Categories, Phrases, and

Functions

Functions in the
Sentence

Categories, Phrases, and

Categories, Categories, Phrases
Phrases,, and
Functions Functions
„ What is a grammatical category?
category? „ What is a phrase?
phrase?
• A word with little meaning, e.g., • A group of related words centered
Determiner, Quantifier, Auxiliary, around a head, such as NP, VP, PP,
Coordinator,
Coo d ato , and
a d Complementizer
Co p e e t e AdjP,
dj , AdvP
d
„ What is a lexical category?
category?
• A word with lexical meaning, such as a
Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, and
Preposition

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Categories, Phrases, and Categories, Phrases, and

Functions Functions
„ Phrases and clauses have functions in the „ The name of the phrase that
sentence.
performs the function and the
These are the main sentential functions:
function itself must be kept separate.
„
• Subject
• Predicate
P di t • You’re
You re always giving,
giving my therapist said
said.
• Complement • [My therapist] is an NP functioning as
„ Direct object the subject of the sentence.
„ Indirect object
„ Subject predicate (or subject complement) • You have to learn how to take.
Object predicate (or object complement)
„
• [You] is an NP pronoun functioning as
• Adverbial
the subject of the sentence.
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 Categories, Phrases, and Categories, Phrases, and
Functions Functions
„ Whenever you meet a woman, the „ Whenever you meet a womanwoman,, the
first thing you do is lend her your first thing you do is lend her your
books. books..
books
• Identify Nouns
Nouns, Verbs
Verbs, Determiners,
Determiners an • Nouns
Nouns,, Verbs
Verbs,, Determiners
Determiners,, an
Adjective, an Adverb. Adjective, and an Adverb
Adverb..
• Identify phrases.
• Identify the subject, the predicate, a
subject predicate, and an adverbial.

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Categories, Phrases, and Categories, Phrases, and

Functions Functions
„ [sWhenever you meet a woman], „ [Whenever you meet a woman] is an
[sthe first thing you do] [VPis [Slend adverbial.
her your books]]. „ [the first thing you do] is the
subject
subject.
„ [is lend her your books] is the
• Phrases. predicate.
„ [lend her your books] is a subject
predicate.
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Three Diagnostic Tests for Three Diagnostic Tests for

Subjects Subjects
1. Subjects invert in Yes/No questions 1. Inversion in Yes/No questions
• You think she’ll have to see you again
in order to return them.
2. Subjects agree in number with the
„ Do you think she
she’ll
ll have to see you again
verb
b or the
th AUX
AUX. in order to return them?
• She doesn’t have the time to read
3. Subjects are repeated in tag them.
Doesn’t she have the time to read them?
questions. „

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 Three Diagnostic Tests for Three Diagnostic Tests for
Subjects Subjects
2. Agreement in number between the 3. Tag questions
subject and verb/AUX • So she cancels the date.
• She’s afraid if she sees you again „ So she cancels the date, doesn’t she?
she?
you
you’ll
ll expect her to talk about them
them,
and will want to lend her even more. • You end up losing a lot of books.
„ She’s afraid if she sees you again you’ll „ You end up losing a lot of books, don’t
expect her to talk about them, and will you?
you ?
want to lend her even more.
„ They are afraid if they see you again … • You should borrow hers
hers..
„ You should borrow hers, shouldn’t you?
you?
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Lending Out Books

Pleonastic Subjects
Hal Sirowitz
„ Pleonastic 1. You’re always giving, my therapist said.
2. You have to learn how to take.
• Describes superfluous words 3. Whenever you meet a woman, the first thing you
„ There are whole blocks of New York do is lend her your books
books..
You think she’ll
she ll have to see you again in order to
where no one lives.
lives 4.
return them.
5. But what happens is, she doesn’t have the time
to read them and she’s afraid if she sees you
„ Expletive again you’ll expect her to talk about them, and
• A word that carries no meaning but has will want to lend her even more
more..
a grammatical function in a sentence 6. So she cancels the date
date..
7. You end up losing a lot of books.
books.
„ It started to rain a few minutes ago. 15 8. You should borrow hers
hers.. 16

Lending Out Books

Where are the Subjects?
Hal Sirowitz
1. You’re always giving, my therapist said. 1. This problem we will explain in Chapter
2. You have to learn how to take.
take. 5.
3. Whenever you meet a woman, the first thing you 2. Her father I like, but her mother I can’t
do is lend her your books.
books. stand.
4. You think she’ll
she ll have to see you again in order to
return them. 3. Sitti
Sitting a ffew ffeett away from
f Miss
Mi
5. But what happens is, she doesn’t have the time Campbell in Court 13 was Piers Morgan,
to read them and she’s afraid if she sees you her arch tormentor and Mirror editor.
again you’ll expect her to talk about them, and 4. Particularly interesting is the high
will want to lend her even more
more.. percentage of unemployment in New
6. So she cancels the date
date.. England.
7. You end up losing a lot of books.
books.
8. You should borrow hers.
hers. 17 18

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 There are the Subjects! Direct Objects
1. This problem we will explain in Chapter „ Direct objects are sisters to the verb
5.
and can be passivized.
2. Her father I like, but her mother I can’t
stand.
3. Sitti
Sitting a ffew ffeett away from
f Miss
Mi I have
h eaten
t
Campbell in Court 13 was Piers Morgan, the plums
her arch tormentor and Mirror editor.
editor.
that were in
4. Particularly interesting is the high
percentage of unemployment in New the ice box
England..
England

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Direct Objects Direct Objects

S
„ Passivization of direct objects.

NP VP I have eaten
the plums
that were in
N
V NP
the ice box

The plums that were in the ice box

I
have eaten „
the plums that were in the ice box have been eaten.
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This Is Just To Say

Subject Predicates
William Carlos Williams
I have eaten
the plums
„ The plums were …
that were in „ They got …
the ice box
„ I became …
and which
you were probably
„ I felt …
saving „ They looked …
for breakfast
„ They smelled …
Forgive me
they were delicious „ They tasted …
so sweet „ They grew …
and so cold

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 Object Predicates Where are the Object Predicates?
„ Object predicates are often realized 1. She painted the house purple.
by an AdjP, an NP, or a PP.

„ Object
Obj t predicates
di t modify
dif the
th object
bj t 2 Jenni considers Pride and Prejudice a
2.
classic.
of a sentence.

3. She put dinner on the table.

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This Is Just To Say

There are the Object Predicates!
Erica--Lynn Gambino
Erica
I have just
1. She painted the house purple.
purple. asked you to
„ An AdjP functioning as an object predicate. get out of my
apartment

2. Jenni considers Pride and Prejudice

j a even though
you never
classic..
classic thought
„ An NP functioning as an object predicate. I would

Forgive me
3. She put dinner on the table.
table. you were
driving
„ A PP functioning as an object predicate. me insane

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Object Predicates Indirect Objects

„ I consider Dave „ Indirect objects are always realized by NP.
Cieslewicz … • I gave $25 to Ricky.
„ I know …
„ Indirect objects can be passivized.
„ They elected …
• Ricky
y was given
g $25.
$
„ I keep
k …
„ He proved …
„ Indirect objects can be preceded by to or
for..
for
„ The people judged …
• He sang a song for me.
„ I reckon …
„ He drives … „ Indirect objects can be moved.
„ They made … • He sang me a song.

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5
 Identify the Complements The Complements Identified
1. They sold us the furniture. 1. They sold [ious] [dothe furniture].
2. Tom submits his tax
tax--returns. 2. Tom submits [dohis tax
tax--returns].
3. She seemed very happy. 3. She seemed [scvery happy].
4. He found it easy.
easy 4. He found [doit] [oceasy].
easy]
5. He took the early train. 5. He took [dothe early train].
6. The politician considered that 6. The politician considered [dothat
argument valid. argument] [ocvalid].
7. That sounds terrible. 7. That sounds [scterrible].
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Six Categories of Verbs Six Categories of Verbs

1. Transitive verbs 4. Monotransitive
Mono transitive verbs
• select at least one object. • select only one object.
2. Intransitive
In transitive verbs 5. Complex transitive verbs
• do
d nott select
l t an object.
bj t • select
l t an object
bj t and
d an object
bj t
3. Ditransitive
Ditransitive verbs complement.
• select a direct and an indirect object. 6. Copula verbs
• select a subject complement.

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Define and Give Examples of …

1. A transitive verb
2. An intransitive verb
3. A ditransitive verb
4. A monotransitive verb
5. A complex transitive verb
6. A copula verb

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