Unit 5 DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAM T BEAM

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL DESIGN C4301/UNIT5/ 1
UNIT 5
DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAM: T-BEAM
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To be able to design reinforced concrete flanged beam in accordance with BS 8110.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this unit you should be able to:
1. calculate the effective width of the flanged beam.
2. calculate the moment of resistance of the flanged beam.
3. calculate the area of reinforcement required for the flanged beam.
4. provide the size and total number of reinforcement bars required for the
flanged beam.
INPUT 1
5.1 Introduction.
In the construction of reinforced concrete structural element, fresh concrete is
normally poured into the slab and the beam’s form work simultaneously. When
concrete hardens, a homogeneous concrete is formed. This will enable part of the
slab to act as part of the beam. In practice, the flange is often the floor slab and this
is shown in Figure 5.1 below: -
Actual width
Slab
T-Beam
L-Beam
cL Lc
Figure 5.1: Floor Slab

5.2 Effective width, b
The question arises of what width of the slab is to be taken as the effective width?
The answer is, the width b in Figure 5.2
bw
Figure 5.2: T-Beam
Clause 3.4.1.5 BS 8110 gives the following recommendation for a T-beam, the
effective width b should be taken as: -
 bw + 0.2  z or
 The actual flange width or whichever is lesser.
 z is the distance between points of zero moment along the span of the beam. For a
continuous beam (we shall discuss this type of beam in Unit 6),  z may be
determined from the bending moment diagram, but BS 8110 states that  z be taken
as 0.7 times the effective span.
NOW ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: -

ACTIVITY 5a
Given the floor plan showing the arrangement of T-beams, calculate the effective
width of the beam.
T-Beam T-Beam T-Beam

9.0 m
bw = 250mm
2.0 m 2.0 m
Plan Section
Figure 5.3: Arrangement of T-Beam

FEEDBACK 5a
You should get the answer as shown below.
bw  0.2x  250  0.2(9000)
= 2050 mm
Actual flange width = 2000mm
The effective width, b is the lesser of these values i.e.
b = 2000 mm
INPUT 2
5.3 Analysis of T-section
There are three cases to be considered. They are as follows: -
5.3.1 Neutral axis in the flange
5.3.2 Neutral axis under the flange
5.3.3 Neutral axis outside the flange
5.4 Neutral axis in the flanged.
This happens when the depth of the stress block is less than the flange thickness(h f).
This is shown in Figure 5.4 below: -
b
Fcc=0.405fcubx
0.9x
d
Z=d – 0.45x
As
Fst=0.87fyAs
bw
Figure 5.4: Stress Block
Moment of resistance the section is given by,

M = Fcc . Z
= 0.405 fcub (0.9x) (d-0.45x)
In this case the maximum depth of the stress block which is equal to 0.9x is
equivalent to hf. Therefore,
hf
M = Mf = 0.45 f cu bh f (d  )
2
(Where Mf is known as the ultimate moment of resistance of the flange)
It can be shown that when the applied moment, M is lesser or equal to M f, the
neutral axis is located in the flange. In this case the design of the section is similar
to that of the rectangular section which has been discussed in Unit 4.
5.4.1 Design Example (N.A in the flange)
A T-Beam is to carry a design moment (M = 165 kNm). The beam section is shown
in Figure 5.5. If concrete of grade 30 and steel of grade 460 are used, calculate the
area and the total number of bars required.
b =1450
d =320
Figure 5.5: T-Beam

bw=250
hf=100 mm
Solution:
Resistance moment of flange:
hf
M f  0.45 f cu bh f (d  )
2
100
= 0.45 x 30 x 1450 x 100 (320 – )
2
=528.5 kNm
Since M< Mf, the neutral axis is located in the flange.
M
K 
bd 2 f cu
165  106

1450  3202  30
= 0.036 < K’ (=0.156)
K
Z  d {0.5  (0.25  )}
0.9
0.036
d{0.5  (0.25  )}
0.9
= 0.957d > 0.95d
M
As 
0.87 f y Z
165  106

0.87  460  0.95  320
= 1356 mm2
Provided 3T25 (As=1470 mm2)

ACTIVITY 5b
For the T-Beam shown in Figure 5.6, calculate the area and number of bars required
to carry a design moment of 450 kNm. Use fcu = 30N/mm2and fy=460 N / mm2
800 mm
hf=150
d=420mm
bw=200
Figure 5.6: T-Beam

FEEDBACK 5b
Check your answers now!
150
Mf = 0.45 x 30 x 800 x 150 x (420 - )
2
= 558.9 kNm
M < Mf
Therefore, this shows that neutral axis is located in the flange.
450  106
K 
800  (420) 2  30
= 0.106 < K’
 Only tension reinforcement is needed.
.0 106
Z d{0.5  .0 25  }
0.9
= 0.86d < 0.95d
450  106
As 
0.87  460  0.86  420
= 3113 mm2
Provided: 4T32 (As = 3218 mm2)
Is your answer similar to the one given here? If your answer is ‘Yes’:
Congratulations! Go on to the next input. If your answer is ‘No’, you should go
through the input once again.

INPUT 3
5.5 N.A Located Under the Flange.
When the applied moment, M is greater than the moment of resistance, M f, the
neutral axis will be located under the flange as shown in Figure 5.7.
Fcc2
2 2
1 Fcc1
Z1
Z2
AS
Fst
Figure 5.7: N.A Located Under the Flange.
Referring to Figure 5.7,
The Internal forces are: -
Fcc1 = (0.45fcu)(bw . 0.9x) = 0.405fcubwx
Fcc2 = (0.405fcu)( b- bw )hf
Fst = 0.87fyAs
Lever Arm:
Z1 = d -0.45x
Z2 = d – 0.5hf
Moment of resistance is given as follows: -
M = Fcc1 . Z1 + Fcc2 . Z2
= (0.405fcubwx)(d - 0.45x) + (0.45fcu)(b - bw)hf(d - 0.5hf)
The ultimate moment of resistance of the section (when x = 0.5d) is given by,
Muf = 0.405fcubw0.5d [d - 0.45(0.5d)] + (0.45fcu)(b - bw)hf(d - 0.5hf)
= 0.156fcubwd2 + (0.45fcu)(b-bw) hf (d-0.5hf)
When the applied moment, M < Muf, compression reinforcement is not required.
The area of the tension reinforcement is calculated as shown below: -
Taking the moment of Fcc2,
M = Fst . Z2 - Fcc1. (Z2 - Z1)
= 0.87fyAs(d - 0.5hf) - 0.405fcubw x [(d - 0.5hf)-(d - 0.45x)]
M  0.405 f cu bw x (0.45 x  0.5h f )

 As =
0.87 f y ( d  0.5h f )
Equating x = 0.5d (at ultimate limit)

Therefore,
M  0.1 f cu bw d (0.45d  h f )
As 
0.87 f y ( d  0.5h f )
This is equation 1, BS 8110 and should be used when hf < 0.45d.
5.5.1 Design example (N.A under the flange)
b=1450
hf=100
d=320
bw=250
Figure 5.8: T-Beam
(Use concrete grade 30 and steel grade 460). T-Beam as shown in Figure 5.6 above
is subjected to a design moment of 550kNm. Calculate the area of reinforcement
required.
Solution:
Mf = 528.5 kNm. (Calculated before in 5.5)
Mf < M (=550 kNm)
Muf = 0.156fcubwd2 + (0.45fcu)(b - bw)hf (d-0.5hf)
=0.156(30)(250)(320)2 + (0.45)(30)(1450 – 250)(100)(320 – 50)
=552.3 kNm > M
This shows that, only tension reinforcement is required and is calculated as
follows:-
M  0.1 f cu bw d [0.45d  h f ]
As 
0.87 f y ( d  0.5h f )
550  106  0.1(30)(250)(320)(0.45  320  100)


0.87( 460)(320  50)
= 5188 mm2
Use: 3T40 + 3T25 (5240 mm2)
The approximate arrangement of these bars is shown below: -`

3T25
3T40
Figure 5.9: T-Beam
Now do the following exercises
ACTIVITY 5c
PleaseCalculate the area of reinforcement

do your calculation here!!! required for the beam section given below if the
bending moment is 2750 kNm. Use fcu = 30 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
b = 1600 mm
hf = 250 mm
d = 700
Figure 5.10: T-Beam
bw = 300
FEEDBACK 5c
Here are the answers. Please check it out!
hf
M f  0.45 f cu bh f (d  )
2
250
 0.45(30)(300)(250)(700  )
2
= 582.2 kNm.
M > Mf. (N.A. under the flange)
M uf  0.156 f cu bw d 2  (0.45) f cu (b  bw ) h f (d  0.5h f )
250
 0.156(30)(300)(700) 2  (0.45)(30)(1600  300)(250)(700  )
2
= 687.96 + 2522.8
= 3210.8 kNm
Muf > M (=2750 kNm). This indicates that only tension reinforcement is required
Check that hf < 0.45d
0.45d = 0.45(700)
=315 mm
 hf < 0.45d and we are going to use equation 1, BS 8110 shown below:
To calculate the area of reinforcement required.

M  0.1 f cu bw d [0.45d  h f )
As 
0.87 f y (d  0.5h f )
2750  106  0.1(30)(300)(700)(0.45(700)  250)


0.87( 460)(700  0.5  250)
2790.95  106

230115
= 12128.5 mm2
Use: 7T40 + 7T32 (As = 12238 mm2)
INPUT 4
5.6 Neutral Axis Outside The Flange
When the applied moment M > Muf, the compression reinforcement should be
provided so that the depth of neutral axis, x does not exceed 0.5d.
The stress distribution for a flanged beam provided with compression reinforcement
is shown in Figure 5.11 below:-
Fsc
Fcc2
Fcc1
Fst
Figure 5.11: The stress distribution for a flanged beam
Referring to Figure 5.11, the forces in the stress block are as follows: -
Fcc1 = 0.405fcubwx
Fcc2 = 0.45fcu(b - bw)hf
Fst = 0.87fyAs
Fsc = 0.87fyAs’
The lever arm is: -
Z1 = d - 0.45x
Z2 = d - 0.5hf
Z3 = d – d’
Taking moments about the tension reinforcement, we have:
M = Fsc . Z3 + Fcc1 . Z1 + Fcc2 . Z2
= 0.87fyAs’(d -d’)+(0.405fcubwx)(d - 0.45x) + (0.45fcu)(b - bw)hf (d - 0.5hf)
At ultimate limit state, x = 0.5d,
M = 0.87fyAs’(d - d’) + Muf
M  M uf
Therefore, As’ = 0.87 f ( d  d ' )
y
For Equilibrium of the forces: -
Fst = Fcc1 + Fcc2 + Fsc
d
0.87fyAs = 0.405fcubw( )+ 0.45fcu(b -bw)hf + 0.87fyAs’
2
Therefore, As = [0.2fcubwd + 0.45fcuhf (b - bw)+ 0.87
[0.2 f cu bw d  0.45 f cu h f (d  d ' )  0.87 f y As

As 
0.87 f y
“This is a very important formula for you to memorize. Good Luck! ”
Design Example (N.A outside the Flange)
Given the beam section and data, calculate the area of reinforcement required so
that beam can carry a design moment of 650 kNm. Assume that d’ = 50 mm
b = 1450 fcu=30 N/mm2

hf = 100
fy = 460 N/mm2
d = 320
Figure 5.12
bw = 250
Solution:
Mf = 528.5 kNm < M (=650 kNm)
 Neutral axis located outside the flange.
Muf = 552.3 kNm < M (=650kNm)
 Compression reinforcement is required.
M  M uf
As 
0.87 f y ( d  d ' )
(650  552.3)  106


0.87  460  (320  50)
= 904 mm2
0.2 f cu bw d  0.45 f cu h f (b  bw )
As  [ ]  As '
0.87 f y
0.2(30)( 250)(320)  (0.45)(30)(100)(1450  250)

[ ]  904
0.87(460)
= 5247 + 904
= 6151 mm2
Use: 3T20 (As = 943 mm2) for compression reinforcement
5T40 (As = 6286 mm2) for tension reinforcement.
Now you should be able to calculate the tension and

compression reinforcement for flanged beam.
Now do the following exercise and then compare your answers

with the answers given in the feedback section!.....
ACTIVITY 5d
Calculate the reinforcement required for a flanged beam with the following
information:
M = 1700 kNm d = 618 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2 d’ = 60 mm (embedment of compression reinforcement)
fy = 460 30 N/mm2 b = 1200 mm
bw = 300 mm hf = 150 mm
H=700
Please do your calculation here!
FEEDBACK 5d
Compare your answers below: -
M f  0.45 f cu bh f ( d  0.5h f )
 0.45(30)(1200)(150)(618  0.5  150)

=1319.5 kNm
Mf < M (=1700)
M uf  0.156 f cu bw d 2  (0.45 f cu )(b  bw )h f (d  0.5h f )
 0.156(30)(300)(618) 2  (0.45  30)(900)(150)(543)
=1525.8 kNm
Muf < M (=1700 kNm)
 Compression reinforcement is required.
M  M uf
As ' 
0.87 f y ( d  d ' )
(1700  1525.8)  106


0.87(460)(618  60)
=780 mm2
0.2 f cubw d  0.45 f cu (b  bw )

As  [ ]  As '
0.87 f y
0.2(30)(300)(618)  (0.45)(30)(1200  300)

  780
0.87(460)
= 3590 mm2
Use: 7T12 (As = 792 mm2) as compression reinforcement
5T25 + 4T20 (As = 3712 mm2) as the tension reinforcement

SUMMARY
Go through the summary of Unit 5 now
To design flanged beam, the following procedure can be used: -
 Calculate Mf = 0.45fcubhf(d - 0.5hf)
 Compare Mf with M (applied moment)
 If M<Mf, neutral axis is located in the flange. Calculate: -
M
 K 
bd 2 f cu
K
 Z  d [0.5  (0.25  )], butZ  0.95d
0.9
M
 As 
0.87 f y Z

If M > Mf, neutral axis is located at outside of flange. Calculate:

f from Table 3.7 or equation 2 BS8110

Mu f = ffcubd2

Compare M with Muf

Check that hf < 0.45d

If M < Muf, compression reinforcement is not required. Calculate:
M  0.1 f cu bw d (0.45d  h f )
 As 
0.87 f y ( d  0.5h f )
If M > Muf, compression reinforcement is required. Calculate:
( M  M uf )
 As ' 
0.87 f y ( d  d ' )
0.2 f cu bw d  0.45 f cu h f (b  bw )
 As   As '
0.87 f y
Flip through Unit 5 once again and when you are ready, do
the following Self-Assessment. Read the instructions before
you start! Good Luck!
SELF-ASSESSMENT
There are five questions within this test. Marks are allocated for each question. You
have to answer all the questions. You should use your own writing paper and be
ready with your calculator.
Questions:
1. The figure given below shows section of a beam and floor slab of a building.
Calculate the effective width of beam A, B and C assuming they are simply
supported. The beam span is 8.0 m.
3500 3500 500
500
C
A B
250 250 250
(3 marks)
2. For the given beam section below, calculate the area of reinforcement
required to carry a design moment of 600 kNm. Use f cu = 30 N/mm2 and fy =
460 N/mm2.
1450
125
d = 330
250
(5 marks)
3. For the given beam section below, calculate the area of reinforcement
required to carry an ultimate design moment of 600 kNm. Use fcu=30N/mm2,
fy= 460 N/mm2 and d’ = 40 mm.
500
100
300
(9 marks)
200
4. Calculate moment of resistance of the given beam section. The characteristic
material strengths are 25 N/mm2 for concrete and 460 N/mm2 for steel
reinforcement.
1000
100
d = 500
2T25
2T32
250 (2 marks)
5. Using the same characteristic material strength in question 4, calculate the
moment of resistance of the beam section given below. Note that this is an
edge beam or known as L- Beam.
600
d’=40 2T16
100
d =400
4T32
250
(2 marks)
FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT
1. For beam A, the section is shown below;
500
Beam A
250
lz
b  bw 
10
8000 ………………………………………………………. 1
 250 
10
 1050mm
For beam B:
b
Beam B
250
lz
b  bw 
5
8000 ………………………………………………………… 1
 250 
5
 1850mm
For beam C:
250 Beam C
1
b  2  500
 1000mm
…………………………………………………….
2. Resistance moment of flange,
M f  0.45 f cu bh f ( d  0.5h f )
 0.45  30  1450  125   330  (0.5  125)

1
 654.5kNm …………………………………………………..
1
M = 600 kNm < Mf………………………………………………………………………..
 The neutral axis is in the flange.
M
K 
bd 2 f cu
600  106

1450  3302  30
1
= 0.127……………………………………………………………..
K
Z  d [0.5  0.25  ]
0.9
0.127
 d [0.5  0.25  ]
0.9
1
= 0.83d > 0.95d…………………………………………………
M
As 
0.87 f y Z
600  106

0.87  460  0.95  330
1
= 4782 mm2 …………………………………………………….
Use 6T32 (As = 4827 mm2)
100
3. M f  0.45  30  500  100  (350  )
2
1
= 202.5 kNm……………………………………………….
M = 600 kNm > Mf
Neutral axis is outside the flange.
 100   200   100   200 

 f  0.45  1 .1    0.15 
 350   500   2  350   500 
= 0.0661 + 0.06
1
= 0.13……………………………………………………………..
Muf = 0.13 (30) (500) (350)2

1
= 238.9 kNm……………………………………………………..
1
M = 600 kNm > Muf ………………………………………………..
 Compression reinforcement is required.

hf = 100 mm
0.45 d = 0.45 (350)

1
= 157.5 mm………………………………………………….
1
 hf < 0.45 d…………………………………………………………
' (600  238.9)  106

As 
0.87  460(350  40)
1
= 2911 mm2…………………………………………………….
Use: 6T25 (As’ = 2946 mm2) as the compression reinforcement.
0.2(30)( 200)(350)  0.45(30)(100)(500  300)

As   2911
0.87(460)
= 1555 + 2911
1
2
= 4466 mm ……………………………………………………
1
Use: 6T32 (As = 4827 mm2) as the tension reinforcement………….
The approximate arrangement of the reinforcement is shown below: -
6T25
6T32
4. fcu = 25 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
2T25  As = 982 mm2
2T32  As = 1609 mm2

Total As = 2591 mm2
M uf  0.405 f cu bw (0.5d )(d  0.45(0.5d ))  (0.45 f cu )(b  bw )h f (d  0.5h f )
 0.156 f cu bw d 2  (0.45 f cu )(b  bw )h f ( d  0.5h f )
= 243.75 + 379.96
2
= 623.44 kNm………………………………………………….
Therefore, the resistance moment is 623.44 kNm.
600
2T16 100
d = 400
4T32
250
Muf  0.156 f cubw d  (0.45 f cu )(b  bw )h f ( d  0.5h f )

2
5.
 0.156( 25)(250)(400) 2  (0.45  25)(600  250)(100)(400  0.5  100)
= 156 + 137.8
1
= 293.8 kNm………………………………………………………..
'
M  0.87 f y As (d  d ' )  M uf
 0.87(460)( 402)(400  40)  293.8

1
= 351.72 kNm…………………………………………………..
Therefore, the moment of resistance of the section is 351.7 kNm.
Now calculate your score as shown below: -
Score = Total marks obtained x 100 %

21
You should score 80% or more to pass this unit.

If your score is less than 80%, you should go through all or part of
this unit once again.
Now you have completed unit 5.
You may proceed to unit 6.
END OF UNIT 5
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH MALAY
flanged beam rasuk berbibir
web web
effective width lebar berkesan
neutral axis paksi nutral
stress block bungkah tegasan

resistance moment momen rintangan
stress distribution taburan tegasan

Unit 5 DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAM T BEAM

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REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL DESIGN C4301/UNIT5/ 1

To be able to design reinforced concrete flanged beam in accordance with BS 8110.

At the end of this unit you should be able to:

1. calculate the effective width of the flanged beam.

2. calculate the moment of resistance of the flanged beam.

3. calculate the area of reinforcement required for the flanged beam.

In the construction of reinforced concrete structural element, fresh concrete is

is shown in Figure 5.1 below: -

Figure 5.1: Floor Slab

5.2 Effective width, b

The answer is, the width b in Figure 5.2

Figure 5.2: T-Beam

effective width b should be taken as: -

 The actual flange width or whichever is lesser.

as 0.7 times the effective span.

NOW ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: -

width of the beam.

T-Beam T-Beam T-Beam

Figure 5.3: Arrangement of T-Beam

You should get the answer as shown below.

bw  0.2x  250  0.2(9000)

Actual flange width = 2000mm

The effective width, b is the lesser of these values i.e.

5.3 Analysis of T-section

There are three cases to be considered. They are as follows: -

5.3.1 Neutral axis in the flange

5.3.2 Neutral axis under the flange

5.3.3 Neutral axis outside the flange

5.4 Neutral axis in the flanged.

This is shown in Figure 5.4 below: -

Figure 5.4: Stress Block

Moment of resistance the section is given by,

= 0.405 fcub (0.9x) (d-0.45x)

equivalent to hf. Therefore,

(Where Mf is known as the ultimate moment of resistance of the flange)

to that of the rectangular section which has been discussed in Unit 4.

5.4.1 Design Example (N.A in the flange)

area and the total number of bars required.

Figure 5.5: T-Beam

Resistance moment of flange:

Since M< Mf, the neutral axis is located in the flange.

= 0.036 < K’ (=0.156)

Provided 3T25 (As=1470 mm2)

Figure 5.6: T-Beam

Check your answers now!

Therefore, this shows that neutral axis is located in the flange.

 Only tension reinforcement is needed.

Provided: 4T32 (As = 3218 mm2)

Congratulations! Go on to the next input. If your answer is ‘No’, you should go

through the input once again.

5.5 N.A Located Under the Flange.

Figure 5.7: N.A Located Under the Flange.

Referring to Figure 5.7,

The Internal forces are: -

Fcc1 = (0.45fcu)(bw . 0.9x) = 0.405fcubwx

Fcc2 = (0.405fcu)( b- bw )hf

Moment of resistance is given as follows: -

= (0.405fcubwx)(d - 0.45x) + (0.45fcu)(b - bw)hf(d - 0.5hf)

Muf = 0.405fcubw0.5d [d - 0.45(0.5d)] + (0.45fcu)(b - bw)hf(d - 0.5hf)