4 2. Sequences

5.
SEQUENCES:
STRINGS, LISTS AND
FILES (PART II)
Rocky K. C. Chang
17 September 2014
(Adapted from John Zelle’s slides)
Objectives
• To understand the concept of objects, an active data type.
• To understand how string objects and list objects works in
Python.
• To understand basic file processing concepts and
techniques for reading and writing text files in Python.
• To be able to understand and write programs that process
textual information.
LET’S DO A
MONKEYSURVEY.
Native data types
• So far, we have learned some native data types in
Python.
• These data types are “passive” in the sense that they are
just data and they cannot compute.
• Some problems:
• We cannot easily use these data types to model real-life objects in
our problem solving.
• E.g., a circle (object) needs three float data, and a student record
(object) needs numbers and strings.
The concept of objects
• Languages that support object-oriented features provide
object data types, such as strings and lists.
• Example:
• myName = “Rocky Chang”
• myGrades = ["A+", "A", "B+", "B"]
• The difference with the object data types?
• Each object contains data (which are generally more complex).
• Each object also has methods operated in the data.
• In a program, we could request an object to perform
operation for us.
EXERCISE 5.1
o Create a string object, such as student =
“your_first_name, your_last_name, your
student ID”.
o Invoke some methods on the object, such as
student.split(), student.lower(),
student.upper(), student.capitalize().
A string object
student Methods Data
split()
Rocky Chang
lower()
Your upper()
program
capitalize()
…
String methods
• For Python 3.0:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html
• str.capitalize()
• str.casefold()
• str.center(width[, fillchar])
• str.count(sub[, start[, end]])
• ...
• str.title()
• str.translate(map)
• str.upper()
• str.zfill(width)
EXERCISE 5.2
Implement your pseudo-code for exercise 4.12.
You may consider using the split() method.
(You may download decodeUnicodes.py from
the course website)
Consider a solution to
Exercise 5.2.
Lists are also objects.
• One of the methods is append().
• What do these codes give us?
squares = []
for x in range(1,10):
squares.append(x*x)
print(squares)
• Try also
o aList = [“Rocky“, “Chang“]
o “Memory Dennis”.join(aList)
o “Memory Dennis”.join(“Rocky Chang”)
o “”.join(“Rocky Chang”)
o “”.join(aList)
EXERCISE 5.3
Create a list of “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”.
How do you use the join() method for lists
to return “ABCD”?
EXERCISE 5.4
Modify the solution to Exercise 5.2 by using a
list of strings and the methods append()
and join().
Input/Output as String Manipulation
• Program study: Download dateconvert.py from
the course website for converting a date in
mm/dd/yyyy to month, day, and year strings.
• E.g., 05/24/2014 -> May 24, 2014
• Pseudo-code:
• Input the date in mm/dd/yyyy format (dateStr).
• Split dateStr into month, day, and year strings.
• Convert the month string into a month number.
• Use the month number to lookup the month name.
• Create a new date string in the form “Month Day, Year”.
• Output the new date string.
Several things to note
• Use “/” in split().
• Use int(), instead of eval().
• int() can remove leading zeroes but not eval().
Using str()
• Converting a number to a string, e.g., str(100)  “100”.
• We now have a complete set of type conversion
operations:
Function Meaning
float(<expr>) Convert expr to a floating point value
int(<expr>) Convert expr to an integer value
long(<expr>) Convert expr to a long integer value
str(<expr>) Return a string representation of expr
eval(<string>) Evaluate string as an expression

String Formatting
• We have so far used some simple string operations to
format the output.
• But it is difficult to format finer control with them.
• String object has a format method to perform more
sophisticated formatting.
EXERCISE 5.5
Try
o Assign rocky = 100, dennis = 200, memory = 300.
o print("Rocky has ${0:0.2f} and Dennis has
${1:0.2f} and Memory has
${2:0.2f}".format(rocky, dennis, memory))
EXERCISE 5.6
Try
o rocky = 100.
o print("Rocky has ${0:0.2f}".format(rocky))
EXERCISE 5.7
Try
o import math
o print("The value of pi is
{0:0.4f}".format(math.pi))
{0:0.20f}".format(math.pi))
{0:0.20}".format(math.pi))
EXERCISE 5.8
Going back to our rounding mystery. Try
o print("The value of {0} is
{0:0.40f}".format(0.45))
{0:0.40f}".format(1.45))
{0:0.40f}".format(2.45))
{0:0.40f}".format(3.45))
The string format() method
• String formatting syntax:
• <template-string>.format(<values>)
• E.g., "The value of pi is {0:0.4f}".format(math.pi)
• Curly braces({}) inside the template-string marks
“slots” into which the provided values are inserted.
• {<index>:<format-specifier>}, e.g., {0:0.4f}
• index: indicate which parameter to insert here
• One form of specifiers is <width>.<precision><type>.
• width: the number of spaces for printing the parameter
• precision: the number of decimal places
• f: will print out 0 to fill up the number of decimal places.
File (object)
• A file is a sequence of data that is stored in secondary
memory (disk drive).
• Two types of files: text file and binary file
• A text file contains characters, structured as lines of text.
• A binary file a file formatted in a way that only a computer program
can read.
• A text file usually contains more than one line of text.
Lines of text are separated with a special character, the
newline character.
EXERCISE 5.9
o Open notepad++ (you may need to install it
yourself in Y drive)
o Find a .py file and use notepad++ to open it.
o Under “View/Show Symbols”, choose “Show All
Characters” to see the newline and tab
characters.
How to end a line? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline)
• LF: Multics, Unix and Unix-like systems (GNU/Linux, OS
X, FreeBSD, AIX, Xenix, etc.), BeOS, Amiga, RISC OS
and others.
• CR: Commodore 8-bit machines, Acorn BBC, ZX
Spectrum, TRS-80, Apple II family, Mac OS up to version
9 and OS-9
• CR+LF: Microsoft Windows, DEC TOPS-10, RT-11 and
most other early non-Unix and non-IBM OSes, CP/M,
MP/M, DOS (MS-DOS, PC DOS, etc.), Atari TOS, OS/2,
Symbian OS, Palm OS, Amstrad CPC
EXERCISE 5.10
o Install and open binaryviewer in Y drive.
o Open the same .py file used in the last
exercise.
o Compare the binary representation on the
left and the text on the right.
File Processing
• Open a file in a secondary storage.
• Read / write the file.
• Save the file if write.
• Close the file.
Opening a file in a secondary storage
• If successful, a “file handler” will be returned.
• infile = open(“mbox.txt, “r”)
• infile = open(“mbox.txt, “w”)
Source: http://www.pythonlearn.com/html-008/cfbook008.html
Reading/writing and saving a file
• Load the (part of) the file into the main memory.
• Read the file from the memory.
• Write the file to the memory.
• Saving will write the file in the memory to a secondary
storage.
EXERCISE 5.11
Try
infile = open(“a_text_file_of_your_choice","r")
data = infile.read()
print(data)
(You may need os.getpwd() and os.chdir() to find your
files.)
EXERCISE 5.12
Try
for i in range(10):
line = infile.readline()
print(line[:-1])
o How do you print the lines in a single line?
EXERCISE 5.13
Try
for line in infile.readlines():
print(line)
o Does the output look the same as the file’s?
Three file read methods
• <filevar>.read() – returns the entire remaining
contents of the file as a single (possibly large, multi-line)
string.
• <filevar>.readline() – returns the next line of the
file. This is all text up to and including the next newline
character.
• <filevar>.readlines() – returns a list of the
remaining lines in the file. Each list item is a single line
including the newline characters.
EXERCISE 5.14
Try
input_file = open(“an_existing_py_file", "r")
output_file = open(“clone.py", "w")
content = input_file.read()
output_file.write(content)
output_file.close()
Find the new clone.py file.
EXERCISE 5.15
Try
input_file = open("an_existing_py_file", "r")
output_file = open("another_existing_py_file",
"a")
content = input_file.read()
output_file.write(content)
output_file.close()
Open the output file.
Write and append methods
• Opening a file for writing prepares the file to receive data.
• If you open an existing file for writing, you wipe out the
file’s contents. If the named file does not exist, a new one
is created.
• It is important to close a file that is written to, otherwise
the tail end of the file may not be written to the file.
EXERCISE 5.16
o Download userfile.py from the course
website.
o Prepare an input file and use userfile.py to
generate batch usernames.
EXERCISE 5.17
o Modify userfile.py by replacing
print(uname, file=outfile) with
write(). Do you observe any difference in
the output file?
o How do you slightly modify the codes to
generate the same outputs?
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5.

student Methods Data

int(<expr>) Convert expr to an integer value

long(<expr>) Convert expr to a long integer value

str(<expr>) Return a string representation of expr

eval(<string>) Evaluate string as an expression

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