Overview of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016

1.1 Purpose behind enactment of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016

The purpose of this Act is as under:-
(a) To consolidate and amend the laws relating to re-organisation and insolvency resolution of
corporate persons, partnership firms and individuals.
(b) To fix time periods for execution of the law in a time bound manner.

(c ) To maximize the value of assets of interested persons.

(d) To promote entrepreneurship
(e) To increase availability of credit.
(f) To balance the interests of all the stakeholders including alteration in the order of priority of
payment of Government dues.
(g) To establish an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India as a regulatory body for
insolvency and bankruptcy law.

1.2 Distinguishing features of Code

(i) Comprehensive Law: As it regulates the process of insolvency and bankruptcy of all persons
including corporates, partnerships, LLPs and individuals.
(ii) Withering away of Multiplicity of Laws: It presents singular platform for all the reliefs relating
to recovery of debts and insolvency.
(iii) Low Time Resolution : It prescribe time frames for insolvency resolution of companies and
individuals. The process is mandated to be completed within 180 days, extendable by
maximum of 90 days.
Further, for a speedier process there is provision for fast-track resolution of corporate insolvency
within 90 days. If insolvency cannot be resolved, the assets of the borrowers may be sold to repay
creditors.
(iv) One Window Clearance: No need to initiate proceedings under separate laws governed by
separate authorities.
(v) Clarity in Process: There is a clear and unambiguous process to be followed by all
stakeholders. There is also shift of control from shareholders and promoters to creditors.
(vi) One Chain of Authority: . The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will adjudicate
insolvency resolution for companies. The Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) will adjudicate insolvency
resolution for individuals.
(vii) Protects the Interests of Workmen and Employees : The Code also protects the interests
of workman and employees.
(viii) New Regulatory Authority : It provides for constitution of a new regulatory authority,
‘Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India’ to regulate professionals, agencies and
information utilities engaged in resolution of insolvencies of companies, partnership firms and
individuals.
(ix) Establishment of Information Utilities (IUs): A unique feature of code is establishment of
Information Utilities (IUs) which are intended to function as a databank to collect and disseminate
financial information and to facilitate insolvency resolution.

1.3 Applicability of the Code

The Code shall apply for insolvency, liquidation, voluntary liquidation or bankruptcy of the following

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entities:-
(a) Any company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 or under any previous law.
(b) Any other company governed by any special act for the time being in force, except in so far as the
said provision is inconsistent with the provisions of such Special Act.
(c) Any Limited Liability Partnership under the LLP Act 2008.
(d) Any other body incorporated under any law for the time being in force, as the Central
Government may by notification specify in this behalf.
(e) Partnership firms and individuals.

1.4 Important Definitions

(1) Corporate Person means
(a) a company as defined under section 2(20) of the Companies Act, 2013;
(b) a Limited Liability Partnership as defined in 2(1)(n) of Limited Liability Act, 2008; or,
(c) any other person incorporated with limited liability under any law for the time being in force but
shall not include any financial service provider.

(2) Corporate Debtor means a corporate person who owes a debt to any person. [ Section 3(8)]

(3) Creditor means any person to whom a debt is owed and includes a financial creditor, an
operational creditor, a secured creditor, an unsecured creditor and a decree holder.
[Section 3(10)]

(4) Debt means a liability or obligation in respect of a claim which is due from any person and
includes a financial debt and operational debt. [Section 3(11)]

(5) Default means non-payment of debt when whole or any part or instalment of the amount of debt
has become due and payable and is not repaid by the debtor or the corporate debtor, as the
case may be. [Section 3(12)]

(6) A person includes:-

• an individual
• a Hindu Undivided Family
• a company
• a trust
• a partnership
• A limited liability partnership, and
• any other entity established under a Statute.
And includes a person resident outside India [Section 3(23)]

(7) Secured creditor means a creditor in favour of whom security interest is created; [Section
3(30)]

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(8) Corporate applicant means—

(a) corporate debtor; or
(b) a member or partner of the corporate debtor who is authorised to make an application for the
corporate insolvency resolution process under the constitutional document of the corporate
debtor; or
(c) an individual who is in charge of managing the operations and resources of the corporate
debtor; or
(d) a person who has the control and supervision over the financial affairs of the corporate
debtor;[ Section 5(5)]

(9) Financial creditor means any person to whom a financial debt is owed and includes a person
to whom such debt has been legally assigned or transferred to;[ section 5(7)]

(10) Initiation date means the date on which a financial creditor, corporate applicant or
operational creditor, as the case may be, makes an application to the Adjudicating Authority
for initiating corporate insolvency resolution process; [ Section 5(11)]

(11) Operational creditor means a person to whom an operational debt is owed and includes any
person to whom such debt has been legally assigned or transferred;[ Section 5(20)]

(12) Related party, in relation to a corporate debtor, means—

(a) a director or partner or a relative of a director or partner of the corporate debtor
(b) a key managerial personnel or a relative of a key managerial personnel of the corporate
debtor;
(c) a limited liability partnership or a partnership firm in which a director, partner, or manager
of the corporate debtor or his relative is a partner;
(d) a private company in which a director, partner or manager of the corporate debtor is a director
and holds along with his relatives, more than two per cent. of its share capital;
(e) a public company in which a director, partner or manager of the corporate debtor is a director
and holds along with relatives, more than two per cent. of its paid-up share capital;
(f) anybody corporate whose board of directors, managing director or manager, in the ordinary
course of business, acts on the advice, directions or instructions of a director, partner or manager
of the corporate debtor;
(g) any limited liability partnership or a partnership firm whose partners or employees in
the ordinary course of business, acts on the advice, directions or instructions of a director,
partner or manager of the corporate debtor;
(h) any person on whose advice, directions or instructions, a director, partner or manager of
the corporate debtor is accustomed to act;
(i) a body corporate which is a holding, subsidiary or an associate company of the corporate
debtor, or a subsidiary of a holding company to which the corporate debtor is a subsidiary;
(j) any person who controls more than twenty per cent. of voting rights in the corporate debtor on
account of ownership or a voting agreement;
(k) any person in whom the corporate debtor controls more than twenty per cent. of voting
rights on account of ownership or a voting agreement;

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(l) any person who can control the composition of the board of directors or corresponding
governing body of the corporate debtor;
(m) any person who is associated with the corporate debtor on account of—
(i) participation in policy making processes of the corporate debtor; or
(ii) having more than two directors in common between the corporate debtor and such person; or
(iii) interchange of managerial personnel between the corporate debtor and such person; [ Section
5(24)]

(13) Resolution plan means a plan proposed by any person for insolvency resolution of the
corporate debtor as a going concern in accordance with Part II;[ Section 5(26]

(14) Resolution professional, for the purposes of this Part, means an insolvency professional
appointed to conduct the corporate insolvency resolution process and includes an interim
resolution professional; [ Section 5(27)]

(15) Voting share means the share of the voting rights of a single financial creditor in the
committee of creditors which is based on the proportion of the financial debt owed to such
financial creditor in relation to the financial debt owed by the corporate debtor.

1.5 Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process

• Corporate Insolvency Resolution is a process during which financial creditors assess whether
the debtor's business is viable to continue and the options for its rescue and revival.
• If the insolvency resolution process fails or financial creditors decide that the business of debtor
cannot be carried on profitably and it should be wound up, the debtor will undergo liquidation
process and the assets of the debtor are realized and distributed by the liquidator.

• The Insolvency Resolution Process provides a collective mechanism to lenders to deal with
the overall distressed position of a corporate debtor.

1. Applicability of this Part II on the commitment of default: The process of insolvency is triggered
by occurrence of default.
Default means non-payment of debt when whole or any part or installment of the amount of debt has
become due and payable and is not repaid by the debtor or the corporate debtor.
The provisions relating to the insolvency and liquidation of corporate debtors shall be applicable only
when the amount of the default is one lakh rupees or more.

2. Persons who may initiate corporate insolvency resolution process: Where any corporate
debtor commits a default, following persons:
(a) a financial creditor,
(b) an operational creditor, or
(c) the corporate debtor itself
may initiate corporate insolvency resolution process in respect of such corporate debtor. [Sec 6]

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1.6 Initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process by financial creditor

(i) Filing of application before adjudicating authority: A financial creditor may file an
application for initiating corporate insolvency resolution process against a corporate debtor
before the Adjudicating Authority when a default has occurred.

(ii) Furnishing of information: The financial creditor shall, along with the application furnish—
(a) record of the default
(b) the name of the resolution professional; and
(c) any other information as may be specified by the Board.

(iii) Time period for determination of default: The Adjudicating Authority shall, within 14 days of
the receipt of the application, ascertain the existence of a default on the basis of other
evidence furnished by the financial creditor.

(iv) Order: Where the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that—

(a) a default has occurred and the application is complete and there is no disciplinary
proceeding pending against the proposed resolution professional, it may, by order, admit such
application; or
(b) default has not occurred or the application is incomplete or any disciplinary proceeding is

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pending against the proposed resolution professional, it may, by order, reject such application:
Provided that the Adjudicating Authority shall, before rejecting the application, give a notice to the
applicant to rectify the defect in his application within 7 days of receipt of such notice from the
Adjudicating Authority.

(v) Commencement of corporate insolvency resolution process: The corporate insolvency

resolution process shall commence from the date of admission of the application.

(vi) Communication of Order: The Adjudicating Authority shall communicate—

(1) the order to the financial creditor and the corporate debtor;
(2) the order to the financial creditor, within seven days of admission or rejection of such
application, as the case may be. [Section 7]

1.7 Insolvency resolution by operational creditor

1. Serving of demand Notice: On the occurrence of default, an operational creditor shall first
send a demand notice and a copy of invoice to the corporate debtor.

2. On receipt of demand notice by corporate debtor: The corporate debtor shall, within a
period of 10days of the receipt of the demand notice bring to the notice of the operational creditor
about-
(1) existence of dispute, if any, and record of the pendency of the suit or arbitration proceedings filed
before the receipt of such notice;
(2) repayment of unpaid operational debt

Application for initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process by operational creditor:

(i) Filing of application by operational creditor: After the expiry of the period of 10 days from the
date of delivery of the notice, if the operational creditor does not receive payment from the
corporate debtor, the operational creditor may file an application before the Adjudicating
Authority for initiating corporate insolvency resolution process.
(ii) Providing of documents/ information: The operational creditor shall, along with the application
furnish the following documents—
(a) a copy of the invoice demanding payment or demand notice delivered by the operational creditor
to the corporate debtor;
(b) an affidavit to the effect that there is no notice given by the corporate debtor relating to a
dispute of the unpaid operational debt;
(c) a copy of the certificate from the financial institutions maintaining accounts of the operational
creditor confirming that there is no payment of an unpaid operational debt by the corporate
debtor; and
(d) such other information as may be specified.
(iii) An operational creditor propose for an interim resolution professional during the
resolution process: An operational creditor initiating a corporate insolvency resolution
process, may propose a resolution professional to act as an interim resolution professional.
(iv) Order of an adjudicating authority: The Adjudicating Authority shall, within14 days of the receipt
of the application, by an order—

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(1) admit the application and communicate such decision to the operational creditor and the
corporate debtor if,
(a) the application made is complete;
(b) there is no repayment of the unpaid operational debt;
(c) notice for payment to the corporate debtor has been delivered by the operational creditor;
(d) no notice of dispute has been received by the operational creditor; and
(e) there is no disciplinary proceeding pending against any resolution professional proposed, if
any.
(2) reject the application and communicate such decision to the operational creditor and the
corporate debtor, if
(a) the application made is incomplete;
(b)there has been repayment of the unpaid operational debt;
(c) the creditor has not delivered the notice for payment to the corporate debtor;
(d) notice of dispute has been received by the operational creditor ; or
(e) any disciplinary proceeding is pending against any proposed resolution professional:
Provided that Adjudicating Authority, shall before rejecting an application which is incomplete,
gives a notice to the applicant to rectify the defect in his application within 7 days of the date of
receipt of such notice from the adjudicating Authority.
(v) Commencement of insolvency resolution process: The corporate insolvency resolution
process shall commence from the date of admission of the application. [Section 9]

1.8 Initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process by corporate

applicant.
(i) Commission of default: Where a corporate debtor has committed a default, the corporate
applicant thereof may file an application for initiating corporate insolvency resolution process with
the Adjudicating Authority.
(ii) Furnishing of information: The corporate applicant shall, along with the application furnish the
information relating to—
(a) its books of account and such other documents relating to such period as may be specified;
and
(b) the resolution professional proposed to be appointed as an interim resolution professional.
(iii) Admission/rejection of application: The Adjudicating Authority shall, within a period of
14days of the receipt of the application, by an order—
(c) admits the application, if it is complete; or
(d) rejects the application, if it is incomplete:
Provided that Adjudicating Authority shall, before rejecting an application, gives a notice to the
applicant to rectify the defects in his application within 7days from the date of receipt of such notice
from the Adjudicating Authority.

1.9 Persons not entitled to make application

The following persons shall not be entitled to make an application to initiate corporate insolvency
resolution process -

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(a) a corporate debtor undergoing a corporate insolvency resolution process; or

(b) a corporate debtor having completed corporate insolvency resolution process 12 months
preceding the date of making of the application; or
(c) a corporate debtor or a financial creditor who has violated any of the terms of resolution plan
which was approved 12 months before the date of making of an application under this Chapter; or
(d) a corporate debtor in respect of whom a liquidation order has been made.
In this section, a corporate debtor includes a corporate applicant in respect of such corporate debtor.
[Section 11]

1.10 Time-limit for completion of insolvency resolution process

(1) Period for completion of insolvency process: The corporate insolvency resolution process
shall be completed within a period of 180 days from the date of admission of the application to initiate
such process.
(2) Filing of application for extension of period: The resolution professional shall file an
application to the Adjudicating Authority to extend the period of the corporate insolvency
resolution process beyond 180 days, if instructed to do so by a resolution passed at a meeting
of the committee of creditors by a vote of seventy-five per cent. of the voting shares.
(3) Period of extension: On receipt of an application , if the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that the
subject matter of the case is such that corporate insolvency resolution process cannot be
completed within 180 days, it may by order extend the duration of such process beyond 180days
by such further period as it thinks fit, but not exceeding 90 days:
Provided that any extension of the period of corporate insolvency resolution process under this
section shall not be granted more than once.

1.11 Moratorium:
After the commencement of corporate insolvency resolution, a calm period for 180 days is
declared, during which all suits and legal proceedings etc. against the Corporate Debtor are kept in
abeyance to give time to the entity to resolve its status. It is called the Moratorium Period.

(i) Declaration of moratorium period: According to the section 14 of the Code, on the
insolvency commencement date, the Adjudicating Authority shall by order, declare
moratorium prohibiting all of the following acts—
(a) the institution of suits or continuation of pending suits or proceedings against the corporate
debtor including execution of any judgment;
(b) transferring, encumbering, alienating or disposing of by the corporate debtor any of its assets
or any legal right or beneficial interest therein;
(c) any action to foreclose, recover or enforce any security interest created by the corporate
debtor in respect of its property
(d) the recovery of any property by an owner or lessor where such property is occupied by or in the
possession of the corporate debtor.
(ii) The supply of essential goods or services to the corporate debtor.
(iii) Prohibited Acts: Acts prohibited during Moratorium period, shall not apply to such
transactions as may be notified by the Central Government.
(iv) Effect of the order of moratorium: The order of moratorium shall have effect from the date of
such order till the completion of the corporate insolvency resolution process:

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(v) When Moratorium period shall cease to have effect: Provided that where at any time during
the corporate insolvency resolution process period, if the Adjudicating Authority approves the
resolution plan or passes an order for liquidation of corporate debtor, the moratorium shall
cease to have effect from the date of such approval or liquidation order, as the case may be. [
Section 14]

1.12 Process of appointment of Interim resolution professional

(i) Where the application for corporate insolvency resolution process is made by a
financial creditor or the corporate debtor, as the case may be, the resolution
professional, as proposed in the application shall be appointed as the interim resolution
professional, if no disciplinary proceedings are pending against him.
(ii) Where the application for corporate insolvency resolution process is made by an
operational creditor and—
(a) no proposal for an interim resolution professional is made, the Adjudicating Authority
shall make a reference to the Board for the recommendation of an insolvency professional
who may act as an interim resolution professional;
(b) a proposal for an interim resolution professional is made, the resolution professional as
proposed, shall be appointed as the interim resolution professional, if no disciplinary proceedings
are pending against him.
The Board shall, within 10days of the receipt of a reference from the Adjudicating Authority,
recommend the name of an insolvency professional to the Adjudicating Authority against whom no
disciplinary proceedings are pending.

Term of appointment
The term of the interim resolution professional shall not exceed 30 days from date of his
appointment.
The key roles of an Interim Resolution Professional are:-
(a) Issuance of public notice of the Corporate Insolvency
(b) Resolution process
(c) Collation of claims received
(d) Constitution of the Committee of Creditors
(e) Conduct of the first meeting of the Committee of Creditors

Powers of Interim Resolution Professional

As Per Section 17 of the Code, the interim resolution professional shall have following powers:-
(a) Management of Affairs: The management of the affairs of the corporate debtor shall vest in the
interim resolution professional from the date of his appointment.
(b) Exercise of Power of BoD/ partners: The powers of the board of directors or the partners of the
corporate debtor, as the case may be, shall stand suspended and be exercised by the interim
resolution professional.
(c) Reporting of officers/managers: The officers and managers of the corporate debtor shall report
to the interim resolution professional .
(d) Instructions to financial institutions: The financial institutions maintaining accounts of the
corporate debtor shall act on the instructions of the interim resolution professional in

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relation to such accounts and furnish all information relating to the corporate debtor available
with them to the interim resolution professional.

1.13 Committee of creditors

As per the Section 21 of the Code, the interim resolution professional shall after collection of all
claims received against the corporate debtor and determination of the financial position of the
corporate debtor, constitute a committee of creditors.
Constitution of Committee of creditors:
(i) The committee of creditors shall comprise of all financial creditors of the corporate debtor.
Provided that a related party to whom a corporate debtor owes a financial debt shall not have
any right of representation, participation or voting in a meeting of the committee of creditors.
(ii) Where the corporate debtor owes financial debts to 2 or more financial creditors as part of a
consortium or agreement, each such financial creditor shall be part of the committee of
creditors and their voting share shall be determined on the basis of the financial debts owed
to them.
(iii) Where any person is a financial creditor as well as an operational creditor,—
(a) such person shall be a financial creditor to the extent of the financial debt owed by the
corporate debtor, and shall be included in the committee of creditors, with voting share
proportionate to the extent of financial debts owed to such creditor;
(b) such person shall be considered to be an operational creditor to the extent of the operational
debt owed by the corporate debtor to such creditor.
(iv) Where an operational creditor has assigned or legally transferred any operational debt to a
financial creditor, the assignee or transferee shall be considered as an operational creditor
to the extent of such assignment or legal transfer.
(v) All decisions of the committee of creditors shall be taken by a vote of not less than seventy- five
per cent of voting share of the financial creditors.
Provided that where a corporate debtor does not have any financial creditors, the committee
of creditors shall be constituted and comprise of such persons to exercise such functions in such
manner as may be specified by the Board.
(vi) The resolution professional shall make available any financial information so required by the
committee of creditors within a period of 7 days of such requisition.
(vii) The first meeting of the committee of creditors shall be held within 7 days of the constitution
of the committee of creditors.

Meeting of committee of creditors

Section 24 specifies the conduct of meeting of Committee of creditors.
(i) Conduct of meeting: The members of the committee of creditors may meet in person or by such
electronic means as may be specified. All meetings of the committee of creditors shall be
conducted by the resolution professional.
The resolution professional shall give notice of each meeting of the committee of creditors to—
(a) members of Committee of creditors;
(b) members of the suspended Board of Directors or the partners of the corporate persons, as
the case may be;
(c) operational creditors or their representatives if the amount of their aggregate dues is not less than
ten per cent of the debt.
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The directors, partners and one representative of operational creditors, may attend the
meetings of committee of creditors, but shall not have any right to vote in such meetings.
Provided that the absence of any such director, partner or representative of operational
creditors, as the case may be, shall not invalidate proceedings of such meeting.
(ii) Appointment of insolvency professional to represent creditor in a meeting of the
committee of creditors : Any creditor who is a member of the committee of creditors may appoint
an insolvency professional other than the resolution professional to represent such creditor in a
meeting of the committee of creditors
(iii) Right to vote to creditor: Each creditor shall vote in accordance with the voting share
assigned to him based on the financial debts owed to such creditor.

1.14 Appointment and functions of resolution professional

According to Section 22 of the Code, the committee of creditors, may, in the first meeting, by a
majority vote of not less than 75 % of the voting share of the financial creditors, either resolve to
appoint the interim resolution professional as a resolution professional or to replace the interim
resolution professional by another resolution professional.

1. Functions of Resolution professional: Section 23 states the following functions of resolution

professional-
(i) The resolution professional shall conduct the entire corporate insolvency resolution process
and manage the operations of the corporate debtor during the corporate insolvency
resolution process period.
(ii) The resolution professional shall exercise powers and perform duties as are vested or
conferred on the interim resolution professional.
(iii) In case of any appointment of a resolution professional, the interim resolution professional shall
provide all the information, documents and records pertaining to the corporate debtor in his
possession and knowledge to the resolution professional.

2. Replacement of resolution professional by committee of creditors: Section 27

provides manner which is as follows:
(i) Committee of creditors is of the opinion that a resolution professional as appointed, is
required to be replaced, it may replace him with another resolution professional.
(ii) By majority: The committee of creditors may, at a meeting, by a vote of 75 % of voting shares,
propose to replace the resolution professional appointed with another resolution professional.
(iii) Forwarding of name to Adjudicating Authority : The committee of creditors shall forward
the name of the insolvency professional proposed by them to the Adjudicating Authority.
(iv) Further forwarding name to Board: The Adjudicating Authority shall forward the name of the
proposed resolution professional to the Board for its confirmation and a resolution professional
shall be appointed in the same manner as laid down in section 16.
(v) Continuation of office: Where any disciplinary proceedings are pending against the
proposed resolution professional, the resolution professional appointed shall continue till the
appointment of another resolution professional under this section.

3. Approval of the committee of creditors

• The resolution professional shall convene a meeting of the committee of creditors and seek the vote

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of the creditors prior to taking any of the actions.

• No action shall be approved by the committee of creditors unless approved by a vote of 75 % of the
voting shares. Where any action is taken by the resolution professional without seeking the approval
of the committee of creditors in the manner as required in this section, such action shall be void.

• Report the actions of the resolution professional to the Board: The committee of creditors may
report the actions of the resolution professional to the Board for taking necessary actions against
him under this Code.[ Section 28]

1.15 Preparation of information memorandum & Resolution Plan

Preparation of information memorandum
According to section 29 of the code, the resolution professional shall prepare an information
memorandum containing such relevant information as may be specified by the Board for formulating
a resolution plan.
"Relevant information" means the information required by the resolution applicant to make the resolution
plan for the corporate debtor, which shall include the financial position of the corporate debtor, all
information related to disputes and any other matter pertaining to the corporate debtor as may be
specified.

Resolution plan

a. Submission of resolution plan: A resolution applicant may submit a resolution plan to the
resolution professional prepared on the basis of the information memorandum.
b. Examination of Resolution Plan: The resolution professional shall examine each resolution
plan received by him
c. Approval from Committee of creditors: The resolution professional shall present to the
committee of creditors for its approval such resolution plans which confirm the conditions
as mentioned above.
d. The committee of creditors may approve a resolution plan by a vote of not less than 75 %
of voting share of the financial creditors.
e. Right of resolution applicant to attend the meeting of the committee of creditors: The
resolution applicant may attend the meeting of the committee of creditors in which the resolution
plan of the applicant is considered:
Provided that the resolution applicant shall not have a right to vote at the meeting of the
committee of creditors unless such resolution applicant is also a financial creditor.
f. Submission of approved resolution plan to adjudicating authority: The resolution
professional shall submit the resolution plan as approved by the committee of creditors to the
Adjudicating Authority.
g. Approval of resolution plan adjudicating authority: If the Adjudicating Authority is
satisfied that the resolution plan as approved by the committee of creditors meets the
requirements , it shall by order approve the resolution plan which shall be binding on the
corporate debtor and its employees, members, creditors, guarantors and other stakeholders
involved in the resolution plan.

1.16 Liquidation Process

Section 33 to 54 of the Code provides the law related to the liquidation process.
(i) 1. Initiation of liquidation: Section 33 of the Code deals with the initiation of liquidation process.

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Provisions states that where the Adjudicating Authority —

(a) a) Not received a Resolution plan: Before the expiry of the insolvency resolution process
period or the maximum period permitted for completion of the corporate insolvency resolution
process or the fast track corporate insolvency resolution process, as the case may be, does not
receive a resolution plan; or
(b) b) Rejects the resolution plan for the non-compliance of the requirements specified therein, it
shall—
(i) pass an order requiring the corporate debtor to be liquidated in the manner as laid down in this
Chapter;
(ii) issue a public announcement stating that the corporate debtor is in liquidation; and
(iii) require such order to be sent to the authority with which the corporate debtor is registered.

2. Intimation of the decision of the committee of creditors to liquidate to Adjudicating authority:

Where the resolution professional, at any time during the corporate insolvency resolution process but
before confirmation of resolution plan, intimates the Adjudicating Authority of the decision of the
committee of creditors to liquidate the corporate debtor, the Adjudicating Authority shall pass a
liquidation order .

3. Contravention of resolution plan as approved by the Adjudicating Authority: Where the

resolution plan approved by the Adjudicating Authority is contravened by the concerned corporate
debtor, any person other than the corporate debtor, whose interests are prejudicially affected by
such contravention, may make an application to the Adjudicating Authority for a liquidation order.

4. Bar to filing of suits and legal proceedings: Subject to section 52, when a liquidation order
has been passed, no suit or other legal proceeding shall be instituted by or against the corporate
debtor:

5. Order to be deemed to be notice of discharge: The order for liquidation under this section
shall be deemed to be a notice of discharge to the officers, employees and workmen of the
corporate debtor, except when the business of the corporate debtor is continued during the
liquidation process by the liquidator.
Thus, a corporate debtor may be put into liquidation in the following scenarios:
(i) A 75% majority of the creditor's committee resolves to liquidate the corporate debtor at any time
during the insolvency resolution process;
(ii) The creditor's committee does not approve a resolution plan within 180 days (or within the extended
90 days);
(iii) The NCLT rejects the resolution plan submitted to it on technical grounds; or
(iv) The debtor contravenes the agreed resolution plan and an affected person makes an application
to the NCLT to liquidate the corporate debtor.
Once the NCLT passes an order of liquidation, a moratorium is imposed on the pending legal
proceedings against the corporate debtor, and the assets of the debtor (including the proceeds of
liquidation) vest in the liquidation estate.

1.17 Appointment of liquidator

Section 34 of the Code provides for appointment of liquidator.

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1. Resolution professional to act as liquidator: It states that where the Adjudicating Authority
passes an order for liquidation of the corporate debtor, the resolution professional appointed for the
corporate insolvency resolution process, shall act as the liquidator for the purposes of liquidation
unless replaced by the Adjudicating Authority.

2. Powers of Board of Director (BOD)/ Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) vested with
liquidator: On the appointment of a liquidator, all powers of the BOD, KMP and the partners of
the corporate debtor, as the case may be, shall cease to have effect and shall be vested with the
liquidator.

3. Personnel to extend cooperation to liquidator: The personnel of the corporate debtor shall
extend all assistance and cooperation to the liquidator as may be required by him in managing the
affairs of the corporate debtor in relation to voluntary liquidation process as they apply in relation to
liquidation process

4. Order to replace the resolution professional : The Adjudicating Authority shall by order replace the
resolution professional, if—
(a) the resolution plan submitted by the resolution professional was rejected for failure to meet the
requirements; or
(b) the Board recommends the replacement of a resolution professional to the Adjudicating
Authority for reasons to be recorded in writing.
On rejection of resolution plan due to failure to meet the requirements, the Adjudicating
Authority may direct the Board to propose the name of another insolvency professional to be
appointed as a liquidator.
The Board shall propose the name of another insolvency professional within ten days of the
direction issued by the Adjudicating Authority.
Adjudicating Authority to appoint insolvency professional as the liquidator: The
Adjudicating Authority shall, on receipt of the proposal of the Board for the appointment of an
insolvency professional as liquidator, by an order appoint such insolvency professional as the
liquidator.

5. Powers and duties of liquidator: Section 35 of the Code specifies the following power and
duties of liquidator-
a) to verify claims of all the creditors;
b) to take into his custody or control all the assets, property, effects and actionable claims of
the corporate debtor;
c) to evaluate the assets and property of the corporate debtor in the manner as may be
specified by the Board and prepare a report;
d) to take such measures to protect and preserve the assets and properties of the corporate
debtor as he considers necessary;
e) to carry on the business of the corporate debtor for its beneficial liquidation as he considers
necessary;
f) to sell the immovable and movable property and actionable claims of the corporate
debtor in liquidation
g) to take out, in his official name, letter of administration to any deceased
contributory and to do in his official name any other act necessary for obtaining payment
of any money due and payable from a contributory

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h) to obtain any professional assistance from any person or appoint any professional, in
discharge of his duties, obligations and responsibilities;
i) to invite and settle claims of creditors and claimants and distribute proceeds in
accordance with the provisions of this Code;
j) to institute or defend any suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings, civil or criminal,
in the name of on behalf of the corporate debtor;
k) to investigate the financial affairs of the corporate debtor to determine undervalued or
preferential transactions;
l) to apply to the Adjudicating Authority for such orders or directions as may be
necessary for the liquidation of the corporate debtor and to report the progress of the
liquidation process in a manner as may be specified by the Board; and
m) to perform such other functions as may be specified by the Board.

1.18 Liquidation estate:

According to section 36 of the code, for the purposes of liquidation, the liquidator shall form an estate
of the assets, which will be called the liquidation estate in relation to the corporate debtor.
The liquidator shall hold the liquidation estate as a fiduciary for the benefit of all the creditors.
Comprising of liquidation estate: The liquidation estate shall comprise of all liquidation estate assets
which shall include the following:—
(a) any assets over which the corporate debtor has ownership rights
(b) assets that may or may not be in possession of the corporate debtor including but
not limited to encumbered assets;
(c) tangible assets, whether movable or immovable;
(d) intangible assets including but not limited to intellectual property, securities,
insurance policies, contractual rights;
(e) assets subject to the determination of ownership by the court or authority;
(f) any assets or their value recovered through proceedings for avoidance of transactions
in accordance with this Chapter;
(g) any asset of the corporate debtor in respect of which a secured creditor has
relinquished security interest;
(h) any other property belonging to or vested in the corporate debtor at the insolvency
commencement date; and
(i) all proceeds of liquidation as and when they are realised.
Exceptions to the assets from inclusion in the liquidation estate assets: The following shall not be
included in the liquidation estate assets and shall not be used for recovery in the liquidation:—
(a) assets owned by a third party which are in possession of the corporate debtor,
including—
(i) assets held in trust for any third party;
(ii) bailment contracts;
(iii) all sums due to any workman or employee from the provident fund, the pension fund and the
gratuity fund;
(iv) other contractual arrangements which do not stipulate transfer of title but only use of the assets;
and

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(v) such other assets as may be notified by the Central Government in consultation with any financial
sector regulator;
(b) assets of any Indian or foreign subsidiary of the corporate debtor; or
(c) any other assets as may be specified by the Board

1.19 Settlement of Claim

1. Verification of claims.
The liquidator shall verify the claims submitted within such time as specified by the Board. The
liquidator may require any creditor or the corporate debtor or any other person to produce any other
document or evidence which he thinks necessary for the purpose of verifying the whole or any part of
the claim.
2. Admission or rejection of claims.
The liquidator may, after verification of claims, either admit or reject the claim, in whole or in part, as
the case may be: Provided that where the liquidator rejects a claim, he shall record in writing the
reasons for such rejection.
3. Determination of valuation of claims: The liquidator shall determine the value of claims
admitted in such manner as may be specified by the Board.
4. Appeal against the decision of liquidator: A creditor may appeal to the Adjudicating Authority
against the decision of the liquidator rejecting the claims within fourteen days of the receipt of such
decision. [ Section 42
5. Distribution of assets: The Code significantly changes the priority waterfall for distribution
of liquidation proceeds.

(i) Distribution of proceeds from the sale of the liquidation assets: The proceeds from the
sale of the liquidation assets shall be distributed in the following order of priority —
(a) the insolvency resolution process costs and the liquidation costs paid in full;
(b) the following debts which shall rank equally between and among the following :—

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(I) workmen's dues for the period of twenty-four months preceding the liquidation commencement
date; and
(II) debts owed to a secured creditor in the event such secured creditor has relinquished security
in the manner set out in section 52;
(c) wages and any unpaid dues owed to employees other than workmen for the period of twelve
months preceding the liquidation commencement date;
(d) financial debts owed to unsecured creditors;
(e) the following dues shall rank equally between and among the following:—
(I) any amount due to the Central Government and the State Government
(II) debts owed to a secured creditor for any amount unpaid following the enforcement of security
interest;
(f) any remaining debts and dues;
(g) preference shareholders, if any; and
(h) equity shareholders or partners, as the case may be.
(ii) Disregard of order of priority: Any contractual arrangements between recipients with equal
ranking, if disrupting the order of priority shall be disregarded by the liquidator.
(iii) Fees to liquidator: The fees payable to the liquidator shall be deducted proportionately from
the proceeds payable to each class of recipients, and the proceeds to the relevant recipient
shall be distributed after such deduction.
Explanation.—For the purpose of this section— the term "workmen's dues" shall have the same
meaning as assigned to it in section 326 of the Companies Act, 2013.[ Section 53]

1.20 Dissolution of corporate debtor

1. Application by liquidator dissolution: Where the assets of the corporate debtor have been
completely liquidated, the liquidator shall make an application to the Adjudicating Authority for the
dissolution of such corporate debtor.
2. Date of dissolution: The Adjudicating Authority shall on application filed by the liquidator orders that
the corporate debtor shall be dissolved from the date of that order and the corporate debtor shall be
dissolved accordingly.
3. Submission of order copy: A copy of an order shall within seven days from the date of such
order, be forwarded to the authority with which the corporate debtor is registered.

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