create
an area which looks as if one team spirit and is eye pleasant. Given beneath are facts and tips on
room indoors designing, to help you within the activity. You may plan the room internal layout on line or
on paper. There are various websites for you to will let you layout a room for as much less as 50 dollars.
Alternatively, with a few undemanding sketching youÊre able to create your personal plans and need not
layout a room online.

The walls are in the same place, the bathroom has been rearranged so
that the door is not in the middle of the kitchen. In addition, the window next to the
front door is small and three are three windows along the kitchen wall.

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Layout Designs

Following are the layout designs of home:

Layout Designs of Home


 The distance from the garage to the kitchen of the house is direct and short.

 The foyer is centrally located and convenient to all parts of the house.

 All bedrooms are close to a bath.

 Few rooms of a house have floor traffic planned through them.

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  Pay attention to space relationships. (Dining room in relation to kitchen).

 Try to separate the living room from the kitchen of the house if there is a family room.

 It is usually advisable to locate the laundry near the kitchen of the house so you can do laundry
while working or relaxing in the kitchen.

 In recent years it has become quite common to locate the laundry on the second floor of the
house, near the bedrooms of the house.

 There should be a closet near all entry doors of the house.

If you are planning single story floor plans in your house, it is cost effective to have the plumbing fixtures
share a common wall whenever possible as they do in bath 1 & 2 above. Plumbing walls should be built
with 2x6 rather than 2x4 to allow room for the plumbing lines. If planning two storey house floor plans, or
a basement with a bath, try to line up the plumbing wall with another plumbing wall above or below, or
at least get them close.

Room Sizes

Following are some minimum and recommended room sizes for floor plans. The Federal House Authority
recommends at least the minimum. Of greater importance is that your furniture will fit. Use paper cutouts
of your furniture to lay on the floor plans. Perhaps a better idea is to buy a plans kit which may include
miniature Styrofoam cutouts of furniture and other items to actually build yourself a model of your home.
There are low cost computer programs available for the home PC user. While the developers claim the
software is easy to use and design floor plans with, it has been found that it takes more time to learn the
use of the software than it would take to draw floor plans by hand or build a model of floor plans from a
kit. The vast majority of people have tried them have given up in frustration and have used another
alternative to design their house plans. If you expect to design more than one set of floor plans however,
these programs may be worth the time to learn them, and they can be fun.

Common Bad Layout Designs

Homeowners can easily become oblivious to the layout after occupying the same space for a number of
years. Day-to-day activities become rote after a while, and it might not make any difference to a
homeowner how the home is navigated, but buyers will be turned off by a bad layout. Here are a few of
the common complaints from buyers who choose not to buy a home with these features:

 Inside Stairway Facing the Entrance: Bad feng shui. Followers of this ancient Chinese tradition
say a staircase located directly in front of the entrance lets a home's energy escape. But they say
it also depends on each individual's birth element and doesn't affect everybody with the same
degree of intensity. Practically speaking, being greeted by a stairway immediately upon entering
the home is confrontational and off-putting to most people. It's just there, smack dab in front of
your face, and it's annoying. Acceptable stairways are those that curve, are wide, well lit and off
to the side.

 Hallway Facing the Entrance: Entrances are important because an entrance forms a first
impression. Buyers make up their minds within 6 seconds of entering a home. It might not be a
conscious decision, but buyers either feel good or feel bad walking in the door. Long, narrow,
dark hallways are a huge turnoff. Especially, if the hallway constitutes the entire view from the
entryway. Homes designed in this manner are sometimes duplexes that were converted into
single family residences, with a living room to the left, a dining room to the right, bedrooms along
the hallway and a kitchen at the back of the house. It doesn't convey a warm, cozy home.

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  Dining Room in the Center: In this type of layout, upon entering the home, you walk through the
living room into the dining room. To get to the kitchen, family room or bedrooms, one must walk
through the dining room because all rooms are connected through multiple entrances to the
dining room. The chief complaint is the inconvenience of navigating around the dining room table
to access other areas of the home. It does not provide a straight path or easy access.

 Adjoining Bedrooms: In some areas, appraisers won't consider the value of adjoining
bedrooms, and will consider two bedrooms as one. Real estate ads might call this set-up a two-
to three-bedroom home if two of the three bedrooms adjoin. For privacy reasons alone, buyers
expect a separate entrance to each bedroom.

 Bedrooms Located Off the Living Room/Dining Room: It is undesirable to locate a bedroom
door directly leading from a room where family members or guests gather. Apart from the noise
factor, it reduces privacy as well. Nobody wants to look at a bed while dining, except maybe a cat.
Cats don't care where they eat. But most people want to dine, entertain family in the family room
or greet visitors in the living room without a view of the bedroom.

 Poorly Located Guest Bathroom: The only thing worse than staring down a long hallway upon
entering a home is capturing a full view of a toilet at the end of it. Many older homes place the
bathroom at the end of a hall rather than to one side or the other. Closing the door to the
bathroom is unattractive and uninviting, so that's not a practical solution. A main-floor or guest
bathroom, which is accessible only by walking through a utility/laundry room or bedroom, is
unappealing as well.

 No Views from One Room to Another: Even if your home is small, as long as one can see
several other rooms from a central spot, it will make the home appear larger. Multiple doorways
or arches to main meeting areas help to accomplish this purpose. Open spaces create a feeling
of spaciousness. It's not necessary to open the kitchen to the living/family areas but it is popular.

 Satellite Living Rooms: This type of layout generally places the living room off to one side of the
entrance, and it connects to no other room but the entrance. You see this feature more often in
older homes that have been remodeled, where walls were moved. People don't want to feel
disconnected from the rest of the home; especially if they use the living room for the purpose it
was intended. However, in all fairness, living rooms are falling out favour with buyers as lifestyles
move toward more casual living. In new home construction, the trend is moving away from
building homes with living rooms and replacing those areas with great rooms or expanded family
rooms.

Room Indoors Layout

Following are basics of room indoor layout:

Basic Layout

Formerly opening with any inside layout concepts, to begin with take a measuring tape and struggle
through exclusive rooms in your home, and degree their dimensions. Or ask your contractor to get the
scale of assorted rooms in the home. Then in a sketchpad, draw good rooms in a chook-eye view with
smaller proportions. This can come up with a concept of ways an awful lot house is supplied in both room.
So, draw difficult sketches of every room, and draw the everlasting ingredients within the room in an exact
perspective view. Prevent photocopies or scans of those drawings if you’d like it as a backup.

Theme & Focal Point

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Now, take into accounts the complete dwelling as one complete unit, take a stroll in numerous rooms and
visualize what all might be executed to layout the rooms. That you can consider on a unmarried subject to
accessorize the home. It truly is noticeable as a topic offers a feeling of concord to the home, and makes
it appear to be one entire. Then begin drawing at the room sketches, the foremost components that are
vital within the room. At this level of time take into account the point of interest within the room. To
illustrate, by way of front room indoors layout concepts you are able to take into consideration a hearth or
a flat TELEVISION as a focus, and set up furnishings and different aspects round it.

Symmetry or Asymmetry

You’ll create symmetry by arranging issues put on contrary in similar approach, or create an asymmetry
via curves or striking items of contrasting shades or distinctive sizes. Despite the fact that, make sure that
everything seems nicely balanced. Take care that the fixtures factors have edges which might be curved
or sharp, that in shape different materials within the room inside layout. For teenagers bed room inner
layout rules decide on mushier designs, and soft yet many colours.

Transition & Lighting

Use mushy colour transition whilst going from one room to different. You should use curved wall layout
alongside the corridors to realize this. Relating to bed room inner layout options, use softer colours and
the lighting fixtures ought to be adjustable. You may avoid a pleasant lamp close to the mattress for
delicate gentle, and a ceiling loft pale for important illumination, and smaller mild at dressing desk for
extra illumination.

Texture & Space

Play with various sort of texture in case you like, to create exceptional hunting floor and indoors layout
kinds. You may paint wall in textured paint suggestions, or use carpet with texture. After all, comes
including accents. Those assist to offer a last contact to the room ornament. Maintain it easy to compare
an easy and small room, for large room you are able to bear in mind putting flattering immense accents.

To get additional info approximately room inside layout, wade through – Studio Residence Layout Visitor
Room Layout Recommendations Contemporary Modern day Inside Layout you should definitely have
adequate shelves at your residence, to maintain your room appear neat and tidy and permit the room
inner layout be proven. Here is rather essential if you find yourself puzzling over room inside layout
workplace furnishings strategies. Having ample shelves might be useful to keep up the muddle that will
cross on gathering with time.

Planning the layout and design of a new home can be a lot of fun if you're prepared to take on the
challenge.

The following is an example of the design process.

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 Final Proposed Layout

Let’s list off the changes that have been made to this layout:

 All windows have been altered and located for maximum impact.

 Bay windows introduced in the dining room area and master bedroom.

 An additional window introduced over the back entrance door-way to improve lighting and visual
impact.

 The linen closet was removed in the back hallway to open up the area and again for improved
lighting and visual impact.

 The Kitchen area was increased, now allowing a state of the art Kitchen design to be
implemented and for an open concept theme between the kitchen and the living room.

 Double doors introduced in the foyer.

 In the Kitchen a patio door was introduced to allow direct access to a deck patio area, rather than
having to use the back door.

 Curved walls were added in the master bedroom. This not only adds detail, but actually allows the
entrance to the room to function and makes possible the master bedroom size to be increased.

 A wonderful large walk-in closet was introduced in the master bedroom.

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  The main bath and en-suite were upgraded to the max. Again the curved wall in the en-suite
shower adds nice detail.

Interior Design Ideas for Apartments

Listed here are the very best indoors layout concepts for flats. Imposing those would definitely allow you
to have a spacious and ornamental arena. If you’re staying in a residence that necessities a few
refurbishing then, this text will surely assist you. Flats are more likely to be smaller and consequently,
designing them within the correct means is important. Understand that whilst you opt for the inside layout
suggestions for residences, you’ll want to make sure that including a component doesn’t supply a
cluttered visual appeal. Giving a spacious sense to the rental need to be the first goal when you paintings
on its interiors. So battle through those inside redecorating suggestions and feature where designed in a
traditional manner.

Suggestions for Apartments for Cool Inside Designing

Create Most Space

Beforehand you take a look at the many inside layout thoughts for flats, begin decluttering the world.
Have confidence me, vain presents occupy a variety of successful house in our dwelling! So, just
remember to get all such gadgets out of the rental. Additionally be sure you make a listing of huge goods
it is advisable to upload in your house, which could occupy vast quantity of area. For example, if youÊre
choosing brand new digital equipment which ought to be put on the ground, you have to be sure particular
subject has to be devoted for this object within the new plan.

Consider Having Greater Storage

Neatly, in residences the place house is a priority, you must get a few extra garage areas. Permit me
inform you that this should be intelligent garage to help you pack within the gadgets and upload as much
as the decorations to boot. Among the thoughts for redecorating residences is to have ornamental
shelves and different garage gadgets. Having colorful wall shelves on among the partitions of your bed
room is the proper redecorating tip for small bedrooms. You are able to deliver it a glance of wooden wall
paneling, as a result, hiding the garage concept.

Within the kitchen when you have a kitchen island or making plans to put in one, this should be garage
orientated. You could have plenty of drawers and closed cabinets on this. Within the lounge you could
have the floating wall cabinets that may support position the ornamental paintings portions on those. You
can even plan to have cabinets for the enjoyment middle, consequently liberating the ground house that
is one of the most wise internal layout rules for residences. It’s also possible to choose a flat reveal
TELEVISION that may be fastened at the wall.

Arrangement and Decoration

Bounce with the ground. You must divulge the wood floors. When youÊve got been overlaying it with rugs
and carpets, get them off. The view of wooden floors affords a chic and spacious appearance to the
condo. Determining the appropriate fixtures association is the first component to indoors layout strategies
for residences. Opt for the luxury leather-based sofas and select the fashion in step with your front room.

You are able to make a choice from the massive sort in leather-based sofas and chairs purchasable
within the furnishings retail outlets.

You’re able to simply position a around or rectangular rug within the middle of the seating association.
Wall decorations shouldn’t be forgotten. For small partitions you could have lengthy square frames to
offer the wall a stretched glance. Even have the floating wall cabinets at the better wall, in order that it

66
doesn’t provide a cluttered seem. In case your condo has a sizable residing edge or a typical, residing
and eating edge you could select opaque walls or translucent panels to divide the world and keep the
privateness factor. Those room dividers may also facilitate your have explained areas.

Best Number of Colors

One other inner layout thoughts for flats is to head for lighter colorations, white being the suitable. When
you may surprise that white is so uncomplicated, allow me let you know that this permits you greatest to
play with shades. With white wall you are able to have any colour of furnishings, cupboards, cabinets,
wall paneling, ground and most of the time the furnishing.

The following adorning concepts for flats are to get a few formidable colorings for the furniture. Inspect
the superb look of your residence. You also can have a crimson and white, violet and white, grey and
white mixture to boost the house decorations. Get the ones vases and ornamental goods to check those
wall colours and position within the corners. Gets extra condo adorning thoughts.

Illumination is the Key

One of the most modern inner layout suggestions for residences is to target the daylight. This is, get most
sun to illuminate your region. Have the large glass home windows which welcome the sunlight rays and of
course remove darkness from the rooms. In fact donÊt overlook to have the stunning window blinds that
are pulled down while required. Region the lamps in corners in varied angles to create stunning gentle
styles at the partitions. You might opt for ornamental embedded lights for the residing and eating part.
Those are available wide ornamental styles in addition. Placing a chandelier above the eating desk or
kitchen island and within the residing aspect is a smart thought. DonÊt forget about to think about
illumination for every wall paintings, cabinets and passage field.

Tropical Interior Layout Design

Are you making plans to offer your own home a tropical seem? Examine on for a few inventive tropical
inside layout concepts, which you’ll certainly to find really good.

The brand new breeze, the cool sand, these swaying palm bushes make me calm down and rejuvenate in
a technique that nothing more or place can. Because of this, once I determined to do interiors of my
residence, the very first thing that got here to my brain was to move in for a tropical type inside layout.
Tropical interiors, if finished correctly, create the identical surroundings and arouse an identical thought
in someone that just a beach can. So, in case you too are a sea lover and are trying to find a few
innovative, but contemporary tropical inner layout concepts, listed here are a couple of which you’ll just
love. Examine greater on domicile adorning.

Tropical Internal Layout Ideas

Furniture

In a tropical apartment, furnishings that are woven seems fabulous. Wicker fixtures or bamboo furnishings
are the proper alternatives. In case you like forged pine furniture, you’re able to pass in for walnut or teak
fixtures. Care must be taken that the furnishings isn’t cutting-edge wanting, as an alternative, opt for a
conservative, heavy weight form of appearance. As for the ground of the home, opt for hardwood ground
and restrict striking any form of rugs or carpets at the ground.

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Color Scheme

Even as selecting the color of the fabric or the partitions, keep on with colors which can be with reference
to nature, including eco-friendly, blue and white. Beige and lightweight brown, which remind one of
several sands, gel very well with tropical interiors, particularly if used for portray the partitions. In case you
like vibrant colorings, then to boost tropical adorning, you should utilize colours of such colours which
remind you of inexperienced plant life and individual tropical vegetation. Highlights of orange, yellow,
violet or purple can brighten up the tropical interiors.

Upholstery

Whilst getting in for tropical inside layout principles, use of window curtains is a large no. As an
alternative, use roll up blinds manufactured from bamboo. Hardwood shutters and wood blinds are any
other suggestions that you can use instead of curtains. Those will provide the home windows a muddle
unfastened and easy appear, that’s most appropriate for serene tropical interiors. So far as cushion
covers, mattress covers and different materials in the home are involved, opt for animal prints or prints
that have formidable plants and eco-friendly plant life on them.

Equipment

Accessories are maybe probably the most important portion of giving your home a tropical sense. An
adjunct with no which a tropical inside layout shall be incomplete is flowers. Utilize as many flowers as
you may and position them in several corners of your home. Vegetation with tropical flora will seem
hugely appealing in a tropical space.

Even as selecting wall hangings or shots, search for those that have plants, bushes, a move of water or
animals on them; very nearly all matters that remind you of nature. Shells and corals saved in earthen
pitchers additionally appear genuinely cool and chick in a tropical domicile. Whilst opting for components
on your tropical abode, take into account to not move overboard, as subtlety is the secret to get a
polished tropical seem to be.

Garage Interior Layout Design

Storage isn’t just a spot for parking your vans, its one more wing of your place. In case you use a few
creative principles for storage inner designs, it may appear very amazing.

The place to begin of storage layout can be with a vital resolution at the objective for that you need to
layout the storage inner. When you have an enormous storage area, then you definitely can flip that more
space into something greater than only a storage garage. If the world of your storage is not really that
giant, even then you definitely can manage matters inner that storage and could be shocked to locate that
it supplies enough space at your disposal, which are used for any other job. All this is often conceivable
with a bit of storage inside layout.

Garage Internal Layout Ideas

Initially, you could come to a decision the price range which you can have the funds for to spend at the
storage inside layout. Then, cost the first standards which can assist you alter the storage inner designs.
Right here, a few storage designs were mentioned intimately.

Garage Designs

A number of the areas of storage are occupied dead and undesirable matters. In the event that they are
positioned into order, the storage might be engaged for helpful task. Use of cupboards, cabinets, hooks,
pegs and pegboards are most of the important goods, more commonly had to set up the storage. Repair
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up a few J hooks at the partitions of the storage to hold heavy lawn equipment like shovels, hoes, brooms
and mops. Small hardware supplies like nails and screws may be stored in jars. You should purchase a
pegboard to place different methods on it. Cabinets might be constant at the partitions to maintain
different things like garage boxes. Chemical and different liquid constituents might be saved contained in
the locked shelves adequately.

Garage Door Designs

Artwork designs for storage doorways are necessary whilst designing storage interiors. There’s a sensible
choice of designs for storage doorways in the market at a cheap rate. So that you would be able to decide
old-fashioned or recent flavour in accordance with your flavour and requirement. The ingredients of
storage door can variety from Mahogany to Cedar to metal. You could have the choice to pick the
controller methods of the door. It may be a sequence force, screw force or laptop managed. Between
those, the least expensive is the chain power; however it goes to make plenty of noise. All kinds of door
options have in-developed units for combating closure while its direction is blocked. Therefore, they’re
risk-free to exploit. You may innovate the doorways by including a few excess home windows to acquire
the appearance that shows your intellect.

Garage Floors Designs

The choice for storage flooring overlaying is as assorted as polyvinyl to rubber to epoxy paints. The
lowest priced floor alternative is using epoxy paints. It is going to decorate the seem to be of your storage
in case you could make a few designs. Then again, it makes the ground slippery and thus must be use in
case you don’t require the storage mainly. Polyvinyl surface protecting facilitates to cover every kind of
cracks and holes at the storage ground. It could additionally be offering upkeep from stains, grease and
different filth which are accepted enemies of the storage ground. A rubber ground tile is a perfect
alternative if you’re searching for a cushy flooring protecting. Your selections for storage ground have to
depend upon how you like to make use of the gap of the storage.

As soon as the amendment paintings for storage inner layout is over, you will get a pleasant and graceful
inside storage layout it’s able to be utilized in a variety of other ways. The commonest use for storage is
as a workshop as you’ve got you have got the complete methods internal it. Notwithstanding, it could
actually additionally function a house workplace or a gymnasium or playroom environment for the
youngsters or some other leisure actions.

Living Room Interior Layout Design

Are you considering designing your front room however don’t know the way in the beginning this job.
Then you definitely want a few lounges inside layout concepts to make your house appear incredibly
attractive and pleasing. Inside designing of your front room is important because the lounge is the main
target of your home. A very good searching lounge will certainly improve the whole fantastic thing about
your house. Listed below are the lounge internal layout concepts to have an ideal searching house. You
are going to actually uncover it thrilling to embellish the lounge as there is such a lot of stuff you can do in
it.

Choose the correct Colour Scheme: You must repair a colour scheme on your lounge. You are able to
have a room packed with hues that don’t in shape with each other, rather consider a room with simply
colors of a unmarried colour; it’ll seem calm and stylish. Although you decide hues for internal portray,
they have to kind a fair mixture. Be aware, you’ll use the identical colour throughout your room, the
partitions, materials and so forth. So, an extremely gaudy colour is a no. A lounge have to seem calm
however no longer uninteresting and sublime yet no longer jazzy. You’ll be feeling a selected coloration
will seem best at the partitions; consequently you might have an ordeal of that coloration after which
takes the ultimate determination. Colorations you visualize will seem special within the paint variety.

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Decide the Structure: Finalize the pieces on your lounge. First, choose what all is a need to’ to be
positioned right here. Now, determine the lounge furnishings format and that of the opposite dwelling
decor presents too. You should use a pen and paper to work out a few preparations, rather than
transferring the heavy items. Make a decision the overall association; see the way it in actuality appears.
Now, see the remainder area and judge what all which you can upload on your lounge for adornment
objective. Examine all of the empty partitions, corners and huge empty areas. Discover a desirable
location for every of the ornamental items, see what matches the most effective wherein location. You will
depart a few locations to have a few new ornamental portions or furnishings as a consequence.

Be Selective: Don’t fill your room only for the sake of creating it appears further widespread. Be selective
in due to the ornamental objects and select the original dwelling house decor simplest. This will let you to
focus on the house decor and provides a spacious seem to be to the room. Putting useless issues to fill
the empty areas will simply make your room appear congested and will smash the entire attempt.

Choose a focus: Decide on a focus of your room. Now what’s center of attention? Not anything
regarding technological know-how. This is a component or a local to your room that you like to spotlight or
attention the eye in the direction of. Like a horny window, stunning sofa or a hearth. That does among the
front room internal layout concepts which could supply a very unusual seem on your room. You’ll be able
to determine the components and lighting fixtures to improve this element of concentrate.

Lighting: Lighting play an exceptionally excellent function in inside ornament and ordinary visual appeal
of the room. Provide additional awareness to this and judge the lighting fixtures facets. Additionally, have
in mind the common easy coming into the room in the course of the day. Relying upon the size of your
room, see the variety of elements you require for lights. You could save the features for night time lighting
various as they are going to be of alternative colours. Settle on ornamental lamp colours for a sublime
appear.

You must concentrate on minor info when you plan the layout of the lounge. The above stated
uncomplicated lounge inside layout thoughts would certainly assist you to in making your lounge appear
lovely and trendy. Simply mix and match front room layout thoughts and reviews of every loved one and
create a different room, each person will like to see and spend time in.

Contemporary Interior Layout Design

Keep on with the ultra-modern internal layout and get your home switched over into a sublime and
smartly explained area. Fresh, uncluttered house, neatly outlined decor portions, cool colorings and
specific textures are a couple of overall factors that outline current inside designs. Custom inner designs
appeared virtually contrary compared to the trendy interiors. However the modern seem to be can be a
favourite of all those that cherished the ‘rich' element of that standard model. Neatly, permit me let you
know that it’s exciting designing your house by following the modern-day subject. Changing a
monotonous and messy residence right into a clean and fresh area is what the modern internal designing
type rightly does. So if you’re making plans to present a contemporary makeover on your interiors, get a
few tips about modern inside layout pointed out less than.

Contemporary inside Layout Ideas

Colors and Themes

In case you have quite a few colours to select from, you have to really you’ll want to choose a mixture of
tender and ambitious shades. When a big area should be occupied by tender or impartial colorations
upload a touch of ambitious colourings that rightly spices up the distance. Pillars and deep quantities are
the greatest spaces to scan with formidable colorations. Among the many contemporary modern internal
layout suggestions is to make use of blacks, grays, tans and white. Metallics also are one of the best a
part of fresh layout. Colour issues are the fundamentals of this fashion. Many designers stick with a
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specific colour subject matter to brighten the whole area. This make certain an effectively described
appearance which is among the fundamental functions of recent styled inside layout. Black, reds and
grays are a success in terms of deciding upon a subject as either one of those could be rightly paired with
white, black, off white and lots of different sunglasses.

Textures and Pictures

As discussed above, cutting-edge internal layout concept is characterized with textures. Be it in wall paint
colours or furniture, textured appearance is successful on this type of domestic decor. Assorted pretend
conclude methods are used to jazz up the partitions and upload a recent issue among the smooth sun
shades. Metallics like silver, copper, bronze or gold paired with shades matching to the topic are staple of
such fake portray textures and designs. You may as well have textured furnishings items, in matt impact.
One of several modern layout principles is to maintain the floor gentle and light-weight colored with
minimal textures. Wall decor particularly contains textures, wall portray and photographs to boot. One of
the most modern day adorning suggestions is to have photograph frames showing summary paintings or
huge faces and human figures. Such art work is among the preferred Asian cuttingedge inside layout
components. An unmarried substantial body or a creatively hung university of numerous themed
photograph frames is a well-liked choose of many designers.

Furniture and Furnishings

Even if you layout a room from scratch or refurbish an present area to mirror the cutting-edge vogue,
furnishings and furniture play an ideal position in growing the final result. If you would like a smooth
modern internal layout opt for fixtures like settee covers, rugs and in addition the furnishings finishes
having gentle colours like beige, white or off white. Upload subject matter colored darkish curtains and
drapes pillows and a few standard and inexpensive throw pillows to play up the rooms. The fixture utilized
in cutting-edge inside layout is extra edgy and lush. A couple of asymmetrical items of fixtures are primary
to boost the end result. Immediately strains and un-cluttered area are the fundamentals of furnishings
association. An additionally cumbersome furnishing is out and smooth items are the ‘in factor’. Furnishing
prints are easy, however ambitious. Tiny and busy prints are a strict no-no in current genre.

Focal Aspects and Accents

The modern model traits have a couple of center of attention. It usually is the best seriously textured wall,
an outsized paintings, a pendant lamp set hung from the guts or nook region of the ceiling, a novel type
furnishings piece or a massive fashion designer accessory that make the proper focal factors in recent
internal decor. Cutting edge accessory items lack these problematic designs and mild carved aspects,
however they’re elegant with asymmetrical shapes, too ambitious or too glossy styled, textured appear
and use of daring shades in addition to metallics. Lamps make the most important accessory portions on
this form of indoors ornament. Lamps are not any longer the ones having clear or usual styled glass,
those are contemporary, colourful and trendy, for sure selected to check the colour topic This was all
approximately modern-day inside layout. Keep in mind the traits and traits of latest internal and get set to
redesign your interiors which are ‘less is extra’, ‘sleek is warm’ and ‘texture is the foremost’ styled.

Kitchen Interior Layouts Design

Having a good layout for your kitchen is important, because the kitchen should be an efficient and
pleasant area in which to prepare meals and do related tasks. Understanding the kitchen work triangle
concept and the basic kitchen layouts is a valuable starting point for having a good kitchen design that
you like.

The kitchen work triangle consists of the distance between the sink, refrigerator and range or cook top.
Each one of these areas becomes a focal point in the kitchen and forms the three points of a triangle with

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different distances between them. Done correctly, the kitchen work triangle provides the most efficient
food preparation area layout in the kitchen.

Kitchen Layout

Consider the kitchen layout that fits the space. Usually, there are three possible layouts – U-shaped, L-
shaped, and the corridor kitchen A U-shaped kitchen surrounds you on all sides with storage, countertops
and appliances, saving many steps. If the 'U' is big enough, you can add an island workstation in the
middle The L-shaped kitchen is one of the most popular kitchen layouts. Its work triangle is uninterrupted
by traffic. It has lots of space for appliances. Plus, by lengthening one leg of the 'L', it offers even more
storage and counter space.

The corridor kitchen is the most effective one because you can move around the entire kitchen in just a
few steps. Counter space and storage are limited, however, and people walking through can get in the
way of cooking. Once you decide on the layout, you will also need to think about who uses your kitchen
and how it is used. For instance, if two of you prepare meals together, you will want a food preparation
center space large enough for both people at the same time.

Sometimes, the simplest of things cause the biggest problems. Some tasks can be done more effectively
on a higher worktop, and some are easier done on a lower worktop, for instance. The kitchen should be
accordingly designed, for both comfort and utility. The ideal worktop height is 92 cm. ergonomically, more
difficult areas such as the cooking center, should be 13 cm lower.

Whether you're remodeling an existing kitchen or building a new one, an efficient design means that your
work triangle minimizes the number of steps the cook must take between the three areas during meal
preparation and cleanup. The total distance from the sink to the stove to the refrigerator and back to the
sink should be not less than 12 feet total or more than 27 feet. Each triangle leg should measure between
4 and 9 feet in length. The kitchen isles should be at least 42 to 48 inches wide to allow people to move
around easily and for appliances to be opened with ease.

When selecting the floor plan for your kitchen, here are basic kitchen layouts to consider:

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L-Shaped Kitchen

This is the most popular kitchen design. It consists of a long leg and a shorter one and this type of design
can be used in small and large kitchens. The L-shaped kitchen gives you the possibility of having a center
island depending on the space available. In general, this design will have 2 or 3 appliances on one wall.
The usual arrangement is to have the refrigerator at one end, the range or cook top at the other end with
the sink located in the middle. This shape of kitchen generally provides good traffic flow.

Double L-Shaped Kitchen

This kitchen design has a lot of cabinet space and plenty of counter space. This design is used in large
kitchens with two cooks, and it has two or more entering areas, which can cause traffic flow problems. To
avoid some of these problems, create two separate working areas on each L of the kitchen so that
workflow does not get interrupted by human traffic.

U-Shaped Kitchen

This kitchen design shape has three walls instead of two, and the sink usually is located in the middle wall
section. The refrigerator and range or cook top are usually on the side walls opposite each other. The U-
shaped kitchen design gives room for ample countertop space, and you have three walls for cabinets and
appliances. This kitchen layout tends to create a working triangle that is very efficient.

The only problem with this type of kitchen design is that sometimes the two U corners are not used
appropriately. Make sure you buy the appropriate storage items for the corner cabinets created by the U
shape design. The U shape design can also create dark kitchens because of the shape and the amount
of cabinets. Using skylights, large windows, lots of under-cabinet task lighting and light colors will help
keep the kitchen bright with sufficient light to see what you're doing.

G-Shaped Kitchen

This type of kitchen shape is becoming very popular, and it gives you a fourth wall to use. The G-shape
can be used if you have more than one cook in the house. This fourth wall section can be used for a
counter, island and storage space. With this kitchen layout you can have two sinks, perhaps two cook
tops or two ranges. You could have two working triangles - one for sink, cook top or range and
refrigerator and a second working triangle with another sink, built-in grill and cook top. It allows two cooks
to do different things at the same time and entertain large groups of people.

Single-Wall Kitchen

If you do not have much space, you may only be able to have an I-shaped kitchen. No problem. Just be
sure the sink is placed between the refrigerator and the stove. Locate the refrigerator so that the
refrigerator door opens away from the kitchen sink. This is a very common arrangement for small kitchens
in narrow spaces.

Galley-Shaped Kitchen

This type of kitchen design is more common in apartments or in homes where space is limited – it is often
called the corridor style. The kitchen cabinets and the appliances can be located on opposite walls for
better work flow - place the range or cook top on one side of the kitchen along one wall and the
refrigerator and sink on the opposite wall. To eliminate traffic issues in this type of kitchen design, one
entry is often closed off. This type of layout should only be used by one cook. If you want to maintain both
exits, place the refrigerator near the end of the galley kitchen for easy access – this way, your family and
friends can reach the refrigerator without interfering with the person who is cooking. If you need extra

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storage in the galley kitchen, install tall kitchen cabinets that go all the way to the ceiling. Wall storage is
crucial - buy a stepladder to use when you need to reach the upper shelf of the cabinets, and place
the items you use less frequently on the upper shelves.

By understanding the kitchen work triangle concept and how you want your kitchen to function, you'll be
more likely to create the kind of kitchen you've always wanted. Today, kitchens are often viewed as the
hub of the home as well as a social center for family and friends. Planning your kitchen can be a
challenge, but the rewards you'll receive are very much worth the time and effort.

Basement Interior Layout Designing

Are you trying to find basement internal layout standards? Pondering approximately basement internal
layout rules that can trade your basement from a space for storing to a livable area? Here’s a few
knowledge on basement inside adorning innovations.

Are you making plans to rework your basement? If the stories approximately basement completing or
reworking are lurking to your intellect, then you definitely should investigate numerous facets of basement
inside layout. In case you not ever thought-about basement as something however a dingy dumping
zone, then itÊs time to re-examine. When you discover extra on basement layout strategies which could
turn out to be this area right into an eye-catching livable area, you’ll ask yourself why the emotions of
applying this house in no way crossed your brain in the past. Everybody really feel the desire for one
more dwelling house while the relative grows. Your children may want extra space to play otherwise you
may need more room whilst travelers come for in a single day remain. So, don’t enable all that area on
your basement cross waste, in preference to taking a look at a basement as a shop room, use modern
basement inside layout suggestions to show your basement right into a nicely-adorned residing house.

How to Layout a Basement

Prior to you progress directly to the part of basement internal layout and redecorating thoughts, you want
to first take note of the basement completing suggestions. Formerly you pass on with the basement
transforming; you should make a decision the way you might make use of the gap. For example, you are
able to flip it right into a health club, a workplace, household room or a house theater. One of the vital
normal issues related to basement is loss of air flow. The excessive degree of humidity may end up in the
formation of mould and mould. So, commence by tackling those complications. Use of basement
dehumidifiers and basement waterproofing can clear up those disorders to some degree. Any other side
of basement completing is plumbing and wiring.

Basement Inner Layout Ideas

On the grounds that, you want to flip the basement right into a residing area, decorate where by utilizing
basement adorning suggestions. Undoubtedly, you wouldn’t like to spend some time in dingy or dimly-lit
location. So, you could deploy a drywall and paint the partitions in vivid colours. Drywall texture methods
may also be used. Nicely, you furthermore may want to listen in on the basement floors. You are able to
inspect some of the basement floors treatments and choose one who will make your basement seem to
be spacious and nice looking. As I discussed previously, a dimly-lit area will make where appear boring ,
hence, employ lights. There’s no dearth of designs and you may set up pendant lighting fixtures, lamps,
recessed lighting fixtures, so that it will enliven your basement.

Counting on your necessities, you’re able to location based furnishings, rugs, wall paintings and different
upholstery to liven up where. Just remember to layout the staircase or the doorway resulting in the
basement effectively. Plenty might additionally depend upon the dimensions of the basement. When you
have got a massive basement, you may flip it right into a multi-useful house. If you are making plans to
show your basement right into a playroom for teenagers, just remember to enliven where by portray the
partitions in vivid basement hues. Just be sure you use comfortable rugs and carpets and get relaxed
furnishings. Prepare their toys and video games in a pleasant method.
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You’re able to additionally use the basement as a health club or use it to your domestic theater.
Whenever you like to invite your folks now and again, you have to additionally substitute the basement
right into a leisure room. You will have a developed-in bar or flip it right into a sport room by putting a dart
board, shuffle board or pool tables. Nicely, there are innumerable basement thoughts such as paintings.
In case your basement could be very spacious and also you are very well with allotting cash, you are able
to even flip it right into a separate residence through the use of the gap and dividing it into many rooms.

So, now you’re aware about several basements inside layout innovations which may be used to liven up
this area. Use those basements inside adorning suggestions and switch your basement right into a
magnificent dwelling house. Don’t allow your basement be a dumping zone, use creative basement
internal layout suggestions and revel in the additional area.

Layout Suggestions

If it is latest house workplace inside layout recommendations, or one who is regular, there are a few
useful how to take note whilst designing a house workplace. That you need to understand that inner
adorning is the final side of inside designing and that there’s a lot that should be thought-about.

Location

In the past you start on any abode administrative center layout recommendations, select a suitable place
in your house place of work for your premises. It is important to come to a decision a space that’s really
much less noisy, properly lit and nicely ventilated. A room so that you can reduce yourself off from the
ruckus outdoor could have you waiting spending time in your house place of job. Readily positioned, you
will have pay attention, attention, plan, and accomplish objectives on this room, so be certain that it’s
situated consequently. A number of you might want a room that’s toward the lawn, permitting a stunning
spoil from the monotony of labour. In the event you reside in a condominium, the view of the cityscape
might be of your selection. Decide a suitable room and start.

Furniture Basics

With the placement of your house place of work determined, it’s time to get all the way down to the
furnishings standards of your house workplace. The next should be thought of on this phase.

At first comes a table. Whatever type of paintings you’re doing out of your domestic administrative center,
you’ll require a table to deal with your computer or computer. Moreover you can want a printer and
additional kit along with your personal computer. Make sure your table has room for these kinds of
standards. Counting on the type of paintings you do, you are able to want a table with drawers to house
your documents and different place of business presents. If conceivable, spend money on a transportable
desk that may be moved round ever now and again whilst it receives monotonous. Do study those table
layout easy methods to get a few worthwhile tricks in getting yourself the correct of table.

Whilst identifying a table additionally, you will think about in case you might be enjoyable valued clientele
within the place of work. In the sort of case, you are going to require a correct place of business table that
lets you effortlessly have interaction together with your shoppers.

One of many specifications of domicile workplace furnishings, extra cupboards could be had to keep your
whole elements. In case you can, get wall fastened shelves as those will release ground house for
different furnishings. Many people who perform from homestead workplaces like tricky e book racks within
the room. Not just does it satisfy your garage necessities, it additionally provides significance to the room
in the case of aesthetics. Have in mind CD garage if in case you have the need to your task. Get yourself
a memo board so that you can post simply above your table, to remind yourself of significant occasions,
activities, or just to place up an inspiring quote to maintain you going. A observe board can be a
fascinating addition on your area, on that you can submit vital knowledge, graphics and different exciting
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art. If you’re an artistic person who makes crafts, an internal fashion designer, or an artist, you’ll require
an extra table to make your merchandise or comic strip, paint, and so forth. Dependent on the scale of
the room it is possible for you to deal with those standards. These of you who make crafts, are into expert
present wrapping, stitching, and so forth. Can get yourself wall set up racks to hang your rolls of ribbon,
scissors and different instruments which are obligatory in your paintings. In this kind of case this may be
greater of a studio than an ‘office’.

If you’re the person who works within the wee hours of the evening, retaining a sofa in your house
workplace could be a good option. Despite the fact that now not a sofa, having an unmarried seat by the
window in which you could take a holiday from paintings and easily unwind for a piece will probably be
very clean. This might also be a bean bag, not anything mainly intricate.

For more information, you are able to look at this piece on domestic administrative center furnishings
acquiring methods. Have in mind, the location of the furnishings might be such that it’s not filled. There
should be sufficient room with a purpose to very easily stroll round. Don’t place any furnishings within the
doorway. Ideally, all furnishings need to be in opposition to a wall to prevent any bumps.

Light and Ventilation

Those elements are very important when you think about any domestic workplace internal designing
suggestions. To maintain the intellect refreshing and dealing, getting enough air flow within the room is
important. When manmade air flow is of course offered for, a breath of clean air is often had to maintain
the thoughts energetic. Related is the case with mild. You don’t desire to activate a gentle within the day
when you’ve got the power to take advantage of the traditional easy possible. The most important tip is
rarely to put your table towards gentle. Even if you need to write, paintings at the desktop, or make
matters manually, sitting in opposition to mild constantly poses a chief hassle. Maintain a lamp in your
table for extra attention, and confirm appropriate lighting fixtures within the remainder of the room.
Flooring fixed lamps can’t simplest satisfy the sunshine specifications but additionally function different
components in the house workplace.

Finishing Touches

This element of domicile workplace indoors layout likely takes extra time than any of the aforementioned
standards. Simply because it’s a place of work area, it doesn’t suggest it has to appear drab. Basically,
your own home place of work needs to be probably the brightest, and designed in this kind of means as a
way to elicit your greatest.

In the event you like minimum house place of work redecorating tips maintain it minimum. While you like
vibrant colorations round you, then have your partitions painted thus. Now the most important tip with
regards to selecting shade is that it shouldn’t be over executed. Simply because portray is anything you
received accomplish that sometimes, observe shiny coloured paints in restricted quantities, and preserve
the underlying coloration sophisticated and soothing. Coloration seriously is not unavoidably extra by
paint, but in addition by the furnishings and add-ons you utilize. For example, the chair to your table will
be in a colourful coloration, the curtains and drapes you employ in your home windows might upload
shade to the room, the books you retain to your book rack, or the ribbons on your ribbon rack are all
assets of colour in your room. These kinds of residence place of business ornament options can be used
to customise your area. Upload rugs to the empty flooring house to your room for natural domestic
workplace internal redecorating. Avoid ornamental photographs, wall hangings, wall artwork, ornamental
mirrors, and so on and decorate the room. To reap the benefits of smooth homestead place of business
principles, avoid a cool lamp on your room so as to add to its aesthetic attraction.

A house administrative center is a terribly private area, this means that you’re able to layout it precisely
the approach you favour it. Use the complete aforementioned info to return up with custom-made abode
administrative center inside layout principles which are inspiring, and convey out the highest in you. Have
a good time on your internal designing and adorning task.

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Summary

Plan a subject matter for the room. This may additionally depend upon your finances and private opinion.
Floral topics are fairly famous and will be more straightforward to control as the components are on hand.
Interior decoration and design have become increasingly popular in today's culture based on the success
of shows such as Trading Spaces. The layout of a bed room relies on a number of most important
elements. The 1st one is who can be occupying the room. For example, the bed room layout for a person
could be completely diverse from the layout of a teenager’s bed room.

The furnishings of a master suite comprise a double mattress, dresser, dressing desk, facet desks and a
writing table. If there’s a terrace connected to the room, you then can avoid a few formal seating
preparations over there to boot. Room inside layout is an essential component with regards to making a
first rate shopping area. There are lots of components you want to take into account whilst making a
house. Elements just like the accessible area, mild and price range must be regarded as when making
plans room internal layout concepts. Formerly opening with any inside layout concepts, to begin with take
a measuring tape and struggle through exclusive rooms in your home, and degree their dimensions. Or
ask your contractor to get the scale of assorted rooms in the home.

In a tropical apartment, a furnishing that’s woven seems fabulous. Wicker fixtures or bamboo furnishings
are the proper alternatives. The place to begin of storage layout can be with a vital resolution at the
objective for that you need to layout the storage inner. When you have an enormous storage area, then
you definitely can flip that more space into something greater than only a storage garage. Inside
designing of your front room is important because the lounge is the main target of your home.
A very good searching lounge will certainly improve the whole fantastic thing about your house. The
kitchen work triangle consists of the distance between the sink, refrigerator and range or cook top. Each
one of these areas becomes a focal point in the kitchen and forms the three points of a triangle with
different distances between them. Those elements are very, important when you think about any
domestic workplace internal designing suggestions. To maintain the intellect refreshing and dealing,
getting enough air flow within the room is important. When manmade air flow is of course offered for, a
breath of clean air is often had to maintain the thoughts energetic.

Keywords

L-Shaped Kitchen: This is the most popular kitchen design. It consists of a long leg and a shorter one
and this type of design can be used in small and large kitchens.

Double L-Shaped Kitchen: This kitchen design has a lot of cabinet space and plenty of counter space.
U-Shaped Kitchen: This kitchen design shape has three walls instead of two, and the sink usually is
located in the middle wall section. G-Shaped Kitchen: This type of kitchen shape is becoming very
popular, and it gives you a fourth wall to use. The G-shape can be used if you have more than one cook
in the house.

Galley-Shaped Kitchen: This type of kitchen design is more common in apartments or in homes where
space is limited -- it is often called the corridor style.

Review Questions

1. What do you understand by the concepts of Layout?

2. Briefly explain the concepts related to internal layout.

3. Write down some suggestions for apartments for inside cooling Design.

4. Write down the basics of room indoor layout.

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5. Explain the ideas for tropical internal layout.

6. Discuss in brief the Contemporary Interior layout design of Garage, Basement, Living room.

7. „Having a good layout for your kitchen is important‰. Explain the layout designing of kitchen. Also
discuss the basic types of kitchen layouts.

8. Write down some suggestions related to the layout of home.

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