MODULE IN

GENERAL BIOLOGY II
GRADE 12 – STEM 3 LUCIANO

Asug, Jose
Gatdula, John Francis
Palmaria, Gabriel
Sango, John Rodney
Villa, Jomari
Cemine, Queen
Garcia, Vermilene Grace
Moxir, Jamalia
Reminder

The author made this module to share some knowledge about

the Geologic Time Scale to the students who has trouble on this
topic. The author hope that the students and teachers who will use
this module as their guide and reference will take this with care in
avoiding the module to be destroy. Also it is needed to the students
to have another piece of paper or any other notebook to serve as their
answer sheets on the pre-test, activities, and post-test or in taking
some notes with regards to the topic. In addition, avoid writing and
folding on any pages of this module to give consideration to the other
who will use this module.
Moreover, thinking positively that you can handle and
understand the lesson may help you to learn without any difficulty. On
top with that, ask some guidance with your teacher if you have a part
in this module you didn’t understand.
Geologic Time
Scale
 Cavite Copyright
Printed 2018
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this module (Geologic Time Scale)
may be reproduced in books, pamphlets,
outlines, or notes, whether printed,
photocopied in any form for distribution or
sale without written permission from the
author.
 DEDICATION
To GOD ALMIGHTY for the wisdom of writing this module.
To our relatives, good friends and especially our family for
their encouragement and moral support in the completion
of this module.
To our classmates and schoolmates who are taking up a
subject related to the branch of Science. This is not only
for General Biology but also for those who wants to have
deeper understanding about the science of life. It’s our
pleasure to see you reading and studying this module.
And also to Mam Rachelle Nazareno, who helped us in
producing and making this module.
 INTRODUCTION
As a student upholds DepEd’s implementation of Senior
High School (SHS), it supports the vision and mission
of the K to 12 program, stated in Section 2 of Republic
Act 10533, or the Enhanced Basic Education Act of
2013, that “every graduate of basic education be an
empowered individual, through a program rooted on…
the competence to engage in work and be productive,
the ability to coexisting fruitful harmony with local and
global communities, the capability to engage in creative
and critical thinking , and the capacity and willingness to
transform others to oneself.” To finish this, the students
rely on their studied topic, books and with the help of
other reliable and credible educational sites, to develop
this Module for SHS. This module is divided into sections
where you can learn something new from the lesson
proper about Geologic Time Scale. The author provides
pre-test and post-test about Geologic Time Scale to
measure student learning before and after the exposition
of the lesson. The activities that you are going to do
can help you learn essential science concepts through
learning and thinking. Furthermore, the students believe
that teacher’s guidance is the most important partners
in achieving this goal. Enjoy this learner’s material.
Appreciate, preserve and protect the world while learning,
appreciating, and applying science.
 PREFACE
The basis for this module originally stemmed from the
passion of our Group for understanding Geologic Time
Scale. As the world moves into modern age, higher
technology and creative innovation, there will be a greater
need to understand how our lives evolve though time. How
will we understand this content? It is our passion to not
only give information, but to explain further the Geologic
Time Scale.
Also the purpose of this module is to help the
teachers that teaching the Biology 2 as a preference on the
topic of Geologic Time Scale. The author of this module
hope that the teachers that may use this module as guide
for teaching will serve as helpful.
The authors of this module would like to thank
especially God for making an opportunity to made a
module that serves as a helpful tool to teach many
students that undergo hardships on this branch of
science. Also the teacher of the authors in Biology, for
giving an opportunity to be a part of learning of many
students that may use this module.
 OBJECTIVES
> To learn about Geologic Time Scale
> To explain further underdstanding about
evolution and geologic time scale.
 S T
TE
Direction: Write the correct
E - letter for each given number.

P R
1. Bacteria appeared 3.5 c. Quaternary Period
billion years ago, followed by d. Ordovician Period
algae and fungi.
a. Paleozoic b. Mesozoic 7. The dinosaur are began ___ years
c. Cenozoic d. Pre-Cambrian ago.
a. 369 million years
2. Era that mass extinction occur, reptiles b. 245 million years
and amphibians appear, there are first c. 501 million years
insects, and plants colonized land. d. 254 million years
a. Paleozoic b. Silurian
c. Jurassic d. Mesozoic 8. Flourishing of mammals,
angiosperms and humans.
3. It is the middle period of the Mesozoic a. Paleozoic Era b. Mesozoic Era
Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles.  c. Cenozoic Era d. Cambrian
a. Cretaceous b. Jurassic Period
c. Devonian d. Triassic
9. Appearance of terrestrial plants.
4. Meaning “new life”, is the current and a. Cretaceous Period
most recent of the three Phanerozoic b. Ordovician Period
geological eras, following the Mesozoic c. Permian Period
Era and extending from 66 million years d. Silurian Period
ago to the present day.
a. Pre Cambrian b. Paleozoic 10. The branch of geology concerned
c. Cenozoic d. Mesozoic with the order and relative position
of strata and their relationship to the
5. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, geological time scale.
and other Earth scientists to describe the a. Geomorphology
timing and relationships of events that b. Mineralogy
have occurred during Earth’s history. c. Stratigraphy
a. Geographical Time Scale d. Geologic
b. Stratigraphy
c. Geological Time scale 11. Looks at where the fossil is located
d. Evolutionary Clock to determine its age relative to other
fossils. This only works if the area has
6. It was the first appearance of trilobites. been undisturbed.
a. Early Cambrian Period a. Absolute Dating
b. Permian Period b. Absence Dating
 S T
E -TE
PR

c. Relation Dating d. Relative Dating

12. Uses radioactive elements near the fossils to

determine the actual age of the fossils.
a. Relation Dating b. Relative Dating
c. Absolute Dating d. Absence Dating

13. Turtles and crocodiles evolve and dinosaurs appear.

a. Jurassic Period b. Triassic Period
c. Mesozoic Period d. Cretaceous Period

14. First primates appear and flowering plants become

the most common.
a. Tertiary Period b. Secondary Period
c. Quaternary Period d. Monthly Period

15. The supercontinent Pannotia was breaking up and

the supercontinent Pangaea began forming.
a. Paleozoic Era b. Mesozoic Era
c. Cenozoic Era d. Precambrian Era
 I S !
T H Relative Dating
Y
UD
ST
Relative dating: looks at where the fossil is located

S
to determine its age relative to other fossils. This

E T ’ only works if the area has been undisturbed.

L

Absolute Dating
Uses radioactive elements near the fossils
to determine the actual age of the fossils.
By determining the age of the radioactive Fossil Record
element, scientists can calculate the age of The dating of all fossils is included in the
the fossil buried nearby. Geological Time Scale. This scale divides the time
that the earth has existed into 4 eras.
Eras are then divided into periods based on
common events in that time period.

The absolute age of fossils is estimated

by dating associa-ted igneous rock and lava
flows.
 I S !
T H
Y
TUD
’S S Pre-Cambrian Period
LET Began with the formation of
the Earth 4.6 billion years ago.
Bacteria appeared 3.5 billion
years ago, followed by algae
and fungi.

Paleozoic Era
Divided into 6 periods:

Cambrian period - Sponges, Carboniferous period -

snails, clams and worms Tropical forests appear and
evolve reptiles evolve.
Ordovician period - First fishes Permian period - Seed
evolved and other species plants become common and
become extinct insects and reptiles become
Silurian period - Land plants, widespread. Sea animals and
insects and spiders appear some amphibians begin to
Devonian period - Amphibians disappear.
evolve and cone-bearing plants
start to appear.

Mesozoic Era
Divided into 3 periods:
Triassic period - Turtles and crocodiles evolve
and dinosaurs appear.
Jurassic period - Large dinosaurs roam the
world. First mammals and birds appear.
Cretaceous period - Flowering plants appear,
mammals become more common, dinosaurs
become extinct.

Cenozoic Era
Divided into 2 periods:
Tertiary period - First primates appear and
flowering plants become the most common.
Quaternary period - Humans evolve and large
mammals like woolly mammoths become
extinct.
 S T
T- TE Direction: Write the correct
S letter for each given number.

PO
1. Bacteria appeared 3.5 c. Quaternary Period
billion years ago, followed by d. Ordovician Period
algae and fungi.
a. Paleozoic b. Mesozoic 7. The dinosaur are began ___ years
c. Cenozoic d. Pre-Cambrian ago.
a. 369 million years
2. Era that mass extinction occur, reptiles b. 245 million years
and amphibians appear, there are first c. 501 million years
insects, and plants colonized land. d. 254 million years
a. Paleozoic b. Silurian
c. Jurassic d. Mesozoic 8. Flourishing of mammals,
angiosperms and humans.
3. It is the middle period of the Mesozoic a. Paleozoic Era b. Mesozoic Era
Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles.  c. Cenozoic Era d. Cambrian
a. Cretaceous b. Jurassic Period
c. Devonian d. Triassic
9. Appearance of terrestrial plants.
4. Meaning “new life”, is the current and a. Cretaceous Period
most recent of the three Phanerozoic b. Ordovician Period
geological eras, following the Mesozoic c. Permian Period
Era and extending from 66 million years d. Silurian Period
ago to the present day.
a. Pre Cambrian b. Paleozoic 10. The branch of geology concerned
c. Cenozoic d. Mesozoic with the order and relative position
of strata and their relationship to the
5. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, geological time scale.
and other Earth scientists to describe the a. Geomorphology
timing and relationships of events that b. Mineralogy
have occurred during Earth’s history. c. Stratigraphy
a. Geographical Time Scale d. Geologic
b. Stratigraphy
c. Geological Time scale 11. Looks at where the fossil is located
d. Evolutionary Clock to determine its age relative to other
fossils. This only works if the area has
6. It was the first appearance of trilobites. been undisturbed.
a. Early Cambrian Period a. Absolute Dating
b. Permian Period b. Absence Dating
 S T
T E
ST-
PO
c. Relation Dating d. Relative Dating

12. Uses radioactive elements near the fossils to

determine the actual age of the fossils.
a. Relation Dating b. Relative Dating
c. Absolute Dating d. Absence Dating

13. Turtles and crocodiles evolve and dinosaurs appear.

a. Jurassic Period b. Triassic Period
c. Mesozoic Period d. Cretaceous Period

14. First primates appear and flowering plants become

the most common.
a. Tertiary Period b. Secondary Period
c. Quaternary Period d. Monthly Period

15. The supercontinent Pannotia was breaking up and

the supercontinent Pangaea began forming.
a. Paleozoic Era b. Mesozoic Era
c. Cenozoic Era d. Precambrian Era
 re !
M o
D o
e t ’s
L
Activity 1:
Cut some examples of the different eras in the
Geologic Time Scale.
 Key
e r
s w
An

Pre-test / Post-test
1. D 11. D
2. A 12. C
3. B 13. B
4. C 14. A
5. C 15. A
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. C
Glossary

geologic time scale – a model scientists use to describe the timing of events
and the relationships between those events in earth’s history.

era – one of three long periods of geologic time from Precambrian to the
present.

period – geologic time periods that eras are divided into.

epoch – a division of geologic time; a subdivision of a period.

Amphibians - are animals that live part of their lives in water and part on
land. They are vertebrates and are also ectothermic; they cannot regulate
their own body heat, so they depend on sunlight to become warm and active.
Amphibians also can’t cool down on their own, so if they get too hot, they
have to find a burrow or some other shade. In cold weather, amphibians tend
to be sluggish and do not move around much.

Angiosperms - are vascular plants. They have stems, roots, and leaves.

Geologist - study the nature, composition and structure of the earth to locate
materials and minerals, and to increase scientific knowledge.

Paleontologist - A paleontologist is a scientist who studies fossils. If your

basement is filled with fossils found while out on hikes, then you’re an
amateur paleontologist. Paleontology breaks down to the Greek for “ancient”
(paleo), “being” (onto-), and “study” (-logy).

Phanerozoic - The Phanerozoic represents a relatively brief period of half a

billion years that constitutes the age of multicelluar life on Earth.

Stratigraphy - the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative
position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale.

Terrestrial - relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather
than in the sea or air.

Trilobites - any member of a group of extinct fossil arthropods easily

recognized by their distinctive three-lobed, three-segmented form. Trilobites,
exclusively marine animals, first appeared at the beginning of the Cambrian
Period, about 542 million years ago, when they dominated the seas.