A

Project Report
on

“Fabrication and analysis of mechanical

properties of cementitious material”

By
Shubham Sharma (Roll No. 1513340185)
Shyam Kumar (Roll No. 1513340189)
Dileep Singh (Roll No. 1513340063)

Under the supervision of

Mr. Jitendra Singh

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
GREATER NOIDA
(2018-19)

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 CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B-Tech Project Report
entitled “Fabrication and analysis of mechanical properties of cementitious
material”, for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
and submitted to the department of Mechanical Engineering is an authentic record of my
own work carried out under the supervision of Mr. Jitendra Singh, Assistant Professor,
department of Mechanical Engineering.

Date- 13 November 2018 Name of Students with sign

Shubham Sharma
Shyam Kumar
Dileep Singh

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Shubham Sharma has carried out the research work presented
in this project entitled “Fabrication and Analysis of mechanical properties of
cementitious material” for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering from Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
under our supervision. The project embodies result of original work and studies carried
out by Mr. Shubham Sharma, Mr. Shyam Kumar , Mr. Dileep Singh

Mr. Jitendra Singh

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NIET, Greater Noida.

Dr. Chandan Kumar

Head of Department
Department of Mechanical Engg.
NIET, Greater Noida.

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 CONTENTS

Topics Page No.

CANDIDATE DECLARATION 2
CERTIFICATE 3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN BASIS OF ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS 8
COMPOSITE
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS 9
CHAPTER 4: REFERENCES 10

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 FIGURE INDEX

S No. Figure Page No.

1 RIVER SAND (RED) 10
2 RIVER SAND (WHITE) 10
3 FLY ASH 11
4 PVA FIBRE 12
5 HIGH RANGE WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE 12
6 SHAPES OF CASTING 14

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 Table Index

S No. Tables Page no.

1. Standard of mixture proportion for ECC 13
2. Standard of mixture of red sand 13
3. Standard of mixture of red sand 14

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction
In the last several decades, concrete with high compressive strength have been commonly
used for potential civil engineering application. However, as the material goes up to the
higher strength, the behavior of the material becomes more brittle. This certainly can
cause the lack of ductility of structure during the seismic response due to its brittleness.
Furthermore, the potential danger can worsen the behavior of structure because of the
significant fracture failure in the concrete . As the matter of fact, it is strongly needed to
develop the high performance elements for seismic structural applications which is based
on a new materials technology. Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) addresses a
special type of high performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites with high
tensile ductility . Fibers have been used to improve the toughness of cement material . As
the ability to produce high tensile ductility, ECC is originally designed strain-hardening
behavior using micromechanical concept, thus the excessive tensile strain capacity can be
achieved more than 2% through multiple cracking .

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 CHAPTER 2
DESIGN BASIS OF ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS
COMPOSITE
To ensure the behavior of strain hardening and multiple cracks occur in ECC material
with the tight crack width, the design basis of ECC was made and characterized by
Marshall and Cox (1988). A foremost requirement is to permit steady-state cracks
criterion takes place under tension in a form of flat cracks. An understanding of
relationship is critically required in order to satisfy the criterion

By forming steady-state “flat cracks” which preserve a constant crack without rupturing
under tension, loading can initiate another micro crack from another damage site and
subsequent flat cracks propagation (Wang & Li 2007). As aforementioned, the behavior
of steady-state cracks can deliver the multiple cracks.

The formation of multiple steady-state cracks and strain hardening branch can be attained
after performing an ECC mixture which adequately proportion. However, in order to
maintain the cracks width below 80 m, tailoring the crack bridging stress and crack
opening should be taken into account as expressed in Eq. (1). Before achieving the
maximum crack opening that corresponding to the maximum crack bridging stress, it
allows ECC to perform the multiple cracks to the limit of 0. If the crack width exceeds
0, the crack bridging stress would begin to fall and the formation of multiple cracking
would stop. Therefore, by preserving the crack opening of ECC below 80 m, the ECC
material can exhibit multiple cracking with the tight crack width.

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 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS
Based on the several previous studies, ECC using local material compounds have been
successfully applied in various countries such as Europe (Mechtcherine and Schulze
2006), South Africa (Boshoff and Zijl 2007) and Japan (Kanda et. al. 2006). Therefore, it
is possible to carry the experimental investigation in order to obtain the tensile
performance using local materials in Indonesia. The standard mixture design of current
ECC materials consists of cement, fly ash, silica sand, water, chemical admixture, and
randomly deployment of PVA fibers. These materials components are typically similar to
the fiber reinforced composite with cement based. The ordinary portland cement (C),
class-F fly ash (FA) with lime content 15.24%, water, a high range water reducing
admixture (HRWR), and PVA fibers were employed in this study. Furthermore, the use
of two different river sand (S) types were also carried out using red sand from badarpur
and white sand that obtained from river Ganga, haridwar. According to the typical
standard design of ECC, the use of sand must meet an average and maximum grain size
of 100 m and 200 m, respectively.

3.1 RIVER SAND

Two types of river sand were utilised in the process, red river sand and white river sand.
River sand was specifically chosen because of its round shape and smooth surface finish
which makes it better then M-sand(Manufactured Sand). Moreover, the utilisation of
river sand ensures that a lesser amount of cement paste it required to make the mixture.
Therefore making it more economic. The microfine particles that are present in this type
of sand are low in quantity which helps to reduce the effect on the strength of the
mixture.
Extraction of river sand from sea bodies causes an ecological imbalance and thus it is not
to be used on a large scale but however for experimental basis this can prove to be a great
useful component in the mixture , thus overpowering feasibility.

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 Fig 3.1 River sand (Red) Fig 3.2 River Sand (White)

3.2 FLY ASH

Another very crucial component of ECC is fly ash which comprises of nearly 32.38%
of the composition is a by product of coal fuel combustion. Fly ash is mainly of two
types :-
 Type f (lower calcium content)
 Type c (higher calcium content)
The fly ash is the improved version of a very important component of ECC i.e.
Portland cement. The fly ash is slightly finer then Portland cement. It has similar
cement matrix distribution. Fly ash has increased hydration time and low heat of
hydration. A moderate concentration of fly ash gives maximum compressive strength
for longer period. Moreover , greater the fly ash content more will be the workability
because of the spherical structure of fly ash which acts as a ball bearing and causes
lubrication effect. Fly ash provides long term abrasion resistance. The low permeability
factor of the fly ash provides increased corrosion resistance (this is 29times less
reactive then Portland cement). Fly ash is a recycled product which is obtained from
the residue of coal combustion and collection of this is an air pollution control
standard.

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 Fig 3.3 Fly Ash

3.3 PVA FIBRE

PVA, or Polyvinyl Alcohol, is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that lends itself to a

variety of adaptions. PVA can be made into threads of fibers, liquids, coatings, beads,
lubricants, and many other forms. As a filament yarn, PVA has valuable properties:

 High tenacity
 Low-elongation
 High modulus
 Low creep
 Heat resistance
 Incompressibility
 UV Resistant
 Water Soluble

The type of PVA fibers is RECS15 and deliberately chose because it can be used in all
types of concrete. The mechanical properties of PVA fibers are purposely made with a
high tensile strength and elastic modulus matching those needed for proper strain-
hardening behavior.

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 Fig 3.4 PVA FIBRE

3.4 HIGH RANGE WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE

High range water reducers may serve the purpose of increasing strength through a
reduction in the water-cement ratio while maintaining equal slump, increasing slump
while maintaining equal water-cement ratio or a combination thereof. The method of
addition should distribute the admixture uniformly throughout the concrete. Adequate
mixing is critical to uniform performance. Problems resulting from non-uniform
admixture distribution or batch-to-batch dosage variations include inconsistent slump,
rate of hardening, and strength development.

Fig 3.5 HIGH RANGE WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE

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 CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
4.1 Mixture Proportion

COMPONETS USED IN MIXTURE PERCENTAGE

Cement(C) 27.05%
Fly Ash 21.66%
Sand 32.38%
Water (W) 1.27%
Fiber (PVA) 17.26%
HRWR, 0.36%

Table 4.1 Standard of mixture proportion for ECC

COMPONETS USED IN MIXTURE Weight (grams)

Cement(C) 110.9
Fly Ash 88.8
Sand 132.75
Water (W) 5.2
Fiber (PVA) 70.76
HRWR, 1.47
Total weight 410

Table 4.2 Standard of mixture of red sand

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COMPONETS USED IN MIXTURE Weight (grams)
Cement(C) 175.5
Fly Ash 140.7
Sand 210.4
Water (W) 8.25
Fiber (PVA) 112.129
HRWR, 2.34
Total weight 650

Table 4.3 standard of mixture of white sand

FIGURE 4.1: SHAPES OF CASTING

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 CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
Bashoff, W.P. and Zijl, G.P.A.G. (2007). Tensile Creep of SHCC. In Proceeding, Fifth
International RILEM Workshop on High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement
Composites (HPFRCC 5): 87-96 Fischer, G., Stang, H., and Dick-Nielsen, L. (2004).
Initiation and Development of Cracking in ECC Materials: Experimental Observations
and Modeling. Technical University Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Fukuyama, H., Sato,
Y., Li, V.C., Matsuzaki, Y., and Mihashi, H. (2000). Ductile Engineered Cementitious
Composite Elements for Seismic Structural Application. 12th World Conferences on
Earthquake Engineering (WCEE) Kanda, T., Tomoe, S., Nagai, S., Maruta, M.,
Kanakubo, T., and Shimizu, K. (2006). Full Scale Processing Investigation for ECC
Pre-Cast Structural Element. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering,
Vol. 5, No. 2: 333-340 Lee, B.Y., Kim, J.K., and Kim, Y.Y. (2010). Prediction of ECC
Tensile Stress-Strain Curve Based on Modified Fiber Bridging Relations Considering
Fiber Distribution Characteristic. Computers and Concrete, Vol.7, No. 5: 455-468
Lepech, M.D. and Li, V.C. (2006). Long Term Durability Performance of Engineered
Cementitious Composites. Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, Vol. 12, No.2:
119-132 Li V.C. (1994). Advances in Strain-Hardening Cement Based Composites.
Engineering Foundation Conference on Advances In Cement & Concrete, New
Hampshire

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