International Journal of Internet of Things 2016, 5(1): 1-8

DOI: 10.5923/j.ijit.20160501.01

A Method of Prototype Construction for the Active

Creation of IoT Application Ideas and Its Evaluations
Nobuhiro Ohe1,*, Masahito Ishihara2, Hironobu Yonemori3, Shinji Kitagami4,
Masahiro Inoue5, Jun Sawamoto6, Tetsuo Shiotsuki7

1
Melco Techno Yokohama Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
2
Faculty of Childhood Education, Hosen College of Childhood Education, Tokyo, Japan
3
Department of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Salesian Polytechnic, Tokyo, Japan
4
Mitsubishi Electric Building Techno-Service Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
5
Department of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
6
Department of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University, Iwate, Japan
7
Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan

Abstract In recent years, various applications are expected to arise for IoT systems that incorporate sensor technology,
network technology, and information processing technology. With IoT systems, several technologies must be combined
systematically. Design and construction of IoT systems require great amounts of knowledge, time, and funds. In this paper,
we propose a method of prototype construction for the active creation of IoT application ideas. This method clearly
presents contents and procedures for prototyping for students of non-IT courses and non-science/non-engineering courses
in their own specialized fields. This method has an IoT device implementation framework. Application of the framework
facilitates ease of connection of versatile sensors and actuators. After the prototype is constructed according to this
construction method, those who constructed it (constructors) can perform problem solving, idea creation, and needs
assessment related to their own specialized fields. This construction method was applied practically by science and
engineering students in non-IT courses and non-science/non-engineering students, for whom its effects were evaluated.
Keywords IoT system, M2M system, Prototype, Gateway, Cloud, Sensor, Actuator

systems, frequently entailing longer time periods and higher

1. Introduction costs. If prototype construction methods using open
hardware and software were available, then the constructor
Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) could produce IoT prototype systems rapidly. They could
systems can perform automatic processing using various understand IoT systems through prototyping. Using IoT
sensors, networks, and information processing technologies, prototyping, a constructor could solve problems of their
fused together in a cross-sectional manner. Actually, own fields and create ideas to meet specific needs.
IoT/M2M systems are applicable to fields of industry, In this paper, we propose a method of prototype
public infrastructure, and medical care and welfare, and to construction for the active creation of IoT application ideas.
life areas of human society. In many fields, IoT technology The method includes basic configuration of the IoT
has been applied extensively [1-5]. This rapid extension of prototype and procedure. Basic configuration elements are
applications is attributable to rapid advances in sensor selected from open hardware and software. Then the
technology for detecting the status of object devices and prototype constructor can produce an IoT system prototype
network technology for collecting data from many locations. from this basic configuration. The contents of prototyping
Moreover, cloud computing has evolved quickly. and procedures of construction are defined by every
Future IoT/M2M systems are expected to extend the specialized field. Particularly, sensors and actuators of
range of applications further. For that to occur, both idea numerous types are involved in the construction. The
creation for practical applications and human resource proposed construction method has an implementation
development are crucially important. However much framework of the IoT device to enable ease of handling of
knowledge must be acquired to design and construct IoT these elements. A prototype system was constructed
according to the construction method and implementation
* Corresponding author:
nobuhiro.ohe@nifty.com (Nobuhiro Ohe)
framework. Based on the prototype construction experience,
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/ijit the constructor can expand the prototype, create ideas, and
Copyright © 2016 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved ascertain needs for problem-solving of their own
2 Nobuhiro Ohe et al.: A Method of Prototype Construction for the Active
Creation of IoT Application Ideas and Its Evaluations

specialized field. in the engine for controlling IoT devices. However, this
The construction method proposed herein was applied to mechanism and method of construction have not been
the education of science and engineering students of non-IT clarified yet.
course and non-science/non-engineering course students. For prototype construction, it is possible to simplify the
Then its features and efficacy were evaluated. construction if the architecture is defined in advance and if
several elements are black boxed. The constructor can then
understand the IoT system, understand roles of the
2. Outline of IoT and Prototyping components and obtain basic knowledge to devise
applications.
(1) Outline of IoT system
Attention has been given recently to IoT systems using
sensors and equipment connected to the internet to provide 3. Proposal of IoT Prototype
diverse services without human intervention [1-4]. Results Construction Method
of these studies have clarified the IoT system architecture. We propose a method of constructing a prototype aiming
Figure 1 presents an IoT system outline. The figure shows at creation of ideas for IoT application system. Using this
sensors and actuators of various types mounted on the device method, the constructor produces a prototype according to
shown at the left. Data from the device are transmitted to the the contents and procedures of a specialized field along with
server or cloud via the area network, gateway, and access the basic configuration of the IoT prototype. The constructor
network. Data collected by the information system on the can then understand the IoT system, create ideas, and
server and cloud are processed for visualization and analysis, ascertain needs for problem solving for one’s own
with feedback to the device to control it. specialized field.
(2) Problems related to IoT system construction
The IoT system consists of many configuration elements, 3.1. Configuration and Construction of IoT System
as presented in Figure 1. The element technology of each Figure 2 presents the basic configuration of the IoT
component should be acquired. Then the whole system prototype system and objectives. In the figure, the lower
should be designed before construction. These are handled area shows options of the components, the middle area
primarily by IT engineers in the science and engineering shows the basic configuration of IoT prototype system, and
field. However, application of IoT is sought in the upper area presents objectives of prototype construction.
multidisciplinary fields. Therefore, ideas presented by The components include open hardware, software, and
people in various fields other than IT fields are valuable. To cloud services. Based on this configuration, the constructor
encourage students to understand the basic technology of IoT selects each component and combines them appropriately to
and to create ideas for IoT application system, it is important realize the construction simply and less expensively.
for students to construct an IoT prototype system by Configuration of the IoT prototype in the middle area in the
themselves. figure is constituted such that one can experience a series of
In the IoT research field, most studies address problem flow. A series of flow means that data are acquired from
-solving in the respective technical fields of sensors, area various sensors and accumulated in the server/cloud via
networks, gateways, server interfaces, and services on the gateway. The data are then fed back and output to actuators.
server. However, for easier construction of the prototype of Application of the gateway performs communication with
the whole IoT system, configurations and procedures have IoT devices, data format conversion, and internet
not been made available yet. As a study of specific IoT communication processing with the server/cloud. Because
system building or prototype construction, for example, a the data go through the gateway, communication tools with
system exists to perform control and monitoring in the home the server/cloud are unnecessary for every IoT device.
using a smartphone [6]. Furthermore, studies have examined Processing loads of the IoT device and power consumption
detection of human hand movement using a camera as an can therefore be reduced. Cloud services and application on
IoT system [7]. In this way, studies have assessed particular the server/cloud execute processing such as accumulation,
IoT systems applying IoT technology. Researchers have conversion, and analysis of the data. When the data are fed
explained construction, evaluation and verification. Results back to the IoT device side depending on the results of
of these studies, have resolved various problems and processing by server/cloud, the application of the
produced solutions for IoT systems and prototyping. server/cloud transmits an instruction to the IoT device via
However, few reports of the literature describe studies of the gateway. The IoT device which received this instruction
methods of construction, their application to education in issues an instruction to the actuator.
universities, or their evaluation. Features of the method of constructing prototype
Sensors and actuators are becoming smaller and cheaper proposed in this paper are that parts are selected from open
by virtue of recent progress in the technologies which play hardware, software and cloud services and that selected
important roles in the application of IoT system. Even in the parts are combined appropriately to construct a prototype
prototype, various sensors and actuators should be handled system. Consequently, people with no knowledge of IT
 International Journal of Internet of Things 2016, 5(1): 1-8 3

systems are able to construct the prototype. The constructor system. Constructors are divided into two so that they can
can then create new ideas from actual construction select components according to their specialized fields and
experience. so that they can perform prototyping easily.
Science and engineering students such as those of
3.2. Prototyping Contents for Special Fields electrical/electronic and mechanical courses construct a
Constructors were divided into two categories depending prototype using sensors and actuators related to own
on their specialized fields. One category is science and specialized field and use board computers as the gateway.
engineering students such as electric/electronic course as The prototype thus constructed is practical. It can be
well as mechanical courses. The other category is developed easily for use in one’s own specialized field. For
non-science /non-engineering students specialized in, for example, the constructor will experience prototyping to
example, nursing care, childcare, welfare and housekeeping. control LED brightness by illuminance to control the growth
The prototype configuration conforms to the basic of vegetation.
configuration to elucidate the whole picture of the IoT

Analysis
Application
Devices -Area Network
-Gateway
-Access
Network
Server/Cloud

Visualize
Machine Meter

Collect and Store

LED Sensor Data Control
Feedback Control based on the Data

Figure 1. IoT System overview

Objectives
Creation of ideas and needs of each specialized field
for all fields such as liberal arts, science and engineering

Experiences of construction

Needs of Actuator Application

new Micro Area Access
Device/ controller Network Gateway Server/
Network
Sensor Sensor Cloud

IoT Device
Select from open hardware, software and services

Temperature, Humidity,
Pressure, Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Internet Xively, Parse,
Raspberry Pi, Zigbee, Beagle Bone, HTTP/HTTPS PaaS,
Passive infrared sensor (motion Bluetooth,
detect), LED lamp, Digital fan, Beagle Bone, Smartphone, WebSocket Node.js
etc Serial, etc Tablet Wired, WiFi etc
etc

Figure 2. Basic Configuration of IoT Prototype System and its Objectives

4 Nobuhiro Ohe et al.: A Method of Prototype Construction for the Active
Creation of IoT Application Ideas and Its Evaluations

The objective of prototyping for non-science/ 4. Application of IoT Prototype

non-engineering students is comprehension of the Construction Method and Its
mechanisms of the IoT system. To realize a prototype system, Evaluations
the constructor uses sensors and actuators that yield
easy-to-understand results, with personal computers as the This chapter explains results of application of IoT
gateway. The constructor uses services that allow data prototype construction method and its evaluations.
accumulation and an easy-to-view display as the cloud
4.1. Application and Evaluations
service. The program is black boxed and supplied in the form
of a sample program so that the constructor might not create We defined prototype configuration of two types by the
a new program. specialized field shown in Chapter 3, prepared specifications
and procedure manual and created a program to construct the
3.3. Construction of IoT Device Program prototype. Contents of the practice and evaluations by
The program run by the IoT device engine is operated on students and teaching staff are presented here.
Arduino [8] equipped with various sensors and actuators.
4.1.1. Application to Science and Engineering Students in
The program performs processing such as sensor reading,
Mechanical and Electric/Electronic Courses
outputting to actuators and sending and receiving to and
from the gateway. We define a framework as a mechanism to (1) Application to mechanical and electronic engineering
connect various sensors and actuators and to cope with courses
changes of communication methods of sending and receiving For students of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering
to and from the gateway. The method is depicted in Figure 3. Department of Salesian Polytechnic [9], we gave lectures
In the figure, the event table at the center is a table for control and practiced engineering skills as research. Figure 4
of the input–output of various sensors and actuators and presents the configuration constructed, with data flow and
timing of sending and receiving to and from the gateway processing of the application of concrete IoT prototype
according to the priority order. Each of the processes is system. First, data from temperature, humidity and color
implemented as the library and is called from the framework sensors are sent to Raspberry Pi [10], acting as the gateway
of event control. Even if types or combinations of sensors or in the form of a ZigBee [11] wireless interface.
actuators or types of area network differ, construction of the Next, the gateway displays the data on the screen in the
program is patterned. Therefore, the program can be form of graphs and executes Parse [12] transmission of the
understood easily and reused easily. Furthermore, a common cloud service. The cloud service registers those data to the
class for IoT is implemented at the upper level of the database. The gateway takes out the data registered to the
sensor/actuator/ communication library shown at the center cloud service and sends an instruction to the IoT device
of the figure. Using this configuration, the person who according to the condition of the value concerned. Upon
created the application program can create a program with receiving it, the IoT device changes the LED lamp color.
ease even if the data delivery method, types of According to such processing flow, the constructor can
sensor/actuator, or types of communication differ. experience a series of processing flow as the IoT system.
The idea which the student created from their experiences
IoT Device Control was applicable to remote control of the hydroponic culture
Framework
[13]. The hydroponic culture is plant cultivation using color
Event Table of light and water. Remote control and monitoring are made
possible if IoT is applied to it. Figure 5(a) shows one aspect
of the hydroponic culture. In the photograph, the upper area
Sensor is an IoT device which senses temperature and illuminance
Read Timer and controls the light color. Figure 5(b) presents an example
of monitoring in the form of graphs.
Common class Evaluations by the teaching staff was conducted as
Setup () {
initial operation Send/ follows. The student who practices prototype construction is
Actuator } Receive normally in the mechanical and electronic engineering
Control Loop () { with
event Management & Gateway course and is not in an IT field. However, this student does
processing know that “Convenience of the student’s specialized field
}
Creation of ideas and will be improved by application of IoT technology.”
needs of each specialized If the student did not know IoT, the student was unable to
field
for all fields such as devise an idea related to remote monitoring. However, the
liberal arts, science and student who came to know IoT technology was able to create
engineering
added value by a combination of knowledge.

Figure 3. IoT Device Control Framework

 International Journal of Internet of Things 2016, 5(1): 1-8 5

Service
-Store sensor data
Cloud Parse to Parse storage
DB

DB Data
Sensor
Internet -Rcv & Send Sensor
Data data
-Make Graph
-Change color
Gateway Raspberry Pi Processing ontrol data and
Application write to Color LED

Sensor ZigBee Control

Data Data Data
Bread Board Engine
IoT -Read & Send
Sensor data
Device Program -Rcv Control data
and write to Color
Arduino LED
Sensor/
Actuator Application

Figure 4. IoT Prototype Example

Tempe
-rature

Color
sensor
Humidity

Color
Control

Figure 5(a). Application to hydroponic culture Figure 5(b). Graph Sample on Gateway Monitor

(2) Application in System science and engineering course based on IoT prototype configuration, which monitors potted
Department of Electronic Information Systems, Faculty plant cultivation using temperature, humidity and soil
of Science and Technology of the Shibaura Institute of moisture sensors. State monitoring using a smartphone from
Technology [14], has been implementing the Project Based a remote location was made possible while the data are sent
Learning (PBL). Its features is that the students of the to the cloud. The constructor was able to know benefits of the
undergraduate and graduate school traverses the field. As its IoT system through processing of these data series. The
outcome, they have done the research about a design and student was able to understand operations of the whole
the implementation of international PBL by the graduate system in which each of the elements cooperates with others
student of the fields such as machine, electronic information, as the IoT system and was able to understand the roles of
environment, mathematics science and life sciences [15]. In each element of the IoT system.
addition, they have done the research about the assessment One idea which students created was that environmental
of outcome of systematic PBL [16] and the education on data such as temperature and humidity and image data would
systems architecture related to the plan and the design of be collected using smartphones, accumulated in the cloud
embedded system for graduate school master students [17]. and be applied to monitoring of agricultural plastic
This time, the students completed an IoT prototype system greenhouses and safety monitoring of elderly people. It must
6 Nobuhiro Ohe et al.: A Method of Prototype Construction for the Active
Creation of IoT Application Ideas and Its Evaluations

be acknowledged that such original ideas were created performed according to the procedure manual was performed
through prototype construction. from 0%–100% at 20% intervals. Results show that trainees
gave an average of 77.6%. The teaching staff also gave an
4.1.2. Application to Non-science/Non-engineering Students average of 75%. These results demonstrate that if a prototype
At Hosen College of Childhood Education [18], where is constructed according to the procedure manual, students
students specialize in training childcare workers in subjects were able to understand the IoT system to a certain degree.
such as early childhood education and childcare, we gave Upon construction of the prototype, lecturers and student
lectures including IoT prototyping practice. Table 1 presents held discussions based on ideas presented by each student.
a summary of the curriculum of the lectures. According to Consequently, ideas unique to students’ learning of
this curriculum, to perform practical training of IoT childhood education were collected. In addition to ideas
prototyping, a prototype is constructed step by step while related to nursing environments and play equipment, the
deepening understanding by the students. Lecture contents following comments were presented (major comments only):
are similar to those given to science and engineering students. (1) Age and grade restriction are set to the play equipment,
One difference is that Xively [19] was used as the cloud and a warning is given when a child under the age limit
service and PC was used as the gateway. Regarding the IoT attempts to play on it. (2) A camera is provided at the gate
device, Arduino microcontrollers were used to control which would not open for unregistered person other than a
sensors and actuators. Serial interfaces using USB were used child, infant, or staff member. If one attempts to break in
for connection with the gateway. Figure 6 shows the forcibly, a buzzer sounds. (3) If a child wanders into a
configuration used. The prototype system used atmospheric forbidden area, a buzzer sounds. (4) It is dangerous if an
pressure, temperature, and illuminance sensors and as infant lies on its stomach during sleeping. An appropriate
actuators, LED lamp and electronic buzzer were used. warning is sent to the childcare provider.
During Steps 1–4 shown in Table 1, operations were Table 1. Summary of Curriculum of an Education for a IoT Prototyping
confirmed step by step and in the subsequent “Idea Creation,”
every student was encouraged to present various ideas based Lesson step Contents
on the construction experience and to discuss their ideas. Get Knowledge Basic knowledge of an IoT system
Non-science/non-engineering students are not familiar with Produce IoT device comprising sensors,
programming. For that reason, the teaching staff provided 1st step actuators and a microcontroller.
programs run on Arduino and on personal computers. Figure Check movement on Serial monitor.
7 presents an example of a graphic display of sensor
Transmit sensor data to IoT gateway.
measurements of PC in Step 2. Prototyping 2nd step
Draw graph on the Gateway.
For the lecture preparation, prior explanation was given to Practice
the teaching staff in charge and rehearsal took place. The Transmit sensor data to Cloud service
3rd step
lecture and practice were given to teams consisting of several Store data on the Cloud service storage.
students. As a result, non-science/non-engineering students Feedback to IoT device by judgment of
4th step
were able to attain prototype construction and to create ideas data on the Cloud services.
for IoT systems. IoT application idea creation after the IoT
Idea Creation
The degree of attainment of application of IoT prototype prototype systems construction practice
construction method by the lecture and practice was
measured as follows: Evaluations of the degree of attainment

Outcome of Manufacturing: Measurement and graphs of temperature, pressure and illuminance.

Change the brightness of the LED lamp according to illuminance conditions

Server/cloud
Gateway

USB Xively Application

Serial Graph Internet
IoT Device Application
HTTP
Cloud Services Interface
LED Lamp

Temperature Windows PC Cloud Service (Xively)

Pressure
Illuminance

Figure 6. Outcome of Manufacturing by Prototyping for Non-science/non-engineering course

 International Journal of Internet of Things 2016, 5(1): 1-8 7

to construct an IoT system, and how to facilitate

collaboration and cooperation with users of different
specialized fields where necessary.
Air Pressure
(2) Discussion of idea creation
One student of the science and engineering course
involved in this study was engaged in hydroponic culture
using sensors and actuators related to agriculture. They were
able to create an idea of remote control of the hydroponic
Temperature culture easily by application of the IoT technology. With
conventional hydroponic culture, colors were controlled by
manual operation, but the use of IoT enabled program
control and remote monitoring and control of the hydroponic
Illuminance culture.
Although students of non-science/non-engineering
courses have sufficient knowledge to manipulate personal
Figure 7. Graph Display Sample of Sensor data computers and smartphones, chances for learning the IoT
system are scarce. Using the prototype construction method,
4.2. Application of IoT Device Program and Framework students constructed it step-by-step according to the
and Evaluations procedure manual and observed data transition detected by
The framework for IoT device program creation was temperature and illuminance sensors, lighting of LED lamps,
applied to the construction of the prototype of two types. and buzzer sounding. They were able to understand an
There were differences of sensors and actuators between the outline of the IoT system in the daily life. This triggered idea
two types, and differences between the ZigBee connection creation in the field in which they were involved.
and serial connection. Basic processing of IoT device was
performed by the framework and sending/receiving to/from
the gateway, and differences of type of sensors and of data 6. Summary
sampling method among manufacturers were handled by the
We proposed a method of prototype construction for the
library. From results, it was verified that addition of new
active creation of IoT application ideas, applied it in practice,
sensors and actuators is possible by a similar method. It was
evaluated it, and discussed it. The proposal defined the basic
evaluated that, using this method, expansion of the prototype
configuration of the IoT prototype system. The contents and
such as addition of sensors is easy and that construction of a
procedures of the prototyping of two types were specified for
prototype for realization of the idea is simplified.
use for students of science and engineering courses such as
mechanical, electrical/electronic courses, and students of
5. Discussion non-science/non-engineering course specialized in different
fields. By applying this prototype system construction
(1) Discussion related to understanding of IoT by IoT method, the constructor deepened understanding of IoT and
prototype construction method became able to create various ideas incorporating systematic
This construction method covers IoT device fabrication, modes of thinking and IoT application.
which connected sensors and actuators to gateway and cloud, Furthermore, this paper proposed a framework for IoT
and IoT system prototype construction via a network. It is device construction and stated an IoT device construction
characteristic that this method covers a broader range. method using this framework. Now, the constructor can
This prototype construction method is not a mere connect various sensors and actuators with ease. Prototype
fabrication of an electronic circuit of IoT device, but a construction of ideas using sensors and actuators has been
prototype system construction method including the gateway simplified.
and cloud service. Through experiences of constructing the
prototype, the constructor was able to understand the IoT
technology consisting of sensor technology, network
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