To 1-1a-9 PDF

TO 1-1A-9
NAVAIR 01-1A-9
TECHNICAL MANUAL
ENGINEERING SERIES
FOR AIRCRAFT REPAIR
AEROSPACE METALS -
GENERAL DATA
AND USAGE FACTORS
BASIC AND ALL CHANGES HAVE BEEN MERGED TO MAKE THIS A COMPLETE PUBLICATION.
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PA Case Number 11-03010. Other requests for this document
shall be referred to 406 SCMS/GUEE, Robins AFB, GA 31098. Questions concerning technical content shall be referred to 404 SCMS/GUEAB.
Published Under Authority of the Secretary of the Air Force and by Direction of the Chief of the Naval Air Systems Command.
26 FEBRUARY 1999 CHANGE 14 - 3 OCTOBER 2015

TO 1-1A-9
INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES. DESTROY SUPERSEDED PAGES.

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES
NOTE: The portion of the text affected by the changes is indicated by a vertical line in the outer margins of
the page. Changes to illustrations are indicated by shaded or screened areas, or by miniature
pointing hands.
Dates of issue for original and changed pages are:

Original. . . . . . . . . .0 . . . . 26 February 1999 Change . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . 24 March 2013
Change . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . 25 June 2001 Change . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . 21 August 2013
Change . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . .1 October 2001 Change . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . 3 February 2014
Change . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . .26 July 2002 Change . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . 5 March 2014
Change . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . 17 January 2003 Change . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . 19 August 2014
Change . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . 27 June 2005 Change . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . 4 June 2015
Change . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . 21 March 2011 Change . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . .3 October 2015
Change . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . 25 May 2012
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 294, CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:
Page *Change Page *Change Page *Change

No. No. No. No. No. No.
Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3-16.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 5-7 - 5-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
i - ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 5-13 - 5-14 Deleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 5-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
iv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 5-16 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v - vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3-20.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 5-17 - 5-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
vii - viii Deleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3-20.2 Blank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 5-20 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 6-1 - 6-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
1-2 Blank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 6-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-22.1 - 3-22.2 Added . . . . . . . . . . . .7 6-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3-23 - 3-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2-3 - 2-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 6-14 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 7-1 - 7-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-6 - 7-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3-28 - 3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 7-11 - 7-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3-30 - 3-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-16 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 8-1 - 8-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3-33 - 3-38 Deleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 9-1 - 9-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-14 - 2-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-39 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 A-1 - A-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
2-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Glossary 1 - Glossary 10. . . . . . . . . . 0
2-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-41 - 3-49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-29 - 2-33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3-51 - 3-59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-35 - 2-42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
2-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3-61 - 3-63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-44 - 2-51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3-64 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-1 - 4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2-54 - 2-72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4-6 - 4-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-74 Blank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2-75 - 2-120 Deleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-17 - 4-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-19 - 4-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-122 - 2-136. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4-23 - 4-44 Deleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
3-1 - 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
3-14 - 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5-2 - 5-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
3-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
3-16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5-5 - 5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
*Zero in this column indicates an original page.
A Change 14 USAF
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page Section Page

I INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 2-200 Deleted
1-1 PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 2-201 Deleted
2-202 Deleted
II FERROUS (STEEL) ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-203 Deleted
2-1 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-216 Deleted
2-2 SAE Numbering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-234 Fabrication of Ferrous Alloys . . . . . . . 2-121
2-4 Carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-292 Steel Surface Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-130
2-7 Nickel Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2-8 Chromium Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 III ALUMINUM ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
2-9 Chromium-Nickel Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 3-1 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
2-11 Chrome-Vanadium Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 3-4 Commercial and Military
2-12 Chrome Molybdenum Steels. . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
2-13 Principles of Heat Treatment of 3-8 Mechanical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 3-16 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
2-14 Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 3-17 Heat Treatment of Aluminum
2-19 Quenching Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
2-26 Tempering (Drawing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 3-51 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
2-29 Normalizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 3-56 Heat Treating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
2-30 Case Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 3-70 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
2-35 Carburizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 3-73 Forming Sheet Metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
2-41 Cyaniding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 3-96 Deleted
2-42 Nitriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 3-97 Deleted
2-43 Heat Treating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 3-118 Deleted
2-48 Heat Control, Furnace Temperatures 3-123 Deleted
Survey and Temperature Measuring 3-131 Deleted
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 3-145 Deleted
2-53 Furnace Control Instruments 3-154 Deleted
Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
3-175 Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
2-55 Salt Bath Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
3-179 Cutting Tools for Machining
2-58 Quenching Tanks and Liquids . . . . . . . 2-10 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
2-60 Heat Treating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 3-180 Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46
2-68 Hardness Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 3-183 Milling-Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46
2-73 Specification Cross Reference . . . . . . . 2-11 3-189 Shaping and Planing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
2-74 General Heat Treating Temperatures, 3-195 Tapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56
Composition (Chemical) and
Characteristics of Various Steel and 3-198 Filing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56
Steel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35 3-202 Reaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-57
2-75 Machining of Steels (General) . . . . . . . 2-60 3-204 Sawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-57
2-81 Machining Corrosion Resisting 3-210 Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58
Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65 3-216 Polishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58
2-117 Deleted 3-218 Roughing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58
2-128 Deleted 3-219 Greasing or Oiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58
2-131 Deleted 3-221 Buffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-59
2-135 Deleted 3-223 Hardness Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-59
2-147 Deleted 3-226 Non-Destructive Testing/Inspection . . . 3-59
2-152 Deleted 3-228 Anodizing Process for Inspection of
2-168 Deleted Aluminum Alloy Parts . . . . . . . . . . . 3-59
2-184 Deleted 3-231 Aluminum Alloy Effects on Scratches
2-186 Deleted on Clad Aluminum Alloy . . . . . . . . . 3-59
2-195 Deleted 3-233 Allowable Defects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-59
2-199 Deleted 3-234 Harmful Scratches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-60
Change 7 i
TO 1-1A-9
TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

3-241 Disposition of Scratched 5-37 Deleted
Sheets/Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-60 5-38 Deleted
3-242 Cleaning of Aluminum Alloy Sheet 5-39 Deleted
(Stock). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-60
5-40 Deleted
IV MAGNESIUM ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 5-42 Deleted
4-1 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 5-43 Deleted
4-4 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 5-45 Deleted
4-13 Safety Requirements for Handling and 5-47 Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Fabrication of Magnesium Alloys . . . 4-2 5-48 Riveting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
4-19 Safety Precautions for All Alloys 5-51 Machining and Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
(Including Fire Hazards) . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 5-52 Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
4-22 Grinding and Polishing Safety 5-54 Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
5-57 Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
4-24 Deleted
5-63 Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
4-25 Heat Treating Safety Practices . . . . . . . 4-15
5-66 Tapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
4-27 Identification of Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
5-69 Reaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
4-29 Heat Treating Magnesium Alloys-
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16 5-70 Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
4-45 Alloy General Characteristic
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 VI COPPER AND COPPER BASE ALLOYS . . . . . . 6-1
4-47 Deleted 6-1 Copper and Copper Base Alloys. . . . . . . 6-1
4-77 Deleted 6-3 Copper Alloying Elements . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
4-78 Deleted 6-5 Heat Treatment and Not Working
Temperature of Copper Alloys . . . . . . 6-1
4-79 Deleted
6-7 Stress Relief of Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . 6-1
4-82 Deleted
6-9 Machining Copper and Copper
4-93 Deleted Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
6-10 Wrought-Copper-Beryllium Alloys . . . . 6-1
V TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS . . . . . . . 5-1
6-12 Heat Treating Procedures and
5-1 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . . . 6-10
5-4 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 6-15 Solution Heat Treatment Copper-
5-5 Military and Commercial Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 6-17 Precipitation or Age Hardening . . . . . . 6-11
5-6 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5-7 Mechanical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 VII TOOL STEELS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
5-10 Methods of Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 7-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
5-11 Hardness Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 7-4 Alloying Elements in Tool Steels . . . . . . 7-1
5-12 Tensile Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 7-5 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
5-13 Non-Destructive Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 7-6 Class Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
5-14 Fire Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 7-7 Applications of Tool Steels. . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
5-15 Heat Treatment-General . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 7-9 Selection of Material for a Cutting
5-22 Hydrogen Embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
5-25 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 7-16 Heat Treat Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
5-26 Forming Sheet Metal-General. . . . . . . . 5-11 7-18 Distortion in Tool Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
5-28 Draw Forming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 7-19 Deleted
5-29 Hydraulic Press Forming . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 7-21 Deleted
5-32 Stretch Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 7-22 Deleted
5-33 Drop-Hammer Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 7-23 Deleted
5-34 Joggling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
VIII TESTING AND INSPECTION, HARDNESS
5-35 Blanking and Shearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
ii Change 7
T.O. 1-IA-9
TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued
8-1 General 8-1 IX HEAT TREATMENT 9-1

8-3 Methods of Hardness 9-1 General 9-1
Testing 8-1 9-9 Special Heat Treatment
8-5 Brinell Hardness Test 8-1 Information 9-1
8-8 Rockwell Hardness Test 8-1 9-11 Tint Test for Determining
8-15 Vickers Pyramid Hardness Coating Removal from
Test 8-4 Nickel Base and Cobalt Base
8-18 Shore Scleroscope Hardness Alloys 9-1
Test 8-8 9-13 Titanium Alloy Parts 9-3
8-20 Testing with the 9-16 Solution, Stabilization, or
Scleroscope 8-9 Precipitation Heat Treatment 9-3
8-21 Tensile Testing 8-9 9-38 Stress-Relief After Welding 9-8
8-22 Decarburization 9-59 Local Stress-Relief 9-11
Measurement 8-9 9-68 Description of Methods 9-11
8-24 Hardness Method 8-10
8-27 Nondestructive Inspection
A Supplemental Data ..................................................A-1
Methods 8-14 Glossary GLS 1
8-33 Chemical Analysis 8-14
8-34 Spectrochemical Analysis 8-14
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page Figure Title Page
2-1 Number and Distribution of 4-2 Deleted

Thermocouples 2-9 4-3 Deleted
2-2 Deleted 4-4 Deleted
2-3 Deleted 8-1 Brinell Hardness Tester 8-4
2-4 Stretch Forming 2-127 8-2 Rockwell Hardness Tester 8-5
2-5 Surface Roughness 2-135 8-3 Attachments for Rockwell Tester 8-6
3-1 Head to Alloy Identification 8-4 Vickers Pyramid Hardness Tester 8-7
Method ......................................................3-20 8-5 Standard Pyramid Diamond
3-2 Drill Designs and Recommended Indentor 8-8
Cutting Angles 3-55 8-6 Shore Scleroscope 8-8
4-1 Typical Dust Collectors for 8-7 Test Specimens 8-11
Magnesium 4-22
LIST OF TABLES
Number Title Page Number Title Page
2-1 Soaking Periods for Hardening 2-4 Machinability Rating of Various

Normalizing and Annealing Metals 2-61
(Plain Carbon Steel) 2-10 2-5 Conversion of Surface Feet Per
2-2 Specification Cross Reference 2-12 Minute (SFM) to Revolutions
2-3 Cutting Speeds and Feeds for Per Minute (RPM) 2-63
SAE 1112 Using Standard 2-6 Tool Correction Chart 2-64
High Speed Tools 2-61
Change 4 iii
TO 1-1A-9
LIST OF TABLES - Continued

2-7 General Machining Comparison of 3-4 Chemical Composition Nominal and General
Corrosion Resisting Steel to Free Use Data 1/........................................................3-9
Machining Screw Stock B1112.......................2-65 3-5 Mechanical Properties - Typical ..........................3-14
2-8 Suggested Cutting Speeds and Feeds...................2-66 3-6 Physical Properties - Standard Alloys..................3-16
2-9 Tool Angles - Turning..........................................2-68 3-6A Properties of Common Aluminum Alloys -
2-10 Suggested Milling Cutting Speeds Minimum......................................................3-16.2
and Feeds.........................................................2-69 3-7 Heat Treating (Soaking) Temperatures.............3-22.1
2-11 Suggested Tool Angles - Milling .........................2-70 3-8 Soaking Time for Solution Heat Treatment of
2-12 Drilling Speeds for Corrosion Resisting All Wrought Products .....................................3-23
Steel.................................................................2-70 3-9 Soaking Time for Solution Treatment of Cast
2-13 Tapping Allowances (Holes Size to Alloys ..............................................................3-23
Screw Size) .....................................................2-71 3-10 Recommended Maximum Quench Delay,
2-14 Deleted Wrought Alloys (For Immersion Type
2-15 Deleted Quenching)......................................................3-24
2-16 Deleted 3-11 Precipitation (Aging) Treating Temperatures,
Times and Conditions .....................................3-25
2-17 Deleted
3-12 Reheat Treatment of Alclad Alloys .....................3-27
2-18 Deleted
3-13 Deleted
2-19 Deleted
3-14 Maximum Accumulative Reheat Times for Hot
2-20 Deleted
Forming Heat Treatable Alloys at Different
2-21 Deleted Temperatures...................................................3-32
2-24 Deleted 3-17 General Rivet (Alum) Identification Chart ..........3-42
2-25 Deleted 3-18 General Aluminum Rivet Selection Chart
2-26 Deleted (Rivet Alloy vs Assembly Alloy) ...................3-45
2-27 Deleted 3-19 Shear Strength of Protruding and Flush Head
2-28 Deleted Aluminum Alloy Rivets, Inch Pounds ............3-47
2-29 Deleted 3-20 Bearing Properties, Typical, of Aluminum
Alloy Plates and Shapes..................................3-48
2-30 Deleted
3-21 Standard Rivet Hole Sizes with Corresponding
2-31 Deleted
Shear and Bearing Areas for Cold Driven
2-32 Deleted Aluminum Alloy Rivets..................................3-50
2-33 Deleted 3-22 Turning Speeds and Feeds ...................................3-51
2-34 Cold Bend Radii (Inside) Carbon/Low 3-23 Tool Angles - Turning .........................................3-52
Alloy Steels ...................................................2-128
3-24 Milling - Speeds and Feeds..................................3-52
2-35 Cold Bend Radii (Inside) Corrosion Resistant
3-25 Tool Angles - Milling ..........................................3-53
Steel Alloys ...................................................2-128
3-26 Shaping and Planing - Speeds and Feeds.............3-54
2-36 Forging Temperature Ranges for Corrosion
Resistant Steel ...............................................2-128 3-27 Shaping Tool Angles............................................3-54
2-37 Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys................2-134 3-28 Thread Constant for Various Standard Thread
Forms ..............................................................3-56
2-38 Surface Roughness and Lay Symbols................2-136
4-1 Cross-Reference, Alloy Designations to
3-1 Designations for Alloy Groups ..............................3-1
Specifications ....................................................4-3
3-2 Aluminum Alloy Designation and Conversions
4-2 Alloy Designation Cross-Reference ......................4-6
to 4 Digit System ..............................................3-1
4-3 Chemical Properties of Magnesium Alloys ...........4-7
3-3 Federal and Military Specifications .......................3-3
iv Change 8
T.O. 1-1A-9
LIST OF TABLES Continued
4-4 Mechanical Properties Magnesi- 6-2 Hot Working and Annealing

um Extrusions and Forgings at Temperatures for Copper and
Room Temperature Typical .....................4-9 Wrought Copper Alloys 6-9
4-5 Mechanical Properties Magnesi- 6-3 Typical Stress-Relief Treat-
um Alloy Sheet and Plate at ments for Certain Copper Alloys ............6-11
Room Temperature Typical 4-11 6-4 Standard Machinability Rating
4-6 Mechanical Properties of Mag- of Copper Alloys 6-12
nesium Alloy Castings at 6-5 Typical Engineering Properties 6-13
Room Temperatures .................................4-12 6-6 Age Hardening
4-7 Physical Properties Magnesi- Time-Temperature Conditions
um Alloy
@68F ......................................4-13 and Material Temper
4-8 Solution Heat Treating Temper- Designations 6-13
atures and Holding Times 4-18 7-1 Tool Steel Specifications 7-2
4-9 Artificial Aging (Precipitation 7-2 Chemical Composition, Tool Steel 7-3
Treatment) 4-19 7-3 Tool Steel Selection 7-5
4-10 Deleted 7-4 Tool Steel Hardening and Tem-
4-11 Deleted pering Temperatures .................................7-5
4-12 Deleted 7-5 Forging, Normalizing and An-
4-13 Deleted nealing Treatments of Tool and
4-14 Deleted Die Steels 7-7
4-15 Deleted 7-6 Thermal Treatment for Harden-
4-16 Deleted ing and Tempering Tool Steel
4-17 Deleted General 7-11
4-18 Deleted 7-7 Comparison of Tool Steel
4-19 Deleted Properties 7-14
4-20 Deleted 8-1 Hardness Conversion Chart 8-3
4-21 Deleted 8-2 Rockwell Scales, Loads and Pre-
4-22 Deleted fix Letters 8-10
4-23 Deleted 8-3 Approximate Hardness Tensile
4-24 Deleted Strength Relationship of Car-
4-25 Deleted bon and Low Alloy Steels 8-12
4-26 Deleted 9-1 Typical Heat Treatment
4-27 Deleted Application 9-1
4-28 Deleted 9-2 Cross-Index for Solution, Stabili-
4-29 Deleted zation or Precipitation Heat
4-30 Deleted Treatments .................................................9-4
4-31 Deleted 9-3 Cross-Index for Stress-Relief
5-1 Specification Cross Reference Ti- Heat Treatments 9-9
tanium Alloy 5-2 A-1 Chemical Symbols .........................................A-1
5-2 Nominal Mechanical Properties A-2 Decimal Equivalents .....................................A-2
at Room Temperature 5-7 A-3 Engineering Conversion Factors ..................A-6
5-3 Heat Treat, Stress Relief and An- A-4 Table of Weights Aluminum
nealing Temperatures and Times .............5-9 and Aluminum Alloy A-8
5-4 Recommended Minimum CCLD A-5 Table of Weights Brass ...............................A-9
Bend Radii 5-12 A-6 Table of Weights Bronze ..........................A-10
5-5 Deleted A-7 Table of Weights Copper ..........................A-11
5-6 Turning Speeds for Titanium A-8 Table of Weights Iron ...............................A-12
Alloys 5-18 A-9 Table of Weights Lead ..............................A-12
5-7 Tool Angles for Alloys 5-18 A-10 Table of Weights Magnesium
5-8 Speeds and Feeds for Milling 5-18 and Magnesium Alloy A-12
5-9 Angles for Tool Grinding 5-19 A-11 Table of Weights Nickel Chro-
6-1 Chemical Composition by Trade mium Iron Alloy (Inconel) A-13
Name 6-2 A-12 Table of Weights Nickel Cop-
per Alloy A-13
A-13 Table of Weights Steel ..............................A-13
Change 4 v
T.O. 1-1A-9
LIST OF TABLES Continued
A-14 Table of Weights Zinc ...............................A-16 A-18 Bend Set Back Chart ..................................A-21
A-15 Temperature Conversion Chart .................A-17 A-19 Comparative Table of Standard
A-16 Standard Bend Radii for 90 Gages A-22
Cold Forming-Flat Sheet... A-18 A-20 Melting Points Approximate.......................A-23
A-17 Metal Bending and Bend Radii
Bend Allowances Sheet Metal
Bend Allowances Per Degree
of Bend Aluminum Alloys A-19
vi Change 4
T.O. 1-1A-9
SECTION
INTRODUCTION
1-1. PURPOSE. 1-4. The information/instruction contained

herein are for general use. If a conflict exists
1-2. This is one of a series of technical or engi- between this technical manual and the specific
neering technical manuals prepared to assist per- technical manual(s) or other approved data for a
sonnel engaged in the maintenance and repair of particular weapon, end item, equipment, etc., the
Aerospace Weapon Systems and Supporting Equip- data applicable to the specific item(s) will govern
ment (AGE). Army Personnel: Wherever the text in all cases.
of this manual refers to other technical orders
(T.O.'s) for supporting information, refer to compa- 1-5. The use of "shall", "will", "should" and
rable Army documents. "may" in this technical manual is as follows:
1-3. This technical manual provides precise data a. Whenever the word "shall" appears, it shall
on specific metals to assist in selection, usage and be interpreted to mean that the requirements are
processing for fabrication and repair. It includes binding.
such data as specification cross reference;
approved designation system for alloys and tem- b. The words "will", "should" and "may", shall
be interpreted as nonmandatory provisions.
pers; temperatures and other controls for heat
treatments; mechanical and physical properties c. The word "will" is used to express declara-
processing instructions for basic corrosion preven- tion of purpose.
tion; forming characteristics; and other informa-
tion required for general aerospace weapon system d. The word "should" is used to express non-
repair. Procedures for general foundry practice, mandatory desired or preferred method of
accomplishment.
sand control, gating and risering of both ferrous
and non-ferrous castings may be obtained from
available commercial handbooks and/or publica-
tions. Due to the many types, grades, deversified
uses and new developments of metal products, it
may not include all data required in some
instances and further study and citation of this
data will be required. If a requirement exists for
e.
1-6.
The word "may" is used to express an
acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.
Deleted
1-7. WELDING. Information on welding aero-
space metals is contained in NAVAIR 01-1A-34,
I
T.O. 00-25-252, T.C. 9-238.
information not included, a request for assistance
should be made to WR-ALC, LEM.
Change 1 1-1/(1-2 blank)

T.O. 1-IA-9
SECTION II
FERROUS (STEEL) ALLOYS
2-1. CLASSIFICATION.
2-2. SAE NUMBERING SYSTEM. A numeral TYPE OF STEEL NUMERALS
index system is used to identify the compositions (AND DIGITS)
of the SAE steels, which makes it possible to use Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum
numerals that are partially descriptive of the com- Steels
position of material covered by such numbers. The
first digit indicates the type to which the steel 1.80% nickel; 0.50 and 0.80%
belongs; for example "1" indicates a carbon steel; Chromium; 0.25% Molybdenum 43xx
"2" a nickel steel; and "3" a nickel chromium steel. 0.55% Nickel; 0.50 and 0.65%
In the case of the simple alloy steels, the second Chromium; 0.20% Molybdenum 86xx
digit generally indicates the approximate percent- 0.55% Nickel; 0.50 Chromium
age of the predominant alloying element. Usually 0.25% Molybdenum 87xx
the last two or three digits indicate the approxi- 3.25% Nickel; 1.20 Chromium
mate average carbon content in "points" or hun- 0.12% Molybdenum 93xx
dredths of percent. Thus "2340" indicates a
nickel steel of approximately 3 percent nickel (3.25 Nickel-Molybdenum Steels
to 3.75) and 0.40 percent carbon (0.38 to 0.43). In 1.75 Percent Nickel; 0.25
some instances, in order to avoid oonfusion, it has percent Molybdenum 46xx
been found necessary to depart from this system of 3.50 Percent Nickel; 0.25
identifying the approximate alloy composition of a percent Molybdenum 48xx
steel by varying the second and third digits of the
number. An instance of such departure is the Chromium Steels 5xxx
steel numbers selected for several of the corrosion Low Chromium 50xx
--and heat resisting alloys. Medium Chromium 51xxx
2-3. The basic numerals for the various types of High Chromium 52xxx
SAE steel are: Corrosion and Heat
Resisting 514xx and
515xx
TYPE OF STEEL NUMERALS
(AND DIGITS) Chromium-Vanadium Steel 6xxx
Carbon Steels lxxx 0.80-1.00 percent Chromium,
Plain Carbon Oxx 0.10-0.15 Vanadium 61xx
Free Cutting (Screw Stock) llxx
Silicon Manganese Steels 9xxx
Manganese Steels 13xx A Percent Silicon 92xx
Low Alloy, High Tensile 950
Nickel Chromium Steels 3xxx Boron Intensified xxBxx
1.25 Percent Nickel; 0.65 Leaded Steels xxLxx
percent Chromium 31xx
Corrosion and Heat Resisting 303xx 2-4. CARBON STEELS. Steel containing car-
bon in percentages ranging from 0.10 to 0.30 per-
Molybdenum Steels 4xxx cent is classed as low carbon steel. The equivalent
0.25 Percent Molybdenum 40xx SAE numbers range from 1010 to 1030. Steels of
this grade are used for the manufacture of articles
such as safety wire, certain nuts, cable bushing,
etc. This steel in sheet form is used for secondary
structural parts and clamps and in tubular form
for moderately stressed structural parts.
2-5. Steel containing carbon in percentages rang-
ing from 0.30 to 0.50 percent is classed as medium
carbon steel. This steel is especially adaptable for
machining, forging, and where surface hardness is
2-1
TO 1-1 A-9
important.Certain rod ends, light forgings, and parts such as Both nickel and chromium influence the properties of steel;
Woodruff keys, are made from SAE 1035 steel. nickel toughens it, while chromium hardens it. Chrome-nickel
steel is used for machined and forged parts requiring strength,
2-6. Steel containing carbon in percentage ranging from 0.50 ductility, toughness and shock resistance. Parts such as crank-
percent is classed as high carbon steel. The addition of
to 1.05 shafts and connecting rods are made of SAE 3140 steel.
other elements in varying quantities adds to the hardness of
this steel. In the fully heat-treated condition it is very hard and 2-10. Chrome-nickel steel containing approximately 18 per-
will withstand high shear and wear, but little deformation. It cent chromium and 8 percent nickel is known as corrosion-
has limited use in aircraft construction. SAE 1095 in sheet resistant steel. It is usually identified as aisi types 301, 302
form is used for making flat springs and in wire form for 303, 304, 304L, 309, 316, 316L, 321, 347, 347F or Se, etc.,
making coil springs. however; the basic 18-8 chrome-nickel steel is type 302. The
other grades/types have been modified by changing or adding
2-7. NICKEL STEELS. The various nickel steels are pro- alloying elements to that contained in the basic alloy. The
duced by combinining nickel with carbon steel. Some benefits alloys are varied to obtain the required mechanical properties
derived from the use of nickel as an alloy in steel are as for some specific purpose such as improving corrosion resis-
follows: tance or forming machining, welding characteristics, etc. The
following are examples of variations:
a. Lowers the percentage of carbon that is necessary for
hardening. The lowering of the carbon content makes the steel a. 301-Chromium and Nickel (approximate 0.5 Nickel) is
more ductile and less susceptible to uneven stress. lowered to increase response to cold working.
b. Lowers the critical temperature ranges (heating and b. 302-Basic Type 18 Chromium 8 Nickel.
cooling) and permits the use of lower heating temperatures for
hardening. c. 303-Sulfur(s) or Selenium (se) added for improved
machining characteristics.
c. Hardening of nickel alloy steels at moderate rates of
cooling has the advantage of lowering the temperature gradi- d. 304-Carbon (c) lowered to reduce susceptibility to car-
ents, reducing internal stress/warpage and permits deeper/ bide precipitation. This alloy is still subject to carbide pre-
more uniform hardening. ceipitation from exposure to temperatures 800-1500F range
and this shall be considered when it is selected for a specific
d. The low heat treating temperatures required, reduces the application.
danger of overheating, excessive grain growth and the conse-
quent development of brittleness. e. 304L-Carbon (c) lowered for welding applications.
e. The characteristics depth hardening from the addition of f. 309-Cr and Ni higher for additional corrosion and scale
nickel to steel as an alloy results in good mechanical proper- resistance.
ties after quenching and tempering. At a given strength
(except for very thin sections/parts) the nickel steels provide g. 316-Molybdenum (Mo) added to improve corrosion
greatly improve elastic properties, impact resistance and resistance and strength.
toughness.
h. 316L-C- lowered for welding applications.
2-8. CHROMIUM STEELS. Chromium steel is high in
hardness, strength, and corrosion resistant properties. SAE i. 321-Titanium (Ti) added to reduce/avoid carbide precip-
51335 steel is particularly adaptable for heat-treated forgings itation (stabilized grade).
which require greater toughness and strength than may be
obtained in plain carbon steel. It may be used for such articles j. 347-Columbium (Cb), Tantalum (Ta)- Added to reduce/
as the balls and rollers of anti-friction bearings. avoid carbide precipitation (stabilized grade).
2-9. CHROMIUM-NICKEL STEELS. Chromium and nickel k. 347F or Se Sulfur (s) or Selenium (Se) added to
in various proportions mixed with steel form the chrome- improve machinability.
nickel steels. The general proportion is about two and one-half
times as much nickel as chromium. For all ordinary steels in The chrome-nickel steels are used for a variety of applications
this group the chromium content ranges from 0.45 to 1.25 on aircraft and missiles. In plate and sheet form it is used for
percent, while the nickel content ranges from to 2 percent. firewalls, surface skin,
2-2 Change 5
T.O. 1-IA-9
exhaust stacks, heater ducts, gun wells, ammuni- cooling is slow, the carbide particles are relatively
tion chutes, clamps, heat shields/def lectors, fair- coarse and few; in this condition the steel is soft.
ing, stiffeners, brackets, shims, etc. In bar and If the cooling is rapid,
as be quenching in oil or
rod it is used to fabricate various fittings, bolts, water, the carbon precipitates as a cloud of very
studs, screws, nuts, couplings, flanges, valve fine carbide particles, which condition is associ-
stems/seats, turn-buckles, etc. In wire form it is ated with high hardness of the steel.
used for safety wire, cable, rivets, hinge pins,
screens/screening and other miscellaneous items. 2-15. At elevated temperatures, the iron matrix
exists in a form called "austenite" which is capable
2-11. CHROME-VANADIUM STEELS. The of dissolving carbon in solid solution. At ordinary
vanadium content of this steel is approximately temperatures the iron exists as "ferrite", in which
0.18 percent and the chromium content approxi- carbon is relatively insoluble and precipitates; as
mately 1.00 percent. Chrome-vanadium steels described in the preceding paragraph, in the form
when heat-treated have excellent properties such of carbide particles. The temperature at which
as strength, toughness, and resistance to wear and
this change from austenite to ferrite begins to
fatigue. A special grade of this steel in sheet form occur on cooling is called the "upper critical tem-
can be cold-formed into intricate shapes. It can be
perature" of the steel, and varies with the carbon
folded and flattened without signs of breaking or content; up to approximately 0.85 percent carbon,
failure. Chrome-vanadium steel with medium the upper critical temperature is lowered with
high carbon content (SAE 6150) is used to make increasing carbon content; from 0.85 to 1.70 per-
springs. Chrome-vanadium steel with high carbon cent carbon the upper critical temperature is
content (SAE 6195) is used for ball and roller raised with increasing carbon content. Steel that
bearings. has been heated to its upper critical point will
harden completely if rapidly quenched; however, in
2-12. CHROME MOLYBDENUM STEELS. practice it is necessary to exceed this temperature
Molybdenum in small percentage is used in combi- by/from approximately 28 to 56C (50 to 100F)
nation with chromium to form chrome-molybde- to insurethorough heating of the inside of the
num steel; this steel has important applications in piece. If the upper critical temperature is
aircraft. Molybdenum is a strong alloying element, exceeded too much, an unsatisfactory coarse grain
only 0.15 to 0.25percent being used in the chrome- size will be developed in the hardened steel.
molybdenum steels; the chromium content varies
from 0.80 to 1.10 percent. Molybdenum is very 2-16. Successful hardening of steel will largely
similiar to tungsten in its effect on steel. In some
depend upon the following factors after steel has
instances it is used to replace tungsten in cutting been selected which has harden ability desires:
tools, however; the heat treat characteristic varies. Control over the rate of heating, specifi-
The addition of up to 1% molybdenum gives steel a a.
cally to prevent cracking of thick and irregular
higher tensile strength and elastic limit with only sections.
a slight reduction in ductility. They are especially
adaptable for welding and for this reason are used b. Thorough and uniform heating through sec-
principally for welded structural parts and assem- tions to the correct hardening temperatures.
blies. Parts fabricated from 4130, are used exten-
sively in the construction of aircraft, missiles, and c. Control of furnace atmosphere, in the case
miscellaneous GSE equipment. The 4130 alloy is of certain steel parts, to prevent scaling and
used for parts such as engine mounts (recipro- decarburization.
cating), nuts, bolts, gear structures, support brack- d. Correct heat capacity, viscosity, and tem-
ets for accessories, etc. perature of quenching medium to harden ade-
2-13. PRINCIPLES OF HEAT TREATMENT OF
quately and to avoid cracks.
STEELS. e. In addition to the preceding factors, the
thickness of the section controls the depth of hard-
2-14. HARDENING. At ordinary temperatures,
ness for a given steel composition. Very thick sec-
the carbon content of steel exists in the form of
tions may not harden through because of the low
particles of iron carbide scattered throughout the rate of cooling at the center.
iron matrix; the nature of these carbide particles,
i.e., their number, size, and distribution, deter- 2-17. When heating steel, the temperature
mines the hardness and strength of the steel. At should be determined by the use of accurate
elevated temperatures, the carbon is dissolved in instruments. At times, however, such instruments
the iron matrix and the carbide-particles appear are not available, and in such cases, the tempera-
only after the steel has cooled through its "critical ture of the steel may be judged approximately by
temperature" (see paragraph 2-15). If the rate of its color. The accuracy with which temperatures
2-3
T.O. 1-IA-9
may be judged by color depends on the experience 2-20. QUENCHING MEDIUM.

of the workman, the light in which the work is
being done, the character of the scale on the steel, 2-21. Oil is much slower in action than water,
the amount of radiated light within the furnace, and the tendency of heated steel to warp or crack
and the emissivity or tendency of steel to radiate when quenched may be greatly reduced by its use.
emit light. Unfortunately, parts made from high carbon steel
or
will not develop maximum hardness when
2-18. A number of liquids may be used for quenched in oil unless they are quite thin in cross
quenching steel. Both the medium and the form of section. In aircraft, however, it is generally used
the bath depend largely on the nature of the work and is recommended in all cases where it will pro-
to be cooled. It is important that a sufficient duce the desired degree of hardness.
quantity of the medium be provided to allow the
metal to be quenched without causing an apprecia- NOTE
ble change in the temperature of the bath. This is Alloy steels should never be quenched
particularly important where many articles are to in water.
be quenched in succession.
2-22. In certain cases water is used in the
NOTE quenching of steel for the hardening process. The
Aerators may be used in the Quench water bath should be approximately 18C (65F)
Tanks to help dissipate the vapor as extremely cold water is apt to warp or crack the
barrier. steel and water above this temperature will not
produce the required hardness.
2-19. QUENCHING PROCEDURE. The ten-
(sodium chloride) solution
dency of steel to warp and crack during the 2-23. A 10%, salt brine
quenching process is difficult to overcome, and is is used when higher cooling rates are desired. A
due to the fact that certain parts of the article cool 10% salt brine solution is made by dissolving 0.89
more rapidly than others. Whenever the rate of
pound of salt per gallon of water.
cooling is not uniform, internal stresses are set up 2-24. For many articles such as milling cutters
on the metal which may result in warpage or and similar tools, a bath of water covered by a
cracking, depending on the severity of the stresses. film of oil is occasionally used. When the steel is
Irregularly shaped parts are particularly suscepti- plunged through this oil film a thin coating will
ble to these conditions although parts of uniform adhere to it, retarding the cooling effect of the
section size are often affected in a similar manner. water slightly, thus reducing the tendency to crack
Operations such as forging and machining may set due to contraction.
up internal stresses in steel parts and it is there-
fore advisable to normalize articles before attempt- 2-25. STRAIGHTENING OF PARTS WARPED
ing the hardening process. The following recom- IN QUENCHING. Warped parts must be
mendations will greatly reduce the warping straightened by first heating to below the temper-
tendency and should be carefully observed: ing temperature of the article, and then applying
pressure. This pressure should be continued until
a. An article should never be thrown into the piece is cooled. It is desirable to retemper the
quenching media/bath. By permitting it to lie on part after straightening at the straightening tem-
the bottom of the bath it is apt to cool faster on perature. No attempt should be made to
the top side than on the bottom side, thus causing straighten hardened steel without heating, regard-
it to warp or crack. less of the number of times it has been previously
b. The article should be slightly agitated in heated, assteel in its hardened condition cannot
the bath to destroy the coating of vapor which be bent sprung cold with any degree of safety.
or
might prevent it from cooling rapidly. This allows 2-26. TEMPERING (DRAWING). Steel that
the bath to remove the heat of the article rapidly has been hardened by rapid cooling from a point
by conduction and convection. slightly above its critical range is often harder
An article should be quenched in such a than necessary and generally too brittle for most
c.
manner that all parts will be cooled uniformly and
purposes. In addition, it is under severe internal
with the least possible distortion. For example, a stress. In order to relieve the stresses and reduce
the brittleness or restore ductility the metal is
gear wheel or shaft should be quenched in a ver- always "tempered". Tempering consists in reheat-
ticle position.
ing the steel to a temperature below the critical
d. Irregularly shaped sections should be range (usually in the neighborhood of 600
immersed in such a manner that the parts of the 1200F). This reheating causes a coalescence and
greatest section thickness enters the bath first. enlargement of the fine carbide particles produced
2-4
T.O. 1-1A-9
by drastic quenching, and thus tends to soften the bending, and welding. Normalizing may be accom-
steel. The desired strength wanted will determine plished in furnaces used for annealing. The arti-
the tempering temperature. This is accomplished cles are put in the furnace and heated to a point
in the same types of furnaces as are used for hard- approximately 150 to 225F above the critical
ening and annealing. Less refined methods are temperature of the steel. After the parts have
sometimes used for tempering small tools. been held at this temperature for a sufficient time
for the parts to be heated uniformly throughout,
2-27. As in the case of hardening, tempering they must be removed from the furnace and cooled
temperatures may be approximately determined in still air. Prolonged soaking of the metal at high
by color. These colors appear only on the surface temperatures must be this practice will
avoided, as
and are due to a thin film of oxide which forms on cause the grain structure to enlarge.
The length
the metal after the temperature reaches 232C of time required for the soaking temperature will
(450F). In order to see the tempering colors, the depend upon the mass of metal being treated. The
surface must be brightened. A buff stick consisting optimum soaking time is roughly one-quarter hour
of a piece of wood with emery cloth attached is per inch of diameter or thickness.
ordinarily used for this purpose. When tempering
by the color method, an open flame of heated iron 2-30. CASE HARDENING. In many instances
plate is ordinarily used as the heating medium. it is desirable toproduce a hard, wear-resistant
Although the color method is convenient, it should surface or "case" over a strong, tough core. Treat-
not be used unless adequate facilities for determin- ment of this kind is known as "case hardening".
ing temperature are not obtainable. Tempering This treatment may be accomplished in several
temperatures can also be determined by the use of ways, the principal ways being carburizing, cya-
crayons of known melting point. Such crayons are
niding, and nitriding.
commercially available for a wide range of temper- 2-31. Flame Hardening/Softening. Surface hard-
atures under the trade name of "Tempilstiks". The ening/softening by applying intense heat (such as
above method may be used where exact properties that produced by an Oxy-Acetylene f lame) can be
after tempering is not too important such as for accomplished on almost any of the medium carbon
blacksmith work. The most desireable method for
or alloys steel, i.e. 1040, 1045, 1137, 1140 etc.
general aeronautical use, is to determine tempera- The parts are surface hardened, by applying a
tures by hardness checks, and subsequent adjust- reducing flame (An Oxidizing f lame should never
ments made as necessary to obtain the properties be used) at such a rate, that the surface is rapidly
required. For recommended tempering tempera- heated to the proper quenching temperature for
tures see heat treat data for material/composition the steel being treated. Following the application
involved. of the heat, the part is quenched by a spraying of
water/oil rapidly. The fast quench hardens the
2-28. Steel is usually subjected to the annealing steel to the depth that the hardening temperature
process for the following purposes: has penetrated below the surface. The actual hard-
To increase its ductility by reducing hardness resulting will depend on the rate of cooling
a.
and brittleness. from the quenching temperature. In hardening by
ness
this method the shape and size/mass of the part
b. To refine the crystalline structure and must be considered. Most operations will require
remove stresses.Steel which has been cold- special adapted spray nozzles to apply the quench-
worked is usually annealed so as to increase its ing media, which is usually water. Normally,
ductility. However, a large amount of cold-drawn flame hardening will produce surface hardness
wire is used in its cold-worked state when very higher than can be obtained by routine furnace
high yield point and tensile strength are desired heating and quenching, because surface can be
and relatively low ductility is permissible, as in cooled at a faster rate. If a combination of high
spring wire, piano wire, and wires for rope and strength core and surface is required some of the
cable. Heating to low temperatures, as in solder- medium carbon alloy steels can be heat treated
ing, will destroy these properties. However, rapid and subsequently surface hardened by the flame
heating will narrow the affected area. method.
c. To soften the material so that machining, NOTE

forming, etc., can be performed. This method is not adapted for sur-
face hardening of parts for use in crit-
2-29. NORMALIZING. Although involving a
ical applications.
slightly different heat treatment, normalizing may
be classed as a form of annealing. This process 2-32. Surface softening is accomplished by heat-
also removes stresses due to machining, forging, ing the surface to just below the temperature
2-5
T.O. 1-IA-9
required for hardening and allowing the material 2-38. Solid, liquid, and gas carburizing methods
to cool (in air) naturally. This method is some- are employed.
times used to soften material that has been hard-
ened by frame cutting. Often it is necessary to a. The simplest method of carburizing con-
apply the heat in short intervals to prevent sists of soaking the parts at an elevated tempera-
exceeding the hardening temperature. ture while in contact with solid carbonaceous
material such as wood charcoal, bone charcoal and
2-33. Induction. Hardening/Heating. The induc- charred leather.
tion method of heating can be used to surface b. Liquid carburizing consists of immersing
harden steels, in a manner similar to that used for
f lame hardening. The exception is that the heat the parts in a liquid salt bath, heated to the
for hardening is produced by placing the part in a proper temperature. The carbon penetrates the
steel as in the solid method producing the desired
magnetic field (electrical) specifically designed for
the purpose. Parts hardened (surface) by this case.
method will be limited to capability and size of c. Gas carburizing consists of heating the
loop/coil used to produce the magnetic field. parts in a retortand subjecting them to a carbona-
2-34. In some instances the induction method ceous gas such as carbon monoxide or the common
fuel gases. This process is particularly adaptable
can be used to deep harden; the extent will depend
to certain engine parts.
on exposure/dwell time, intensity of the magnetic
field, and the size of the part to be treated. 2-39. When pack carburizing, the parts are
2-35. CARBURIZING. At elevated tempera-
packed with the carburizing material in a vented
steel container to prevent the solid carburizing
tures iron can react with gaseous carbon com- compound from burning and to retain the carbon
pounds to form iron carbide. By heating
steel, monoxide and dioxide gases. Nichrome boxes,
while in contact with a carbon-aceous substance, capped pipes of mild steel, or welded mild steel
carbonic gases given off by this material will pene- boxes may be used. Nichrome boxes are most eco-
trate the steel to an amount proportional to the nomical for production because they withstand oxi-
time and temperature. For example, if mild or dation. Capped pipes of mild steel or welded mild
soft steel is heated to 732C (1,350F) in an steel boxes are useful only as substitutes. The
atmosphere of carbonic gases, it will absorb carbon container should be so placed as to allow the heat
from the gas until a carbon content of approxi-
to circulate entirely around it. The furnace must
mately 0.80 percent has been attained at the sur- be brought to the carburizing temperature as
face, this being the saturation point of the steel for quickly as possible and held at this heat from to
the particular temperature. By increasing the 16 hours, depending upon the depth of case
heat to 899C/(1,650F) the same steel will absorb desired and the size of the work. After carbu-
carbon from the gas until a carbon content of rizing, the container should be removed and
approximately 1.1 percent has been attained, allowed to cool in air or the parts removed from
which is the saturation point for the increased the carburizing compound and quenched in oil or
temperature. water. The air cooling, although slow, reduces
2-36. The carburizing process may be applied to warpage and is advisable in many cases.
both plain carbon and alloy steels provided they 2-40. Carburized steel parts are rarely used
are within the low carbon range. Specifically, the without subsequent heat treatment, which consists
carburizing steels are those containing not more of several steps to obtain optimum hardness in the
than 0.20 percent carbon. The lower the carbon
case, and optimum strength and ductility in the
content in the steel, the more readily it will
core. Grain size of the core and case is refined.
absorb, carbon during the carburizing process.
a. Refining the core is accomplished by
2-37. The amount of carbon absorbed and the reheating the parts to a point just above the criti-
thickness of the case obtained increases with time; cal temperature of the steel. After soaking for a
however, the carburization progresses more slowly sufficient time to insure uniform heating, the
as the carbon content increases during the process. parts are quenched in oil.
The length of time required to produce the desired
degree of carburization material used and the tem- b. The hardening temperature for the high
perature to which the metal is subjected. It is carbon case is well below that of the core. It is,
apparent that, in carburizing, carbon travels therefore, necessary to heat the parts again to the
slowly from the outside toward the inside center, critical temperature of the case and quench them
and therefore, the proportion of carbon absorbed in oil to produce the required hardness. A soaking
must decrease from the outside to the inside. period of 10 minutes is generally sufficient.
2-6
T.O. 1-1A-9
c. A final stressrelieving operation is neces- flaking of the nitrided case. When no distortion is
sary minimize the
to hardening stresses produced permissible in the nitrided part, it is necessary to
by the previous treatment. The stress relieving normalize the steel prior to nitriding to remove all
temperature is generally around 350F. This is strains resulting from the forging, quenching, or
accomplished by heating, soaking until uniformly machining.
heated, and cooling in still air. When extreme
hardness is desired, the temperature should be 2-43. HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT. Equip-
carefully held to the lower limit of the range. ment necessary for heat treating consists of a suit-
able means bringing the metal to the required
for
2-41. CYANIDING. Steel parts may be surface- temperature measuring and controlling device and
hardened by heating while in contact with a quenching medium. Heat may, in some instances,
cyanid salt, followed by quenching. Only a thin be supplied by means of a forge or welding torch;
case is obtained by this method and it is, there- however, for the treatment required in aircraft
fore, seldom used in connection with aircraft con- work, a furnace is necessary. Various jigs and fix-
struction or repair. Cyaniding is, however, a rapid tures are sometimes needed for controlling quench-
and economical method of case hardening, and ing and preventing warping.
may be used in some instances for relatively unim-
portant parts. The work to be hardened is 2-44. FURNACES. Heat treating furnaces are
immersed in a bath of molten sodium or potassium of many designs and no one size or type perfectly
cyanide from 30 to 60 minutes. The cyanide bath fills every heat treating requirement. The size
should be maintained at a temperature to 760C to and quantity of metal to be treated and the vari-
899C (1,400F to 1,650F). Immediately after ous treatments required determine the size and
removal from the bath, the parts are quenched in type of furnace most suitable for each individual
water. The case obtained in this manner is due case. The furnace should be of a suitable type and
principally to the formation of carbides and design for the purpose intended and should be
nitrides on the surface of the steel. The use of a capable of maintaining within the working zone a
closed pot and ventilating hood are required for temperature varying not more than + or 14C
cyaniding, as cyanide vapors are extremely (25F) for the desired value.
poisonous.
2-45. HEAT TREATING FURNACES/BATHS.
2-42. NITRIDING. This method of case hard-
ening is advantageous due to the fact that a 2-46. The acceptable heating media for heat
harder case is obtained than by carburizing. Many treating of steels are air, combusted gases, protec-
engine parts such as cylinder barrels and gears tive atmosphere, inert atmosphere or vacuum fur-
may be treated in this way. Nitriding is generally naces, molten-fused salt baths, and molten-lead
applied to certain special steel alloys, one of the baths. The heat treating furnaces/baths are of
essential constituents of which is aluminum. The many designs and no one size or type will perfectly
process involves the exposing of the parts to fill every heat treating requirement. Furnaces
ammonia gas or other nitrogenous materials for 20 and baths shall be of suitable design, type and
to 100 hours at 950F. The container in which the construction for purpose intended. Protective and
work and ammonia gas are brought in contact inert atmospheres shall be utilized and circulated
must be airtight and capable of maintaining good as necessary to protect all surfaces of parts com-
circulation and even temperature throughout. The prising the furnace load.
depth of case obtained by nitriding is about 0.015
inch if heated for 50 hours. The nitriding process 2-47. The design and construction of the heating
does not affect the physical state of the core if the equipment shall be such that the furnace/bath is
preceding tempering temperature was 950F or capable of maintaining within the working zone, at
over. When a part is to be only partially treated, any point, a temperature varying not more than
tinning of any surface will prevent it from being +/-25F (+/-14C) from the required heat treating tem-
nitrided. Nitrided surfaces can be reheated to perature, with any charge. After the charge has
950F with out losing any of their hardness, how- been brought up to treating/soaking temperature
ever, if heated above that temperature, the hard- all areas of the working zone shall be within the
ness is rapidly lost and cannot be regained by permissible temperature range specified for the
retreatment. Prior to any nitriding treatment, all steel/alloy being heat treated (See Table 2-3, MIL-
decarburized metal must be removed to prevent H-6875 or engineering data for material involved).
2-7
T.O. 1-1A-9
NOTE furnaces, a minimum of 9 test thermocouples or 1

Specification SAE-AMS-H-6875, Heat per 25 cubic feet, whichever is greater, shall be
Treatment of Steel, will be the control used. Bath furnaces shall be tested by use of a
document for heat treating steel minimum of 5 test locations or 1 per each 15 cubic
material to be used on aerospace feet. The locations may be surveys, using suitable
equipment. Where new alloys are protected multiple or single brake test thermocou-
involved, it will be necessary to ples. For distribution of test thermocouples, see
review the involved specification or Figure 2-1. Temperature measuring and recording
manufacturer's engineering or design instruments used for controlling the furnace shall
data for the appropriate heat informa- not be used to read the temperature of the test
tion (temperature, control, atmos- temperature sensing elements.
phere, times, etc). In case of conflict 2-52. For all surveys, the furnace or bath tem-
the Military/Federal Specification will perature shall be allowed to stabilize at the poten-
be governing factor or the conflict will tial test temperature. The initial survey shall be
be negotiated with the responsible made at the highest and lowest temperatures of
technical/engineering activities for the furnace specified operating range. Periodic
resolution. surveys may be made at a convenient temperature
2-48. HEAT CONTROL, FURNACE TEMPERA- within the operating range. The temperature of
TURES SURVEY AND TEMPERATURE MEA- all test locations/thermocouples shall be recorded
SURING EQUIPMENT. at 5 minute intervals, starting immediately after
insertion of the test thermocouples in the furnace
2-49. Furnaces/baths shall be equipped with or bath. Reading shall be continued
for 1/2-hour
suitable automatic temperature control devices, or more after furnace control thermocouple reads
properly calibrated and arranged, preferably of the within 25F of original setting. After all the test
potentiometer type to assure adequate control of thermocouples have reached the minimum of the
temperature in all heat-treating zones. The heat treating range, their maximum variation
resulting temperature readings shall be within shall not exceed +/-25F (14C) and shall be within
+/-1.0 percent of the temperature indications of the the specified heat treating temperature range in
calibrating equipment. Thermocouples shall be accordance with Specification SAE-AMS-H-6875 or 1
properly located in the working zones and ade- Table 2-3. If the test indicates that conditions are
quately protected from contamination by furnace not satisfactory, the required changes shall be
atmospheres by means of suitable protecting made in the furnace and arrangements of the
tubes. charge. The furnace control couples shall be cor-
2-50. A survey shall be made before placing any rected for any deviation from the standard electro-
furnace in operation, after any change is mative force (EMF) temperature chart as deter-
new
made that may affect operational characteristics, mined in calibration of the couples.
and semi-annually thereafter to assure conform- 2-53. FURNACE CONTROL INSTRUMENTS
ance with temperature and control requirement ACCURACY.
previously cited. Where furnaces are used only for
annealing or stress relieving, an annual survey 2-54. The accuracy of temperature measuring,
will be acceptable. The survey may be waived at recording and controlling instruments shall be
the discretion of the authorized inspector or repre- checked at regular intervals, not exceeding 3
sentative provided that the results from previous months or upon request of personnel in charge or
tests, with the same furnace or bath and same authorized (Government) inspector or representa-
type of load, show that the temperature and con- tives. The accuracy of the instrument shall be
trol uniformity is within specified limits. As a made by comparison tests with a standardized pre-
part of the inspection thermocouples should be cision potentiometer type instrument of known
closely inspected for condition and those severely (tested) accuracy used with a calibrated thermo-
deteriorated and of doubtful condition should be couple. The test thermocouple shall be located
replaced. approximately 3 inches from the installed furnace
thermocouple(s). The temperature for check shall
2-51. The initial and succeeding (semi-annual be at working temperature with a production load.
and annual) surveys shall be performed with a If instruments are replaced or not used for 3
standard production type atmosphere, controlled if months they shall be checked before use.
required. A minimum of 9 test thermocouples or 1
per 15 cubic feet, whichever is greater, shall be
used for air furnaces except circulating air fur-
naces used for tempering only. In the tempering
2-8 Change 4
T.O. 1-IA-9
RETANGULAR FURNACE CYLINDRICAL BATH CYLINDRICAL AIR FURNACE

(WORKING ZONE) (WORKING ZONE) (WORKING ZONE)
08 20 3 1,4 2
0
607 104
TOP VIEW
5
06 1O2 0T
0
08 04 TOP VIEW
9 6,7 8
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW
CODE;
B=BOTTOM
T=TOP
C=CENTER
ONLY CIRCLED TEST LOCATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR BATH-TYPE FURNACES LESS THAN
75 CUBIC FEET.
WHEN VOLUME REQUIRES ADDITIONAL TEST LOCATIONS, THEY SHALL BE SYMMETRICALLY

DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE WORKING ZONE.
L9805646
Figure 2-1. Number and Distribution of Thermocouples
2-9
TO 1-1A-9
2-55. SALT BATH CONTROL. 2-62. SOAKING PERIODS. The period of soaking is gov-
erned by both the size of the section and the nature of the
2-56. The bath composition shall be adjusted as frequently as steel. Table 2-1 indicates in a general way the effect of size on
necessary to prevent objectionable attachment of the steel or the time for soaking. This table is intended to be used as a
alloy to be treated and to permit attainment of the desired guide only and should not be construed as being a mandatory
mechanical properties of the finished product. The bath will be requirement. It applies only to plain carbon and low alloy
checked at least once a month. steels.
2-57. Temperature recording should be of the automatic con- Table 2-1. Soaking Periods for Hardening Normalizing and
trolling and recording type, preferably the potentiometer type. Annealing (Plain Carbon Steel)
Thermocouples should be placed in a suitable protecting tube,
unless the furnace atmosphere is such that undue deterioration
of the thermocouples will not result. TIME OF
HEATING TO
2-58. QUENCHING TANKS AND LIQUIDS. Suitable tanks DIAMETER REQUIRED TIME OF
must be provided for quenching baths. The size of tanks OR TEMPERATURE HOLDING
should be sufficiently large to allow the liquids to remain THICKNESS (APPROX) (APPROX)
approximately at room temperature. Circulating pumps and INCHES HOURS HOURS
coolers may be used for maintaining approximately constant
temperatures where a large amount of quenching is done. The 1 and less 3/4 1/2
location of these tanks is very important due to the fact that Over 1 1 1/4 1/2
insufficiently rapid transfer from the furnace to the quenching through 2
medium may destroy the effects of the heat treatment in many Over 2 1 3/4 3/4
instances. through 3
2-59. The quenching liquids commonly used are as follows: Over 3 2 1/4 1
Water at 18°C (65°F), Commercial Quenching Oil, and Fish through 4
Oil. Over 4 2 3/4 1
through 5
2-60. HEAT TREATING PROCEDURES. Over 5 3 1/2 1 1/2
through 8
NOTE
Additional Heat Treatment information is discussed 2-63. HARDENING. Temperatures required for hardening
in Section IX. steel are governed by the chemical composition of the steel,
previous treatment, handling equipment, size and shape of
2-60A. NEWLY FABRICATED PARTS. Newly fabricated piece to be treated. Generally, parts of heavy cross section
parts that require heat treatment shall be accompanied by a should be hardened from the high side of the given tempera-
coupon, whenever possible. A coupon is a piece of metal that ture range.
is taken from the same stock as the fabricated part. Its thick-
ness should match that of the part with an overall size that 2-64. TEMPERING (DRAWING.). Tempering consists of
provides adequate room for hardness testing. Coupons must be heating the hardened steel to the applicable temperature hold-
heat treated along with the fabricated part to ensure both items ing at this temperature for approximately 1 hour per inch of
undergo the same metallurgical changes. After completion of the thickness of the largest section, and cooling in air or
heat treatment, perform required hardness testing on the cou- quenching in oil at approximately 27° to 66°C (80° to 150°F).
pon to prevent damage to the fabricated part. See Section VIII The temperature to be used for tempering of steel depends
of this technical order for proper hardness testing procedures. upon the exact chemical composition, hardness, and grain
structure obtained by hardening and the method of tempering.
2-61. INITIAL FURNACE TEMPERATURES. In normaliz- The tempering temperatures given are only approximate, and
ing, annealing and hardening where parts are not preheated, the exact temperature should be determined by hardness or
the temperature in that zone of the furnace where works is tension test for individual pieces. The final tempering temper-
introduced should be at least 149°C (300°F) below the work- atures should not be more than 111°C (200°F) below the tem-
ing temperature at the time of insertion of parts of simple pering, temperature given. If the center of the section is more
design. For parts of complicated design involving abrupt that 1/2-inch from the surface, the tensile strength at the center
change of section or sharp corners, the temperature should be will in general be reduced; therefore, a lower tempering tem-
at least 260°C (500°F) below the working temperature. The perature should be used for sections thicker than 1 inch in
furnace must be brought to the proper temperature gradually. order to obtain the required tensile strength.
2-10 Change 7
TO 1-1A-9
2-65. ANNEALING. Annealing consists of heating to the 2-70. TENSILE STRENGTH. Tempering temperatures listed
applicable temperature, holding at this temperature for approx- with the individual steels in Table 2-3 are offered as a guide
imately the period of time given, and cooling in the furnace to for obtaining desired tensile and yield strength of the entire
a temperature not higher than 482°C (900°F). The steel may cross section. When the physical properties are specified in
then be removed from the furnace and cooled in still air. terms of tensile strength, but tension tests are impractical,
hardness tests may be employed using the equivalent hardness
2-66. NORMALIZING. Normalizing consists of heating the
values specified in Table 8-3.
steel to the applicable temperature, holding at this temperature
for period of time, removing from furnace and cooling in still
2-71. HARDNESS-TENSILE STRENGTH RELATION-
air. SHIP. The approximate relationship between the tensile
strength and hardness is indicated in Table 8-3. This table is to
2-67. CARBURIZING. Carburizing consists of heating the be used as a guide. It applied only to the plain carbon and low
steel packed in a carburizing medium, in a closed container, to alloy steels not to corrosion-resistant, magnet, valve, or tool
the applicable temperature and holding at this temperature for steels. When a narrow range of hardness is required, the tests
the necessary period of time to obtain the desired depth of to determine the relationship between hardness and strength
case. 1020 steel will require 1 to 3 hours at a carburizing should be made on the actual part. Hardness values should be
temperature of 899°C (1650°F) for each 1/64 inch of case within a range of two points Rockwell or 20 points Brinell or
depth, required. Parts may be cooled in the box or furnace to a Vickers. The tensile strength-hardness relationship is quite
temperature of approximately 482°C (900°F) then air cool. uniform for parts which are sufficiently large and rigid to per-
This treatment leaves the alloy in a relatively soft condition mit obtaining a full depression on a flat surface without
and it is then necessary to condition by heating and quenching, deflection of the piece. For cylindrical parts of less than inch
first for core refinement, followed by heating and quenching in diameter, the Rockwell reading will be lower than indicated
for case hardness. Alloy may be quenched directly from the in the table for the corresponding tensile strength. Any process
carburizing furnace, thus producing a hard case and a core which affects the surface, such as buffing and plating, or the
hardness of Rockwell B67. This treatment produces a coarse presence of decarburized or porous areas and hard spots, will
grain in some types of steel and may cause excessive distor- affect the corresponding relation between hardness and tensile
tion. Usually there is less distortion in fine grain steels. The strength. Therefore, these surfaces must be adequately
core treatment outlined above refines the grain as well as hard- removed by grinding before measurements are made.
ens.
2-72. In making hardness measurements on tubular sections,
2-67A. RECORDS. Air Force personnel shall document heat correction factors must be determined and applied to the
treatment procedures performed on aircraft and missile observed readings in order to compensate for the roundness
weapon systems and support equipment by utilizing AFTO and deflection of the tubing under the pressure of the penetra-
Form 8, Heat Treatment Procedure Record. On-site AF con- tor. This may be impractical because every tube size end wall
tractors shall also use the AFTO Form 8 unless their contract thickness would have a different factor. As an alternate, the
specifies a different method of heat treatment documentation. following procedure may be used: Short lengths may be cut
Personnel performing hardness testing shall document results from the tube. A mandrel long enough to extend out both ends
on AFTO Form 8, Blocks 21 - 25. A paper or digital copy of of the tube and slightly smaller in diameter than the inner
the completed record shall be retained by the facility perform- diameter of the tube is then passed through the section and the
ing the heat treatment in accordance with applicable Air Force ends supported in "V" supports on the hardness tester. Hard-
Records Disposition Schedule guidelines. ness readings may then be taken on the tubing.
2-68. HARDNESS TESTING. 2-73. SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE. Table 2-2 is a

cross reference index listing the steel and alloy types and the
2-69. GENERAL. Hardness testing is an important factor in corresponding Federal, Military, and aeronautical material
the determination of the results of the heat treatment as well as specifications for the different configurations. Where two or
the condition of the metal before heat treatment and must, more specifications cover the same material, stock material
therefore, be carefully considered in connection with this meeting the requirements of a military specification shall be
work. The methods of hardness testing in general use are: the used for all aeronautical structural items. Some of the specifi-
Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, and Shore Scleroscope. Each of cations listed in Table 2-2 are for reference only, and are not
these methods is discussed in section VIII. approved for Air Force use.
Change 8 2-11
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference
COMP/ALLOY
DESIGN FORMICOMMODITY AMS FEDERAL MILITARY
1005 Rod, welding steel and 5030 MIL-R-908, C1 1

cast iron, rod and wire,
steelwelding (A/C
application)
1008 Steel, sheet and strip, MIL-S-4174
flat, aluminum coated
low carbon, MIL-S-4174
1010 Bars, Billets, Blooms, MIL-S-16974

Slabs
Bars (General Purpose) QQ-S-633 MIL-S-11310
Wire QQ-W-461
Sheet and Strip 5047 QQ-S-698
Sheet and Strip 5040
Tubing, Seamless 5050
Tubing, Welded 5053
Rivets 7225
Wire (Carbon) QQ-W-409
Strip (For Small Arms, MIL-S-13468
Bullets)
Blooms, Billets, Slabs MIL-S-16788 C1
Steel Disks (For Deep MIL-S-13852
Drawn Ammunition
items)
Tubes, Seamless MIL-T-16286 Cl A
(Marine Boiler
application)
Electrodes, Welding MIL-E-6843 Cl E
6013
Electrodes, Welding 5031 MIL-E-6843 C1 E
6013
Electrodes, Welding MIL-E-18193 ty 60
Rod and Wire (Welding MIL-R-5632 Cl 1
Low Carbon Steel)
1015, 1016, Bar (General Purpose) 5060 QQ-S-633 (Comp

1017, 1018 Bar and Billets C1015-C1019)
and 1019
Tube, Seamless/Welded WW-T-731 Comp A
2-12
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued
COMP/ALLOY
DESIGN FORM/COMMODITY AMS FEDERAL MILITARY
1015, 1016, Tube, Mechanical QQ-T-830 MT1015
1017, 1018
and 1019
(Continued)
Steel Carbon 5060 QQ-S-633 Comp C1015
Wire (Carbon) QQ-W-409 (Comp 1015
1019
Tubing MIL-T-3520
Steel Disks MIL-S-13852
Plate, Sheet and Strip MIL-S-7809
(See Corten)
Sheet and Strip, Bars, QQ-S-640
Billets
Blooms, Slabs MIL-S-16974
1020 Bars, Billets, Blooms, MIL-S-16974

Slabs
Bars QQ-S-633 MIL-S-3090
Sheet and Strip MIL-S-7952
Wire (Carbon) 5032 QQ-W-461
Wire
Wire (Book Binder) QQ-W-414
Sheet and Strip 5045 QQ-S-698 1020
Plate (Carbon) QQ-S-635
Tubing (Automotive) MIL-T-3520
Bars MIL-S-11310
Blooms, Billets, Slabs MIL-S-16788 Cl 2
Tubing (Welded) MIL-T-20162 Gr 1
Tubing MIL-T-20169
Steel Disks (For deep MIL-S-13852
drawn ammunition
items)
Sheet and Strip
Tubing (Seamless and QQ-T-830
Welded)
Change 1 2-13
T.O. 1-IA-9
COMP/ALLOY
1022 Bars and Forgings 5070 QQ-S-633 MIL-S-11310
Plates (Up to 1") QQ-S-691, C1 A
Steel Disk (For deep MIL-S-13852
drawn ammunition
items)
Bars, Billets, Blooms, MIL-S-16974
Slabs
Sheet and Strip QQ-S-640
Tubing QQ-S-643
Tubing, Mechanical QQ-T-830
1025 Fittings MIL-F-20236 ty
Bars QQ-S-633
Tubing MIL-T-3520
Tubing MIL-T-5066
Castings QQ-S-681, C1 1
Castings QQ-S-681, C1 2
Bars MIL-S-11310
Tubing, Seamless 5075 MIL-T-5066
Tubing, Welded 5077 MIL-T-5066
Wire QQ-W-409
Casting MIL-S-15083 Cl B
Steel Disks MIL-S-13852
Sheet and Strip MIL-S-7952
Tubing QQ-S-643
Plate MIL-P-20167 C1 C
Corten Plate, Sheet and Strip MIL-S-7809

(High Str)
NAX AC Sheet, Plate, Bar, 6354
9115 Billet, Bloom, Strip
1035 Steel, Carbon (Bars, 5080 QQ-S-633 (Bar)
Forgings, and Tubings)
Ingot MIL-S-20145 Gr N
Plate MIL-P-20167 C1 A
Bar QQ-S-633
2-14
T.O. 1-IA-9
COMP/ALLOY
1035 Tubes MIL-T-20141
(Continued)
Forgings MIL-S-16900
Tubes, Seamless 5082
Plate and Disk MIL-S-3289
Plates (Marine Boiler) QQ-S-691 C1 B
Plates (Marine Boiler) QQ-S-691 Cl C
Shapes, Bar and Plate QQ-S-741 Gr A
(Structural)
Wire QQ-W-409
Sheet, Strip QQ-S-640
Forgings (Naval Ship MIL-S-19434, Cl 1
Board)
Plates and Disks (For MIL-S-3289
artillery ammunition
cartridge cases)
Tubes MIL-T-11823
1040 Bars QQ-S-633

Castings QQ-S-681, C 1
Wire QQ-W-409
Bars MIL-S-11310
Blooms, Billets, Bars MIL-S-16974
and Slabs
1045 Tubes (Welded) MIL-T-4377

Bars QQ-S-633
Ingots MIL-S-20145 Gr P
Plate QQ-S-635
Sheets, Strip, Tubes, QQ-S-640
Seamless
Strip MIL-S-303
Strip (For ammunition MIL-S-3039
cartridge clips)
1050 Bars QQ-S-633 MIL-S-20137
2-15
T.O. 1-IA-9
COMP/ALLOY
1050 Blooms, Billets, and MIL-S-16788, Cl C5
(Continued) Slabs (For Forgings)
Bars, Billets, Blooms, 5085 QQ-S-681
Slabs, Castings
Tubing, Seamless/ QQ-T-880
Welded
1055 Ingots MIL-S-20145 Gr R

Forgings (For Shell MIL-S-10520
Stock)
Bars QQ-S-633
Electrodes MIL-E-18193 (Ty 201)
1060 Bar QQ-S-633
Bars, and Wire MIL-S-16410 comp 3
Wire, Springs, QQ-W-428 Ty 1 and 2
Spring MIL-S-2839
Blooms, Billets, Slabs MIL-S-16788, Cl C6
Bars, Blooms, Billets, MIL-S-16974
Slabs
Forgings MIL-S-10520 comp 3
1070-1075 Sheet, Strip MIL-S-8143
Wire, Spring 5115
Steel Tool QQ-T-580
Washers 7240 FF-W-84 C1 A
Wire Bars QQ-S-633 MIL-S-12504
Steel, Strip (Spring- MIL-S-11713 comp 2
Time Fuse)
Strip, Spring 5120
(1074)
1080, 1086, Bars QQ-S-633
1090
Steel, Tool QQ-T-580 C1-W1-09
Blooms, Billets, Slabs MIL-S-16788 C l C8
(For Forgings)
Wire, Drawn Metal MIL-W-6714
(Stitching, (Galvanized)
2-16
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
1080, 1086, Blooms, Billets, Bars, MIL-S-16974
1090 Slabs
(Continued)
Wire, Comm Quality 5110
Wire, Carbon 5112 QQ-W-470
Spring, Music
1095 Bars 5132 QQ-S-633 MIL-S-8559
Bars, Wire MIL-S- 16410 comp
Wire, Spring QQ-W-428
Sheet, Strip MIL-S-11713 comp 3
Wire (High Carbon) QQ-W-470
Sheet, Strip 5121 MIL-S-7947 cond A
Strip
Sheet, Strip 5122 MIL-S-7947 cond H
Strip
Springs 7340
Wire, Spring (For MIL-W-13604
small arms
application)
Blooms, Billets, Slabs MIL-S-16788
Steel Bars, Round, MIL-S-46033
Square and Flat for
Forgings
Strip MIL-S-17919
Bars, Blooms, Billet MIL-S-16974
and Slabs
1112 Steel, Carbon, Bars 5010

Forging and
Mechanical Tubing
Bars 5010 QQ-S-633
1117 Steel Carbon, Bars, 5022
Forging and
Mechanical Tubing
Bars MIL-S-16124, C1 1,
comp A
Bars 5022 QQ-S-633
Forgings MIL-S-10520
1137 Steel Carbon, Bars, 5024

Forging and
Mechanical Tubing
2-17
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
1137 Bars 5024 QQ-S-633 MIL-S-43
(Continued)
Bars MIL-S-16124, Cl 2
Tubing, Seamless QQ-S-643
2317 Bars QQ-S-6'24
Wire (Alloy) QQ-W-405
2330 Ingots MIL-S-20145
Bars QQ-S-624
Tubing QQ-S-629
2340 Bars QQ-S-624
Tubing QQ-S-629
Ingots MIL-S-20145 Gr V
2515 Bars QQ-S-624

3115 Bars QQ-S-624
Bars, Billets (For MIL-S-866
carburizing)
3140 Bars QQ-S-624
Bars, Blooms, Billets MIL-S-16974
3310 Bars QQ-S-624 MIL-S-7397 comp

Wire QQ-S-405
3316 Bars MIL-S-1393 comp 2
4037 Bars, Wire 6300

Bar QQ-S-624
Wire QQ-W-405
4050 Steel, Tool QQ-T-570 Cl
4130 Bars, Rods, Forgings 6370 QQ-S-624 MIL-S-6758
(A/C Quality)
2-18
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
4130 Plate, Sheet Strip 6350 MIL-S-18729
(Continued) (A/C Quality) 6351
and Slabs
6361
6362 MIL-T-6736
Tubing, Welded MIL-S-6731
Tubing, Mechanical 6371
Plate (Commercial QQ-S-626
Quality)
Sheet, Strips QQ-S-627
4135 Bars QQ-S-624
Plate, Sheet, Strip MIL-S-18733
Tubing, Seamless 6365 MIL-T-6735 cond N
Tubing, Seamless MIL-T-6735
Bars, Blooms MIL-S-16974
Tubing
17-22-A(V) Bar, Forging, 6303
Forging Stock
4137C0 Alternate designation: Unimuch UCX2, MX 2, Rocoloy. Specification:
Mellon XMDR-2, Sheet, Steel.
4140 Bars, Rods, Forgings, 6882 QQ-S-624 MIL-S-5626
Plates (Commercial QQ-S-626
Grade)
Tubing 6381
Bar, Blooms, Billets MIL-S-16974
4150 Bar QQ-S-624
Bar (For Small arms MIL-S-11595 MR
Weapons Barrels)
Bar (Special Bar for MIL-S-12504 MR
AF Bullet Cores and
Shot)
2-19
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
52100 Bars, Forgings 6440 MIL-S-7420
Ladish D-6-A Alternate designation, D-6-A-V and D-6-A-C.
Nitralloy 135 Bar, Forging, Forging Stock 6470 MIL-S-6709, comp A

Bar
(Nitriding) and
Forg-
ings
Alternate designations, Nitralloy Type G, Modified and ASTM-A355-57T
Cl A
Nitralloy 4330 Bars and Forgings Stock MIL-E-8699

(Mod)
Nitralloy Bars, Forging 6412- QQ-S-624
4337 6475
Ingot MIL-S-20145 Gr U
4340 Plate, Sheet and Strip 6359

Bar, Forging and 6414
Tubing
Bar, Forging and 6415 MIL-S-5000
Tubing
Bar, Reforging MIL-S-8844 C l
Bar QQ-S-624
Bar, Forging and 6428
Tubing
Strip and Sheet QQ-S-627
Bar, Rod, Plate MIL-E-21515
and Sheet
4335 (Mod) Bars, Plates, Sheets MIL-S-21515

and Strips
HyTuf Bar, Forging and 6418 MIL-S-7108
Mechanical Tubing
4615 Bars QQ-S-624
2-20
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
4615 Wire QQ-W-405
(Continued)
Bars, Billets MIL-S-866
4617 Bars MIL-S-7493
4620 Bars QQ-S-624 MIL-S-7493

Wire QQ-W-405
4640 Bars, Blooms, Billets MIL-S-16974
Bars 6312 QQ-S-624
Bars and Forgings 6317 QQ-S-624C Bars
6150 Sheet, Strip MIL-S-18731
Bars QQ-S-624 MIL-S-8503
Bar MIL-S-46033
Bars, Forging 6448 MIL-S-8503
Wire
Wire, Spring 6450 QQ-W-428 comp D
Bars, Wire (Spring) MIL-S-16410 comp 4
Ingots MIL-S-20145 Gr Z
Sheet, Strip(Springs) 6455 MIL-S-18731
Springs (Highly 7301
Stressed)
Wire MIL-W-22826
8615 Bars, Forgings, Tubing 6270 QQ-S-624 (Bar)

Bars, Billets MIL-S-866
and Slabs
Castings 5333
(8615
mod)
8617 Bars, Forgings, Tubing 6272 QQ-S-624 (Bar)
Bars
Bars QQ-S-624
2-21
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
8617 Wire QQ-W-405
(Continued)
8620 Bars QQ-S-624
Bars, Forgings, Tubing 6274 MIL-S-8690
Plates (Commercial QQ-S-626
Grade)
Wire QQ-W-405
8630 Plate, Sheet, Strip MIL-S-18728

(A/C Quality)
Tubing MIL-T-6732
Bars QQ-S-624
Bars, Forgings 6280 MIL-S-6050
Tubing 6281
Tubing, Seamless 6530 MIL-T-6732 cond N
Tubing, Welded 6550 MIL-T-6734 cond N
Sheet, Strip 6355
Slabs
Plate (Commercial QQ-S-626
Grade)
Sheet, Strip (Hot QQ-S-627
Rolled)
Bars, Rods, Forgings MIL-S-6050
8640 Bars QQ-S-624

Slabs
Plate QQ-S-626
Tubing, Seamless MIL-T-16690
Tubing
8735 Tubing, Seamless 6535 MIL-T-6733 cond N
Tubing, (Mechanical) 6282 MIL-S-6098
2-22
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
8735 Tubing, rods, bars and MIL-S-6098
(Continued) forging stock (A/C
quality)
Sheet, Strip and Plate 6357 MIL-S-18733
8740 Bars, Forgings 6322 MIL-S-6049 cond C

Bars QQ-S-624
6327
Plate, Sheet and Strip 6358
Plate (Commercial) QQ-S-626
9250 Bars, and Reforging MIL-S-8844

Stock C1 2/3
9620 Bars QQ-S-624

Bar MIL-S-46033
Wire, Spring QQ-W-474, comp E
Bars, Wire (Spring) MIL-S-16410, comp 5
Steel, Strip MIL-S-17919, Cl 6
9262 Wire, Spring QQ-W-428
Bar MIL-S-46033
Bars QQ-S-624
9310 Bars, Forgings, 6260 QQ-S-624 (Bar)
Tubings
Bar, Forgings and 6265
Tubing
9315 Bars 6263
Type 301 Casting Prec Invest 5358

(30301) (S+/-)
Sheet, Strip, Plate (ST) 5515 MIL-S-5059
2-23
TO. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
Type 301 Sheet, Strip, Plate 5517 MIL-S-5059
(30301) (1/4 H)
(Continued)
Sheet, Strip, Plate 5518 MIL-S-5059
(1/2 H)
Sheet, Strip, Plate 5519 MIL-S-5059
(Full H)
Plate, Sheet, Strip QQ-S-766
Shape
Wire, (Spring Temper) 5688 QQ-W-423 comp 502
302 Bars (CD to 100000 5636 QQ-S-763 CL 303
(30302) tensile)
Bars (CD to 125000 5637 QQ-S-763 C1 302
tensile)
Bars, Forgings QQ-S-763, Cl 1
Sheet, Strip 5516 MIL-S-5059 comp 302
Pins, Cotter 7210 FF-P-386 Type C
Rivets (18CR 8N:) 7228
Steel, Stainless, Bar MIL-S-862 Cl 302
and Billets (Reforg-
ing Applications)
Bars, Forgings MIL-S-7720
(60302) Steel, Castings 5358

Wire, Annealed QQ-W-423
Castings MIL-S-17509, Cl 1
Wire MIL-W-17481
Lockwashers, Helical 7241 FF-W-84 Cl C
303 Bar, Forging 5640 QQ-S-763

Bar 5738
Bar, Billets, MIL-S-862
Reforging
Bars, Forgings MIL-S-7720
Bar, Forging 5641
(Swaging)
Bar, Forging 5642
2-24
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
304 Tubing 5566 MIL-T-6845
Tubing 5567 MIL-T-8504
Castings MIL-S-867 C l
Plate MIL-F-20138
Castings, Precision 5370
Invest
Castings, Sand 5371
Wire 5697 QQ-W-423
Bars, Forgings, 5647
Mechanical Tubing
Bar QQ-S-763
Plate, Sheet, Strip 5511 MIL-S-4043
Tubing, Bar, Forging 5639 QQ-S-763 MIL-S-7720
Wire 5697 QQ-W-423
Tubing MIL-T-5695
Bars, Forgings QQ-S-763
Tubing, Welded 5565 MIL-S-8506
314 Bar, Forging, 5652

Mechanical Tubing
and Rings
Sheet, Strip, Plate 5522
316 Casting, Investment 5360

Casting, Sand, 5361 MIL-S-867 (C l III)
Centrifugal
Sheet, Strip, Plate 5524 QQ-S-766 MIL-S-5059 comp 316
Bar, Forging, Tubing 5648 QQ-S-763 MIL-S-7720 comp MCR
Wire, Screen 5698
Wire QQ-W-423
Electrode, Coated, 5691
Welded
Bar, Forging (Free 5649
Machining)
2-25
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
316 Wire QQ-W-423
(Continued)
Pipe, Seamless and MIL-P-1144
Welded
Bar, Billets, MIL-S-862
Reforgings
321 Bar, Forgings, 5645 QQ-S-763 C1 321
Tubing Mechanical
Plate, Sheet, Strip 5510 MIL-S-6721, comp T1
Tubing, Seamless 5570 MIL-T-8606 Ti, G321
Tubing, Welded, MIL-T-8887
Thin Wall
Tubing, Welded 5576 MIL-T-6737, T 321
Tubing, Flexible MIL-T-7880
Wire, Screen 5689
Pins, Cotter 7211
Tubing, Hydraulic 5557
Tubing, Welded MIL-T-6737
Bar, Forgings QQ-S-763
Tubing MIL-T-8606
Tubing, Hydraulic MIL-T-8808
Tubing, Welded, 5559
Thin Wall
347 Tube MIL-T-8606

Rivets 7229
Bars, Forgings, 5646 QQ-S-763 Cl 347
Tubing
Castings MIL-S-867 C1 II
Sheet, Strip 5512 MIL-S-6721 Type
CB + TA) (CB)
Casting, Sand 5363
Casting MIL-S-17609 Cl II
Tubing, Seamless 5571 MIL-T-8606, Type
1, G347
Tubing, Seamless, MIL-T-8606
Welded Drawn
2-26
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
347 Tubing, Welded 5575 MIL-T-6737, Type 347
(Continued)
Tubing, Hydraulic 5556
Tubing, Welded 5558
Tubing, Welded MIL-T-6737
Bars, Forgings QQ-S-763
Castings MIL-S-17509, Cl 2
Rods, Welding MIL-R-5031
Tubes, Seamless MIL-T-16286
(Marine Boiler
Application)
Tubes, Hydraulic MIL-T-8808
Casting, sand and 5362
Centrif
410 Bars, Forgings, 5613 QQ-S-763 C1 410

(51410) Mechanical Tubing
Mechanical Tubing
(Ferrite
Controlled
Modified)
410-MO Bars and Forgings 5614
410-MOD Bars and Forgings, 5609
Mechanical Tubing
410 Plate, Sheet and 5504 QQ-S-766 Cl 410
Strip
410 Plate, Sheet and 5505
Strip (Ferrite Modified/
controlled)
Change 1 2-27
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
410 Casting Investment 5350
(60410)
Casting, Sand 5351 MIL-S-16933 Cl I
Wire QQ-W-423 comp 410
Bars MIL-S-861
Bars, and Billets MIL-S-862
(For Reforging)
(51410) Tubing, Seamless 5591
414 Bars, Forgings 5615 QQ-S-763 C1 414

Bars MIL-S-862
416 Bars 5610 QQ-S-763 C1 416 Se

(51416F) (Bar)
Bars and Forgings 5610
Bars and Billets
(Reforging) MIL-S-862 C1 6
420 Bars and Billets (For MIL-S-862 C1 5

Reforging)
(Free Mach)
(51420) Bars and Forgings 5621
Bars 5621 QQ-S-763 C1 420
Plate, Sheet and 5506 QQ-S-766 C1 420
Strip
Wire QQ-W-423
431 Bars and Billets (For MIL-S-862
Reforging)
Bars, Billets, MIL-S-18732
Forgings, Tubing
Castings, Sand 5372
Bars, Forgings 5682 QQ-S-763, Cl 431
431 MOD Castings, Precision 5353
Investment
440 C Bars and Forgings 5630 QQ-S-763, Cl 440C

440 A Bars and Forgings 5631 QQ-S-763, Cl 440A
2-28
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference
COMP/ALLOY
440 F Bars and Forgings 5632 QQ-S-763, Cl 440F
14-4PH Castings, Investment 5340
15-7 MO Bar and Forging 5657

Plate, Sheet and 5520
Strip
17-4 PH Bar 5643
Castings Investment 5342
(Heat Treated 130,000
PSI)
(Heat Treated 150,000
PSI)
(Heat Treated)
Electrode Welding 5827
17-7 PH Plate, Sheet and Strip 5528 MIL-S-25043

Sheet and Strip (Pre- 5530
cipitation Hardening)
Bar and Forgings 5644
Tubing, Welded 5568
19-9DL Casting Sand (Solution 5369

Treated)
(125000TS, Hot rolled,
Stress Relieved)
Bars (Up to 1.5 inch) 5720
Bars (Up to 1 inch) 5721
19-9DX Bars, Forgings and 5723

Rings
Bars (Up to inch) 5724
Change 1 2-29
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
19-9DX Plate, Sheet and Strip, 5539
(Continued) (Hot rolled and Stress
Relieved 125,000TS)
Bars, Forgings and 5723
Rings
Bars (Up to 1 inch) 5724
19-9 MOD Electrode, Welding, MIL-E-13080

Covered (Armor
applications)
AM350 Bar 5745
Sheet and Strip 5540
(Cold rolled)
Sheet and Strip 5548 MIL-S-8840
(High Temp
Annealed)
Wire, Welding 5774
Electrode, Coated 5775
Wire
AM355 Bar 5743

Castings, Investment 5368
Sheet and Strip 5547 MIL-S-8840
Plate (Solution 5549
Heat Treated)
Plate(Equalized and 5594
Over-Tempered)
Electrode, Coated 5781
Welding
A286 Bars, Forgings, 5734
Mechanical Tubing
Mechanical Tubing and
Rings
2-30 Change I
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
A286 Bars, Forgings, 5736
(Continued) Mechanical Tubing and
Rings (Sol Treated)
Bars and Forgings and 5737
Mechanical Tubing
(Annealed
and Precip Treated)
Rivets, Steel (Annealed 7235
1650F and partially
precip treated)
Rene 41 Bars and Forgings 5712
(Solution Treated
(Solution and
Precip Treated)
Plate Sheet and Strip 5545
(Solution Heat
Treated)
Greek Castings, Investment 5354
Ascoloy
Mechanical Tubing
and Rings
Inconel 600 Wire, Annealed 5687 QQ-W-390

Plate, Sheet and Strip 5540 MIL-N-6840
Bars, Forgings and 5665 MIL-N-6710
Rings
42 Inconel Sheet and Strip 5542 MIL-N-7786

Alloy X750
Change 1 2-31
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
42 Inconel Bars and Forgings 5667
Alloy X750
(Continued)
Bars and Forgings 5668 MIL-N-8550 Cond E
Inconel X750 Wire, No 1 Temper 5698 JAN-W-562, C1

Wire, Spring Temper 5699 JAN-W-562, C 2
Hastelloy C Castings, Prec 5388
Invest
Casting, Sand 5389
Sheet 5530 MIL-N-18088
Bar, Forgings 5750
Hastelloy W Bars and Forgings 5755

Wire 5786 MIL-R-5031, C1 12
Hastelloy X Castings, Alloy Prec 5390
Invest
Sheet 5536
Wire 5798
HNM Bars, Billet, Forging, MIL-S-17759

Wire
WASP Alloy NONE NONE NONE
MISC STANDARDS/SPECIFICATIONS METAL

PRODUCTS
Steel: Chemical Composition and
Hardenability Fed Std 66
Metal Test Methods Fed Std 151
Surface Passivation
Corrosion Resistant Steel Parts QQP-35 MIL-STD-753
2-32 Change I
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMP/ALLOY
X-Ray Standards for Welling
Electrode Qualification and Quality
Conformance Test Welds MIL-STD-775
Identification of Pipe, Hose and Tube Lines MIL-STD-1247

for Aircraft, Missile Space Vehicles and
Associated Support Equipment and Facilities
Preparation of Test Reports MIL-STD-831
Marking of Aircraft and Missile Propulsion MIL-STD-841

System Parts, Fabricated From Critical
High Temp Alloys
Procedures for Determining MIL-STD-1233

Particle Size, Distribution
and Packed Density of
Powdered Materials
Alloy Designation System for MIL-STD-455

Wrought Copper and Copper
Alloys
Inspection Radiographic MIL-STD-453
Mechanical Tests for Weld MIL-STD-418

Joints
Qualification of Inspection MIL-STD-4 10

Personal Magnetic Particle
Alloy, Nomenclature and MIL-STD-409
Temper Designation for
Magnesium Base Alloys
Tolerances for Copper and FED-STD-146
Copper Base Alloy Mill
Products
Continuous Identification FED-STD-183

Marking of Iron and Steel
Identification Marking of FED-STD-184
Aluminum Magnesium and
Titanium
Continuous Identification FED-STD-185

Marking of Copper and Copper
Base Alloy Mill Products
Change 1 2-33
T.O. 1-IA-9
COMP/ALLOY
Identification of Pressed Bonds, FED-STD-187

Forms, Seams and Joints Sheet
Metal
Tolerance for Aluminum Alloy FED-STD-245
and Magnesium Alloy Wrought
Products
I Heat Treatment of Steels SAE-AMS-H-6875
(Aircraft Practice) Process for
Steel Mill Products Preparation MIL-STD-163
for Shipment and Storage
Tolerances for Steel and Iron FED-STD-48
Wrought Products
2-34 Change 4
T.O. 1-1A-9
2-74. GENERAL HEAT TREATING TEMPERATURES, Normalize: 1700F, air cool.

COMPOSITION (CHEMICAL) AND CHARACTERISTICS Anneal: 1600F, furnace cool.
OF VARIOUS STEEL AND STEEL ALLOYS. Carburize: 1600F, quench in water, oil, or brine.
See supplement data for chemical symbols. CARBO-NITRIDING
1010. Low Carbon steel of this grade is used for

manufacture of such articles as safety wire, cer- Hard-
tain nuts, cable bushings and threaded rod ends, Temp Time Case Depth ness Cool Draw
and other items where cold formability is the pri-
mary requisite. Heat treatment is frequently
1560 2.5 0.019 62 OQ 350
employed to improve machinability. Welding is 1650 2.5 0.018 59 OQ 350
easily accomplished by all common welding For 1560F, use 35NH3d 25CH4 generator gas*.
methods. For 1650 use 38NH3 & 24CH4
COMPOSITION RANGE *Gas American Gas Assoc Class 302.
C% Mn% P% S% Fe% 1022. Low Carbon. This steel is similar in con-
0.08-0.13 0.3-0.6 0-0.04 0-0.5 Balance tent and heat treatment requirements to 1020.
Typical applications are case hardened roller
FORMS. See Specification Table 2-2. chains, bearing races, cam shafts, etc.
HEAT TREATMENT COMPOSITION RANGE
Normalize: 1650-1750F, cool in still air. C% Mn% Si% P% S% Fe%
Anneal: 1650F. 0.18-0.23 0.7-0.10 0-0.2 0-.04 0-.05 Balance
Harden: 1650-1750F, Quench in oil (minimum
hardness) Water, and Brine (maximum hardness). FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
2-2.
1015. Low Carbon. This material is similar in HEAT TREATMENT
content and characteristics to 1010. Of low
tensile
value, it should not be selected where strength is Normalize: 1700F, air cool.
required. Anneal: 1600F, furnace cool.
Carburize: 1550F to 1650F, water quench.
COMPOSITION RANGE Tensile: 130,000 psi.
Yield: 78,000 psi.
C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
0.13-18 0.3-0.6 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance 1025. Low Carbon. Typical applications are bolts,
machinery, electrical equipment, automotive parts,
FORMS. See Specification Table 2-2. pipe flanges, etc. With this steel no martensite is
HEAT TREATMENT formed and tempering is not required. This mate-
rial is not generally considered a carburizing type;
Normalize: 1650-1750F however, it is sometimes used in this manner for
Anneal: 1600-1650F larger sections, or where greater case hardness is
Harden: 1650-1700F needed.
Quench with water, oil, brine. COMPOSITION RANGE
1020. Low Carbon. Because of the carbon range C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
this metal has increased strength and hardness 0.22-0.28 0.3-0.6 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance
but reduced cold formability compared with the
lowest carbon group. It finds wide application FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
where carburizing is required. It is suitable for 2-2.
welding and brazing. HEAT TREATMENT
COMPOSITION RANGE Normalize: 1600-1700F, furnace cool.
C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
Hardening: 1575-1650F, water quench.
Carburize: 1650-1700F, water or brine quench.
8-0.23 0.3-0.6 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance Tempering: 250-400F is optional.
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See specifications Tensile strength: hot rolled 67000, cold rolled
Table 2-2. 80000.
Yield strength: hot rolled 45000, cold rolled 68000.
HEAT TREATMENT This steel is readily welded by common welding
2-35
T.O. 1-1A-9
methods. Stress relief anneal 900-1150F, air cool, 30 min-

Temper: 1150F for 70,000 psi. utes to 6 hours. Typical room temperatures: tensile
76,500, yield 53,000. For arc welding, use low
CORTEN Low Carbon, Low Alloy. This steel is hydrogen electrodes E6015 (thin gauges) and
not heat treatable, but in the annealed or normal- E7015. For heliarc welding use drawn filler wire
ized condition it is stronger than plain carbon of MIL-R-5032. Perform spot welding by pulsation
steel, is easily formed, welded and machined. In method for heavier gauges; use post heat cycle for
addition, this alloy is 4-6 times more resistant to lighter gauges.
atmospheric corrosion than plain carbon steel.
COMPOSITION RANGE 1035. Medium Carbon. This steel is selected
where higher mechanical properties are needed
C% Cr% Cu% Mn% Ni% since it may be further hardened and strenghtened
0-0.12 0.30-1.25 0.25-0.055 0.2-0.5 0-0.65 by heat treatment or by cold work. Typical appli-
cations are gears, clutch pedals, flywheel rings,
Si% P% S% Fe% crank shafts, tools and springs.
0.25-0.75 0.07-0.15 0-0.05 Balance
COMPOSITION RANGE
HEAT TREATMENT
Normalize: 1650F, air cool. C% Q Mn% P% S% Fe%
Anneal: 1550F, furnace cool. 0.32-0.38 0.6-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance
Stress relief 1150F, 1 hour per inch of maximum FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
section thickness. This alloy cannot be hardened. 2-2.
Tensile strength, annealed or normalized 67,000 HEAT TREATMENT
psi. Yield strength, annealed or normalized 47,000
psi. This alloy is readily welded by the usual gas Normalize: 1575-1650F, cool in still air.
and arc methods with complete freedom from air Anneal: 1575-1650F, 1 hour per 1" of section,
hardening. ASTM A233 or E60 electrodes are rec- (Preheat) Temper at 900F for 100,000 psi.
ommended for shielded arc welding. For gas weld- Spheroidize: 1250-1375F.
ing, high strength welding rods such as ASTM Harden: 1525-1600F, quench in water or oil.
A251, CA-25, are recommended. This steel may be (Brine or caustic may also be used for quenching.)
resistance welded to itself or other resistance
weldable ferrous alloys, using the same methods Weldability is very good by all common welding
applied to plain carbon steel. methods. Cold formability is poor, but hot
formability is excellent. Tensile strength, hot
NAXAC9115 Low Carbon, Low Alloy. This mate- rolled 85,000 psi, cold rolled 92,000 psi, yield
rial is usually in the stress relieved condition. strength, hot rolled 54,000 psi, cold rolled 79,000
Moderate strength is maintained with high tough- psi, Brinill 183-201, respectively.
ness up to approximately 800F. Weldability is
excellent and it machines better than carbon steels 1040. Medium Carbon is selected where interme-
of the same tensile strengths. diate mechanical properties are needed and may
be further hardened and strengthened by heat
COMPOSITION RANGE treatment or cold work.
C% Cr% Cu% Mn% COMPOSITION RANGE
0.1-0.17 0.5-0.75 0-0.35 0.5-0.8
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Fe%
Mo% Ni% Si% Zn% 0.37-0.44 0.6-0.9 0-0.2 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance
0.15-0.25 0-0.25 0.6-0.9 0.05-0.15
P% S% Fe% FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table-
0-0.04 0-0.04 Balance 2-2.
SPECIFICATIONS HEAT TREATMENT

AMS FORM Normalize: 1575-1650F, air cool.
Anneal: 1550-1625F, furnace cool. (Tensile
6354 Sheet, strip, plate. 79,000 psi, yield 48,000 psi annealed).
6440 Wire. Harden: 1500-1575F, water or oil quench.
HEAT TREATMENT Temper: 1100-1150F, to obtain tensile 100,000
psi, yield 80,000 psi. For tensile 125,000 and yield
Anneal: 1625-1650F, furnace cool. 85,000 psi temper at 700F. Suitable heat treat-
Normalize: 1650-1675F, air cool. ment is required to permit machining.
2-36
T.O. 1-1A-9
1045. Medium Carbon. Forgings such as connect- FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification

ing rods, steering arms, axles, axle shafts and Table 2-2.
wheels are
tractor fabricated from this steel. Not
recommended for welding. HEAT TREATMENT
COMPOSITION RANGE Normalize: 1550-1650F, air cool.

Anneal: 1550-1575F.
C% Mn% P% S% Fe% Harden: 1450-1550F, water or oil quench.
0.43-0.5 0.6-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.04 Balance Temper: 1250F for 100,000 psi tensile, 1050F for
125,000 tensile, 600F for 150,000 tensile.
FORMS-SPECIFICATION. See Specification
Table 2-2. 1060. High Carbon. See 1055 for application and
characteristics
HEAT TREATMENT
COMPOSITION RANGE
Normalize: 1575-1675F, air cool.
Anneal: 1550-1600F, furnace cool for maximum C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
softness. 0.55-0.65 0.6-0.09 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance
Harden: 1475-1550F, quench, water or oil. FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
Temper: 1100F for tensile 100,000 psi, yield 2-2.
65,000 psi.
Temper: 1000F for tensile 125,000 psi, yield HEAT TREATMENT
95,000 psi.
1050. Medium Carbon. This is a medium carbon Anneal: 1500-1575F (Tensile 104,000 psi, yield
type steel with high mechanical properties which 54,000 psi annealed).
may be further hardened and strengthened by Harden: 1450-1550F, water or oil quench.
heat treatment or by cold work. Application is Temper: 1125F for 130,000 tensile, 80,000 yield.
similar to 1045. Not recommended for welding. Temper: 1025F for 139,000 tensile, 96,000 yield.
Temper: 925F for 149,000 tensile, 99,000 yield.
COMPOSITION RANGE
1070. High Carbon. See 1055 for application and
C% Mn% P% S% Fe% characteristics. In addition this alloy is used for
0.46-0.55 0.6-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance flat springs and wire form as coil springs.
FORMS-SPECIFICATION. See Specification COMPOSITION RANGE
Table 2-2.
C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
HEAT TREATMENT 0.65-0.75 0.6-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance
Normalize: 1550-1650F, air cool. FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
Anneal: 1450-1525F, furnace cool (Tensile 90,000 2-2.
yield 50,000 annealed.) HEAT TREATMENT
Harden: 1475-1550F, oil or water quench.
Temper: 1250F for 100,000 psi tensile, 75,000 for Normalize: 1525-1625F, air cool, retard cooling
yield. rate to prevent hardness.
Temper: 1025F for 125,000 psi tensile, 90,000 for Anneal: 1500-1575F, furnace cool.
yield. Harden: 1450-1550F, water or oil quench
Temper: 700F for 150,000 psi tensile, 114,000 for (Preheat).
yield. Hot Working Temperature: 1550-1650F.
1055. High Carbon. Steels of this type (1060,
Temper: 1250F for 100,000 psi tensile.
1070, 1080 are in same category) have similiar Temper: 1100F for 125,000 psi tensile.
characteristics and are primarily used where Temper: 1000F for 150,000 psi tensile.
higher carbon is needed to improve wear charac- The high carbon content of this steel causes diff i-
teristics for cutting edges, as well as for manufac- culties in arc or gas welding processes. Welding
ture of springs, etc. Not recommended for by the thermit process is satisfactory. Hot formal-
welding. ity is very good at 1550-1650F.
COMPOSITION RANGE 1080. High Carbon. See 1055 for applications and
characteristics.
C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
0.50-0.60 0.6-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance COMPOSITION RANGE
2-37
T.O. 1-IA-9
C% Mn% P% S% Fe% screws, but not for parts subjected to severe

0.75-0.88 0.6-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance stresses and shock.
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table COMPOSITION RANGE
2-2.
C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
HEAT TREATMENT 0-0.13 max 0.7-0.9 0.07-0.12 0.16-0.23 Balance
Normalize: 1550-1650F, air cool. FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
Anneal: 1475-1525F (Tensile 120,000, yield 2-2.
66,000 psi annealed).
Harden: 1450-1550F, quench oil. HEAT TREATMENT
Temper: 1200F for 129,000 tensile, 87,000 yield. May be surface hardened by heating in cyanide at
Temper: 1100F for 145,000 tensile, 103,000 yield. 1500-1650F, followed by single or double quench
Temper: 900F for 178,000 tensile, 129,000 yield. and draw. Preheat and soak at 1500F to 1650F
1095. High Carbon. See 1055 for applications. In and quench in oil or water; tempering is optional.
addition these steels are used for flat spring appli- Tensile strength hot rolled bars 65,000.
cations and in wire form as coil springs.
Tensile strength cold drawn 83,000.
COMPOSITION RANGE
1117. Carbon (Free Cutting Steel). This material
C% Mn% P% S% Fe% is used where a combination of good machinability
0.9-1.03 0.3-0.5 0-0.04 0-0.05 Balance and uniform response to heat treatment is needed.
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table It is suited for fabrication of small parts which are
2-2. to be cyanided or carbonitrided and may be oil
quenched after case hardening heat treating.
HEAT TREATMENT
COMPOSITION RANGE
QUENCH
OIL
S%
C% Mn% P% Fe%
Normalize: 1550-1650F, air cool. 0.41-0.2 1.0-1.3 0-0.04 0.08-0.13 Balance
Anneal: 1425-1475F (Tensile 98,000 psi, yield
52,000 psi annealed) furnace cool. To reduce FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
annealing time, furnace cool to 900F and air cool. 2-2.
Speroidize for maximum softness when required. HEAT TREATMENT
Harden: 1425-1550F (oil quench).
Temper: 1100F for 146,000 psi tensile, 88,000 Normalize: 1650F, air cool.
yield. Anneal: 1575F, furnace cool(Tensile 68,000 psi
Temper: 800F for 176,000 psi tensile, 113,000 annealed)
yield. Harden: 1450F, quench in water
Temper: 600F for 184,000 psi tensile, 113,000 SINGLE QUENCH AND TEMPER
yield.
Carburized 1700F for 8 hours.
WATER QUENCH Pot Cool
Normalize: 1550-1650F, air cool. Reheat to 1450F.
Anneal: 1425-1475F. Quench in water.
Harden: 1425-1500F, quench with water. Temper at 350F
Temper: 1100F for 143,000 psi tensile, 96,000 Case depth 0.045.
yield. Case hardness 65 RC.
Temper: 800F for 200,000 psi tensile, 138,000 1137. Carbon, Free Cutting. This steel is
yield. intended for those uses where easy machining is
Temper: 600F for 213,000 psi tensile, 150,000 the primary requirement. It is characterized by a
yield. higher sulphur content than comparable carbon
1112. Free Cutting. This steel is used as the steels, which result in some sacrifice of cold form-
standard for rating the machinability of other ing properties, weldability and forging
steels. It is easy to machine and resulting surface characteristics.
finish is excellent. It has good brazing character- COMPOSITION RANGE
istics but is difficult to weld except with the low
hydrogen electrode E6015 (AWS). This and simi- C% Mn% P% S% Fe%
largrades are widely used for parts for bolts, nuts, 0.32-0.39 1.35-1.65 0-0.04 0.08-0.13 Balance
2-38
T.O. 1-1A-9
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table 2330. Nickel Alloy. This is a heat treatable steel
2-2. which develops high strength and toughness in
moderate sections. It is used in highly stressed
HEAT TREATMENT bolts, nuts, studs, turnbuckles, etc.
Normalize: 1600-1700F, air cool. COMPOSITION RANGE
Anneal: 1400-1500F, furnace cool.
Harden 1525-1575, oil or water quench. C% Mn% P% S% Si%
TYPICAL STRENGTH OF OIL QUENCHED 0.28-0.33 0.6-0.8 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35
Temper: I100F for tensile 100,000 psi, yield Ni% Fe%

80,000 psi. 3.25-0.75 Balance
Temper: 825F for tensile 125,000 psi, yield FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
100,000 psi. 2-2.
TYPICAL STRENGTH OF WATER QUENCHED HEAT TREATMENT
Temper: 1100F for tensile 105,000 psi, yield Normalize: 1600F, preheat, cool in air.
90,000 psi. Anneal: 1425-1600F, furnace cool.
Temper: 975F for tensile 125,000 psi, yield Harden: 1400-1500F.
100,000 psi. Quench with oil.
Tensile strength: 85,000 psi, yield 50,000 psi in Temper: 120017-1250F for tensile 100,000 psi,
annealed condition. yield 90,000 psi.
2317. Nickel Alloy. These specifications cover Temper: 900F for tensile 140,000 psi.
steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings and Temper: 700F for 178,000 psi.
other pressure containing parts intended princi- WATER QUENCH
pally for low temperature parts.
700F 190,000 psi
COMPOSITION RANGE 900F 150,000 psi
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni% Fe% 1100F 124,000 psi
15-0.2 0.4-0.6 0.04 0.04 0.2-0.35 3.25 Balance
2340. Nickel Alloy. This metal is similar to 2330,
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table but has greater strength. It is an oil hardening
2-2. steel.
HEAT TREATMENT COMPOSITION RANGE
Normalize: 1600-1700F, air cool C% Mn% P% S% Si%
Anneal: 1500-1550F 0.38-0.43 0.7-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35
Harden: 1375-1525F
Carburize: 1650-1700F, reheat to 1450F to
Ni%
1550F, temper at 250-300F. 3.25-3.75
WATER QUENCH FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
2-2.
Temper: 1100F for tensile 100,000 psi, yield psi
83,000. HEAT TREATMENT
Temper: 875F for tensile 125,000 psi, yield psi Normalize: 1600-1700F.
100,000. Anneal: 1450-1600F.
Temper: 750F for tensile 150,000 psi, yield psi Harden: 1400-1550F, quench in oil.
124,000. Temper: 1100F for 125,000 psi tensile, 105,000
OIL QUENCH psi yield.
Temper: 1025F for tensile 100,000 psi, yield psi
Temper: 900F for 150,000 psi tensile, 132,000 psi
83,000.
yield.
Temper: 850F for tensile 125,000 psi, yield psi Temper: 800F for 182,000 psi tensile, 164,000 psi
88,000.
yield.
Temper: 650F for tensile 150,000 psi, yield psi 2515. Nickel Alloy. This steel is quite similar to
108,000. SAE 2512 and 2517, both in composition and
This steel may be welded by common welding response to heat treatment.
procedures. COMPOSITION RANGE
2-39
T.O. 1-1A-9
C% Mn% P% S% Si% 3140. Nickel Chrome Alloy. This is a medium

0.12-0.17 0.4-0.6 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 deep hardening steel capable of developing good
strength and toughness when oil quenched.
Ni% Fe%
4.75-5.25 Balance COMPOSITION RANGE
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table C% Mn% P% S% Si%
2-2. 0.37-0.45 0.6-0.95 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35
Ni% Cr% Fe%
HEAT TREATMENT
1 0-1 5 0 5-0 8 Balance
Normalize: 1650-1750F FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
Anneal: 1500 F 2-2.
Quench: 1425-1525F, oil quench.
Temper: 1200F for tensile 104,000, yield 80,000 HEAT TREATMENT
psi. Normalize: 1550-1700F
Temper: 900F for tensile 125,000, yield 106,000 Anneal: 1475-1550F (Tensile 94,000 psi, yield
psi. 66,000 psi annealed).
Temper: 700F for tensile 152,000, yield 125,000 Harden: 1475-1550F, oil quench.
psi. Temper: 1200F for tensile 125,000 psi, yield
WATER QUENCH 105,000 psi.
Temper: 1000 for Tensile 14,000 psi, yield 125,000
Temper: 1100F for 116,000 psi. psi.
Temper: 900F for 138,000 psi. Temper: 800F for Tensile 184,000 psi, yield
Temper: 700F for 165,000 psi. 178,000 psi.
Temper: 700F for Tensile 200,000 psi.
3115. Steel Nickel Chromium Alloy.
3310. Nickel Chromium Alloy. This steel has
COMPOSITION RANGE execeptionally high hardenability and is well
suited for heavy parts which must have high, sur-
C% Mn% P% S% face hardness combined with high and uniform
0.11-0.2 0.37-0.63 0-0.048 0-0.058 properties when heat treated. It is commonly used
Si% Ni% Cr% Fe% incase hardened gears, pinions, etc. It is similar
toK rupp Ni c k e Ch rom um except t conta ns
0.18-0.37 1.05-1.45 0.52-0.78 Balance
more nickel.
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table COMPOSITION RANGE
2-2.
C% Mn% Si% Ni%
HEAT TREATMENT 0.08-0.13 0.45-0.6 0.2-0.35 3.25-3.75
Normalize: 1625-1725F Cr% P% S% Fe%
Anneal: 1550-1600F 1.4-1.75 0-0.025 0-0.25 Balance
Harden: 1425-1525F, with oil.
T emper: 300F for tens il e, 125 000 ps y e ld
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
2-2
86,000 psi.
HEAT TREATMENT
CORE DRAW TENSILE YIELD
PROPERTIES TEMP KSI KSI Normalize: 1600-1700F, air cool.
Anneal: 1475-1575F, furnace cool to 700F, air
3115 300F 125 88 cool.
Box cooled Quench: 1500F-1550F Oil Cool Slowly
1425F Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours reheat to 1500F
3120 300F 155 115 oil quench, temper 300F, for tensile 170 000 psi
3115 300F 125 86 yield 142 000 typical for 1/2" diameter rod.
Reheated
1475F PSI. Effective depth 0.05".
case
3120 300F 155 115
300F 4037. Molydenum Alloy. This steel is used for
3115 125 86 such parts as gears, shafts, leaf and coil springs
Oil Quen-
and hand tools.
ched 1525F
3120 300F 155 110 COMPOSITION RANGE
2-40
T.O. 1-1A-9
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Temper: 1100F for 125,000 tensile psi.

0.35-0.4 0.7-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 Temper: 1050F for 150,000 tensile psi.
Mo% Fe%
Temper: 850F for 180,000 tensile psi.
0.2-0.3 Balance 17-22A(V). Structural (Ultra High Strength) Low
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table Alloy. This is a high strength, heat resistant steel
with a 1000 hour rupture strength of 1100F
2-2. (30,000 psi tensile strength).It is used in turbine
HEAT TREATMENT rotors, and for components of guided missiles, in
which high temperatures are encountered for short
Anneal: 1500-1600F, furnace cool. periods.
Normalize: 1600F, cool in air.
Harden: 1550F, quench in oil. COMPOSITION RANGE
Temper: 1225F for 100,000 psi. C% Cr% Ce% Mn% Mo%
Temper: 1100F for 125,000 psi. 0.6-0.9 0.4-0.6
Temper: 975F for 150,000 psi. 0.25-0.3 1.0-1.5 0-0.5
4130. Chromium Molydenum Alloy. Typical Ni% Si% V% P% S%

0-0.5 0.55-0.75 0.75-0.95 0-0.04 0-0.04
usages for this material is in the manufacture of
Fe%
gear shafts axles, machine tool parts, etc.
Balance
COMPOSITION RANGE
FORM-SPECIFICATION. AMS6303 Bar, forging,
C% Mn% P% S% Si% forging stock.
0.26-0.35 0.3-0.75 0-0.04 0-0.05 0.15-0.35
HEAT TREATMENT
Cr% Mo% Ni% Fe%
0.75-1.2 0.08-0.25 0-0.25 Balance Normalize: 1700-1850F, hold for 1 hour per inch
of thickness, air cool. Larger sections may be fan-
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table cooled in order to accelerate cooling. All sections
2-2. should be so placed as to provide access of air to
HEAT TREATMENT all surfaces.
Harden (austenitize): 1550-1600F, water quench, Anneal: 1450F, hold at this temperature hour
for oil quench 1575-1625F. for each inch of section thickness. Cool down 20F
Austenitize Castings: 1600-1650F,1 hour, oil per hour to 1100F, then air cool.
quench. Oil Quenching requires prior heating to 1750F,
Spherodize: 1400-1425F, 6-12 hours, furnace cool. for each inch of thickness. Annealed bars, 1 inch
Temper: 1150F for tensile 132,000, yield 122,000. diameter have tensile strength 87,000 yield
Temper: 1025F for tensile 151,000, yield 141,000. strength, 67,800. Pancake forgings normalized at
Temper: 950F for tensile 163,000, yield 159,000. 1800F + tempering at 1225F, 6 hours have ten-
SAE Steels: 8630 and 8730 have similar character-
sile strength 142,000, yield strength 126,500,
istics. hardness BHN 311-321. This alloy may be welded
Annealed: 1525-1585F (tensile 80,000 psi, yield
57,000 psi annealed), furnace cool. by any of the commercial methods in use. A weld-
Normalize: (cast) 1900F, hour, A.C. Hardening: ing rod corresponding to 17-22A(S) is available.
1550-1650F, quench in oil. When pre-heating is required depending upon size
of section and type of welding procedure, a temper-
Normalize: (wrought) 1600-1700F, air cool.
ature of 600F is generally used. Post heating or
4135. Chromium Molydenum Alloy. stress relief is recommended.
COMPOSITION RANGE 4137CO. This ultra-high strength steel has yield
C% Mn% Si% Cr%
strength in the 230,000-240,000 psi range. It
forms and welds readily. It was developed for use
0.32-0.39 0.6-0.95 0.2-0.35 0.8-1.15 in high performances solid rocket motor cases.
Mo% P% S% Fe% Alternate designations are Unimach VC X 2, MX-
0.15-0.25 0-0.04 0-0.04 Balance 2, and Rocoloy. Machining characteristics are sim-
ilar to 4140.
HEAT TREATMENT
COMPOSITION RANGE
Anneal: 1525-1575F, furnace cool. C% Cr% Co% Mn%
Harden: 1550-1625F, quench in oil. 0.39-0.4 0.95-1.2 0.98-1.23 0.6-0.79
2-41
T.O. 1-IA-9
Mo% Si% V% P% Anneal: 1550-1600F furnace cool.

0.22-0.35 0.97-1.19 0.14-0.16 0-0.015 Harden: 1550-1600F 30 minutes, oil quench.
S% Fe%
Spheroidize: 1400-1425F furnace cool.
0-0.012 Balance
Temper 4 hours to obtain desired strength. See
table below.
SPECIFICATIONS: None DRAW TEMPERATURES
FORMS: Sheet, strip, plate, bar, forging, wire. 1300F 100,000 psi
HEAT TREATMENT 1175F 120,000 to 140,000 psi
1075F 140,000 to 160,000 psi
Normalize: 1750F, 30 minutes, air cool. 950F 160,000 to 180,000 psi
Spheroidize: Anneal: 1420-1460F, 2 hours, fast 850F 180,000 to 200,000 psi
cool to 1235-1265F, hold 14 to 24 hours, air cool. 725F 200,000 to 220,000 psi
Resulting hardness RB95 maximum.
SAE 4330 V Mod. This steel is 4330 improved by
Intermediate stress relieve to restore ductility of the addition of vanadium, and is primarily used
formed parts, 1250F for 10 minutes, air cool. heat treated to a tensile strength between 220 and
Stress relieve after welding 1250F, 30 minutes 240 KSI. It is highly shock resistant and has bet-
minimum. ter welding characteristics than higher carbon
Austenitize: 1700F for sections less than 1/2 inch steels.
1725F for sections larger than 1/2 inch, 20 min- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
utes minimum to I hour maximum per inch thick-
ness, oil or salt quench at 400F. Maximum time C% Mn% Si% P% Si% Cr%
in salt 12 minutes. 0.28-0.33 0.75-1.00 0.20-0.35 0.040 0.040 0.75-1.00
Double temper 540-560F for two consecutive 2 Ni% Mo% V% Fe%
hour periods with intermediate cooling to room 1.65-2.00 0.35-0.50 0.05-0.10 Balance
temperature. Weldability characteristics are good HEAT TREATMENT
using the Tungsten-arc-inert-gas process.
4140. Medium Carbon Chromium Molybdenun Normalize: 1600 to 1700F, air cool.
Ni rriding Grade). This steel is widely used where
Temper: normalized condition for machinability
1250F maximum.
the higher strength and higher hardenability of
Full anneal at 1525F to 1575F furnace cool or
4340 is not required. It can be nitrided.
cool in ash or lime.
C% Mn% P% S% Cr% Austenitize: 1550 to 1600F 15 minutes per inch
0.38-0.43 0.75-1.0 0-0.040 mx 0-0.040 mx 0.80-1.1 thickness, oil quench 75 to 140F.
Si% Fe%
Temper: 180 to 200 KSI, 950 to 110F, 4 hours.
Mo% Temper: 200 to 220 KSI, 750 to 950F, 4 hours.
0.15-0.25 0.2-0.35 Balance Temper: 220 to 240 KSI, 600 to 750F, 4 hours.
SPECIFICATIONS 4150. Chromium-Molybdenun. This metal is used
TYPE 4140 for such items as gears, shafts, pistons, springs,
axles, pins, connecting rods.
AMS FORM MILITARY COMPOSITION RANGE
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Cr%
5336 Precision Investment 0.48-0.53 0.75-1.0 0-0.040 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.8-0.12
Castings
5338 Precision Investment Mo% Fe%
Castings 0.18-0.25 Balance
6378 Bars
6379 Bars
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
6381 Heavy Wall Tubing Table 2-2.
6382 Bars, Forgings, MIL-S- HEAT TREATMENT
Forgings, Stock 5626
Normalize: 1550-1650F
HEAT TREATMENT Anneal: 1450-1525F
Harden: 1475-1525F, oil quench
Normalize: 1600-1650F (air cool) minimum 1 Temper: 1200F for tensile 128,000 yield 116,000
hour. Temper: 1100F for tensile 150,000 yield 135,000
2-42
T.O. 1-IA-9
Temper: 950F for tensile 180,000 yield 163,000 Anneal: 1500-1550F, cool down at 50F per hour
Temper: 800F for tensile 200,000 yield 186,000 to 1000F.
1 521000. High Carbon, High Chromium Alloy. Normalize: 1600-1650F, 30 minutes, air cool.
Austenitize: 1550-1575F, 30 minutes, oil quench.
This steel is used for anti-friction bearings and Sections 1 inch or less in cross sections may be air
other parts requiring high heat treated hardness cooled.
of approximately Rockwell C60, toughness and Temper: 300-1275F, time and temperature
good wear resistance qualities. It is best machined depend on hardness desired.
in the spheroidized annealed condition. Stress relieve: 1000-1250F one to two hours, air
COMPOSITION RANGE cool.
C% Cr% Mn% Si% S% P% TYPE LADISH D-6-A
0.95-1.1 1.3-1.6 0.25-0.45 0.2-0.35 0-0.025 0-0.025
Fe% FORM UP TO 1" THICK BAR
Balance
Condition Vacuum remelt by consuma-
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification ble electrode process.
Table 2-2.
Normalize 1650AC 1550F,
HEAT TREATMENT
air cool + 600F temper.
Normalize: 1650-1700F air cool
Anneal: 1250-1340F hold 5 hours. Heat to Tensile 282,000 psi
1430-1460F, at 10F per hour, hold 8 hours. Yield 255,000 psi
Cool to 1320F at 10F per hour. Cool to 1250F
at furnace rate and air cool.
Spheroidize: Slow cool (about 5F per hour) follow- Nitralloy 135 Mod. Steel ultra high strength
ing austenitizing by extended heating at a temper- (Nitriding Grade). This alloy is well suited for
ature near the ACM point or by isothermal trans- case hardening by nitriding. This process pro-
formation at 1275F following austenitizing. duces a case of extreme hardness without appreci-
Harden: Quench in water from 1425F-1475F or ably changing core tensile strength or yield
quench in oil from 1550-1600F, then temper to strength. It is also readily machined. After
desired hardness. The Rockwell hardness at vari- nitriding it may be used where high resistance to
abrasion and mild corrosion resistance are
ous temperatures is listed below:
required.
Temper: 400F, RC60
Temper: 600F, RC55 COMPOSITION RANGE
Temper: 800F, RC48 A1% C5 Cr% Mn% Mo% Si%
Temper: 100F, RC40 0.95-1.3 0.38-0.43 1.4-1.8 0.5-0.7 0.3-0.4 0.2-0.4
Temper: 1200F, RC28
P% S% Fe%
LADISH D-6-A. Low Alloy High Strength. This 0-0.04 0-0.04 Balance
alloy is suitable for hot work die applications and
structural material in aircraft and missiles. It SPECIFICATIONS
may be heat treated to strength levels up to TYPE NITRALLOY 135 MOD
300,000 psi, and at 240,000 has excellent tough-
ness. At strength levels below 220,000 psi it is
suitable for elevated temperature applications AMS FORMS MILITARY
below 900F. It may readily be welded and cold
formed in the annealed or spheroidized condition. 5470 Plates, Tubing, Rods, Bar, MIL-S-
It also can be temper straightened. forgings stock. 6701
COMPOSITION RANGE
HEAT TREATMENT
C% Cr% Mn% Mo% Ni% Si% V% Fe%
0.46 1.0 0.75 1.0 0.55 0.22 0.05 Balance Anneal: 1450F, 6 hours, furnace cool.
Normalize by slowly heating to 1790-1810F, air
SPECIFICATION. None. cool.
FORMS. Available in wrought forms and Austenitize: 1700-I 75 0F.
most
forgings. Oil quench sections less than 2 inches thick.
Temper: 1000-1300F 1 hour minimum per inch of
HEAT TREATMENT thickness.
Change 1 2-43
T.O. 1-IA-9
(NOTE: Temper 50F minimum above nitriding orlime.

temperatures). Harden: 1475-1550F, oil quench.
Nitride: 930-1050F. Spheroidize Anneal: 1425F, 2 hours, then furnace
cool to 1210F, hold 8 hours, furnace cool or air
TYPE NITRALLOY 135 MOD cool.
Stress relief parts after straightening, machining,
FORM BAR etc.
Temper: 1100F for tensile 150,000 yield, 142,000.
Condition 1725F, oil quench sections less Temper: 900F for tensile 190,000, yield, 176,000.
than 3 inches, water quench sec- Temper: 725F for tensile 220,000, yield, 200,000.
tions greater than 3 inches temper Temper: 400-500F for tensile 260,000, 2 hours
1200F, 5 hours. per thickness, 6 hours minimum.
Parts heat treated to 260,000-280,000 psi tensile
SIZE LESS 1 1/2 to 3 to 5 and subsequently subjected to grinding, machining
DIA THAN 3 inches inches 350-400F,
or straightening should be tempered to
1/2 4 hours minimum. Temperature should not exceed
inches tempering temp or reduce the tensile strength
below 260,000 psi. Austenitize 1475-1575F, 15
Tensile 135,000 125,000 110,000 minutes for each inch of thickness. Normalize,
psi psi psi welded or brazed parts before austenitizing. Cool
Yield 100,000 90,000 psi 85,000 psi after austenitizing.
psi To heat treat for regular machining, normalize or
austenitize, then heat to 1200F (maximum
In welding the major problem to avoid is loss of 1250F) for 15-20 hours. Resulting hardness
aluminum and chromium in the weld area, the should be 229-248 BHN.
loss of which would prevent subsequent nitriding.
Austenitize: 1575-1625F, oil quench.
4337, 4340 Steel Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Tempering range is limited to 400-600F prefera-
Alloy. These two alloys are similar except that bly no higher than 550F.
carbon content differs slightly. The carbon content Temper: 600F for 230,000 psi tensile, 194,000 psi
of 4337 is minimum 0.35%, maximum 0.4%, good yield.
strength, high hardenability and uniformity are Temper: 550F for 234,000 psi tensile, 193,000 psi
characteristics. It can be heat treated to strength yield.
values within a wide range. At 260,000 to 280,000 Temper: 500F for 235,000 psi tensile, 191,000 psi
psi tensile this steel has been found superior to yield.
other common low alloy steels as well as some of Temper: 400F for 239,000 psi tensile, 183,000 psi
the recently developed more complex low alloy yield.
steels. It possesses fair formability when annealed
and may be welded, by special processes, which This alloy is easily welded by conventional meth-
require strict control. No welding shall be per- ods using low hydrogen electrode of similar
formed on this alloy heat treated above 200,000 composition.
psi unless specifically approved by design
engineer. 4615. Steel Nickel Molybdenum Alloy. This is a
high grade carburizing steel for use where reliabil-
COMPOSITION RANGE ity and uniformity are required.
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% COMPOSITION RANGE
0.38-0.43 0.65-0.85 0.2-0.35 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.7-0.9
Ni% Mo% Fe% C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni%
1.54-2.0 0.2-0.3 Balance 0.13-0.18 0.45-0.65 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 1.65-2.0
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification Mo% Fe%
Table 2-2. 0.2-0.3 Balance
HEAT TREATMENT HEAT TREATMENT
Normalize: 1600-1700F, hour of maximum Normalize: 1675-1725F
thickness, Temper, normalize condition
air cool. Anneal: 1575-1625F
for improved machinability 125F maximum. Harden: 1425-1550F oil quench.
Anneal: 1475-1575F, furnace cool or cool in ash Carburize: 1425-1550F
2-44
T.O. 1-1A-9
Wherecase hardening is paramount, reheat to and small distortion in heat treatment. Its applica-
1425-1475F quench in oil. Tempering 250-350F primarily gears, spline shafts, hand tools,
tion is
is optional.It is generally employed for partial and machine parts.
stress relief and improved resistance to cracking COMPOSITION RANGE
from grinding operation.
4620. Steel Nickel Molybdenum Alloy. This is a C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni%
medium hardenability case steel. Its hardenability 0.38-0.43 0.6-0.8 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 1.65-2.0
characteristics lie between that of plain carbon Mo% Fe%
steel and the high alloy carburized steel. It may 0.2-0.3 Balance
be used for average size case hardened automotive
parts such as gears, piston pins, crackshafts, etc. FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
Table 2-2.
COMPOSITION RANGE
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni% HEAT TREATMENT
0.17-0.24 0.45-0.65 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 1.65-2.0 Normalize: 1600-1750F
Mo% Fe% Anneal: 1450-1550F
0.2-3.0 Balance Quench: 1450-1550F, oil quench, agitated oil.
Temper: 1200F for 100,000 psi.
HEAT TREATMENT Temper: 1100F for 120 to 140,000 psi.
Normalize: 1650-1750F Temper: 1000F for 140 to 160,000 psi.
Anneal: 1550-1600F Temper: 900F for 160 to 180,000 psi.
Quench: (High temperature) 1550F Temper: 800F for 180 to 200,000 psi.
Quench: (Low temperature) 1425F Temper: 700F for 200 to 220,000 psi.
Carburize: 1650-1700F. 6150, 6152. Chromium Vanadium Alloy. These
Recommend practice for maximum case hardness: essentially the same, differing only
two steels are
Direct quench from pot. in the amountof Vanadium. Alloy 6152 contains a
minimum of 0.1% Vanadium. Typical usages are
(1) Carburize: at 1700F for 8 hours. for flat springs under 1/8 inch thick, cold formed,
(2) Quench: in agitated oil. and 1/8 inch and over hot formed; oil quenched,
(3) Temper: at 300F and drawn at 725-900F to 44-48 or 48-52 RC,
Case depth: 0.075. and for coil springs over 1/2 inch diameter with
Case hardness: RC62 same heat treatment. It is also used for valve
Single Quench and Temper: springs, piston rods, pump parts, spline shafts,
(1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours. etc.
(2) Pot cool.
(3) Reheat: 1500F. COMPOSITION RANGE
(4) Quench: in agitated oil. C% Mn% P% S% Si% Cr%
(5) Temper: 300F. 0.48-0.53 0.7-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.8-1.1
Case depth: 0.075.
Case hardness: RC62 V% Fe%
Recommended practices for maximum core tough- 0.15 min Balance
ness: Direct quench from pot.
(1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours. FORM-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification Table
(2) Quench: in agitated oil. 2-2.
(3) Temper: 450F. HEAT TREATMENT
Case depth: 0.06
Case hardness: RC58 Normalize: 1625-1750F, furnace cool.
Single Quench and Temper: Anneal: 1500-1600F. (Tensile psi 90,000 yield
(1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours. 58,000 psi annealed.)
(2) Pot Cool. Harden: 1550-1600F, oil quench.
(3) Reheat: to 1500F Temper: 1100F for tensile psi 150,000 yield psi
(4) Quench: in agitated oil. 137,000 psi.
(5) Temper: 450F. Temper: 800F for tensile psi 210,000 yield psi
Case depth: .065 194,000 psi.
Case hardness: RC59 Spheroidized annealed to 183-241 BHN 45%
4640. Steel Nickel Molybdenum. This steel has 8615. Steel-Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy. This is a triple alloy
excellent machinability at high hardness levels, case-hardening steel with medium hardenability.
2-45
T.O. 1-1A-9
It is primarily used for differential pinions, engine FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification

pins,
gears etc. Table 2-2.
COMPOSITION RANGE HEAT TREATMENT
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni% Cr% Normalize: 1600-1750F.
0.13-0.18 0.7-0.9 0-.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.3 0.4-0.6 0.4-0.6 Anneal: 1575-1625F.
Mo% Fe% CARBURIZING:
0.15-0.25 Balance
For maximum case hardness: Direct quench from
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification pot.
Table 2-2. (1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours.
(2) Quench: in agitated oil.
HEAT TREATMENT (3) Temper: 300F.
Psuedo-Carburize 1650-1700F, box cool, reheat Case depth: 0.075.
1550F, oil quench. Case hardness: RC64.
Temper: 300F for tensile 100,000 psi yield 72,500 Single Quench and temper:
psi. (1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours.
Normalize: 1650-1725F. (2) Pot cooled.
Anneal: 1575-1650F. (3) Reheat: to 1550F.
Harden: 1475-1575F. (4) Quench: in agitated oil.
(5) Temper: 300F.
8617. Steel Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy. This steel is very Case depth: 0.075
similar to 8615, but develops somewhat greater Case hardness: RC64
strength. Recommended practices for maximum core tough-
ness.
COMPOSITION RANGE Direct quench from pot.
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni% (1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours.
0.15-0.2 0.7-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.4-0.7 (2) Quench: in agitated oil.
Cr% (3) Temper: 450F.
0.4-0.6 Case depth: 0.050
Case hardness: RC58
Mo% Fe% Single Quench and Temper.
0.15-0.25 Balance (1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours.
FORM-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification Table (2) Pot cool.
2-2.
(3) Reheat: to 1500F.
(4) Quench: in agitated oil.
HEAT TREATMENT (5) Temper: 450F.
Case depth: 0.076.
Normalize: 1650-1725F Case hardness: RC61.
Anneal: 1575-1650F.
Harden: 1474-1575F 8630. Steel Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy This steel has charac-
Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours, oil quench. teristics very similar to 4130. It is used for air-
Draw at 300F craft engine mounts, and other aircraft parts due
Tensile: 128,000 psi yield 94,000 psi. to good properties when normalized in light sec-
tions, and its air hardening after welding.
8620. Ni-Cr-Mo-Alloy. This steel is similar to
8615 and 8617 though stronger. It is used for ring COMPOSITION RANGE
gears, transmission gears, cam shafts and for good C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni%
core properties with high surface hardness after 0.28-0.33 0.7-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.4-0.7
case hardening. It is also used in the heat treated
condition as chain, at about 100,000 psi yield Cr% Mo% Fe%
strength. It is classed as medium hardenable. 0.4-0.6 0.15-0.25 Balance
COMPOSITION RANGE FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
Table 2-2.
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni%
0.18-0.23 0.7-0.9 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.4-0.7 HEAT TREATMENT
Cr% Mo% Fe% Normalize: 1550-1650F.
0.4-0.6 0.15-0.25 Balance Anneal: 1500-1550F (Tensile 90,000 psi, tensile
2-46
T.O. 1-1A-9
60,000 annealed), furnace cool. 8740. Steel Ni-Cr-Mo. This steel is similar to
Harden: 1500-1575F, oil or water quench. 4140. It may be satisfactorily used for axles, tool
Temper: 1000F for 150,000 psi tensile, 140,000 joints, bits, core drills, reamer bodies, drill collars,
psi yield strength. piston rods, aircraft engine bolts, shapes, tubing
Temper: 700F for 200,000 psi tensile, 180,000 psi etc.
yield strength. COMPOSITION RANGE
8640. Steel Ni-Cr-Mo. Typical uses, propeller
shafts, transmission gears, spline shafts, heavy C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni%
duty bolts, etc. 4140 has higher strength and duc- 0.38-0.43 0.75-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.4-0.7
tility and slightly better machinability. Cr% Mo% Fe%
0.4-0.6 0.2-0.3 Balance
COMPOSITION RANGE
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni%
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
Table 2-2
0.38-0.43 0.75-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.4-0.7
HEAT TREATMENT
Cr% Mo% Fe%
0.4-0.6 0.15-0.25 Balance Normalize: 1575-1625F.
Anneal: 1500-1575F (Tensile 103,000 psi, yield
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification 66,000 psi annealed)
Table 2-2. Harden: 1500-1575F (Quench in agitated oil)
HEAT TREATMENT Temper: 1100F for tensile 160,000 psi, yield
152,000 psi.
Normalize: 1550-1650F. Temper: 900F for tensile 190,000 psi, yield
Anneal: 1475-1575F. 183,000 psi.
Harden: 1475-1575F, oil quench. Temper: 800F for tensile 210,000 psi, yield
Temper: 1100F for 145,000 psi tensile, 130,000 198,000 psi.
psi yield. Temper: 725F for tensile 220,000.
Temper: 800F for 200,000 psi tensile, 184,000 psi 9260, 9261, 9262. Steel Silicon. These are similar
yield. alloy spring steels, oil hardening type. The quan-
Temper: 700F for 220,000 psi tensile, 205,000 psi
yield. tities of chromium in each, constitutes the only
chemical variations in these alloys. Typical appli-
8735. Steel Ni-Cr-Mo. This metal is used for cations are coil and flat springs, axles, chisels,
shapes, tubing, aircraft engine studs, knuckles, bolts. etc.
etc. It is similar in characteristics to 8630 and
8640 COMPOSITION RANGE
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification C% Mn% P% S% Si%

Table 2-2. 9260 0.55-0.65 -0.7-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.04 1.8-2.2
Cr% Fe%
COMPOSITION RANGE
Balance
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni% C% Mn% P% S% Si%
0.33-0.38 0.75-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.04 0.2-0.35 0.4-0.7 9261 0.55-0.65 0.75-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.04 1.8-2.2
Cr% Mo% Fe% Cr% Fe%
0.4-0.6 0.2-0.3 Balance 0.1-0.25 Balance
HEAT TREATMENT C% Mn% P% S% Si%
Normalize: 1575-1625F 9262 0.55-0.65 0.75-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.04 1.8-2.2
Anneal: 1525-1525F. Cr% Fe%
Harden: 1525-1600F Oil quench. 0.25-0.4 Balance
Temper: 1200F for tensile 119,000 psi, yield
93,000 psi. FORMS-SPECIFICATION. See Specification
Temper: 1100F for tensile 131,000 psi, yield Table 2-2.
107,000 psi. HEAT TREATMENT
Temper: 900F for tensile 149,000 psi, yield
127,000 psi Normalize: 1600-1650F.
Temper: 800F for tensile 170,000 psi Anneal: 1525-1575F
Temper: 775F for tensile 200,000 psi Harden: 1575-1625F quench in agitated oil.
2-47
T.O. 1-1A-9
Temper: 1100F for tensile 165,000 psi, yield Type 301. Steel Austenitic Stainless. This steel
144,000 psi. belongs to the sub-family of 18-8 steels, which vary
Temper: 900F for tensile 214,000 psi, yield only slightly in chromium and nickel and contain
192,000 psi. no other metallic alloying element. This alloy may
Temper: 600F for tensile 325,000 psi, yield be strengthened to an exceptional degree by cold
280,000 psi. work. For best results, cold work should be fol-
lowed by stress relieving at 400-800F.
9310. Steel Ni Cr-Mo (Electric Furnace Steel).
This is a high hardenability case steel, since it is COMPOSITION RANGE
a
high alloy, both the case and core have high C% Mn% Si% P% Cr% Ni% S%
hardenability. This type of steel is used particu- 0.08-0.15 0-2.0 0-1.0 0-0.04 17.0-19.0 6.0-8.0 0-0.03
larly for carburized parts having thick sections
such as bearing races, heavy duty gears etc. Cu% Fe%
0-0.05 Balance
COMPOSITION RANGE
FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
C% Mn% P% S% Si% Ni% 2-2.
0.7-0.13 0.4-0.7 0-0.025 0-0.025 0.2-0.35 2.95-3.55 HEAT TREATMENT
Cr% Mo% Fe% Anneal: 1950-2050F,1 hour per inch thickness,
1.0-1.45 0.08-0.15 Balance water quench.
Cool to 800F within 3 minutes maximum.
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification To relieve the elastic characteristics and increase
Table 2-2. the compressive yield strength of cold worked con-
ditions, 400-800F, 36 to 8 hours maximum
HEAT TREATMENT respectively. After forming in order to prevent
Normalize: 1625-1725F, air cool. stress cracking, full anneal, oralternately 600F,
Anneal: 1475-1575F, furnace cool. 1/2 to 2 hours. This alloy
can be hardened only by
Recommended practice for maximum hard- cold work. Maximum tensile strength, 1/4 hard
case
125,000, 1/2 hard 150,000, full hard 185,000 psi.
ness:
Direct quench from pot. Full anneal is mandatory when, exposed to corro-
(1) Carburize: at 1700F for 8 hours. sive media, such as hot chlorides, etc. which may
(2) Quench: in agitated oil. lead to stress corrosion cracking.
(3) Temper: 300F. Type 302. Steel Austenitic Stainless. This alloy is
Case depth: 0.047 inch similar to Type 301 in composition and character-
Case hardness: RC62 istics. It is inferior in strength to 301, however,
Single Quench and Temper: possesses superior corrosive resistance. It is gen-
(1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours. erally used in the annealed conditions
(2) Pot cool.
(3) Reheat: to 1450F. COMPOSITION RANGE
(4) Quench: in agitated oil. C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr%
(5) Temper: 300F. 0.08-0.25 0-2.0 0-1.0 0-0.045 0-0.03 17.0-19.0
Case depth: 0.047 inch
Case hardness: RC62. Ni% Fe%
To obtain maximum core toughness: Direct 8.0-10.0 Balance
quench from pot. FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
(1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours. Table, 2-2.
(2) Quench in agitated oil.
(3) Temper: 450F. HEAT TREATMENT
Case depth: 0.039 inch.
Case hardness: RC54. The heat treatment and resulting strength is simi-
Single quench and temper: lar to that recommended for type 301, except that
(1) Carburize: 1700F for 8 hours. the temperature range for annealing type 302
(2) Pot cool. ranges between 1925-2075F.
(3) Reheat to 1450F. Type 303, Type 303Se, Steel Austenitic Stainless.
(4) Quench: in agitated oil. These varieties of the 18-8 austenitic stainless
(5) Temper: 450F. family contain additions of sulphur and selenium
Case depth: 0.047 inch. for the purpose of improving machining character-
Case hardness: RC59. istics. However the presence of these elements
2-48
TO. 1-1A-9
tend to decrease formability and corrosion resis-

tance. Type 303 Se is superior to 303 in these TYPE 304 TYPE 304L
respects. The cast form of 303Se is also known as PERCENT PERCENT
CF-16F. MIN MAX MIN MAX
ALLOY TYPE 303 TYPE 303Se C 0.08 0.03

PERCENT PERCENT Mn 2.0 2.0
Si 1.0 0.5 1.0
Min Max Min Max
P 0.04 0.04
S 0.03 0.03
C 0.15 0.15 Cr 18.0 20.0 18.0 20.0
Mn 2.0 2.0 Ni 8.0 11.0 8.0 11.0
Si 1.0 1.0 Mo 0.5
P 0.04 .12 0.17 Cu 0.5
S .18 0.35 0.04
Cr 17.0 19.0 17.0 19.0 Iron Bal- Balance
Ni 8.0 10.0 8.0 10.0 ance
Mo 0.75 0.5
Cu 0.5 0.5
Se 0.15 0.35 HEAT TREATMENT
Iron Bal- Bal-
(Fe) ance ance
Same as types 303 and 303Se. This alloy can only
be hardened by cold work.
HEAT TREATMENT TYPE 314. Steel-Austenitic Stainless. This is a
Anneal or solution treat: 1900-2050F, air cool or
non-heat-treatable stainless steel generally used in
quench, depending on section thickness, cool to the annealed condition. It possesses high resis-
800F maximum within 3 minutes. tance to scaling and carburizing and is used for
Bars, forgings: 1900-1950F, 1/2 hour per inch of parts and welded assemblies requiring corrosion
thickness, water quench. and oxidation resistance to 2000F. It is subject to
Sheet, tubing: 1900-1950F, 10 minutes, air cool embrittlement after long time exposure to temper-
up to 0.064 thickness, water Quench 0.065 inch ature in the 1200-1600F range.
and thicker.
Castings: 2000-2100F, 30 minutes minimum. COMPOSITION RANGE
This alloy may be hardened only by cold work. C% Cr% Cu% Mn% Mo% Ni%
Welding is not generally recommended. 0.12 23.0-25.0 0.50 1.0-2.0 0.50 19.0-22.0
These steels are subject to carbide precipitation
when subjected to temperature over 800F. Si% P% S% Fe%
1.7-2.3 0.04 0.03 Balance
Type 304, Type 304L. Steel Austenitic Stainless.
This steel is produced in two grades, type 304 with FORM-SPECIFICATION. See Specification Table
0.08 carbon (maximum) and type 304L with 0.03% 2-2.
maximum carbon. They have properties similar to
Type 302 but the corrosion resistance is slightly HEAT TREATMENT
higher. These metals are available as castings
Anneal (solution treat) 1900-2100F using rapid
under the designations CF-8 and CF-3 respec-
tively. Welding may be readily accomplished by air cooling for sheet and light plate and water
all common methods. quench for heavier sections. Stress relief and best
corrosion resistance to high temperatures proper-
COMPOSITION RANGE ties is achieved by final annealing at 1900F mini-
mum. To restore ductility after embrittlement has
occurred, anneal 1900-1950F for 10-60 minutes.
This alloy may be hardened only by cold work.
2-49
T.O. 1-1A-9
TYPE 314
FORMS BAR PLATE SHEET WIRE

HARD
CONDITION ANNEALED ANNEALED ANNEALED ANNEALED DRAWN
THICKNESS-
IN IN DIA 0.002 to 0.010 0.002 to 0.010
Tensile 100,000 100,000 100,000 95,000-130,000 245,000-

275,000
Yield 50,000 50,000 50,000 35,000-70,000 230,000-
260,000
Hardness RB 89 89 89
TYPE 316 and 317. Steel Austenitic Stainless. forms a carbide of low solid solubility, the possibil-
Wrought products are readily formable and welda- ity of intergranular precipitation and of the associ-
ble. Castings are also weldable, and the metal arc ated intergranular corrosion is reduced. There-
method is most often used. These alloys have bet- fore, type 321 is used primarily either for parts
ter corrosion resistance than 30302 or 30304 types. fabricated by welding without postweld annealing
or for service at
800-1500F. This steel is avail-
COMPOSITION RANGE
able in all wrought forms. Welding rods and cast-
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% ings are not produced in this type.
0-.08 1.25-2.0 0-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.03 16.0-19.0
Ni% Mo% Cu% Iron%
CORROSION RANGE
11.0-14.0 2.0-2.5 0-0.5 Balance
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr%
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification 0-0.08 0-2.0 0.4-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.03 17.0-20.0
Table 2-2.
HEAT TREATMENT Ni% Mo% Ti% Cu% Iron (Fe)%
8.0-13.0 0-0.5 *6XC-0.7 0-0.5 Balance
Anneal wrought products 1850-2150F, air cool or
quench depending on section size. FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
For sheet alloys, annealing temperature 1950F, Table 2-2.
minimum.
Castings 1950-2100F, water or oil quench or air 6 times columbian content.
cool. Low side of temperature range is used for
CF 8M, (Cast Alloy) but CF 12M castings should HEAT TREATMENT
be quenched from above 2000F.
Stabilize for high temperature service 1625- Full anneal 1750-1850F, 1 hour per inch in
1675F, relieve 400-500F, 1/2 to 2 hours.
stress
This alloy may be hardened only by cold work. In thickness, two hours minimum for plate furnace
annealed condition, tensile 90,000 psi, yield 45,000 cool or air cool. Stabilizing anneal for service
psi. 900-1500F, heat to 1500-1650F one hour per
inch thickness, 2 hours minimum for plate. Stress
TYPE 321. Steel Austenitic Stainless.This is one relieve after fabrication 1300F.
of the two stabilized 18-8 steels Since titanium This may be hardened only by cold work.
2-50
T.O. 1-IA-9
TYPE 321
TENSILE YIELD
FORM SHEET, STRIP PLATE BAR WIRE
SOFT TEMPER
CONDITION ANNEAL ANN+CD
THICKNESS IN ALL 1 INCH 0.062 0.50
Tensile 90000 85000 85000 95000 115000 95000

Yield 35000 30000 35000 60000 85000 65000
Full anneal or stabilizing anneal will eliminate Welding. Fusions welding of this alloy is compara-
sensitized conditions. ble to type 304L. Heavy sections may crack dur-
TYPES 347 and 348. Steel Austenitic Stainless is
ing welding or subsequent heating. Postweld
the second of two stabilized 18-8 steels (see type
annealing is not required, although a stress relief
is recommended. This steel is subject to carbide
321 for other). Since columbian forms a carbide of precipitation at temperatures in excess of 2150F.
very low solubility, the possibility of intergranular
precipitation and of the associated intergranular Type 414. Steel Martensitic Stainless. This steel
corrosion are practically eliminated. Therefore, has good resistance to weather and water. It
Type 347 is used principally for parts fabricated by should be passivated. Stainless type 416 has simi-
welding without postweld annealing, or for long lar mechanical properties, workability and resis-
service between 800-1500F. Columbian is usu- tance to corrosion, however, corrosion resistance is
ally associated with the similar element tantalum not as good as the 300 series stainless. It has
which is included in the columbian analysis, speci- better machinability but less weldability. Type
fying only the total of both elements. Corrosion 420 has higher mechanical properties, similar
resistance of this alloy is similar to Type 302, how- workability and machinability.
ever it has a greater tendency to pitting corrosion
and attacks in streaks. Intergranular corrosion is COMPOSITION RANGE
absent in this steel unless it is overheated to C% Mn% P% S% Si% Cr%
above 2150F. At this temperature columbian car- 0.08-0.15 0-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.03 0-0.10 11.5-13.5
bides are going in to solid solution and subsequent
rapid cooling, followed by heating to 1200F, will Ni% Fe%
1.25-2.5 Balance
cause precipitation and reduce the resistance to
intergranular attack. A stabilizing anneal will FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
restore the corrosion resistance. Table 2-2.
COMPOSITION RANGE HEAT TREATMENT
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% Annealing: 1200-1300F.
0-0.08 0-2.0 0.5-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.03 17.0-19.0 Hardening: 1800-1900F, cool rapidly.
Ni% Mo% Cbl% Iron (Fe%) Tensile strength in annealed condition 117,000
9.0-13.0 0-0.5 * 10XC-1.1 Balance yield, 98,000 psi.
Tensile strength in annealed cold drawn 130,000
* 10 Times Columbian Content. yield, 115,000 psi.
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification TYPES 403, 410, 416. Steel-Martensitic Stainless.
Table 2-2. This is a free machining type of alloy. Best per-
formance is obtained if heat treated or cold worked
HEAT TREATMENT
to 180-240 BHN. It is magnetic in the hardened
Full anneal wrought products 1800-1900F, condition and is not normally used in the annealed
hour per inch of thickness 2 hours minimum for condition.
plate, furnace cool or air cool. Full anneal castings COMPOSITION RANGE
1900-2000F 30 minutes minimum. Stabilizing
anneal for service 800-1500F, 1500-1650F, C% Mn% P% S% Si% Cr% Mo% Si%
hour per inch thickness, 2 hours minimum for 0.15 1.25 0.06 0.15 1.0 14.0 0.6 0.6
plate. Stress relieve after fabrication 1300F. Fe%
Alloy may be hardened only by cold work. Balance
2-51
T.O. 1-1A-9
FORMS-SPECIFICATION. See Specification COMPOSITION RANGE

Table 2-2.
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr%
HEAT TREATMENT 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 15.0-17.0
Ni%
Anneal: 1500-1650F, furnace cool 50F per hour 1.25-2.5
to 1100F.
Harden: 1700-1850F, cool rapidly, oil and Fe%
quench. Balance
Tensile Yield strength is as follows: FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
Table 2-2.
(1) Annealed Tensile 75,000 psi, yield 40,000 psi.
(2) Heat Treated Tensile 110,000 psi, yield HEAT TREATMENT
85,000 psi.
(3) Tempered and Drawn Tensile 100,000 psi, Type 431 steel must be protected from contamina-
yield 85,000 psi. Weldability is poor except by use tion at furnace temperature by dry inert atmos-
of low-hydrogen electrodes. phere (organ, helium) or vacuum in the furnace
working zones, except that air or salt bath fur-
Temper: 400-1300F. Avoid 700-1075F temper naces may be employed for tempering operations.
range. Parts shall be transferred from furnace working
Temper: 1300F for 100,000 psi. zones to the oil bath within a 30-second interval
Temper: 1075F for 120,000 psi. prior to quenching. Materials in the solution-
Temper: 575-600F for 180,000 psi. treated condition (not more than 2 percent segre-
TYPE 420. Steel Martensitic Stainless. This is a
gated ferrite or austenite in the microstructure)
medium carbon grade of martensitic stainless may be hardened by the following treat treatment.
which in the past has been intensively used in the HT-200 CONDITION
cutlery industry. It has recently proved satisfac- Austenitize at 1850+/-25F for 30 minutes, quickly
tory for air weapon application where its high transfer from furnace to oil quenching bath at not
strength permits heat treatment for tensile
strength up to 240,000 psi. In the fully annealed over 100F followed by refrigeration at
condition formability of this alloy almost equals

100F+/-10F for 2 hours, tempering at 550F+/-25F
the 1/4 hard austenitic stainless steels. Shearing for 2 hours, air cool, and final temper at
550+/-25F for 2 hours; or austenitize 1850+/-25F
type operations such as blanking and punching are for 30 minutes, marquench into salt bath at 400F,
not recommended. It machines best in conditions
having approximately 225 BHN. air cool to room temperature, refrigerate at
100+/-10F for 2 hours, temper 550+/-25F for 2
COMPOSITION RANGE hours, air cool, temper 550F for 2 hours.
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% HT-125 (125,000 tensile)
0.3-0.4 0-1.0 0-1.0 0-0.04 0-0.03 12.0-14.0
Austenitize at 1850+/-25F for 30 minutes, quickly
Ni% Mo% Fe% transfer from furnace to oil quench to bath at not
0-0.5 0-0.5 Balance over 100F, temper 1200+/-25F for 2 hours, air
FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification cool, temper 1200+/-25F for 2 hours.

Table 2-2.
HEAT TREATMENT CAUTION
Full anneal 1550-1650F one hour per inch of Avoid tempering or holding within
thickness, furnace cool (50F per hour) to 1100F. range from 700 to 1100F.
Subcritical anneal 1300-1350F, 3 hours mini-
mum, air cool. Austenitize 1800-1850F oil HT-1 15 (115,000 Tensile and Yield 90,000 PSI)
quench, depending on section size. Heavy sections Heat Cond A material to 1800-1900F for 30 min-
should be preheated at 1250F. Temper 400- utes, oil quench from furnace, temper at a temper-
1500F, 3 hours minimum. Tempering between ature not lower than 1100F.
600-1000F is not generally recommended due to
reduced ductility and corrosion resistance. HT-175 (175,000 Tensile and 135,000 Yield PSI)
TYPE 431. Steel Martensitic Stainless. This alloy Heat Cond A material to 1850-1950F, quench in
is suitable for highly stressed parts in corrosive oil from furnace temper at a temperature not
environment. higher than 700F.
2-52 Change I
T.O. 1-1A-9
17-4PH. Steel, Martensitic Stainless, Precipitation hour, air cool to 50 to 60F within 1 hour, hold at
Hardening. This stainless steel possesses high 50 to 60F 1/2 hour (condition TO) + 1040 to
strength and good corrosion and oxidation resis- 1060F, 1-1/2 hour. Age condition A to condition
tance up to 600F. RH 950, 1735 to 1765F, 10 minutes, refrigerate
COMPOSITION RANGE
(condition A 1750) to -90 to -110F 8 hours (con-
dition R100), + 940 to 960F, 1 hour. Age condi-
C% Cb% Cr% Cu% Mn% tion C of cold rolled sheet or cold drawn wire to
0.07 max 0.15-0.45 15.5-17.5 3.0-5.0 1.0 max condition CH 900, 890 to 910F for hour.
Condition A 130 to 150 KSI ultimate, 55 KSI
Ni% P% S% Si% Fe% yield.
3.0-5.0 0.04 max .03 max 1.0 max Balance Condition T 125 to 145 KSI ultimate 75 to 100
SPECIFICATION: MIL-S-81506 KSI yield.
Condition RH950 200 to 215 KSI ultimate 180 to
HEAT TREATMENT 190 KSI yield.
To condition A-1900+/-25F 30 minutes, air cool or
Condition RH1050 180 to 200 KSI ultimate 150
oil quench below 90F. to 185 KSI yield.
Condition C 200 to 215 KSI ultimate 175 to 185
From condition A to KSI yield.
Condition H900(RH-C 40/47) 900 +/- 10F, Condition CH900 240 to 250 KSI ultimate, 230 to
1 hour, air cool. 240 KSI yield.
Condition H925(RH-C 38/45) 925 +/- 10F,
4 hours, air cool. TYPE 440A, 440B, 550C, 440C. Steel Martensitic
Condition H950(RH-C 37/44) 950 +/- 10F, Stainless. These steels are similar except for car-
4 hours, air cool. bon range, therefore they are grouped since heat
Condition H975 (RH-C 36/43) 975 +/- 10F, treatment requirements are the same. These
4 hours, air cool. steels are used for cutlery, valves, etc.
Condition H1000(RH-C 35/42) 1000 +/- 10F, COMPOSITION RANGE
4 hours, air cool.
Condition H 1025 (RH-C 35/42) 1025 +/- 10F, C% Mn% Si% P% S%
4 hours, air cool. 440A
Condition H1050(RH-C 33/40) 1050+/- 10F, 0.6-0.75 max 1.0 max 1.0 max 0.04 max 0.03 max
4 hours, air cool. Cr% Mo% Fe%
Condition H1075(RH-C 31/39) 1075 +/- 10F, 16.0-18.0 max 0.75 max Balance
4 hours, air cool.
Condition H1100(RH-C 32/38) 1100 +/- 10F, C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% Mo%
4 hours, air cool. 440B
Condition H1125(RH-C 30/37) 1125 +/- 10F, 0.75-0.95 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75
4 hours, air cool.
1 Condition H1150(RH-C 28/37) 1150 +/- 10F, Fe%
Balance
4 hours, air cool.
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% Mo%
17-7PH. Steel Martensitic Stainless (Precipitation 440C
Hardening). This stainless steel possesses good 0.95-1.2 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75
corrosion resistance, may be machined and formed
in its annealed condition, and is used up to tem- Fe%
peratures of 800F. Balance
COMPOSITION RANGE FORMS-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
Table 2-2.
A% C% Cr% Mn% Ni%
0.50-1.0 0.10-0.12 16.0-18.0 1.00 6.0-8.0 HEAT TREATMENT
Si% P% S% Iron Anneal: 1550 to 1650F.
1.0-5.0 0.045 0.030 Balance Temper: 300-800F.
Harden: 1850-1950F, cool rapidly.
SPECIFICATION: See MIL-S-25043. 440A, tensile 270,000 psi, yield 260,000 psi.
HEAT TREATMENT
Condition A. Solution anneal 1925-1975F, 30
minutes per inch of thickness, air cool. Age condi-
tion A to condition TH1050, 1375 to 1425F, 1-1/2
Change 3 2-53
T.O. 1-IA-9
440B, tensile 280,000 psi, yield 270,000 psi. Condition CH900 265 KSI ultimate, 260 yield,
440C, tensile 285,000 psi, yield 275,000 psi. hardness RC50.
Welding is not recommended. PH 14-8 MO. This alloy (sheet) is similar to PH
15-7 MO except it has slightly lower tensile and
15-7-MO. Steel Martensitic Stainless. This alloy yield strength but considerable higher toughness
isa further development of 17-7PH alloy and due and superior welding characteristics. In general
to molybdenum content it can be heat treated to this alloy is unstable during exposure to tempera-
high strength at room and elevated temperature tures exceeding 500F, which is a common charac-
(up to 1000F). The heat treatment is identical to teristic of precipitation hardening stainless steels.
17-7PH and other properties are identical or simi-
lar to 17-7PH. FORMS AND CONDITIONS available sheet
FORMS sheet, strip, plate, bars and forgings. and strip.
Condition A annealed C cold worker.
SPECIFICATION AMS 5520, AMS 5657.
COMPOSITION RANGE
CHEMICAL CONDITION
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% C% Mn% Si% Ph% S% Cr%

0.09 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.03 14.0-16.0 0.02-0-05 1.0 1.0 0.015 1.0 13.50-15.50
Ni%
Ni%
6.50-7.75
7.50-9.50
Mo% A1% Fe% Me% Al% Fe%

2.0-3.0 0.75-1.50 Balance 2.0-3.0 0.75-1.50 Rem
HEAT TREATMENT HEAT TREATMENT
Condition A. Solution anneal sheet and strip, Anneal to Condition A, 1800-1850F, 30 minutes
1925-1975F, 3 minutes per 0.1 inch thickness, air air cool. Age condition A to SRH conditions, 1685
cool. Bar and forgings solution anneal 1925- 1715F, 1 hour, air cool and within hour cool to
1975F, 30 minutes per inch thickness, water 100F, 8 hours + age hour, air cool. Aging at
quench. Age condition A to condition TH 1050, 940-960F or 1040-1060F is generally used with
1375 to 1425F, 1-1/2 hour (austenite condition- the higher temperature giving somewhat lower
ing), air cool to 50 60F within hour, hold at strength but after better toughness. Age cold
50 60F, 1/2 hour (condition T) + 1040 1060F, worked alloy, condition C, 890-910F or 1040-
1-1/2 hour, air cool. Age condition A to condition 1060F, hour, air cool.
RH 950, 1735 1765F, 10 minutes (austenite MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TYPICAL
conditioning), air cool (condition A 1750) +/-90 to
110F, 8 hours (condition R100) + 940 to 960F, 1 Condition A 150 KSI ultimate, 65 KSI yield,
hour, air cool. Age condition C, sheet cold rolled hardness, RB 100 max.
or wire cold drawn to condition CH 900, by heat- Condition SRH 950 220 KSI ultimate, 190 KSI
ing 890 -910F for 1 hour, air cool. TH and RH yield hardness RC40.
conditions are also used with difference final age
hardening temperatures, such as TH 1150, Condition SRH1050 200 KSI ultimate, 180 KSI
RH 1050, etc. yield, hardness RC38.
TYPICAL PROPERTIES FOR VARIOUS This alloy is subject to salt stress corrosion, how-
CONDITIONS: ever, early test indicate it is superior in this
respect to 17-7PH and PH 15-7 MO.
Condition A 130 to 150 KSI ultimate, 55-65 KSI
yield, hardness 90-100. This general welding characteristics is similar to
Condition T 125 to 145 KSI ultimate, 75-90 KSI 17-7 PH. Higher toughness may be obtained by
yield, hardness 28-30. annealing after welding and then heat treating.
Condition TH1050 190 to 210 KSI ultimate, 170- 19-9 DL 19-9 DX. These stainless steels are not
200 KSI yield, hardness RC40-45. heat treatable, but can be hardened to a limited
Condition RH950 225 to 240 KSI ultimate, 200-
extent by cold working or hot cold working. In
225 KSI yield, hardness RC46-48. chemical composition 19-9DL contains columbium
Condition R100 180 KSI ultimate, 125 KSI yield, which was replaced by a higher molybdenum and
hardness RC40. titanium conten in 19-9DX.
Condition C 220 KSI ultimate, 190 yield, hard-
ness RC45. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 19-9DL:
2-54
T.O. 1-1A-9
C% Mn% Si% Ph% Si% Cr% condition SCT 850, 825 875F. Age to condition
0.28-0.35 0.75-1.50 0.30-0.80 0.040 0.030 18.0-21.0 SCT 1000 975 to 1025F. Double age either con-
dition H or condition-L to condition DA, 1350
Ni% Mo% W% Cb+Ta Ti% Cu% 1400F, 2 hours, air cool to 80F and heat to 825
8.0-11.0 1.0-1.75 1.0-1.75 0.10-0.35 0.10-0.35 0.50 875F, 3 hours. Thoroughly degreased and cleaned
Fe% prior to annealing to avoid harmful surface reac-
Balance tions and to facilitate subsequent pickling. Allow-
ance must also be made for growth which will
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 19-9DX: result from heat treating. The expansion on aging
C% Mn% Si% Ph% S% Cr% from condition H to set amounts to 0.002 0.004
0.28-0.35 0.75-1.50 0.30-0.80 0.040 0.030 18.0-21.0 inch per inch.
Ni% Mo% W% Ti% Cu% Fe% AM-355. Steel Age Hardening stainless This
8.0-11.0 1.25-2.00 1.0-1.75 0.40-0.75 0.50 Balance alloy combines high strength at temperatures up
to 850F with the corrosive resistance of stainless
HEAT TREATMENT steel. This alloy differs from AM-350 by a lower
Bar and forgings, 1800 to 2150F (1/2 to hour) chromium and a higher carbon content. It pos-
rapid air cool, oil water quench. Sheet/strip, 1650 sesses good formability in the high temperature
to 1800F (1/2 to hour) rapid air cool. Avoid annealed condition. Corrosion resistance of this
higher temperatures to prevent resolution and pre- alloy is slightly lower than that of AM-350.
cipitation of carbides. FORM-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification Table
Castings, 1950 to 2050, 1/2 to 1 hour minimum, 2-2.
air cool.
Solution Treat: Same as anneal. HEAT TREATMENT
Stress relief: 1175 to 1225F (4 hours) air cool.
This treatment is applied to hot worked or hot cold
Anneal to condition H for maximum formability
and stability.
worked material for service up to 1300F. It is
also applied to cold worked materials immediately
Anneal to condition H: Plate and forgings at
after working to prevent stress cracking.
1925-1975F, hour minimum per inch, water
Age: Bar and forgings, 1200 to 1400F, casting quench: sheet and welded tubing, 1850 to 1900F,
1575 to 1625F, 8 hours minimum, air cool. 3/4 hour minimum per inch, rapid air cool. Bar
should not be annealed to condition H unless sub-
NOTE sequently subjected to forgings. Anneal to Condi-
tion L: 1685-1735F ---Sheet and strip, 3/4 hour
Intergranular corrosion may occur in per inch, air cool; plate 3/4 hour inch, oil or water
certain environments unless annealed quench. Condition H plate, if not subsequently
at 1800F, followed by rapid cooling. severely cold formed, should be equalized before
AM-350. Steel Age Hardening Stainless. This annealing to condition L and aging to condition
alloy is one of a series of age hardening steels SCT. Bar forgings and tubing, hour minimum
which combines high strength at temperatures up per inch thickness, oil or water quench. Equalize
to 800F and higher with the corrosion resistance
and age bar for best machineability, 1350-1400F,
of stainless steels. 3 hours, air cool to 80F maximum + 1000 to
1050F, 3 hours. Resulting should be approxi-
COMPOSITION RANGE mately RC38 Subzero cool and age condition L to
C% Mn% Si% P% S% Cr% condition SCT, cool to -100F, hold 3 hour mini-
0.08-0.12 0.5-1.25 0-0.5 0-0.04 0-0.03 16.0-17.0 mum, 850 to 1050F for 3 hours minimum. Age
condition SCT 850, 825 to 875F. Age to condi-
Ni% Mo% N% Fe% tion SCT 1000, 975 to 1025F. Double age condi-
4.0-5.0 2.5-3.25 0.07-0.13 Balance tion L to condition DA, 1300 to 1450F 1 to 2
FORM-SPECIFICATION TABLE 2-2. hours, air cool to 80F, 825 to 875F, 3 hours min-
imum. Homogenize sand and shell mold castings,
HEAT TREATMENT 2000F, 2-4 hours, air cool up to 1 inch thick, oil or
water quench, section above 1 inch.
Anneal to condition H 1900 to 1950F, 3/4 hour
minimum per inch of thickness, rapid air cool to HNM. Steel Age Hardening Stainless. This is a
80F. Anneal to condition L 1685 to 1735F, 3/4 precipitation hardening austenitic steel, with high
hour minimum, per inch of thickness, rapid air rupture and creep properties in the 1000-
cool to 80F. Subzero cool and age condition L to 1400and not prone to overage at these tempera-
condition SCT, cool to 100F, hold 3 hours mini- tures. In the solution annealed condition it has a
mum +
850 to 1050F, 3 hours minimum Age to Brinell hardness of 201 maximum. It has a low
2-55
T.O. 1-1A-9
magnetic permeability, and is suitable for trans- C% Cr% Mn% Ni% P% Si% S% Iron
former parts, non-magnetic bolts, aircraft struc- 0.30 18.5 3.5 9.5 0.25 0.5 0.025 Balance
tural, engine components, shafts and gears. This
material is very susceptible to work hardening. It FORM-SPECIFICATIONS. See Specification
is somewhat inferior to regular 18cr-8ni stainless Table 2-2.
types, however, machining requirements are simi-
lar requiring heavy positive feeds and sharp cut- HEAT TREATMENT
ting tools. Welding is not recommended, however Anneal 2000-2150F, 30 minutes, water quench.
brazing may be successfully accomplished by use Sections 5/8 inches thick may be air cooled. The
of orayacetylene torch and furnace methods, using
an alloy conforming to specification AMS 4755.
optimum solution treatment for best properties
after aging is approximately 2050F. Age 1300F,
COMPOSITION RANGE 16 hours, air cool.
AM355
FORM BAR SHEET
Condition Solution Treat Solution Treat Solution Treat 15 Solution Treat

2050F 30 minutes 2050F 30 minutes minutes air cool 2050F air cool &
oil quench Water quench age 1300F, 16 hrs
Tensile PSI 116,000 145,000 106,000 133,000

Yield PSI 56,000 92,000 55,000 90,000
Hardness
BHN 192 302
RB 87.5
RC 33
16-15-6. Steel Iron Chromium Nickel Alloy. V57. Steel Nickel Chromium Stainless (Austen-
This alloy was developed as a replacement for 16- itic This alloy has a good combination of tensile
25-6 alloy and contains less nickel. However, the and creep rupture properties up to 1500F at high
lower nickel content is balanced by additional stresses and is used for some parts of aircraft gas
manganese which allows an increase in the nitro- turbines.
gen content that can be retained during melting. COMPOSITION RANGE
COMPOSITION RANGE
A1% B% C% Cr% Mn% Mo% Ni% Si%
C% Cr% Mn% Mo% Ni% Si% 0.25 0.008 0.06 15.0 0.25 1.25 25.5 0.55
0-.07 15.0-17.5 6.5-8.5 5.0-7.0 14-0-17.0 0-1.0
Ti% V% S% P% Iron
N% P% S% Iron (Fe) 3.0 0.25 0.025 0.025 Balance
0.30-0.40 0-0.03 .03 Balance
FORM. Bar, Forging.
FORM. Bar, forging.
SPECIFICATION. None.
HEAT TREATMENT
HEAT TREATMENT
Anneal 1700-2300F.
Anneal 1700-2300F. Solution treat 2125-2175F, air cool, water or oil
Solution treat 2125-2175F, air cool, water or oil quench, depending on section size. Cold work
quench, depending on section size. Cold work (about 20% reduction) and age (bar up tol/2 inch)
(about 20% reduction) and age (bar up to 1-1/2 1200F-1300F 2 to 8 hours.
inch) 1200-1300F, 2 to 8 hours. At a tempera-
ture of 1200F a tensile of 145,000 and yield of At a temperature of 1200F a tensile of 145,000
100,000 psi is obtained. and yield of 100,000 psi is obtained.
2-56
T.O. 1-1A-9
SUPPER ALLOYS H/L SPECIFICATION. None.

V36. Steel Cobalt Base Chromium-Nickel-Alloy. FORMS. Available in "as cast condition".
This is a solid solution hardening alloy for ser-
vice at 1300-1800F where strength and corrosion HEAT TREATMENT
resistance is important. Used for guide vanes in
gas turbines, after burner parts and high tempera- Stress relief: 1575-1625F, 2 hours, air cool. Age
ture springs. Chiefly furnished in sheet, but may hardening: Above 1200F susceptible to age hard-
be supplied in billet, bar, forging and wire. ening which increases alloy strength but causes
loss in ductility.
COMPOSITION RANGE Tensile Strength: As cast, tensile strength 125,000
C% Cr% C1% Ta% Iron% Mn% Mo% psi. Rockwell As cast, RC38.
0.25-0.33 24.0-26.0 1.5-2.5 0-5.0 0-1.2 3.5-4.5
HAYNES ALLOY NO. 151. Cobalt Base Corrosion
Ni% Si% W% S% P% Cobalt Resistant Alloy. This alloy may be air melted or
19.0-21.0 0-1.0 1.5-2.5 0-0.03 0-0.03 Balance air cast. It is used as gas turbine blades and
rotors within the heat range 1200-1700F.
COMPOSITION RANGE
HEAT TREATMENT
B% C% Cr% Iron% Mn% Ni%
This alloy is primarily solid solution hardened and 0.03-0.08 0.4-0.5 19.0-21.0 0-2.0 0-1.0 0-1.0
only small strength increases can be obtained by
aging. Solution treatment for thick sections 2200- Si% Ti% W% P% S% Cobalt%
2275F, hour, water quench. Age 1400F for 16 0-1.0 0.05-0.5 12.0-13.5 0-0.03 0-0.03 Balance
hours. Stress relieve cold worked alloy 900F, 2
hours. SPECIFICATION. None.
TYPE V36
FORMS. Available as castings and investment
castings.
FORM SHEET
Condition HEAT TREATMENT
Sol Treat Sol Treat Sol Treat This material is generally used in the "as cast"
15 min +20%, +60%, condition. The best creep rupture properties are
2250F+ cool cool in the 1300-1500F range. Solution treat 2170-
age rapidly rapidly 2200F hour minimum, rapid air cool. This treat-
Tensile 147,000 166,000 279,000 ment reduces tensile properties below 1400F and
Yield 83,000 127,000 248,000 lowers creep rupture strength.
RC 25 Aging 1400F 4 hours air cool after solution treat-
ing, results in higher tensile properties than "as
cast" material, but creep rupture properties are
W152. Steel. Cobalt Chromium Tungsten Corro- somewhat lower than the "as cast" alloy.
sion Resistant Alloy. This is a casting alloy gener-
ally used in the "as-cast"condition. It is used for Hardenability. As-Cast hardness at room tempera-
investment cast parts requiring high stress rupture RC33.
ture properties at elevated temperatures, has
excellentcastability and foundry characteristics. GMR-235. Nickel Base Corrosive Resistant Alloy.
Primary use has been first-stage turbine vanes. GMR-235 and GMR-235D are nickel based alloys
Alternate Designations. Haynes Alloy No 152, precipitation hardening, high temperature alloys
PWA 653, CF 239. developed for investment cast gas turbine wheels,
COMPOSITION RANGE buckets and vanes, operating above 1400F. They
are similar to Hastelloy R-235 but contain more
C% Cr% C 1+TA Iron% Mn% Ni% aluminum. The composition with maximum alumi-
0.40-0.5 20.0-22.0 1.5-2.5 1.0-2.0 0-0.5 0-1.0 num and titanium content is designated GMR-
235D.
Si% W% P% S% Cobalt
0-0.5 10.0-12.0 0-0.04 0-0.04 Balance COMPOSITION RANGE
2-57
T.O. 1-1A-9
Solution treatment 1950-2000F 1/2 hour, water

GMR-235 GMR-235D quench. Material treated at higher solution tem-
perature (2200F) is subject to strain-age cracking.
MIN MAX MIN MAX Final heat treatment after fabrication of sheet and
bar depends upon properties desired. To obtain
Al 2.5 3.5 3.25 4.0 maximum long time stress-rupture life, solution
B 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 treat at 2175 2225F, 15 minutes, water quench.
C 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 Then heat to 2025-2075F, hold at temperature
Cr 14.0 17.0 14.0 17.0 for 30 minutes and cool in still air. To obtain
Co 0.1 0.2 0 0 maximum room and high temperature tensile
Iron 8.0 12.0 3.5 5.0 strength or short time rupture strength, solution
Mn 0 0.25 0 0.1 treat at 1950-2000F hold at temperature for 30
Mo 4.5 6.0 4.5 6.0 minutes and air cool. Then age at 1385-1415F
Si 0 0.60 0 0.3 hold at temperature for 16 hours and air cool.
Ti 1.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 TYPE HASTELLOY ALLOY R-235
Ni Balance Balance Balance Balance
FORM SHEET
SPECIFICATIONS. None.
HEAT TREATMENT Condition Sol Treat Sol Treat
Thickness-in 1975F Water 2200F Water
Solution treatment 2050F 1 to 3 hours, air cool Quench 0.021 Quench 0.70
(GMR 235) Solution treatment 2100F 2 hours, air
cool (GMR-235D). For heavier sections (of both Tensile, Max 150,000 150,000
alloys) temperatures should be increased to psi
2150F, 2 to 4 hours, air cool. Aging at 1800F, 5 Yield, Max 95,000 95,000
hours from the "as cast" condition improves the psi RC-Max 27 25
stress rupture life of the alloy. These alloys pre-
cipitation harden rapidly during air cooling and INCONEL ALLOY 718. Steel Nickel Chromium
aging treatments are usually unnecessary. Stainless Alloy. This is a relatively new alloy and
"As-Cast" room temperatures hardness for both heat treatment and fabrication procedures are still
alloys is RC36 maximum. Tensile 115,000 psi under development. It has good properties up to
yield 90,000 psi. 1300F, slow response to age-hardening and good
Form This material is available in wrought form ductility from 1200-1400F. It is readily welded
only, except that GMR235 is available in cast in either the annealed or aged condition.
form.
COMPOSITION RANGE
HASTELLOY ALLOY R-235. Nickel Base Corro-
sion Resistant Alloy. This is a nickel base alumi- A1% C% Cr% C1%+Ta% Cu% Mn%
num-titanium precipitation hardening alloy. It
0.4-1.0 0-0.1 17.0-21.0 4.5-5.75 0-0.75 0-0.50
possesses high strength up to 1800F with good Mo% Ni% Si% Ti% S% Iron
resistance to oxidation and overaging in high tem- 2.0-4.0 50.0-55.0 0-0.5 .3-1.3 0-0.03 Balance
perature service. This alloy is readily fabricated
and welded in the solution treated condition. SPECIFICATION. None.
COMPOSITION RANGE FORMS. Sheet, Strip, Bar, Investment Castings.
Al% B% C% Cr% Co% Iron% HEAT TREATMENT
1.75-2.25 0-0.009 0-0.16 14.0-17.0 0-2.5 9.0-11.0
Both single age and double age treatments may be
Mn% Mo% Si% Ti% P% S% employed, however, the latter is preferred for high-
0-0.25 4.5-6.5 0-0.6 2.25-2.75 0-0.01 0-0.03 est strength up to 1300F. Solution treat rods,
bars and forgings 1800-1900F. Somewhat higher
Ni% creep rupture properties are obtained at the
Balance higher temperatures. Solution treat sheet at
1725F. Single age anneal alloy at 1325F 16
SPECIFICATION. None. hours, air cool. Double age anneal alloy at 1325F
FORMS. Sheet, Strip, Plate, Bar and Wire 8 hours, furnace cool, 20F per hour to 1150F air
cool or 1325F 8 hours, furnace cool, 100F per
HEAT TREATMENT hour to 1150F, hold 8 hours, air cool. Both of
2-58
T.O. 1-1A-9
these double age treatments appear to give the hardening results and forming becomes difficult.
same results. Distortion is comparatively low if material is sub-
sequently solution treated and water quenched.
TYPE INCONEL ALLOY 718 Best machinability is obtained in the fully aged
condition after either oil or water quenching from
HOT ROLLED BAR 0.0500 solution treating temperature. This alloy may be
FORM IN DIA fusion welded if copper and gas backing with a
tight hold down is used. Start and finish should
Condition be made on metal tab of the same thickness using
Anneal + Age an inert gas atmosphere of 2 helium to 1 argon.
Following the torch with a water spray reduces the
1800F 1 hour +
1325F hardness and produces maximum ductility in the
8 hour* 8 hour** 16 hour weld and heat affected zones.
Thickness in 0.500 COMPOSITION RANGE

Tensile PSI 211,000 204,000 193,000 C% Mn% Si% Cr% Ti% A1%
Yield PSI 174,000 173,000 154,000 0.06-0.12 0-0.5 0-0.5 18.0-20.0 3.0-3.3 1.5-1.8
*Furnace cool at temperature reduction of 100F Mo% B% Co% Iron% Ni%
per hour to 1150F hold 8 hours air cool. 9.0-10.5 0-0.01 10.0-12.0 0-5.0 Balance
* * Furnace cool at temperature reduction of 20F
SPECIFICATIONS: None
per hour to 1150F air cool.
UDIMET 700. Highly Alloyed Nickel Base Corro- FORMS: Sheet, Strip, Plate, Bar, Wire.
sion Resistant. This alloy has higher elevated HEAT TREATMENT
temperature tensile and stress-rupture strength
than most wrought cobalt or nickel based alloys. For maximum formability 1950-2150F 30 min-
It also has superior creep resistance, fatigue utes, water quench or cool from 2150 to 1200F in
strength and high oxidation resistance. Welding is 4 seconds maximum.
generally not recommended. Solution treat 1950-2150F 30 minutes, quench or
COMPOSITION RANGE air cool.
Heat treatment for high short time strength: Solu-
A1% B% C% Cr% tion treat 1950F 30 minutes, cool to 1200F in 4
3.75-4.75 0-025-0.035 0.03-0.1 14.0-16.0 seconds maximum + 1400F, 16 hours.
Heat treat for good ductility and high creep rup-
Cc% Cu% Iron Mn% Mo% Si% ture strength, solution treat 2150F 30 minutes +
17.0-20.0 0-0.1 0-4.0 0-0.15 4.5-6.0 0-0.2 1650F 4 hours. Hardenability: Alloy must be
Ti% Zr% S% Ni% water quenched to retain soft solution treated
2.75-3.75 0-0.06 0-0.015 Balance conditions.
SPECIFICATIONS. None TYPE RENE 41
FORMS. Bars, Billets, Castings, Forgings

FORM ALL
HEAT TREATMENT
Solution annealing for castings 2075-2125F 2 Condition 2150F air 2150F water
hours air cool. cooled quenched
Solution annealing for forgings 2125-2175F 4 Tensile 195,000 130,000
hours air cool. Yield 160,000 65,000
Solution treat. 1950-2000F 4 to 6 hours, air cool. Rockwell RC43 RB93
Intermediate aging 1535-1565F 24 hours air cool. Hardness
Final aging 1385-1415F 16 hours air cool.
Hardens by aging and cold working.
NICROTUNG. Nickel Base Corrosion Resistant
RENE 41. Nickel Base Heat Treatable Stainless Alloy. This is a nickel base investment casting
Alloy. This alloy possesses exceptional mechanical alloy which is strengthened by addition of cobalt,
properties at temperatures up to 1800F. It can be aluminum and titanium. It has high creep
formed and also welded in the annealed condition. strength and excellent oxidation resistance in the
If cooled at a slower rate than specified, e.g. in high temperature range 1500-1800F combined
less than 4 seconds from 2150F to 1200F, age with good room temperature strength.
2-59
T.O. 1-1A-9
COMPOSITION RANGE e. The structure of the steel to be machined.

A1% B% C% Cr% Co% 2-77. The cutting tool angles (back rake, side
3.75-4.75 0.02-0.08 0.08-0.13 11.0-13.0 9.0-11.0 clearance, front clearance, and side rake) are
Ti% W% Zr% Ni%
highly important in the machining of metals. The
3.75-4.75 7.0-8.5 0.02-0.08 Balance range of values based on general practice for the
machining of steel and steel alloys, are as follows:
SPECIFICATIONS. None
a. Back rake angle, 8-16 degrees.
FORMS. Investment castings.
b. Side rake angle, 12-22 degrees.
HEAT TREATMENT
c. Front clearance angle, 8-13 degrees.
Heat treatment is not recommended for this alloy.
This material has "as-cast" hardness of RC38-40. d. Side clearance angle, 10-15 degrees.
NIMONIC 105. Nickel-Cobalt-Chromium Corro- 2-78. Regardless of the material of which the
sion Resistant Alloy. This alloy has excellent cutting tool is made, the cutting action is the
resistance to creep at very high temperatures. It same. The main difference is the cutting speed.
is designed for use as turbine blades and rotors The carbon-steel tool cuts at low speed. The high-
used in gas turbines. Corrosion resistance is good speed tool cuts at twice the speed of carbon-steel,
and resistance to oxidation under repeated heating the cast alloys at twice the speed of high-speed
and cooling is very good. steel, and the sintered carbides at twice that of
the cast alloys. The cutting speeds listed in Table
COMPOSITION RANGE 2-4 are approximate speeds using high-speed steel
A1% C% Cr% Co% Cu% Iron% tools, and are to be used only as a basis from
4.2-4.8 0-0.2 13.5-16.0 18.0-22.0 0-0.5 0-1.0 which proper speeds for a particular part may be
calculated. These speeds are based on SAE 1112
Mn% Mo% S1% Ti% Ni% steel, which is assigned a machinability rating of
0-1.0 4.5-5.5 0-1.0 0.9-1.5 Balance 100%. In order to obtain an approximate starting
SPECIFICATION. None speed for different steels, select the type of opera-
tion, the width, depth or diameter of cut and
FORMS. Sheet, Strip, Bar. obtain the recommended cutting speed for SAE
1112 from Table 2-3 then refer to Table 2-4 for the
HEAT TREATMENT
percent rating of the metal to be machined, and
For maximum stress-rupture life in range 1560- multiply the SFM value from Table 2-5 by the rat-
1740F, fully heat treat solution treat, and double ing in Table 2-4. The result is the recommended
age as follows: Solution treat 2102F 4 hours, air surface feet per minute (SFM) for the cutting oper-
cool. Double age 1922F, 16 hours, air cool and ation. For a known diameter and surface feet per
1526F, 8 hours, air cool. Where stress rupture minute (SFM) be used for an operation, the corre-
strength above 1562F is not the important prop- sponding revolution per minute (RPM) can be
erty, but tensile strength, elongation and impact obtained from Table 2-5.
strength up to 1292F is desired, the following 2-79. The term cutting feed is used to express
heat treatment is recommended.
the axial distance the tool moves in each revolu-
Solution treat 2104F, 4 hours, air cool. tion. A course feed is usually used for roughing
Age 1562F, 16 hours, air cool. operations, and a fine feed for finishing opera-
tions. In general, the feed remains the same for
2-75. MACHINING OF STEELS (GENERAL). different cutting tool steels, and only the speed is
2-76. There are five basic factors affecting changed. Approximate cutting feeds are listed in
machinability as related to steel: Table 2-3. For tool corrections when improper
machining on an operation is encountered, refer to
a. The capacity and rigidity of the machine Table 2-6 for recommended checks.
tool.
2-80. The use of a proper coolant (cutting fluid)
b. Cutting fluids. often results in an increase of cutting speed for
Design composition and hardness of the the same tool life, and also acts as a lubricant giv-
c.
cutting tool. ing better cutting action and surface finish. Rec-
ommended cutting fluids for steels are lard oil,
d. Cutting condition with respect to feeds and mineral oils, sulphurized oils, and soluble or emul-
speeds, sifiable oils.
2-60
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 2-3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds for SAE 1112 Using Standard High Speed Tools
TOOL SIZE OF WIDTH OR DEPTH SURFACE FEED

NAME HOLE, IN. OF CUT, IN. FPM IN./REV
Form Width 0.500 165 0.0025

Circular Width 1.000 160 0.0020
or Dovetail Width 1.500 160 0.0018
Width 2.000 155 0.0015
Width 2.500 150 0.0012
Twist 0.250 105 0.0045

Drills 0.500 105 0.005
0.750 115 0.006
1.000 115 0.007
1.250 120 0.008
Box Depth 0.125 165 0.007

Tools Depth 0.250 160 0.0065
Blade Depth 0.375 155 0.0055
Depth 0.500 150 0.0045
Threading Over 25 Pitch 30-40

andTapping 15 to 25 Pitch 20-30
Less than 15 Pitch 15-20
Hollow 0.062 150 0.010

Mills 0.125 140 0.008
0.187 135 0.007
0.250 130 0.0065
Reamers Under 1/2" 145 0.007

Over 1/2" 145 0.010
Cut Off Width 0.062 165 0.002

Width 0.125 175 0.0025
Width 0.187 180 0.0025
Width 0.250 190 0.003
Table 2-4. Machinability Rating of Various Metals
SAE
DESIGNATION RATING % BRINELL HARDNESS
1010 50 131-170
1015 50 131-170
1020 65 137-174
1022 70 159-192
1025 65 116-126
1035 65 174-217
1040 60 179-229
1045 60 179-229
1050 50 179-229
1055 55 192-197
1060 60 183-201
2-61
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 2-4. Machinability Rating of Various Metals Continued
SAE
DESIGNATION RATING % BRINELL HARDNESS
1070 45 183-241
1080 45 192-229
1095 42 197-248
1112 100 179-229
1117 85 143-179
1137 70 187-229
2317 55 174-217
2330 50 179-229
2340 45 187-241
2515 30 179-229
3115 65 143-174
3140 55 187-229
3310 40 170-229
4037 65 170-229
4130 65 187-229
4135 64 170-229
4137 60 187-229
4140 66 179-197
4150 50 187-235
4337 50 187-241
4340 45 187-241
4615 65 174-217
4620 62 152-179
4640 55 187-235
5210 30 183-229
6150 50 197
8615 67 170-217
8617 63 170-217
8620 60 170-217
8630 65 179-229
8640 60 179-229
8735 55 179-229
8740 60 179-229
9260 45 187-255
9262 45 187-255
9310 40 207-217
2-62
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 2-5. Conversion of Surface Feet Per Minute (SFM) To Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)
DIAMETER SURFACE FEET PER MINUTE

IN INCHES 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
1/16 611 917 1222 1528 1823 2445 3056 3667 4278 4889 5500 6111 6722
1/8 306 458 611 764 917 1222 1528 1833 2139 2445 2750 3056 3361
3/16 204 306 407 509 611 815 1019 1222 1426 1630 1833 2037 2241
1/4 153 229 306 383 458 611 764 917 1070 1222 1375 1528 1681
5/16 122 183 244 306 367 489 611 733 856 978 1100 1222 1345
3/8 102 153 204 255 306 407 509 611 713 815 917 1010 1120
7/16 87 131 175 218 262 349 437 524 611 698 786 873 960
1/2 76 115 153 191 229 306 382 458 535 611 688 764 840
9/16 68 102 136 170 204 272 340 407 475 543 611 679 747
5/8 61 92 122 153 183 244 306 267 428 489 550 611 672
11/16 56 83 111 139 167 222 278 333 389 444 500 556 611
3/4 51 76 102 127 153 203 255 306 357 407 458 509 560
13/16 47 71 94 118 141 188 235 282 329 376 423 470 517
7/8 44 65 87 109 131 175 218 262 306 349 393 436 480
15/16 41 61 81 102 122 163 204 244 285 326 367 407 448
38 57 76 96 115 153 191 229 267 306 344 382 420

1/8 34 51 68 85 102 136 170 204 238 272 306 340 373
1/4 31 46 61 76 92 122 153 183 214 244 275 306 336
3/8 28 42 56 69 83 111 139 167 194 222 250 278 306
1/2 25 38 51 64 76 102 127 153 178 204 229 255 280
5/8 24 35 47 59 70 94 117 141 165 188 212 235 259
3/4 22 33 44 55 65 87 109 131 153 175 196 218 240
7/8 20 31 41 51 61 81 102 122 143 163 183 204 224
2 19 29 38 48 57 76 95 115 134 153 172 191 210
2 1/4 17 25 34 42 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187
2 1/2 15 23 31 38 46 61 76 92 107 122 137 153 168
23/4 14 21 28 35 42 56 69 83 97 111 125 139 153
3 13 19 25 32 38 51 64 76 89 102 115 127 140

IN INCHES 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225 250 270 300
1/16 7334 7945 8556 9167 9778 10390 11000 11612 12223 13751 15279 16807 18334
1/8 3667 3973 4278 4584 4889 5195 5500 5806 6111 6875 7639 8403 9167
3/16 2445 2648 2852 3056 3259 3463 3667 3871 4074 4584 5093 5602 6112
1/4 1833 1986 2139 2292 2445 2597 2750 2903 3056 3438 3820 4202 4584
5/16 1467 1589 1711 1833 1956 2078 2200 2322 2445 2750 3056 3361 3667
3/8 1222 1324 1436 1528 1630 1732 1833 1935 2037 2292 2546 2801 3056
2-63
T.O. 1-IA-9

IN INCHES 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225 250 270 300
7/16 1048 1135 1222 1310 1397 1484 1572 1659 1746 1964 2183 2401 2619
1/2 917 993 1070 1146 1222 1299 1375 1451 1528 1719 1910 2101 2292
9/16 815 883 951 1019 1086 1154 1222 1290 1358 1528 1698 1867 2037
5/8 733 794 856 917 978 1039 1100 1161 1222 1375 1528 1681 1833
11/16 667 722 778 833 889 945 1000 1056 1111 1250 1389 1528 1667
3/4 611 662 713 764 815 866 917 968 1019 1146 1273 1401 1528
13/16 564 611 658 705 752 799 846 893 940 1058 1175 1293 1410
7/8 524 567 611 655 698 742 786 829 873 982 1091 1200 1310
15/16 489 530 570 611 652 693 733 774 815 917 1019 1120 1222
458 497 535 573 611 649 688 726 764 859 955 1050 1146
1/8 407 441 475 509 543 577 611 645 679 764 849 934 1019
1/4 367 397 428 458 489 519 550 581 611 688 764 840 917
3/8 333 361 389 417 444 472 500 528 556 625 694 764 833
1/2 306 331 357 382 407 433 458 484 509 573 637 700 764
5/8 282 306 329 353 376 400 423 447 470 529 588 646 705
3/4 262 284 306 327 349 371 393 415 437 491 546 600 655
7/8 244 265 285 306 326 346 367 387 407 458 509 560 611
2 229 248 267 287 306 325 344 363 382 430 477 525 573
2 1/4 204 221 233 255 272 289 306 323 340 382 424 467 509
2 1/2 183 199 214 229 244 260 275 290 306 344 382 420 458
2 3/4 167 181 194 208 222 236 250 264 278 313 347 382 417
3 153 166 178 191 204 216 229 242 255 286 318 350 382
Table 2-6. Tool Correction Chart
A. TOOL CHATTER
Check: 1. Tool overhand (reduce to minimum)
2. Work Support (eliminate vibration)
3. Nose radius (too large a radius may cause chatter)
4. Tool clearance (be sure end cutting edge angle is sufficient)
5. Feed (increase feed if too light a feed has tendency to rub rather than cut)
6. Tool load (vary side cutting edge angle to correct improper load)
7. Chip breaker (widen breaker if chips are too tight.)
2-64
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 2-6. Too] Correction Chart Continued
B. CHIPPING OF CUTTING EDGE

Check: 1. Edge sharpness (Hone or chamber slightly)
2. Chip Breaker (widen breaker if tight chip causes chipping)
3. Speed (Increase)
4. Coolant (Heating and cooling of tip may cause chipping)
C. RAPID TOOL WEAR
Check: 1. Feed (Increase)
2. Speed (Low and excessive speeds cause tool wear)
3. Relief angles (clearance may not be sufficient)
4. Nose radius (decrease size)
D. UNSATISFACTORY FINISH
Check: 1. Speed (rough finishes can be eliminated by increasing speed)
2. Nose radius (too large a nose radius mats finish)
2-81. MACHINING CORROSION RESISTING designated by a suffix to type number such as 430
STEEL. F or Se. Exceptions are types 416 and 303.
2-82. The corrosion resisting steels, especially 2-83. For comparison and as a general guide to
the 18-8 grades, are more difficult to machine the machining characteristics of free machining
than the carbon steels and most other metals. screw stock grade B 1112 as an 100% machinable
Even though they are more difficult to machine, "norm." This table is only intended as a starting
the same general methods are used with modifica- point and is not intended to replace any informa-
tion/compensation for the individual characteris- tion accumulated through experience or other
tics of each type or grade. To improve machining available data.
characteristics of some types, their chemical con-
tent is modified by adding selenium (Se) and sul-
fur (S). The modified alloys which are usually
Table 2-7. General Machining Comparison ofCorrosion Resisting Steel To Free Machining Screw Stock B1112
MACHINABILITY MACHINABILITY
GRADE/TYPE RATING GRADE/TYPE RATING
Group I 430F 80% Group 111 420 45%
416 75% 431 45%
420F 70% 440 45%
303 65% 442 45%
446 45%
347 40-45%
Group 11 403 55% Group IV 302 40%
410 50% 304 40%
430 50% 309 40%
440F 50% 316 40%
2-65
T.O. 1-1A-9
2-84. In machining of the corrosion resisting (18-41) and Molybdenum-Tungsten Type M3 (6-6-
steels, difficulty will be experienced from seizing, 3).
galling and stringing. To overcome these problems b. For medium runs at approximately 25%
requires control of speeds, cutting tools, and lubri- higher speed, use Tungsten-Cobalt Type T5 (18-4-
cants. The following general practices are recom-
mended for shaping/grinding cutting tools, equip- 2-8) and Tungsten-Cobalt Type T4.
ment, etc., for cutting corrosion resisting steel: c. For long production runs at high speed, use
a. Select tools of proper alloy/type and keep Tungsten Carbides. Cutting tool of these alloys can
cutting edges sharp, smooth, free of burrs, nicks be used at approximately 100% faster speeds than
and scratches. the Tungsten-Cobalt type.
b. Avoid overheating cutting tool when grind-
ing to prevent surface and stress cracking. NOTE
Some types of tool steel are available
c. Grind tools with generous lip rake and in raw stock in accordance with Fed-
with ample side and front clearance. eral Specifications, see paragraph 7-4.
d. Speeds are critical in machining stainless; Prior to attempting local manufacture
select speed about 50% slower than those used for of cutting tools, facilities/equipment
carbon steels as a starting point. must be available to properly heat
treat. In addition, from an economic
e. In general, use slow speeds and heavy feed standpoint, it is usually advisable to
to reduce effect of work hardening. Avoid riding of obtain most cutting tools prefinished
tool on work and intermittent cutting when to size, etc., and heat treated.
possible.
2-86. TURNING OF THE CORROSION
f. Apply proper lubricant/coolant to cutting RESISTING STEELS.
tool to prevent overheating.
2-87. Tools for turning the corrosion steels
g. Support cutting tool rigidly near work to should be ground with a heavy side rake clearance
prevent lash and other difficulty from use of heavy for maximum cut freedom. The upper surface of
cutting feeds. the tool should be finished with a fine wheel or
2-85. Cutting Tools for Machining Corrosion hand stoned to prevent galling. For chip disposal
Resisting Steels. Selection of cutting tool is impor- or breakage a chip grove is usually necessary
tant for machining stainless due to tough machin-

except with the free machining grades. In addi-
ing characteristics. The following is a recom- tion, the chip breakage is a safety precaution to
mended guide for selection of tools: prevent difficulty and hazards in breaking the
expelled cutting. Do not allow tools to become dull
a. For general machining and short runs use to prevent surface hardening from rubbing and
high speed tool steels such as Tungsten Type Ti hard spots which are difficult to remove.
Table 2-8. Suggested Cutting Speeds and Feeds
ALLOY FEED INCH CUTTING SPEED SURFACE TOOL

TYPE/GRADE 1/ FT.PER MIN OPER MATERIAL
302, 304, 309, 0.020-0.040 20-40 Rough High Speed

310, 314, 316 Steel
0.008-0.015 50-80 Finish High Speed

Steel
0.020-0.040 40-60 Rough Tungsten-

Cobalt
0.008-0.015 90-110 Finish Tungsten-

Cobalt
0.010-0.030 150-200 Rough Carbide
2-66
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 2-8. Suggested Cutting Speeds and Feeds Continued

0.008-0.018 150-300 Finish Carbide
420, 431, 440, 0.015-0.040 20-40 Rough High Speed

442, 446, 347, Steel
321

Steel
0.015-0.040 40-80 Rough Tungsten-

Cobalt
0.008-0.018 100-130 Finish Tungsten-

Cobalt
0.015-0.030 165-220 Rough Carbide
0.005-0.015 165-330 Finish Carbide
430F, 416 0.015-0.040 30-60 Rough High Speed

Steel

Steel
0.015-0.040 60-105 Rough Tungsten-

Cobalt
0.005-0.015 135-180 Finish Tungsten-

Cobalt
0.010-0.030 225-300 Rough Carbide
0.005-0.015 225-450 Finish Carbide
420F 0.015-0.050 25-55 Rough High Speed

Steel
303 0.005-0.015 65-105 Finish High Speed

Steel
0.020-0.050 50-90 Rough Tungsten-

Cobalt
2-67
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 2-8. Suggested Cutting Speeds and Feeds Continued

0.005-0.015 100-155 Finish Tungsten-

Cobalt
0.010-0.030 175-240 Rough Carbide
0.005-0.015 195-350 Finish Carbide
NOTE: 1/ Feeds ited are based on turning 1 inch stock or larger. F eds for smaller si s should be
reduced proporti nally to size of m terial being turned.
Table 2-9. Tool Angles Turning
TOOL ANGLES HIGH SPEED TOOL STEEL COBALT CARBIDE
Top Rake 5 -10 5 -10 -5 -8
Back Rake (side) 4-10 8 -15 6-12
Side Clearance 5-8 6-10 6-10

End Relief 4-10 4-10 4-10
Side Cutting Lead 5-15 4-12 3-12
Front Clearance 7 -10 7 -10 5-10
SIDE CUTTING
SIDE RAKE EDGE ANGLE
SIDE
RELIEF/
CLEARANCE
L9805651
NOTE 200-240) for best machining. Another factor

In grinding chip breakers, allow for requiring consideration in machining stainless is
chip to clear work or rough finish will high co-efficient of thermal expansion which will
result. necessitate adjusting (slacking off) centers as
material heats up.
2-88. The softer condition of stainless is not nec-
essarily the easiest to cut. It is generally prefera-
ble that material be moderately hardened (Brinell
2-68
TO. 1-1A-9
2-89. The recommended cutting speeds, tool successively on alternate sides and half the
angles and feeds for turning corrosion resisting bottom.
steel cited in Tables 2-8 and 2-9.
are
2-94. Cutter lands should be ground to narrow
2-90. MILLING CORROSION RESISTING width (0.020 to 0.025) with clearance (3-10 pri-
STEEL. The same general procedures/equipment mary angular) behind cutting lip to reduce fric-
are used in working stainless as those used with tional heat resulting from rubbing. The exact
carbon steel. However more power and rigid sup- amounts the land is ground will depend on diam-
port of tool is required to accomplish cutting due eter of cutter, material hardness, grade, etc. How-
to inherent strength and toughness of the various ever, in grinding the lands, care should be taken
stainless alloys. to avoid unnecessary weakening of support for cut-
2-91. In milling the corrosion resisting steel, dif- ting edge. As a further measure against rubbing,
ficulty will be experienced from heat build-up. a secondary clearance of 6-12 starting at the
back of the land is recommended. On side cutter,
Heat conduction of the chromium-nickel grades is
about 50% slower than the carbon steels. This
angular clearance of 3 to 10 to avoid frictional
heat and rubbing is recommended.
problem can be controlled in most cases by adjust-
ing cutting speeds, tool angles, method of grinding,
and use of proper lubricants in adequate quanti-
ties. In close tolerance work, controlling of heat
_1
CAUTION
build-up is of utmost importance to meet dimen- Before starting operation/equipment,
sional requirements. carefully check for proper set up,
2-92. Cutters for Milling. High speed tool steel safety, rigid support of work and cut-
is used for most milling on stainless. The other ters, running condition of equipment,
grades are used under certain conditions, such as and f low of coolant/lubrication. Once
cemented carbides; however, capacity of equipment cutting is started, it should be carried
and cost of tooling for specific uses requires to completion to avoid the effects of
consideration. changes in metal temperature. Natu-
designs used for rally the continuous operation will
2-93. All the standard cutter depend on satisfactory operation of
cutting carbon steel can be used to cut stainless equipment and other factors.
but preferred design is those with helical (spiral)
teeth. The use of helical cutter minimizes vibra- 2-95. The recommended cutting speeds, tools,
tion and chatter especially when cutter/cut exceeds angles, and feeds for milling are cited in tables
1 inch. Chip removal and loading of cutter can be 2-10 and 2-11. The information in these tables is
aided when milling slots by staggering teeth to cut only provided as a starting point, or as a guide.
Table 2-10. Suggested Milling Cutting Speeds and Feeds
FEED INCH SPEED

ALLOY TYPE/GRADE 1/ SFPM TOOL MATERIAL
301, 302, 304, 309, 0.002-0.005 35-70 High Speed Steel

310, 314, 316, 321,
347, 17-4PH, 17-7PH,
420, 431, 440, 442, 0.002-0.007 30-95 High Speed Steel
446
403-410, 430 0.002-0.008 35-90 High Speed Steel

440F 0.002-0.008 35-70 High Speed Steel
303 0.002-0.008 50-100 High Speed Steel
430F, 416 0.002-0.006 50-130 High Speed Steel
420F 0.002-0.006 35-80 High Speed Steel
1/ Use heavy feeds for rough cu is and light feeds for finish ing.
2-69
TO. 1-1A-9
Table 2-11. Suggested Tool Angles -Milling
TOOL MATERIAL
TOOL ANGLES HIGH SPEED STEEL CEMENTED CARBIDE/C ALLOY
Rake Radial 1/ 10-20 Use lower angle
Rake Axial 1/ 30-50 Use lower angle
Clearance 4-8 Approximately same
Land Width 1/64"-1/16" Approximately same
1/ Saws, form relieved cutters, and miscellaneous profile cutters, etc., are sometimes used
with rake angle as low as 0 degrees.
2-96. Lubrication for Milling. The lubrication of
milling cutter is very important to control genera- Table 2-12. Drilling Speeds for Corrosion Resisting Steel
tion of heat which is considerable in cutting all
grades of stainless, and to prevent seizing of chips SPEED SFPM
to cutting edges. The cutting oils used should be GRADE TYPE (APPROX)
applied in large quantities directly on the cutter
and zone of cut. The sulphurized oils diluted to 301, 302, 304, 310 20 40
desired viscosity with paraffin oil are usually 303 40 80
satisfactory. 309, 316, 321, 347 30 50
2-97. DRILLING CORROSION RESISTING 403,410 35 75
STEEL. High speed steel drills are commonly 416, 420F, 430F 60 95
used for drilling stainless. Special types are used 420 AB&C 20-40
for drilling grades (420, 440, etc.) that are abrasive 442, 446 30 60
due to high carbon content. Speeds for drilling the
high carbon types are usually reduced 25-50%o in NOTE
comparison to the other grades. Do not let drill ride on work to pre-
2-98. Drills for use with the corrosion resisting vent work hardening and heat dam-
steels are prepared with different cutting angles age to drill. On larger diameter drills
than used with carbon steel. Drill point/tips for use chip curling grooves to help expel
use with the chromium-nickel grades are usually and prevent chip accumulation in
ground with 135-140 (included) angle and 8-15 area of hole being drilled.
lip clearance. The webb support for the point 2-100. Lubrication for Drilling Stainless. The
should be as heavy as possible; however, thinning
of the webb at the point will relieve point pres- recommended lubrication for general use and light
drilling is soluble oil, and for heavy work,
sure. When drilling the free machining 400 series
grades the angle is reduced to 118-130. For gen- sulphurized mineral or fatty oils. Utilization of
eral illustration of point designs see Figure 3-2.
adequate lubrication/ coolant is of utmost impor-
tance in drilling stainless due to poor heat conduc-
2-99. Speeds used for drilling the corrosion tion of this material.
resisting steels should be closely controlled to pre- 2-101. REAMING CORROSION RESISTING
vent hardening of metal and excessive drill dam-
STEEL. The recommended reamer for the corro-
age from heat. For suggested drilling speed using sion resisting steels iS the spiral fluted type which
high speed steel drill bits, see Table 2-12. is made from high speed steel/carbide tipped.
These spiral fluted reamers are used to help alle-
viate chatter and chip removal that are associated
with the straight fluted reamers.
2-102. Due to the work hardening characteristics
of the corrosion resisting steel, it is advisable to
leave sufficient stock to insure that cutting will
occur behind the work hardening surface resulting
from drilling. The recommended material to be left
for reaming is 0.003-0.007 inch, and feed per
revolution should be 0.003-0.005 for holes up to 1/2
2-70
T.O. 1-1A-9
inch and 0.005-0.010 for reamers up to inch taps for small holes. For instance modification of
diameter. taps can be accomplished by grinding longitudinal
2-103. Reamers for cutting stainless should have grooves along the lands, omission of cutting edges
26-30 starting chamfer with a slight lead angle on alternate threads and relieving cutting edges
a will reduce binding and frictional drag. These
behind the chamfer of 1-2 for about 1/8-3/16 inch modifications will also aid in distribution of lubri-
the land to reduce initial shock of cutting. The
on
cation to cutting area, provide additional clearance
land should be ground with a clearance of 4-7
(and width should not be reduced below 0.010- for chips and compensate for the swelling which is
encountered with the softer temper material. The
0.012 inch) to reduce rubbing and frictional heat.
modification is usually accomplished as follows:
2-104. Speeds for reaming will vary according to
type of material being cut. The recommended a. Longitudinal grooves are ground down the
speed for reaming types 301, 302, 304, 316, 321, center of each land about 1/3 to 1/2 thread depth
347, 403 and 410 is 20 75 surface feet per min- and 1/3 to 1/2 approximately of land width.
ute; for430F, 420F, 416, 440F and 303 --35 100
SFPM; and for 309, 310, 430, 431, 440, 442, 426 b. Cutting edges are relieved by grinding a 2-
20-60 SFPM. Trial should be conducted to deter- 5 radial taper on each land.
mine best cutting for individual operations. Lands are narrowed by removing about
c.
2-105. TAPPING CORROSION RESISTING half the threading area from each land. The por-
STEEL. Conventional or standard type taps are tion removed should trail the foremost cutting
used with stainless; however, better results can edge. Also, cutting edge should be ground to have
sometimes be obtained by modification of taps (in positive hook/rake 15-20 for softer material and
shop) as required and by use of two fluted type 10-15 for harder material.
Table 2-13. Tapping Allowances (Hole Size to Screw Size)
THREAD/SCREW DRILL SIZE THREAD DEPTH

SIZE MAJOR DIA. MINOR DIA. DECIMAL & NR PERCENT
4-40 0.1120 0.0871+/-0.002 0.0810-46 95
0.827-45 90
0.0860-44 80
0.0890-43 71
0.0960-41 49
6-32 0.1380 0.1100+/-0.004 0.0995-39 95

0.1040-37 83
0.1100-35 72
0.1160-32 54
6-40 0.1380 0.1144+/-0.0035 0.1065-36 97

0.1130-33 77
0.1200-31 65
8-32 0.1640 0.1342+/-0.004 0.1250-1/8" 96

0.1285-30 87
0.1360-29 69
0.1405-28 57
2-71
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 2-13. Tapping Allowances (Hole Size to Screw Size) Continued
THREAD/SCREW DRILL SIZE THREAD DEPTH

SIZE MAJOR DIA. MINOR DIA. DECIMAL & NR PERCENT
10-32 0.1900 0.1593+/-0.003 0.1520-24 93

0.1562-5/32" 83
0.1610-20 71
0.1660-19 59
0.1695-18 50
1/4-20 0.2500 0.2010+/-0.005 0.1850-13 100

0.1875-3/16" 96
0.1935-10 87
0.1990-8 78
0.2090-4 63
1/4-24 0.2500 0.2143+/-0.003 0.1960-9 100

2031-13/64" 86
0.2090-4 75
0.2130-3 68
1/4-28 0.2500 0.2193+/-0.002 0.2090-4 88

0.2130-3 80
0.2187-7/32" 67
5/16-24 0.3125 0.2708+/-0.0032 0.2610-G 95

0.2656-17/64" 86
0.2720-1 75
0.2770-J 65
3/8-24 0.3750 0.3278+/-0.002 0.3281-2 1/64" 86

0.3320-Q 70
0.3390-R 66
1/2-24 0.5000 0.4579+/-0.003 0.4531-29/64" 86

0.4687-15/32" 57
2-106. In addition to the above, the tap basically 2-107. Due to high strength and poorer cutting
should have a taper/chamfer of about 9 with quality of the stainless series steels, holes for tap-
center line on the starting end to facilitate entry ping are usually made as large as possible consis-
into hole. The taper should be held short (1st tent with fit specified by drawing or other data.
thread) for blind holes, and on through holes, it Actually due to the higher strength of this mate-
may extend over 3 or 4 threads rial less thread area or engagement is required in
comparison to most other metals. Due to the
above and the fact that less cutting is required,
75% thread depth is generally used as maximum
2-72
T.O. 1-1A-9
unless otherwise specified. Higher percentages of bars, tubing, etc. With the power hack saw,
thread depth are necessary in material when stock deeper cuts are made at relatively low speed. The
is not thick enough to permit the required number deeper cuts are used to get under work hardened
of thread. For tapping allowances of some size surface resulting from previous cut (stroke). The
screws/bolts see Table 2-13. teeth per inch for saw blades average 8-12 and
2-108. The decreased thread depth also reduces
speed of saw travel usually ranges from 50-100
feet per minute depending on type and temper of
tendency to gall and seize, power required to drive material being cut. Coolant/lubrication is essen-
tap, tap wear, and effect of swelling in soft tial to prevent excess blade damage from heat.
material. Lubrication recommended is soluble oil/water
2-109. Tapping Speeds Corrosion Resisting Steel. mixed about 1 part oil to 4 parts water for heavy
Tapping speeds used for stainless should be slower work, and for light work, a light grade cutting oil.
than those used for carbon steel. The 18-8 (300
2-114. Band Sawing. Band saws are well suited
series) are usually tapped at 10-25 SFPM except for low speed (straight line/contour) sawing of
for the free machining types which are tapped at stainless/corrosion resisting steel within prescribed
15-30 SFPM. The straight-chromium 400 series
limitation. The saw manufacturer's recommenda-
generally is tapped at 15-25 SFPM, except the free tions should be followed for cutting speed, saw
machining grades, which are tapped at 15-35 selection, etc. However, speeds usually vary with
SFPM. the physical properties, temper, etc., of type/grade
2-110. Lubrication for Tapping. The lubrications being cut. As general guide, speeds range from
recommended for tapping are sulphurized mineral 100-125 feet per minute for material under 0.062
oils with paraffin and lard oil. The lubricant and 60-100 FPM for thickness over 0.062 inch.
serves to prevent overheating as well as lubrica- Saw blades must be kept in sharp condition for
tion, and if applied under pressure, aids in chip effective low speed sawing.
removal. Oil f low/application should be applied 2-115. For faster cutting with the band saw, the
before tapping commences to prevent initial con-
friction cutting method may be employed. In
gestion of cuttings. utilizing the friction method, the band saw velocity
2-111. SAWING. ranges from 5000 FPM for cutting flat 1/32 inch
material to about 10,000 FPM for 1/2 inch and
2-112. Hack saws (hand) for cutting corrosion 14,000 for inch material; tubing material is run
resisting steel should be of high speed steel with at slightly higher speed. Feed for this method can
approximately 32 teeth per inch for light work and be considerably higher than is used for slow speed
approximately 24 teeth per inch for heavy work. cutting, rates range from about 100 FPM for light
The teeth area should be of wavy construction to
increase width of cut area to prevent binding. As
gauge to 15-18 FPM for 1/2 inch material. Saw
teeth per inch varies from 18 for material below
with cutting other metal, the blade should not be 1/ 8 inch thick to 10 per inch for thicknesses over
allowed to drag/ride on the return stroke, espe- 1/2 inch.
cially with the 300 series types to prevent work
hardening. The hack saw blade should be lightly 2-116. Heavy pressure to maintain cut is not
lubricated with lard oil/other cutting oil for best usually necessary. Pressure should be just suffi-
results. cient to create proper heating and softening at cut
2-113. Hack saws (mechanical drive). Power
point without forcing the saw. Lubricants should
not be used.
hack saws are used for heavy cross-cutting section
I Paragraph 2-117 through 2-227 deleted.

Tables 2-14 through 2-33 deleted.
Figures 2-2 and 2-3 deleted.
Pages 2-75 through 2-120 deleted.

T.O. 1-1A-9
2-228. (Deleted) reading, assembly, etc., in accordance with scope of

relation to fabrication process. Also, these person-
2-229. (Deleted) nel must keep constantly abreast of advancing
2-230. (Deleted) processes for maximum efficiency/proficiency.
2-231. (Deleted) 2-236. The section of steel for design or applica-
tion to equipment and component is usually based
2-232. (Deleted)
on the following:
2-233. (Deleted) a. Strength and weight requirement of part/
2-234. FABRICATION OF FERROUS ALLOYS. The equipment to be fabricated.
information furnished in this section is provided as b. Method to be used for fabrication, i.e.,
a guide to aid personnel engaged in the use and welding, forming, machining, heat treat, etc.
application of the ferrous alloys. Due to varied
usage of steel products, details and rules related c. Corrosion resistance to certain chemicals/
will not fit every application. In many instances, environments.
experimentation trial and further study will be d. Temperatures to which part will be
required. subjected.
2-235. Personnel assigned to accomplish designs,
application and fabrication must be well trained in e. Fatigue properties under cyclic loads, etc.
fundamentals of metal forming practices, analysis, 2-237. The following general rules should be
properties, corrosion control, machining, plating, employed in handling and forming:
welding, beat treat, riveting, painting, blue print
Change 1 2-121
T.O. 1-1A-9
a. Sheet, sheared/sawed strips and blank soft condition/lower temper range. The heat treat-
shall be handled with care to prevent cutting and able alloys are usually formed in the annealed or
other parts of the body. normalized condition and heat treated if required/
b. Sheared or cut edges shall be sanded, filed,
specified after forming. Some difficulty will be
encountered from warping due to treat treating
or polished prior to forming. The removal of rough and precautions must be taken when forming the
and sharp edges is also recommended prior to material to prevent sporadic or uneven stress in
accomplishing other machining operations to the work piece. Also, parts will require jigs or
reduce hazards in handling. close control during the heating and cooling phase
c. Form material across the grain when possi- of heat treatment. The use of heat treated formed
ble using correct or specified bend radii. Also pro- sheet metal parts on aerospace craft are usually
vide bend relief in corner when required. an exception in part due to above and most mater-
ials are used in the normalized or annealed
d. Observe load capacity of equipment such as condition.
brakes, presses, rolls, drills, lathes, shears, mills,
etc. 2-239. Springback allowance will vary according
to thetype and temper of material being formed.
The use of sharp bend radii on parts for aeronauti-
CAUTION cal application shall be avoided and other applica-
tion where the parts will be subjected to flexing
Machines rated for carbon steel shall (cycle) or concentrated stresses, due to possible
not be used over 60% of rated capac- fatigue or stress corrosion failure.For recom-
ity when cutting, forming or machin- mended General Bend Radii for use on Aerospace
ing stainless steel unless approved by weapon/equipment (see Table 2-34 for Low Car-
responsible engineering activity. bon/low alloy steel and Table 2-35 for Corrosion
When in doubtinquire. Resistant Steel.)
e. Tool and equipment shall be maintained 2-240. In utilizing Table 2-34 and Table 2-35 it is
smooth, free of nicks, rust, burrs and foreign mate- recommended that in practice bend area be
rial. In addition to above, dies, ways, etc., shall be checked for strain, grain, or bend cracking. If
checked for alignment tolerances, etc., periodically/ parts show presence of above, increase radius by
each set-up. one thickness or more until difficulty does not
exist. Other details, inspection requirements, etc.,
f. Surfaces of material, especially finished shall be used when specified.
sheet, shall be protected from scratching, foreign
particles, etc.These surfaces can be protected 2-241. DRAW FORMING. Control of die
using non-corrosive paper, tape, other approved design, and material from which dies are made,
material and good cleaning procedures. Polished are essential to successfully draw form steel. For
sheet material should be protected when forming long production runs, high carbon, high chromium
to prevent die tool marking. steel is recommended to manufacture drawing dies
because of wear resistance and hardness. For
g. After forming/machining is completed, medium and short production runs, Kirksite/case
remove all cutting lubrication, etc., by cleaning, zinc alloy can be used with drop hammer hydrau-
degreasing, pickling, prior to any heat treat, plat- lic press if the draw is not severe. Hardwood and
ing or painting process. phenolic can be used in some cases for piece pro-
duction where draws are shallow.
CAUTION 2-242. Successful drawing of steel will depend
on:
Avoid handling parts, especially corro- Radii used for forming or bending. Use
sion resistant steel, with bare hands a.
moderate radii, usually equal to 3-6 times thick-
after cleaning and subsequent to heat
treating/ passivation because finger ness of material depending on specific require-
prints will cause carburization and ments, and the severity of draw.
pitting of surface, when heated. b. Finish of die-all scratches and surface
2-238. BENDING (SINGLE CURVATURE).
roughness should be removed.
The bending of most steel sheet and thin bar stock Blank hold down pressure and drawing
c.
can readily accomplished provided that equip-
be rings. Hold down pressure should be sufficient to
ment with adequate bending and cutting capacity prevent wrinkling of material, but not to the
is available and if the materials are formed in the extent that would prevent flow of the metal into
2-122
T.O. 1-IA-9
the female portion of the die. Drawing rings radii and surface friction which hinders f low of metal
should be 4-8 times metal thickness and smoothly into die.
polished.
2-243. The surface condition of the blank also
d. Clearance between punch and die Gener- has an effect on drawing. A slightly roughened
ally punch clearance should be about 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 surface, such as obtained by pickling (dull surface)
times thickness for the initial draws, and about improves control of metal under hold down pads
1 1/8 to 1 1/4 times for the following draws. If and the holding lubricants. On the other hand,
parts show signs of galling, clearance (drawing) the roughened surface may be less desirable
should be increased when clearance is increased, because of greater friction, especially where free
size requirement must be considered. f lowing drawing methods are used (without hold
Temper-drawing should be started with down).
e.
annealed/normalized material and intermediate 2-244. Where facilities available, cold form-
annealing accomplished as required. The require- are
ing of some steels (primarily straight chromium
ment for annealing (intermediate) usually is stainless such as 410, 416,430, 442, 446) can be
needed after reduction exceeds 30-35% for stain- improved by preheating dies and blanks. The
less/20-25% carbon steel on the initial draw, and preheating tends to reduce work hardening and
when reduction exceeds 8-15% on each following the requirement for intermediate annealing during
draw. Parts should be cleaned removing all lubri- the drawing operation.
cation and other contaminate prior to annealing
and desealed after annealing. In instances where 2-245. When forming involves more than one
draws exceed 22-25% annealing is recommended draw, the first operation should be a moderate
after completion of the drawing operation followed draw with punch diameter equal to 60% of blanks
by descaling and passivation (stainless). Restriking diameter and reduction of 15-25%. The second
on final stage die to remove distortion after final and subsequent draws should be made with
anneal is permissible without further heat punches about 20%. It is recommended that part
treatment. be cleaned and annealed following each draw.
f. Drawing Speed Generally a speed of 20- Excessive distortion may result from final
55 feed per minute is satisfactory. Drawing using annealing after last draw. This problem can be
overcome in most instances, by reducing the sever-
a hydraulic powered press in lieu of a cam oper-
ated or toggle type press is usually the most ity of the last draw or restriking after final
satisfactory, annealing on last stage die for the purpose of
removing distortion.
g. Lubricant Compounds used should be of
heavy consistency capable of withstanding high
temperature and restating pressure necessary to CAUTION
form material. One heavy bodied lubricant used is
lard oil, sulfur (one pound of sulfur to gallon of Parts shall be cleaned of all contami-
oil) to which lithopone is added in equal parts nates, lubrication, filing, other foreign
until consistency equals 600W engine grease, or as material, etc., before heating or
desired. Other compounds such as tallow, mixture annealing and upon completion of
of mineral oil and soft soap, powdered graphite forming or drawing operation. Fail-
mixed to thin paste with lightweight oil can be ure to clean the parts will result in
used. pitting and carburization, which will
h. Blank size and preparation A good prac-
damage the surface.
tice is to use minimum size required to meet 2-246. STRETCH FORMING. Stretch forming
dimensional size of parts and for hold down. is a process where material, sheet or strip, is
When trimming, consideration must be given to stretched beyond the elastic limit until permanent
the fact that on rectangular parts, the majority of set will take with a minimum amount of
drawings will occur on wider portions of the rec- springback.
tangle away from the corners. To overcome this
problem, the radius of the vertical corner should 2-247. The stretch forming is usually accom-
be approximately 10% of the width. Trial, using a plished by gripping ends of material (blank) and
very ductile material to determine blank size and applying force by a separate ram carrying the
stress areas prior to starting the forming operation forming die. The ram pressure sufficient to cause
is recommended. After size is determined by trial, the material to stretch and wrap to contour of the
etc., the blank should be filed/polished to prevent die form blank is applied perpendicular to the
cracking in wrinkle/stress areas, handling hazard blank (see Figure 2-4). This method of forming is
2-123
T.O. 1-1A-9
usually limited to parts with large radii of curva- some cases, it will be necessary to use a combina-
ture and shallow depth, such as shallow dishing, tion of handforming shrinking/stretching using
reverse curves, and curved pan shaped parts con- supplemental machinery and pressing to complete
taining flat areas. forming by this method.
2-248. The trimming of edges and removal of 2-251. DROP HAMMER FORMING. Dies for
nicks and scratches is important to prevent start- drop hammer forming are usually made by casting
ing points for concentrated stress, which, under metals such as kirksite. These dies can be rapidly
tension loads, would tear. The direction of major produced; are more economical than permanent
tension (stretch) and direction of grain is also dies; can be melted and recast; and can be rein-
important. It is recommended in forming that the forced at selected points of wear by facing with
major tension be transverse to the direction of harder material, such as tool steel for long produc-
grain. Lubrication aids in uniform distribution of tion runs.
stress and the lubricant shall be applied uniformly
2-252. Normally, drop hammer forming is accom-
to work piece to avoid distortion which could result
from unequal friction when material is sliding
plished without benefit of hold down. The metal is
slowly forced in shape by controlling the impact of
across the forming die during stretching. blows. In many instances, it is necessary to use
2-249. Forming dics/blocks for general production drawings, rings, 2 or 3 stage dies, supplemental
are made from kirksite/zinc, alloy; for piece pro- equipment, and hard forming such as bumping
duction from phenolic and hardwood. Some types hammer, wooden mallet to remove wrinkles, etc.
and kinds of plastic with good hardness and high To successfully complete forming operations,
impact strengths are also used. The rubber pad another aid that may be necessary is to anneal
hydraulic press is used to form relatively flat material between die stages and intermediately for
parts having flanges, beads, lightening holes, and single stage die forming.
for very light drawing of pan shaped parts having
large radii.
CAUTION
2-250. Form blocks are usually manufactured
from steel, phenolic (mechanical grades), kirksite/ Parts should be cleaned prior to
zinc cast alloy, and some types of hard molding annealing to protect finish. Care
plastic with high impact strength. The work is should be taken to remove all traces
accomplished by setting the form block on the of zinc that may be picked up from
lower press plate or bed, and the blank is placed kirksite forming dies, as failure to
on the block. The blank is held in place on the remove the zinc will result in penetra-
block by locating pins (holes are drilled through tion of the steel (stainless) when
the blank and into the form block for the insertion treated and will cause cracking.
of the locating pins). These holes are referred to 2-253. SPINNING. Those steels that have low
as "tooling holes," which prevent slippage of blank yield strengths in the soft/annealed condition, and
when pressure is applied. If tooling holes are not low rates of work hardening are the best grades
allowed, another method of alignment and holding forspinning. To overcome work hardening
of blank must be utilized. The sheet metal blank problems, intermediate annealing and 2-3 or more
should be cut to size (allow sufficient material to
form flange), deburred, and filed prior to pressing.
stage spinning blocks are used. Annealing of the
After the block is prepared and placed on the
part at intervals also aids the operator when man-
plate, the rubber pad filled press head is lowered ual spinning, because less pressure is required to
form metal and springback is lower.
or closed over the block, and as the hydraulic pres-
sure (applied by a ram to the head) increases, the 2-254. Form blocks for spinning are usually
rubber envelopes the form block forcing the blank made of phenolic, hard wood, or carbon steel.
to conform to the form block contour or shape. It Manual spinning is usually accomplished on a
is recommended that additional rubber be supple- lathe specifically adapted and fitted for that pur-
mented in the form of sheets (usuually 1/2 inch, pose. The main requirements are that required
hardness of 70-80 durometers) over the form block speed be maintained without vibration; clamping
and blank to prevent damaging the rubber press pressure is sufficient to hold part; facilities are
pad. The design of form blocks for hydropress provided to apply pressure at a uniform rate; and
forming requires compensation for springback. tools are of proper design. Normally, spinning
The form for forming flanges on ribs, stiffners, tools are the roller or round nose type designed in
etc., should be undercut approximately 2-8 degrees such a manner that high pressure can be applied
depending on the alloy, hardness, and radius. In without bending. Where local design of tools are
2-124
T.O. 1-IA-9
required, raw material for manufacture is obtaina- used for wire and rod for cold upsetting applica-
ble under QQ-T-570, Type D2, hardened to tions, such as bolts. The higher carbon groups,
Rockwell C40-50. such as 1040 are often cold drawn to required
physical properties for use without heat treatment.
2-255. SHEARING AND BLANKING. To pre-
vent damage to shear, and to assure clean, accu- 2-262. Alloy Steels 1055 through 1095. This
rate cuts, clearance between shear blades should alloy group is used where wear resistance result-
be approximately one-twentieth (5%) thickness of ing from high carbon content is needed, and is
material to be cut. Also, blades or knives must be heat treated before use in partically every
maintained in sharp condition, clean, and free of application.
nicks. Where only one shear is available, a clear- 2-263. 1100 Series Steel. Steels in this group
ance of 0.005 to 0.006 could be used for general generally used where easy machining is the
are
shearing of sheet stock up to 0.125 inches thick. primary requirement. The main use of these
Excessive blade clearance should be avoided to steels is for stock.
prevent work hardening of cut area which screw
increases susceptibility to stress corrosion and bur- 2-264. 1300 Series Alloy Steel. The basic advan-
ring. Lubrication such as lightweight engine oil or tages of this group is high strength coupled with
soap should be applied at regular intervals to pre- fair ductility and abrasion resistance. The major
vent galling and to clean blades for prolonged use is in the manufacture of forgings.
shear blade life. 2-265. 2300 Series Nickel Alloy Steels. The addi-
2-256. BLANKING AND PUNCHING. Blank- tion of nickel has very little effect on machinabil-
ing and punching requires close control of die ity and greatly increases elasticity and strength.
clearance, shearing action of punch/blanking die. This material is normally machined in the forged,
Clearance for blanking and punching should be 5% annealed, and normalized condition, and heat
of thickness and closely controlled for all gauges. treated after fabrication.
In designing dies and punches, it is important that
shear action be incorporated to equalize and NOTE
reduce load. Double shear should be used when
possible to minimize off balance condition and These grades not currently being pro-
load. Punches and dies should be maintained in
duced. Listed for reference only.
clean sharp condition and lubricated by swabbing 2-266. 2500 Series Nickel Steel. This series
or spraying material to be punched with light- almost without exception, is a carburizing grade
weight lube oil to prevent galling and to aid in with extremely high strength core. However, the
keeping punch/die clean. case is not as hard as obtained with other carbu-
2-257. GENERAL FABRICATING

rizing steels. This steel is used for parts requiring
a high strength core and good wear resistance.
CHARACTERISTICS.
2-258. PLAIN CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS. NOTE
2-259. Plain Carbon Steel 1006 through 1015. These grades not currently being
This group of steels is used where cold formability produced.
is the main requirement, and have good drawing 2-267. 3100, 3200, and 3300 Series Nickel Chro-
qualities. This series is not used where great mium steels. This series of steels is characterized
strength is required. The strength and hardness by good wear resistance and tough core and sur-
of these grades will vary according to carbon con- face. The 3300 series is used primarily in the
tent and amount of cold work. form of forgings and bars which are required to
2-260. Plain Carbon Steels SAE 1016 through meet rigid mechanical properties. This steel is
1030. This group of steels is commonly known as more difficult to handle in fabrication and heat
the carburizing or case hardening grades. The treatment than lower nickel chromium alloys.
addition of manganese improves machining quali- 2-268. 4000 Series Molybdenum Steels. This
ties but reduces the cold formability characteris- group of steels have good impact strength and
tics. This group is widely used for forged stock. require close control of heat treatment practices to
obtain the required strength and ductility.
2-261. Plain Carbon Steels 1030 through 1050.
This group (medium carbon types) is used where 2-269. 4100 Series Chromium Molybdenum
higher mechanical properties are required. The Steels. This series has good working properties,
lower carbon and manganese types are used for response to heat treatment, and high wear resis-
most cold formed parts. Alloys 1030 1035 are tance. This group is easily fabricated by forging
2-125
T.O. 1-1A-9
and rolling. After welding and cold forming, inter- 2-278. The straight chromium grades such as
nal stresses produced should be relieved and loss 410, 416, 430, 442, and 446 react similar to carbon
in strength regained by normalizing. steel and are somewhat less ductile than the 300
series stainless. The tensile strength are higher
2-270. 4130 Grade Steel. This grade is used than carbon steel and consequently will stand
extensively in aircraft construction in the form of higher loads before rupture. Yield strengths are
sheet, bar, rod and tubing. This grade has very also higher which means that more power is
good cold forming characteristics. Forming and required for bending and forming. Because of the
welding operations are accomplished utilizing ductility factor of this series drawing and forming
annealed material, and heat treated or normalized should be limited to 20 -25% reduction.
after these operations are completed. 4130 sheet
(MIL-S-18729 can be cold bent in the annealed 2-279. The 301, 302, 304, 305 and 316 types can
condition to an angle of 180 with a radius equal be drawn based on a reduction of 35 to 50%, i.e., a
to the thickness of the sheet. In the normalized
shape 8 inches in diameter and 4 inches in depth
condition, a radius equal to 3 times the thickness could be drawn in one operation, based on a 50%
is recommended.
reduction.
2-280. The strains set up by severe reductions
2-271. 4140 Series Steel. This steel is used for (above 45% with chromium-nickel types and 20%
structural, machined and forged parts over 1/2 with straight chromium types) should be relieved
inch thick. It is usually obtained in the normal- by annealing immediately after the operation is
ized condition. Forgings are always normalized or completed, especially if using type 301. If this
heat treated after fabrication. material is not relieved in 2 4 hours, it may
crack.
2-272. 4300 Series Nickel Chromium Molybde-
num Steels. These steels are used to meet condi- 2-281. Springback allowance should be about 2
tions in which other alloy steels have insufficient to 3 times the amount allowed for carbon steel,
strength. Preparation for machining or forming and naturally will vary according to the type of
must be by a suitable annealing cycle. material being formed. The use of sharp radii
shall be avoided where parts are subjected to flex-
2-273. 8000 Series Molybdemum Steels. These ing or concentrated stresses due to possible fatigue
steels are characterized by their high impact or stress corrosion failure.
strength and resistance to fatigue. They are easy
to forge and machine, and are stable at high 2-282. Recommended bend radii for use with
temperatures. stainless is shown in Table 2-35.
2-283. Draw Forming. Stainless steels should be
2-274. 8600, 8700, 9300, 9700, 9800, and 9900 annealed for draw forming, and hardness should
Series Steels. These steels have approximately the
not exceed Rockwell B90. The beat drawing
characteristics as the 4300 series steele.
same grades are of the 18-8 series. In selecting the type
2-275. CORROSION RESISTANT (STAINLESS) for drawing, welding of the finished parts, if
AND HEAT RESISTANT STEELS. required, shall be considered.
2-276. The fabrication of stainless steel requires
2-284. Drop Hammer Forming. The most com-
the use of modified procedures in comparison to mon types of corrosion resistant steel used for drop
hammer forming are 301, 302, 304, 305, and stab-
those used for carbon steels. lized grades 321 and 347. 301 work hardens more
2-277. Forming Sheet Stock. The corrosion
rapidly and is subject to strain cracking. The con-
dition of material for best forming should be
resisting series, i.e., types 301, 302, 304, 305, 316, annealed. It is possible to form some type (301
321, 347, 410, 430, 431, etc., generally have good
forming and drawing qualities. Some types (302, and 302) in 1/4 and 1/2 hard condition. However,
304 and 305) have forming characteristics superior the severity of the forming operation must be
reduced to compensate for the prehardened
to plain carbon steel because of the wide spread
between tensile and yield strength, and higher material.
elongation. However, more power is required to
form these types than is required for carbon steel
because of higher tensile strengths and the fact
that yield strength increases rapidly during form-
ing or bending.
2-126
s!s =3Q;
FORMING DIE
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 2-34. Cold Bend Radii (Inside) Carbon/Low Alloy Steels
Temper, Sheet Thickness T (Inches)
Alloy Temper 0.016 0.020 0.025 0.032 0.040 0.050 0.063 0.125 0.187
1020/1025 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T
4130 Annealed 2T 3T 2 1/2T 2T 2 1/2T 2T 2T 2T 2T
4130 Normalized 2T 3T 2 1/2T 3T 3T 3T 3T 3T 3T
8630 Annealed 3T 3T 2 1/2T 3T 2 1/2T 2T 2T 2T 2T
8630 Normalized 3T 3T 2 1/2T 3T 3T 3T 3T 3T 3T
Table 2-35. Cold Bend Radii (Inside) Corrosion Resistant Steel Alloys
Sheet Thickness T (Inches)
Alloy Temper 0.012 0.051 0.051 0.090 0.190 0.250
201, 202 Annealed 1-2T IT 1/2T
301, 302 1/4 Hard 1-2T 1/2T 2T
305, 304 1/2 Hard 2T 2T 2T
309, 310 3/4 Hard 2T 3T
316, 321, 347 Hard 3-4T 4-5T
405, 410, 430 Annealed IT IT 1/2T
17-7PH Annealed IT 1/2T 2T
Table 2-36. Forging Temperature Ranges For Corrosion Resistant Steel
HEAT TREATED
TYPE/GRADE PREHEAT F
STARTING FINISHING
301 1500-1600 2050-2200 1600-1700 SEE HEAT TREAT
DATA FOR ANNEAL-
302 1500-1600 2050-2200 1600-1700 ING AND STRESS
RELIEF, SEE TABLE
303 1500-1600 2050-2200 1700-1800 2-3.
304 1500-1600 2050-2200 1600-1700
305 1500-1600 2100-2200 1600-1700
308 1500-1600 2100-2200 1600-1700
316 1500-1600 2150-2250 1600-1700
321 1500-1600 2100-2200 1600-1700
374 1500-1600 2100-2200 1650-1750
2-128
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 2-36. Forging Temperature Ranges For Corrosion Resistant Steel Continued
HEAT TREATED
TYPE/GRADE PREHEAT F
STARTING FINISHING
AIR HARDENING
403 1400-1500 1900-2100 1600-1700 These grades shall be

promptly annealed af-
410 1400-1500 1900-2100 1600-1700 ter forging because
they air harden in-
414 1400-1500 2050-2200 1600-1700 tently if allowed to
cool from forging
416 1400-1500 2100-2250 1600-1700 temperatures. See
Heat Treat Data Table
420 1400-1500 2000-2100 1600-1700 2-3 for temperatures.
431 1400-1500 2050-2150 1600-1700
440 1400-1500 1950-2100 1950-2100
NON-HARDENING
405 1400-1500 1900-2100 1750-1850 Post annealing re-

quired. See Heat Treat
430 1400-1500 1900-2100 1350-1450 Data Table 2-3 for
temperatures.
442 1400-1500 1900-2000 1300-1400
446 1400-1500 1800-2000 1300-1500
2-285. Spinning. Spinning procedures for stain- either case, this is accomplished by fully
less are similar to those used for other metals. annealing.
Difficulty and variations depend on individual
characteristics of grade to be worked, i.e., yield
strength, ultimate strength, ductility, hardness CAUTION
and reaction to cold working. The best grades for
spinning are those that have low yield strength in Difference in temper of raw material
soft/annealed condition and low rate of work hard- will result in variation of preheating,
ening such as 304, 305, 403, 410 and 416. The especially with the air hardening
straight chromium grades respond to spinning grades. The air hardening grades in
similar to carbon steel, however, more power is tempers other than annealed may
required. Mild warming above 200F improves crack from thermal shock upon load-
performance of the straight chromium grades. ing into a hot furnace.
2-286. Shearing and Blanking. Shearing and
blanking of corrosion resisting steels as with other 2-288. Hot forming by methods other than forg-
fabrication processes requires more power in com- ing is accomplished at somewhat lower tempera-
parison to shearing carbon steel and most other tures. The unstabilized chromium-nickel grades
metals. Shears and other equipment rated for car- may be formed at temperatures up to 800F and
bon steel should not be used above 50 70% of the extra low carbon grades
up to 1000F. The use
rated capacity when cutting stainless. of temperatures higher than those cited above
should be avoided to prevent subjection of material
2-287. Hot Forming. Hot forming is used to form to the carbide precipitation heat zone.
shapes in stainless that cannot be accomplished by
cold forming and for forging parts economically. In 2-289. The straight chromium (type 400 series)
using heat for forming, it is important that tem- are more responsive to hot forming than the chro-
perature be closely controlled. Also, finished parts mium-nickel grades. The reaction of these metals
should be relieved of residual stress and carbide to hotforming in similar to carbon steels. Upon
precipitation which affects corrosion resistance. In heating to 800-900F, their tensile strength is
2-129
T.O. 1-1A-9
lowered considerably and at the same time ductil- provide envelope or anodic protection. Porous
ity begins to increase. coatings of the more noble metals such as silver,
2-290. Forming of the air hardening grades type copper, platinum and gold, tend to accelerate the
corrosion of steel. For processing instructions,
403, 410 is accomplished in two temperature refer T.O. 42C2-1-7. The following galvanic
to
ranges as follows: table and dissimiliar metal definition in
series
a. Low temperature forming up to 1400F. accordance with MS33586 are for use as a guide in
The advantage of forming at this temperature is the selection of the most suitable plating for parts
that parts can be stress relieved at 1350 1450F subject to uses where galvanic corrosion would be
to restore strength uniformity, and scaling is held a prime factor.
at a minimum.
2-294. DEFINITION OF DISSIMILIAR MET-
b. High temperature forming at 1525 1575 ALS. Dissimiliar metals and alloys, for the pur-
F. Forming at this temperature is somewhat easier pose of aircraft and aircraft parts construction are
because strength is low and ductility is higher. separated into four groups in accordance with
Upon completion of forming at this temperature, MS33586. Metals classified in the same group are
parts shall be fully annealed under controlled con- considered similar to one another and materials
ditions by heating to 1550F and holding, slowly classified in different groups are considered dis-
cooling to 1100F (at approximately 50F per hour) similar to one another. The metal material
and then cooling in air. referred to in the groups is the metal on the sur-
face of the part; e.g., zinc includes all zinc parts
Grades 403, and 410 are not subject to loss of such as castings as well as zinc coated parts,
corrosion resistance due to the forming of whether the zinc is electro deposited, applied by
intergranular carbides at grain boundaries. hot dipping, or by metal spraying over similar or
2-291. When it is required that the non-harden- dissimiliar metal parts. The four groups are as
ing grades 430, 442, and 446 be hot formed, the follows:
recommended temperature for forming is 1400
1500F. This temperature is recommended in view a. GROUP I Magnesium and its alloys. Alu-
of the following: minum alloys 5052, 5056, 5356, 6061 and 6063.
Heating these grades above 1600F pro- b. GROUP II Cadmium, zinc, and aluminum
a.
motes grain growth which can only be corrected by
and their alloys (Including the aluminum alloys in
cold working. Group I).
b. For types 442 and 446, the 1400-1500F c. GROUP III Iron, lead, and tin and their
temperature is below the scaling limit and very alloys (except stainless steels).
close to being below the scaling limit for type 430. d. GROUP IV Copper, chromium, nickel, sil-
2-292. STEEL SURFACE FINISHES. ver, gold, platinum, titaniam, cobalt, rhodium and
rhodium alloys; stainless steels; and graphite.
2-293. Metal plating is a process where an item
is coated with one or more thin layers of some NOTE
other metal. This is the type of finishes generally
used on ferrous parts, other than organic finishes. The above groups do not apply to
It is usually specified when there is a need for standard attaching parts such as riv-
surface characteristics that the basic metal does ets, bolts, nuts and washers which are
not possess. The most commonly used types of component parts of assemblies, which
plating are: Cadmium plate; zinc plate; nickel will be painted prior to being placed
plate; chromium plate; copper plate; tin plate; and in service unless other wise specified
phosphate coatings. The thickness of the plated by specifications MIL-F-7179, or other
coating is important since its protective value is approved data.
primarily dependent on its thickness. The type of 2-295. TYPES OF PLATING.
plated coatings is generally dependent on the char-
acteristics desired. For protection against corro- 2-296. CADMIUM PLATING (QQ-P-416). The
sion when appearance is unimportant, either cad- primary purpose of cadmium plating is to retard or
mium or zinc coatings is usually used. For prevent surface corrosion of parts. Unless other-
appearance, nickel, chromium, and silver plating wise specified, the plating shall be applied after
are the most commonly used. For hardness, wear allmachining, brazing, welding, forming and per-
resistance, and buildup of worn parts, nickel and forating of the item has been completed. Proper
chromium plating are used. Effectiveness of most safety precautions should be observed in the event
other metallic coatings depends on their ability to any welding or soldering operations are required
2-130
T.O. 1-1A-9
on cadmium plated parts because of danger from addition high strength steels are sus-
toxic vapors during such operations. Cadmium ceptible to detrimental hydrogen
coatings should not be used on parts subjected to embrittlement when electro plated.
temperatures of 450F or higher. All steel parts All steel having an ultimate strength
having a hardness of Rockwell C40 (180,000 PSI) of 220,000 PSI or above shall not be
and higher shall be baked at 375+/- 25F for 3 electro plated without specific
hours minimum after plating for hydrogen embrit- approval of the procuring service or
tlement relief. All steel parts having an ultimate responsible engineering activity.
tensile strength of 220,000 PSI or above shall not
be plated, unless otherwise specified. When per- 2-298. Nickel Plating (QQ-N-290). This coating
mission is granted, a low embrittlement cadmium is divided into two classes. Class I, plating is
plating bath shall be used. Federal Specifications intended for decorative plating, and Class II, plat-
QQ-P-416 should be used for cadmium plate ing is intended for wear and abrasion resistance.
requirements. Critical parts should be Unless otherwise specified, the plating shall be
magnafluxed after plating. applied after all base metal heat treatments and
mechanical operations such as machining, brazing,
2-297. Zinc Plating (QQ-Z-325). The primary welding, forming and perforating on the article
purpose of zinc coatings is to retard or prevent the have been completed, all steel parts shall be given
formation of corrosion products on exposed sur- a stress relief at 375 +/-25F(191 +/- 14C) for 3 hours
faces. Unless otherwise specified, the plating or more prior to cleaning and plating, as required,
shall be applied after all machining, brazing, weld- to relieve residual tensile caused by machining,
ing, forming and perforating have been completed. grinding or cold forming. Steel parts having a
All parts having a hardness greater than Rockwell hardness of Rockwell C40 and higher shall be
C40 and higher shall be baked at 375 +/- 25F for 3 baked at 375 +/- 25F for 3 hours or more and
hours after plating for hydrogen embrittlement within eight (8) hours after plating to provide
relief. Zinc shall be deposited directly on the basic embrittlement relief. Parts shall not be reworked
metal without a preliminary plating of other flexed or subjected to any form of stress loads
metal, except in the case of parts made from corro- after placing and prior to the hydrogen embrittle-
sion resisting steels on which a preliminary plat- ment relief treatment. The general requirements
ing of nickel is permissible. Zinc plating (Type 1) for nickel plating are specified in QQ-N-290.
should not be used in the following applications: Nickel shall be used for the following application
only in accordance with MIL-S-5002:
a. Parts which in service are subjected to a
Where temperatures do not exceed 1,000F
temperature of 700F or higher.
a.
and other coating would not be adequate or
b. Parts in contact with structural fabric suitable.
structure.
b. To minimize the effect of dissimilar metal
c. Parts in functional contact where gouging contacts, such as mild steel with unplated corro-
orbinding may be a factor or where corrosion sion resisting steel.
might interfere with normal functions. c. As an undercoat for other functional
d. Grounding contacts where the increased coatings.
electrical resistance of zinc plated surfaces would d. To restore dimensions.
be objectional.
2-299. Chromium Plating (QQ-C-320). This coat-
e. Surfaces where free circulation of air does ing is of two classes;Class 1, intended for use as a
not exist and condensation of moisture is likely to decorative coating; and Class II, for wear resis-
occur. For additional information, refer to QQ-Z- tance and corrosion protection. Heavy chromium
325. electro deposits (0-1-10 MILS) are often used to
salvage under machine parts. Unless otherwise
specified, the plating shall be applied after all
CAUTION basic metal heat treatments and mechanical oper-
ations such as machining, brazing, welding, form-
Chromium and nickel electro deposits ing and perforating have been completed. Hydro-
severely reduce the fatigue strength gen embrittlement relief shall be in accordance
of high strength steels. All steel with blue prints and /or applicable speciefications.
parts having a tensile strength of All plated parts which are designed for unlimited
180,000 PSI or above should be shot- life under dynamic loads shall be shot peened in
peened prior to electro plating. In accordance with military Specification MIL-S-
2-131
T.O. 1-1A-9
13165 prior to plating. All parts with a hardness of e. Grade B. Without supplementary
Rockwell C40 (180,000 PSI), after shot peening tarnishresistant treatment.
and plating, shall be baked at 375 +/-25F for 3
hours for hydrogen embrittlement relief. It is 2-303. Intended Use. The following applications
extensively used as an undercoating for nickel and of thicknesses are for information purposes only:
chromium plating. a. 0.0005 for corrosion protection of nonfer-
base metal.
2-300. Tin Plating (QQ-T-425). Tin plating is rous
used where a neat appearance, protective coating b. 0.0003 for articles such as terminals
and easy solderability are of prime importance. which are to be soldered.
The base metal for tinplate shall be low carbon
cold steel. c. 0.0005 to 0.010 for electrical contacts,
depending on pressure, friction and electrical load.
2-301. Phosphate Coating (MIL-P-16232). The
description of phosphate coatings herein is speci- d. 0.0005 for increasing the electrical con-
fied as "heavy"coatings. Light phosphate coatings ductivity of base metals.
used as a paint base are covered by specification e. On ferrous surfaces, the total plated thick-
TT-C-490. Type "M" (Manganese) coatings are ness shall not be less than 0.001inch. After all
resistant to alkaline environments and should not base-metal heat treatments and mechanical opera-
be exposed to temperatures in excess of 250F. tions such as machining, brazing, welding, forming
Except for special purpose applications, phosphate and perforating of the article have been com-
coatings should be used with a suitable supple- pleted,if the type is not specified, any type is
mentary treatment. Type "Z" (Zinc) coatings acceptable. All steel parts subject to constant f lex-
ure or impact having a Rockwell hardness of RC40
should not be used in contact with alkaline materi-
als or temperature in excess of 200F. For the or greater shall be heated at 375 +/-25F for 3
different classes of coatings and required supple- hours for stress relief prior to cleaning and
mental treatments, refer to MIL-P-16232. This plating.
coating should be applied after all machining,
forming, welding and heat treatment have been 2-304. Hardened parts which have been heat
completed. Parts having a hardness of Rockwell treated at less than 375F shall not be heated as
C40 or higher shall be given a suitable heat treat noted above, but shall be treated by any method
stress relief prior to plating and shall be baked approved by the contracting agency.
subsequent to coating as follows: 2-305. For complete information pertaining to
Type "M" shall be baked at 210 225F for silver plating, refer to Federal Specification QQ-S-
a.
hour. 365.
b. Type "Z" shall be baked at 200 210F for 2-306. SURFACE TREATMENTS FOR CORRO-
15 minutes (embrittlement relief).
SION AND HEAT-RESISTING STEELS AND
ALLOYS. Normally the corrosion-resisting and
2-302. Silver Plating (QQ-S-635). Silver plating heat resisting alloys are unplated unless a coating
(electro deposits) has high chemical and oxidation is necessary to minimize the effect of dissimiliar
resistance, high electrical conductivity and good metal contacts. When a plating is required it shall
bearing properties. Silver is often used as an anti- be in accordance with specification MIL-S-5002A
sieze and for preventing fretting corrosion at ele- or other approved technical engineering data.
vated temperatures. Silver plating shall be of the Where a plating is required, steel parts plated
following types and grades: with hard coating, such as nickel and chromium or
combinations thereof, shall be processed as follows
a. Type I, Matte. Deposits without luster, in accordance with MIL-S-5002A:
normally obtained from silver-cyanide plating solu-
tions operated without the use of brighteners. a. Plated parts below Rockwell C40 hardness
and subject to static loads or designed for limited
b. Type II, Semi-Bright. Semi-lustrous depos- life under dynamic loads, or combinations thereof,
its normally obtained from silver-cyanide plating need not be shot peened prior to plating or baked
solutions operated with brightener. after plating.
c. Type m, Bright. Sometimes obtained by b. Plated parts below Rockwell C40 hardness
polishing or by use of "brighteners". which are designed for unlimited life under
dynamic loads shall be shot peened in accordance
d. Grade A. With supplementary tarnish with specification MIL-S-13165 prior to plating.
resistant treatment (chromate treated). Unless otherwise specified, the shot peening shall
2-132
T.O. 1-IA-9
be accomplished on all surfaces for which the coat-

ing is required and on all immediately adjacent CAUTION
surfaces when they contain notches, fillets or other
abrupt changes of section size where stresses will Excessive time shall not be used, as
be concentrated. damage to parts may occur. In addi-
Plated parts which have a hardness of tion the times and temperatures shall
c.
Rockwell C40, or above, and are subject to static be selected according to the alloy
loads or designed for limited life under dynamic involved.
loads or combination thereof, shall be baked at TYPES OF TEMPERATURE TIME
375 +/-25F for not less than three (3) hours after PROCESS (Minutes
plating. Minimum)
70-90 30
d. Plated parts which have a hardness of
II 120-130 20
Rockwell C40, or above, and are designed for III 145-155 10
unlimited life under dynamic loads, shall be shot
peened in accordance with specification MIL-S- For parts made of ferritic or austenitic stainless
13165 prior to plating. Unless otherwise specified, use process Type I, II or III. For parts made of
the shot peening shall be accomplished on all sur- martensitic stainless steel, use process Type II or
faces for which the coating is required and all III. Within 15 minutes after above treatment,
immediately adjacent surfaces when they contain thoroughly rinse in hot water (140F 160F).
notches, fillets, or other abrupt changes of section Within 1 hour after hot water rinse, immerse in
size where stresses will be concentrated. After an agueous solution containing 4 6% sodium
plating, the parts shall be baked at 375+/- 25F for dichromate (by weight) at 140 160F for 30 min-
not less than three (3) hours. utes, and rinse thoroughly with water and dry.
2-307. PASSIVATION OF STAINLESS STEELS.
The stainless steels are usually passivated after NOTE
fabricating into parts to remove surface contami- After the parts are passivated they
nates, which may cause discoloration or corrosive shall be handled the minimum neces-
attack after the parts are placed in use. The pro- sary consistant with packaging,
cess is primarily a cleaning operation which
assembly/installation. Parts for
removes the contamination and speeds up the for-
installations in high temperature
mation of the protective (invisible) oxide film areas shall not be handled with bare
which would occur naturally but slower in the hands because finger prints will
presence of oxygen in a normal atmosphere. The cause carburization and pitting of sur-
protective film formation is inherent with the face when heated.
stainless steels in normal air when they are clean.
2-310. VAPOR DEPOSITED COATING. Vapor
2-308. The foreign materials are removed from deposited coating's are applied by exposing the
stainless to provide for uniform surface contact base metal to a heated vaporized metallic coating
with oxidizing agents (Air or Acid) which forms such as cadmium and aluminum in a high vac-
the protective film or passive surface. In this case uum. The metal coating forms by condensation of
after the film has formed the material is placed in the vaporized coating metal on all exposed sur-
a condition approaching that of maximum corro- faces of the base metal. Vapor-deposited coatings
sion resistance. Any areas to which oxygen con- can be obtained by processes in which a volatile
tact is prevented by contaminants or other means compound of the coating is reduced or thermally
tends to remain activated and subject to corrosion decomposed upon the heated surface of the base
attack. metal. Vapor deposited coatings are used to pro-
vide good corrosion resistance for steel and elimi-
2-309. Prior to accomplishingthe passivation
nate sources of hydrogen embrittlement. Specific
treatments the parts shall be cleaned, all grease, requirements for coating, aluminum vacuum
oil, wax, which mightcontaminate the passivation deposited, are cited in specification MIL-C-
solution and be a detriment to the passivation 23217A; and for coating, cadmium depos-
vacuum
treatment shall be removed. Surfaces will be con- ited, in specification MIL-C-8837.
sidered sufficiently clean when a wetted surface is
free of water breaks. After cleaning the parts will 2-311. MECHANICAL-SURFACE FINISH. The
be passivated by immersing in a solution of 20- following paragraphs are concerned with mechani-
25% (Volume) nitric acid (Sp.gr 1.42) plus 1.5 cal surface finish of the geometrical irregularities
2.5% (Weight) sodium dichromate with process of surfaces of solid materials and established clas-
times and temperatures as follows: sification for various degrees of roughness and
2-133
T.O. 1-1A-9
waviness. The surface roughness of a part is a 2-313. Designation of Surface Finish. Surface
measurement rating of the finely spaced irregular- finish should be specified for production parts only
ities, suchas the surfaces produced by machining on those surfaces which must be under functional
and abrading (abrasive honing, grinding, filing, control. For all other surfaces the finish resulting
sanding, etc.) The roughness height ratings are from the machining method required to obtain
specified in microinches as the arithmetic average dimensional accuracy is generally satisfactory.
of the absolute deviations from the mean surface. The surface chosen (unless already designated) for
Profilometers and other instruments used to mea- a specific application will be determined by its
sure surface height if calibrated in RMS (Root required function. Table 2-38 gives the typical
Mean Square) average will read approximately normal ranges of surface roughness of functional
11% higher on a given surface than those cali- parts. The values cited are microinches, for exam-
brated for arithmetic average. Also associated ple 63 Microinches or 0.000063 inches
with roughness high is roughness width, usually
specified in inches and the maximum permissible average deviation from mean.
spacing of surface irregularities. As the arithmetic
average of the absolute diviations from the mean
surface. Waviness height rating (when required) 50
Roughness height value is placed adjacent
may be specified in inches as the vertical distance to and the inside of the long leg; the
from peaks to valleys of the waves, whereas wavi- 5Findicates
on
50 Microinches.
ness width is the distance in inches from peak to 0.002
peak of the waves. Figure 2-5 shows the meaning so -Waviness height value, when required, is
of each symbol defined. placed above the extension line.
2-312. The symbol used to designate surface 0.002 Lay designated (direction of visible
irregularities is the check mark as shown below. 501 face
sur-
marks) is indicated by the lay symbol
placed under the extension to the right of
*When waviness width value is required, the value the long leg line. See Table 2-38 for lay
may be placed to the right of the waviness height
symbols.
value. 0.002-0.25"
o.olo"" Roughness width value, when required, is
**Roughness width cutoff value, when required, is 50 placed to the right of the lay symbol.
placed immediately below the right-hand o.oos
extension. L9805652
Table 2-37. Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys
CORRODED END ANODIC (LEAST NOBLE)

Magnesium Tin
Magnesium Alloys Nickel (active)
Zinc Inconel (active)
Aluminum 7075 Clad Brass
Aluminum 6061 Clad Copper
Aluminum 5052 Bronze
Aluminum 2024 Clad Titanium
Aluminum 3003 Monel
Aluminum 6061 T6 Silver Solder
Aluminum 7075 T6 Nickel (Passive)
Aluminum 7178 Inconel (Passive)
Cadmium Silver
Aluminum 2017 T4 Graphite
Aluminum 2024 T6 Gold
Aluminum 2014 T6 Platinum
Steel or Iron Protected End Cathodic
Lead (Most Noble)
2-134
T.O. 1-1A-9
Y- WAVINESS-H
WIDTH (INCHES)
WAVINESS LAY (DIRECTION OF

HEIGHT (INCHES) DOMINANT PATTERN)
0.0002-0.25
-ROUGHNESS
ROUGHNESS HEIGHT- 50
0.0005 WIDTH (INCHES)
PEAK TO VALLEY
(50=50 MICROINCHES
OR 0.00050 INCHES
AVERAGE DEVIATION
FROM MEAN)
NOTE
A ROUGH SURFACE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 65 MICROINCHES (MUINCHES)
0.000065 INCHES AND A POLISHED SURFACE WOULD CORRESPOND TO
10-20 MICROINCHES
L9805650
Figure 2-5. Surface Roughness
2-135
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 2-38. Surface Roughness and Lay Symbols
MICROMETER ANVILS, 125 MATING SURFACES,

MIRRORS, GAGES NO MOTION
SHOP GAGE FACES CLEARANCE SURFACES,

COMPARATOR ANVILS ROUGH MACHINE
PARTS
VERNIES, CALIPERS FACES,

WRIST PINS,
HYDRAULIC PISTON RODS,
PRECISION TOOLS,
HONED ROLLER & BALL
BEARINGS
(SURFACE PRODUCED BY SPECIAL
HONING, LAPPING, BUFFING, ETC)
CRANKSHAFT JOURNALS
VALVE STEMS
CAM FACES
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER BORES
(VERY FINE SURFACE FINISH LAY SYMBOLS
PRODUCED BY LAPPING, HONING
OR BUFFING)
SYMBOL EXAMPLE
PISTON OUTSIDE
DIAMETERS, CYLINDER
BORES
LAY PARRALLED TO
a DIRECT.
SURFACE TO WHICH SYMBOL OF TOOL
APPLIES MARKS
SPLINE SHAFTS LAY PERPENDICULAR

IY DIRECT.
MOTOR SHAFT BEARINGS TO SURFACE TO WHICH OF TOOL
SYMBOL APPLIES MARKS
BRAKE DRUMS
X LAY IN BOTH DIRECTIONS
TO SURFACE TO WHICH Y
DIRECT.
OF TOOL
BROACHED HOLES SYMBOL APPLIES X MARKS
PRECISION PARTS
GEAR TEETH
GROUND BALL & ROLLER
BEARING
M LAY MULTIDIRECTIONAL
TO SURFACE TO WHICH
SYMBOL APPLIES
GEAR LOCATING FACES

C LAY CIRCULAR TO SURFACE
TO WHICH SYMBOL APPLIE S
GEAR SHAFTS & BORES
CYLINDER HEAD FACES
PISTON CROWNS
R LAY RADIAL RELATIVE TO
SURFACE TO WHICH SYMBOL
APPLIES
L9805653
2-136
T.O. 1-1A-9
SECTION III
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
3-1. CLASSIFICATION. assigned consecutively as needed indicates special

control of one individual impurity. Thus 1040
3-2. Aluminum alloys are produced and used in indicates 99.40% minimum aluminum without spe-
many shapes and forms. The common forms are cial control on individual impurities and 1140,
casting, sheet, plate, bar, rod (round, hex, etc.), 1240 etc. indicate same purity with special control
angles (extruded and rolled or drawn), channels impurities.
and forgings. The inherent advantages of this on one or more
material are lightweight, corrosion resistance to 3-5. The last two of the four digits in alloy
the atmosphere and many varieties of chemicals, groups 2XXX through 8XXX have no special signif-
thermal and electrical conductivity, reflectivity for icance except that they serve to designate the alloy
radiant energy of all wave lengths and ease of by its former number, i.e., 243, 525, 758, etc.
fabrication. 3-6. Experimental alloys are, also, designated by
3-3. The above factors plus the fact that some thissystem except that the 4 digit number is
alloys of this material can be formed in a soft con- prefixed by an X.
dition and heat treated to a temper comparable to Table 3-2. Aluminum Alloy Designation and Conversions to 4
structural steel make it very adaptable for Digit System
fabricating various aircraft and missile parts.
3-4. COMMERCIAL AND MILITARY DESIG- MAJOR ALLOYING
NATIONS. The present system utilized to identify OLD NEW ELEMENT
aluminum alloys is the 4 digit designation system.
The major alloy element for each type is indicated 2S 1100 None (Aluminum
by the first digit (see Table 3-1) i.e., 1XXX indi- 99.00X)
cates aluminum of 99.00% minimum, 2XXX indi- 3S 3003 Manganese
cates an aluminum alloy in which copper is the 4S 3004 Manganese
main alloying element, etc. Although most alumi- 11S 2011 Copper
num alloys contain several alloying elements only
one group the 6XXX designate more than one
14S R301 2014 Copper
Core
alloying element. See Table 3-1 for complete
listing. 17S 2017 Copper
Designations for Alloy Groups
A17S 2117 Copper (Special control
Table 3-1. of impurities)
18S 2018 Copper
1XXX Aluminum 99.00% of minimum 24S 2024 Copper
and greater 19S 2219 Copper
2XXX Copper 32S 4032 Silicon
3XXX Mangenese 50S 5050 Magnesium
52S 5052 Magnesium
4XXX Silicon
56S 5056 Magnesium
5XXX Magnesium 61S 6061 Magnesium & Silicon
6XXX Magnesium and Silicon 62S 6062 Magnesium & Silicon
7XXX---Zinc 63S 6063 Magnesium & Silicon
8XXX Other element MA15 7050 Zinc
7475 Zinc
9XXX Unused series
72S 7072 Zinc
The second digit of the destination indicates modi- 75S 7075 Zinc
fication in impurity limits. If the second digit is 0 78S 7178 Zinc
it indicates that there is no special control on the 79S 7079 Zinc
impurities, while numbers 1 9 which are
3-1
T.O. 1-1A-9
NOTE 3-11. Alloys alclad 2014, 2024, alclad 2024, 6061,

Cladding which is a sacrificial alumi- 7075, alclad 7075 and 7178 are classed as heat
coating applied to an aluminum treatable. The mechanical properties of these
num
alloy core for the purpose of increas- alloys is improved by heat treatment or by a com-
ing corrosion resistance is designated bination of heat treatment and strain hardening.
alclad 2024, alclad 2014, alclad The tempers for these alloys is designated by sym-
as
7075, etc. bols, W, T, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, F
and O. Following is a summary of these symbols.
3-7. Aluminum alloys for military use are identi-
fied by military and federal specifications which -F As fabricated
are comparable to commercial specifications and
-O Annealed
designations. The following table is a general list -W Solution heat treated unstable temper
of the commonly used military and federal specifi- -T Treated to produce stable tempers other than -F
cations according to the commercial designation or -O
and forms of material. -T2 Annealed (cast products only)
-T3 Solution heat treated and then cold worked
3-8. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Prior to -T4 Solution heat treated
presenting factual data on mechanical properties -T5 Artificially aged only
the tempers (hardness) and methods of designation -T6 Solution heat treated and then artificially
should be explained. For nominal mechanical aged
properties see Table 3-4. -T7 Solution heat treated and stabilized
3-9. The tempers of aluminum alloys are pro- -T8 Solution heat treated, cold worked and then
duced essentially by three methods. These meth- artificially aged
ods are cold working (strain hardening), heat -T9 Solution heat treated, artificially aged, and
treatment and a combination of the two. The vari- then cold worked
ous alloys of aluminum are either classed as heat-
-T10 Artificially aged and then cold worked
treatable or non-heat-treatable. Alloys 1100, 3003, Added numbers to the above denotes a modifica-
alclad 3003, 3004, alclad 3004, 5050 and 5052 are
tion of standard tempers. Example: The numeral
classed as nonheat-treatable. The tempers of "6" following "T3" indicates a different amount of
these alloys are designated by symbols Hl, H2,
cold work then used in "T3" such as 2024-T36.
H3, H4, F & O. The numbers added to indicate modification or sig-
3-10. A second number added to the above indi- nificant alternation of the standard temper are
cates the degree of strain hardening-actual arbitrarily assigned and specification for the alloy
temper. should be utilized to determine specific data.
Example: 2=1/4 hard (2/8) H12, H22, H32 3-12. The following standard modification digits
4=1/2 hard (4/8) H14, H24, H34 have been assigned for wrought products in all
6=3/4 hard (6/8) H16, H26, H36 alloys: TX-51 Stress-Relieved by Stretching:
8=Full Hard (8/8) H18, H28, H38 Applies to products which are stress-relieved by
As previously pointed out the above tempers desig- stretching the following amounts after solution
heat treatment:
nation symbols are hyphen (-dash) suffixed to the
4 digitalloy designation. Example: 1000-H12, Plate 1 1/2 to 3% permanent set
5052-H24, 3004-H34 etc. The general symbols
used for the nonheat-treatable alloys are as Rod, Bar and Shapes to 3% permanent set
follows:
Applies directly to plate and rolled or cold finishes
-F As fabricated rod and bar. These products receive no further
-O Annealed straightening after stretching. Applies to
-H21 Strain hardened only extruded rod, bar and shapes which receive minor
-H2 Strain hardened then partial annealed straightening after stretching to comply with stan-
-H3 Strain hardened then stabilized dard tolerances.
NOTE
-TX510 Applies to extruded rod, bar and shapes
which receive no further straightening
Attempt should not be made to alter after stretching.
the temper characteristics of the "H" -TX511 Applies to extruded rod, bar and shapes
series of aluminum alloys other than which receive minor straightening after
in emergencies. This shall be limited stretching to comply with standard
to annealing operation only. tolerances.
3-2
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-3. Federal and Military Specifications
ALLOY FORM (COMMODITY) AMS FEDERAL MILITARY
1100 Bars Rolled 4102 QQ-A-411, QQ-A-225/1

Bar, rod, wire and shapes,
rolled or drawn QQ-A-411, QQ-A-225/1
Sheet and Plate 4001B,4003B QQ-A-561, QQ-A-250/1
Tubing 4062C WW-T-783 (Old), WW-T-
700/1
* MIL-A-148
Extrusion (Impact) MIL-A-12545
1360 Wrought Product MIL-A-799
2011 Bar and Rod QQ-A-365, QQ-A-225/3

2014 Bar, Rod and Shapes
Extruded 4153A QQ-A-261, QQ-A-200/2
Bar, Rod and Shapes
Rolled or Drawn 4121B QQ-A-266, QQ-A-225/4
Forgings 4134A,4135H QQ-A-367
Extrusions (Impact) (See QQ-A-367 & 367-1) MIL-A-12545
Alclad QQ-A-255, QQ-A-250/3

2014 Plate and Sheet
2017 Bar, Rod, Wire and Shapes,

Rolled or Drawn 4118 QQ-A-351, QQ-A-225/5
WIRE ROD QQ-A-430 MIL-W-7986
FORGINGS QQ-A-367
2018 Forgings 4140 QQ-A-367
2020 Sheet and Plate QQ-A-250/16 MIL-A-8882
2024 Bar, Rod and Shapes 4152 QQ-A-267, QQ-A-200/3

Extruded
Bar, Rod and Shapes

Rolled or Drawn 4120 QQ-A-225/6, QQ-A-268
2024 Plate and Sheet 4035 QQ-A-355, QQ-A-250/4
4037
3-3
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-3. Federal and Military Specifications Continued
Alclad
2024 Sheet and Plate 4040 QQ-A-362, QQ-A-250/5
4041
4042
2024 Tube Drawn 4086 WW-T-785 (Old),

4087 WW-T-700/3
4088

2219 Plate and Sheet MIL-A-8720
Sheet and Plate 4031 QQ-A-250/30

4090
Sheet and Plate, 4094
Alclad 4095
4096
Extrusions 4162
4163
3003 Bar, Rod, Shapes QQ-A-200/1, New

Extruded QQ-A-357, Old
Bar, Rod, Wire and
Shapes QQ-A-225/2 (New)
Rolled or Drawn QQ-A-356 (Old)
Plate and Sheet 4006 QQ-A-359, QQ-A-250/2
4008
Tube Drawn 4065 WW-T-786 (Old)

4067 WW-T-700/3

5052 Bar, Rod, Wire QQ-A-225/7 (New)
and Shapes Drawn 4114 QQ-A-315 (Old)
5052 Plate and Sheet 4015 QQ-A-318
4016 QQ-A-250/8
4017
Tube, Drawn 4070 WW-T-787 (Old),

4071 WW-T-700/4
5056 Bar, Rod and Wire 4182 MIL-C-915

Rolled or Drawn (Ships)
3-4
T.O. 1-IA-9
5056 Bar, Rod, Shapes- QQ-A-200/7 MIL-C-6136

(Cont) Extruded
Plate Sheet QQ-A-250/9
Wire Rod MIL-W-7986
Welding Rod QQ-R-566 C1
FS-RA156
5083 Bar, Rod and Shapes QQ-A-200/4 (New) MIL-A-19005

Plate and Sheet QQ-A-250/8 (New) MIL-A-87001
MIL-A-17358
5086 Plate and Sheet QQ-A-250/7 (New) MIL-A-19070
5154 Plate and Sheet 4018 MIL-A-17357

4019

Extruded 4150 QQ-A-270
Bar, Rod and Shapes QQ-A-225/8 (New)
Rolled or Drawn QQ-A-325 (Old)
6061 Forgings 4127 QQ-A-367d-1
Plate and Sheet 4025 QQ-A-327
4026 QQ-A-250/11 (New)
4027
Tube, Drawn 4080 WW-T-789/WW-T-700/6
4082
Tube, Hydraulic 4081 MIL-T-7081
Alclad
6061 Sheet and Plate 4021
4022
4023
6062 Bar, Rod and Shapes 4155 QQ-A-270 (Old)

Extruded QQ-A-200/8 (New)
Tube, Drawn 4091
4092
4093
Tube, Hydraulic MIL-T-7081
6063 Bar, Rod and Shapes QQ-A-200/9 (New)

Extruded 4156 QQ-A-274 (Old)
Extruded
3-5
T.O. 1-IA-9

7050 Plate 4050
4201
Extrusion 4340
4341
4342
Die Forging 4107 MIL-A-46118D

(Armor)
Hand Forging 4108
7075 Bar, Rod and Shapes QQ-A-225/11

Extruded 4154 QQ-A-277
Bar, Rod, Shapes
and Wire, Rolled QQ-A-225/9
or Drawn 4122 QQ-A-282
Forgings 4139 QQ-A-367
Extrusions (Impact) 4170 MIL-A-12545
Plate and Sheet 4044 QQ-A-283
4045 QQ-A-250/12
Alclad
7075 Plate and Sheet 4048 QQ-A-287
4049 QQ-A-250/13
Plate and Sheet
Alclad one side QQ-A-250/13 MIL-A-8902
7076 Forgings 4137 QQ-A-367 MIL-A-11352

Plate and Sheet QQ-A-250/17
Plate and Sheet
Alclad one side QQ-A-250/18
7475 Sheet and Plate 4207
4202
Rod MIL-A-63547
7178 Bar and Shapes

Extruded 4158 MIL-A-9186
Plate and Sheet 4051 QQ-A-250/14 MIL-A-9180
4052
8280 Sheet MIL-A-11267

(ORD)
3-6
T.O. 1-IA-9
99.75% Ingot QQ-A-451

99.5%
99.3%
99.0%
43 Foundry Ingot QQ-A-371
108
A108
113
122
A132
142 Foundry Ingot QQ-A-371
195
B 195
214
220
319
355
356
XB216 Foundry Ingot MIL-A- 10937
(ORD)
43 Sand Castings QQ-A-601
142 Sand Castings 4222 QQ-A-601
4231
B214 Sand Castings QQ-A-601
XB216 Sand Castings MIL-A-10936
(ORD)
4212
4214
356 Sand Castings 4217
A612 Sand Castings MIL-A-10936
(ORD)
ML Sand Castings MIL-A-25450
USAF
43 Permanent Mold Castings QQ-A-596
A108 Permanent Mold Castings QQ-A-596
3-7
T.O. 1-IA-9

A132 Permanent Mold Castings QQ-A-596
B 195 Permanent Mold Castings 4282 QQ-A-596
4283
XB216 Permanent Mold Castings MIL-A-10935
(ORD)
355 Permanent Mold Castings 4280 QQ-A-596
4281
4286
ML Permanent Mold Castings
13 Die Castings 4290 QQ-A-591 MIL-A-15153
Ships
43 Die Castings QQ-A-591 MIL-A-15153
Ships
218 Die Castings QQ-A-591 MIL-A-15153
Ships
360 Die Castings 4290 QQ-A-591
A360 Die Castings QQ-A-591 MIL-A-15153
Ships
380 Die Castings QQ-A-591
A380 Die Castings 4291 QQ-A-591 MIL-A-15153
Ships
Misc STANDARD/SPECIFICATIONS
-TX52 Stress-Relieved by Compressing: Applies attain mechanical properties different from

to products which are stress-relieved by those of the -T6 temper.*
compressing after solution heat treatment. *Exceptions not conforming to these definitions
-TX53 by Thermal Treatment.
Stress-Relieved are 4032-T62, 6101-T62, 6062-T62, 6063-T42 and
6463-T42.
3-13. The following two digit T temper designa- 3-14. For additional information on heat treating
tions have been assigned for wrought products in aluminum alloys, see paragraph 3-22.
all alloys:
3-15. Chemical composition nominal plus general
-T42 Applies to products solution heat treated by usedata are given in Table 3-4 and nominal
the user which attain mechanical properties mechanical properties at room temperature are
different from those of the -T4 temper.* given in Table 3-5. The values cited are general
and intended for use as comparisons values. For
-T62 Applies to products solution heat-treated specific values the specification for the alloy
and artificially aged by the user which should be utilized.
3-8
T.O. 1-1A-9
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3-13
TO 1-1A-9
Table 3-5. Mechanical Properties-Typical
Yield Elongation, Hardness

Strength Percent in 2 in. 500-kg Load
Tensile (Offset = Sheet Specimen 10MMM Shearing
Alloy and Temper Strength PSI 0.2%) PSI (1/16in. Thick) Ball Strength PSI
1100-0 13000 5000 35 23 9000
1100-1-112 16000 15000 12 28 10000
1100-H14 18000 17000 9 32 11000
1100-H16 21000 20000 6 38 12000
1100-H18 24000 22000 5 44 13000
Alclad 2014-0 25000 10000 21 18000
Alclad 2014-T3 63000 40000 20 37000
Alclad 2014-T4 61000 37000 22 37000
Alclad 2014-T6 68000 60000 10 120 41000
2024-0 27000 11000 20 47 18000
2024-T3 70000 50000 18 100 41000
2024-T36 72000 57000 13 130 42000
2024-T4 68000 47000 20 100 41000
2024-T6 69000 57000 10 114 41000
2024-T8 70000 65000 7 118 41000
Alclad 2024-0 26000 11000 20 18000
Alclad 2024-T3 65000 45000 18 100 40000
Alclad 2024-T36 67000 53000 11 100 41000
Alclad 2024-T4 64000 42000 19 100 40000
Alclad 2024-T6 65000 52000 100
Alclad 2024-T81 65000 60000 6 100 40000
Alclad 2024-T86 70000 66000 6 135 42000
2219-0 25000 11000 18
2219-T42 52000 27000 20 100
2219-T31, T351 52000 36000 17 96 33000
2219-T37 57000 46000 11 110 37000
2219-T62 60000 42000 10 113 37000
2219-T81, T851 66000 51000 123 41000
2219-T87 69000 57000 10 128 40000
3003-0 16000 6000 30 28 11000
3003-H12 19000 18000 10 35 12000
3003-H14 22000 21000 8 40 14000
3003-H16 26000 25000 5 47 15000
3003-H18 29000 27000 4 55 16000
3004-0 26000 10000 20 45 16000
3004-H32 31000 25000 10 52 17000
3004-H34 35000 29000 9 63 18000
3004-H36 38000 33000 5 70 20000
3004-H38 41000 36000 5 77 21000
5005-0 18000 6000 30 28 11000
5005-H32 20000 17000 11 36 14000
3-14 Change 7
TO 1-1A-9
Table 3-5. Mechanical Properties-Typical - Continued
Yield Elongation, Hardness

Strength Percent in 2 in. 500-kg Load
Tensile (Offset = Sheet Specimen 10MMM Shearing
Alloy and Temper Strength PSI 0.2%) PSI (1/16in. Thick) Ball Strength PSI
5005-H34 23000 20000 8 41 14000
5005-H36 26000 24000 6 46 15000
5005-H38 29000 27000 5 51 16
5050-0 21000 8000 24 36 15000
5050-H32 25000 21000 9 46 17000
5050-H34 28000 24000 8 53 18000
5050-H36 30000 26000 7 58 19000
5050-H38 32000 29000 6 63 20000
5052-0 28000 13000 25 47 18000
5052-H32 33000 28000 12 60 20000
5052-H34 38000 31000 10 68 21000
5052-H36 40000 35000 8 73 23000
5052-H38 42000 37000 7 77 24000
5154-0 35000 17000 27 58 22000
5154-H112 35000 17000 25 63
5154-H32 39000 30000 15 67 22000
5154-H34 42000 33000 13 78 24000
5154-H36 45000 36000 12 83 26000
5154-H38 48000 39000 10 87 28000
5357-0 19000 7000 25 32 12000
5357-H32 22000 19000 9 40 13000
5357-H34 25000 22000 8 45 15000
5357-H36 28000 26000 7 51 17000
5357-H38 32000 30000 6 55 18000
6061-0 18000 8000 25 30 12000
6061-T4 35000 21000 22 65 24000
6061-T6 45000 35000 12 95 30000
7050-T74, T7451, T7452 74000 65000 13 142
7075-0 33000 15000 17 60 22000
7075-T6 83000 73000 11 150 48000
Alclad 7075-0 32000 14000 17 22000
Alclad 7075-T6 76000 67000 11 125 46000
Alclad 7079-T6 70000 60000
7178-0 40000 21000 10
7178-T6 83000 72000 6 145
7079-T6 72000 62000
7475-T7351 73000 63000 14
Change 7 3-15
TO 1-1A-9
Table 3-6. Physical Properties - Standard Alloys

Electrical
Approx Melting Conductivity %
Specific Weights Range - Degrees Compared To
Alloy Gravity Per Cu. In. F Copper Standard
1100-0 2.71 0.098 1,190-1,215 57-62
1100-H18 57
2014-0 2.8 0.101 950-1,180 43.5-51.5
2014-T3 31.5-35
2014-T4 31.5-35.0
2014-T6 35.0-41.5
Alclad 2014-T6 35.5-44
2024-0 2.77 0.1 935-1,810 46-51
2024-T3 27.5-32.5
2024-T4 27.5-34.0
2024-T6 34.0-44.0
2024-T8 35-42.5
Alclad 2024-T3 28.5-35
Alclad 2024-T4 28.5-35
Alclad 2024-T6 35-45
Alclad 2024-T8 35-45
2048-T8 35-42.5
2124-T3 27.5-32.5
2124-T8 35-42.5
2219-0 2.84 0.102 1010-1190 44-49
2219-T3 26-31
2219-T37 27-31
2219-T4 28-32
2219-T6 32.0-36.0
2219-T8 31-35
2219-T87 31-35
Alclad 2219-T6 32-37
Alclad 2219-T8 31-37
3003-0 44.5-50.5
3003-H12 2.73 0.099 1,190-1,210 37.8-51.5
3003-H14 37.8-51.5
3003-H18 40
3004-0 2.72 0.098 1,165-1,205 42
3004-H38 42
5050-0 2.69 0.097 1,160-1,205 50
5050-H38 50
5052-0 2.68 0.097 1,100-1,200 34-37
5052-H38 35
5357-0 2.7 0.098 1,165-1,210 43
5357-H38 43
6061-0 2.7 0.098 1,080-1,200 42-49
6061-T4 35.5-43
6061-T6 40-47
Alclad 6061-T6 40-53
3-16 Change 10
TO 1-1A-9
Table 3-6. Physical Properties - Standard Alloys - Continued

Electrical
Approx Melting Conductivity %
Specific Weights Range - Degrees Compared To
Alloy Gravity Per Cu. In. F Copper Standard
6063-0 57-65
6063-T1 48-58
6063-T4 48-58
6063-T5 50-60
6063-T6 50-60
6066-0 42-47
6066-T4 34-41
6066-T6 38-50
7049-0 44-50
7049-T73 38.0-44.0
7049-T76 38-44
7050-0 2.83 0.102 890-1175 44-50
7050-T73 41.0-44.0
7050-T736 40-44
7050-T76 39-44
7075-0 2.8 0.101 890-1180 44-48
7075-T6 30.5-36
7075-T73 38.0-43.0
7075-T76 38-42
Alclad 7075-T6 30.5-36
Alclad 7075-T76 38-42
7178-0 43.0-47.0
7178-T6 29.0-34.0
7178-T76 38.0-42.0
Alclad 7178-T6 29-34
7475-0 2.8 0.101 890-1175 46
7475-T651 36
7475-T761 40
BRASS 8.4-8.8 0.304-0.319 26-43
Copper 8.94 0.322 1981 100
Monel 8.8 0.318 4
Nickel 8.84 0.319 2645 16
Steel(lowalloy) 7.6-7.8 0.276-0.282 2800 3-15
Steel(18.8 stainless) 7.92 0.283 2500-2650 2-4
Tin 7.3 0.265 449 15
Zinc 7.1 0.258 787 30
NOTE • To convert hardness readings between scales, see

ASTM E140-07 Standard Hardness Conversion
• For aluminum alloys with no hardness value pro- Tables.
vided in this technical order, refer to AMS 2658
Hardness and Conductivity Inspection of Wrought
Aluminum Alloy Parts.
Change 10 3-16.1
Table 3-6A. Properties of Common Aluminum Alloys - Minimum
3-16.2
Yield Strength @2%
TO 1-1A-9
Alloy and Temper Product Form Tensile Strength, ksi Offset Rockwell B Scale Rockwell E Scale Conductivity %
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
2024-O 32 14 22 70 46 51
Change 8
2024-T3 63 42 63 94 27.5 32.5
2024-T4, T42 62 38 63 94 27.5 34
2024-T6 All 64 50 72 98 34 44
2024-T81 67 58 74 99 35 42.5
2024-T86 All 71 66 83 37 41
Alclad 2024-O 32 14 22 70 46 51
Alclad 2024-T3 < 0.063 59 39 57 91 28.5 35
Alclad 2024-T3 > 0.063 61 40 60 93 28.5 35
Alclad 2024-T4, T42 < 0.063 58 36 57 91 28.5 35
Alclad 2024-T4, T42 > 0.063 61 38 60 93 28.5 35
Alclad 2024-T6 < 0.063 60 47 60 93 35 45
Alclad 2024-T6 > 0.063 62 49 62 94 35 45
Alclad 2024-T81 65 56 65 97 35 45
Alclad 2024-T86 69 64 83 36 42
6061-O 22 12
6061-T6 > 0.020 42 35 45 85
Alclad 6061-T6 38 32 76 84
7075-O 40 21 22 70 44 48
7075-T6 78 68 84 30.5 36
Alclad 7075-O 38 20 22 70 44 48
Alclad 7075-T6 74 64 76 30.5 36
TO 1-1A-9
3-16. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. Commercially pure alumi- 6061, 6063, 6066, and 6951 aluminum alloy parts
num weights 0.098 pounds per cubic inch, corresponding to a and the results of any conductivity testing on these
specific gravity of 271. Data for standard alloys are shown in materials should not be used as a basis for rejection.
Table 3-6. The approximate weight for aluminum, including
its alloys, is one-tenth of a pound per cubic inch (see Table 3-18B. RECORDS. Air Force and government personnel
3-6). shall document heat treatment procedures performed on alumi-
num alloy aircraft and missile weapon systems and support
3-17. HEAT TREATMENT OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS. equipment by utilizing AFTO Form 8, Heat Treatment Proce-
dure Record. On-site AF contractors shall also use the AFTO
NOTE Form 8 unless their contract specifies a different method of
heat treatment documentation. The results of heat treatment
SAE-AMS-2770, Heat Treatment of wrought alumi- performed on aluminum alloys shall be verified through hard-
num alloy parts, & SAE-AMS-2771, Heat Treatment ness and conductivity testing. Minimum hardness conductivity
of aluminum alloy castings, will be the control docu- readings for commonly used aluminum alloys are specified in
ments for heat treatment of Aluminum Alloys used Table 3-6A. Additional conductivity data can be found in
on aerospace equipment. For complete description of Table 3-6. Personnel performing hardness testing shall docu-
aluminum alloy heat treat requirements, refer to latest ment results on AFTO Form 8, Blocks 21 - 25. Conductivity
issues of SAE-AMS-2770 & SAE-AMS-2771. shall be tested by qualified NDI personnel using TO 33B-1-2,
WP 407 00, or qualified heat treat personnel, using direct
3-18. GENERAL. There are two types of heat treatment reading instruments in accordance with MIL-STD-1537,
applicable to aluminum alloys. They are known as solution “Electrical Conductivity Test for Verification of Heat Treat-
and precipitation heat treatment. Some alloys such as 2017 ment of Aluminum Alloys, Eddy Current Method.” Results
and 2024 develop their full mechanical properties as a result shall be documented on AFTO Form 8, Blocks 27 - 32 and
of solution heat treatment followed by 96 hours (natural pre- signed by performing personnel. A paper or digital copy of the
cipitation) aging at room temperature. Other alloys, such as completed record shall be retained by the facility performing
2014, 7075, and 7178 require solution heat treatment and the heat treatment process in accordance with applicable Air
aging (precipitation heat treatment) for specific length of time Force Records Disposition Schedule guidelines.
at a definite temperature (see Table 3-11).
3-19. Solution heat treatment is a process where the alloying
NOTE elements enter into solid solution in the aluminum at critical
temperatures. It has been found that those alloying elements
Additional Heat Treatment information is discussed which increase the strength and hardness are more soluble in
in Section IX. solid aluminum at high temperature than at low. To complete
the solution often the metal is held at high temperatures for
3-18A. NEWLY FABRICATED PARTS. Newly fabricated sufficient time; it is then quenched rapidly in cold water to
parts that require heat treatment shall be accompanied by a retain this condition. Immediately after quenching, the alloy is
coupon, whenever possible. A coupon is a piece of metal that in an unstable condition, because it consists of a supersatu-
is taken from the same stock as the fabricated part. Its thick- rated solid solution of the hardening agent. Upon standing at
ness should match that of the part with an overall size that room temperature the hardening constituent in excess of that
provides adequate room for hardness and conductivity testing. which is soluble at room temperature precipitates. The precipi-
Coupons must be heat treated along with the manufactured tate is in the form of extremely fine particles which due to
part to ensure both pieces undergo the same metallurgical their “keying” action, greatly increase their strength. This is in
changes. After completion of heat treatment, perform required effect a method where the molecules of the aluminum and
hardness testing on the coupon to prevent damage to the fabri- alloying elements are realigned to increase the strength and
cated part. See Section VIII of this technical order for proper hardness of some aluminum alloys.
hardness testing procedures. All heat treated aluminum alloy
parts and coupons shall be conductivity tested. When numer- 3-20. PRECIPITATION (AGE) HARDENING. This phase of
ous parts are being heat treated simultaneously, the parts with heat treatment consists of aging material previously subjected
the lowest and highest conductivity readings shall also be to solution heat treatments by natural (occurs at room tempera-
hardness tested to validate metallurgical changes. Parts that ture) or artificial aging. Artificial aging consists of heating
fail to meet hardness or conductivity standards shall be aluminum alloy to a specific temperature and holding for a
rejected and reworked as appropriate. specified length of time. During this hardening and strengthen-
ing operation the alloying constituents in solid solution precip-
itate out. As precipitation progresses, the strength of the
NOTE
material increases until the maximum is reached. Further
Conductivity testing should not be performed on aging (overaging) causes the strength to decline until a
Change 11 3-17
TO 1-1A-9
stable condition is obtained. The strengthening of the material 3-22. Natural aging alloys can be artificially aged, however,
is due to the uniform alignment or formation of the molecule it increases the susceptibility of the material to intergranular
structure of the aluminum and alloying element. corrosion. If utilized it should be limited to clad sheet, extru-
sions and similar items. For aging treatment, temperature and
3-21. Artificial aged alloys are usually slightly “overages” to times, see Table 3-11.
increase their resistance to corrosion, especially the high cop-
per content alloys. This is done to reduce their susceptibility to
intergranular corrosion caused by under-aging.
3-18 Change 9
TO 1-1A-9
3-23. SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT. As previously 3-29. For clad sheet the number of solution heat-treatment is
pointed out it is necessary that solution heat treatment of alu- limited due to the increased diffusion of the core and cladding.
minum alloys be accomplished within close limits in reference See Table 3-12 for the recommended reheat-treatment times.
to temperature control and quenching. The temperature for
heat treating is usually chosen as high as possible without 3-30. QUENCHING. The basic purpose of quenching is to
danger of exceeding the melting point of any element of the prevent the immediate re-precipitation of the soluble constitu-
alloy. This is necessary to obtain the maximum improvement ents after heating to solid solution.
in mechanical properties.
3-31. To obtain optimum physical properties of aluminum
3-24. If the maximum specified temperature is exceeded alloys, rapid quenching is required. The recommended time
eutectic melting will occur. The consequence will be inferior interval between removal from the heat and immersion is 10
physical properties, and usually a severely blistered surface. If seconds or less. Allowing the metal to cool before quenching
the temperature of heat treatment is low, maximum strength promotes intergranular corrosion and slightly affects the hard-
will not be obtained. ness. This is caused by re-precipitation along grain boundaries
and in certain slip planes. For specific quench delay see Table
3-25. HEATING TIME. The heating time commonly called 3-10.
the "soaking time" required to bring about solution increases
with the thickness of the section or part to be heat treated. 3-32. There are three methods employed for quenching. The
Solution heat treatment should be held to the minimum time one used depends upon the item, alloy and properties desired.
required to obtain the desired physical properties. In many
instances the above will require sample testing to determine 3-33. Cold Water Quenching. Small articles made from sheet,
the exact solution time. For the recommended approximate extrusions, tubing and small fairing are normally quenched in
soaking time for various alloys see Table 3-8. cold water. The temperature before quenching should be 85°F
or less. Sufficient cold water should be circulated within the
3-26. The time at temperature (soaking time) is measured quenching tanks to keep the temperature rise under 20°F. This
from the time the metal reaches the minimum limit of the type of quench will insure good resistance to corrosion and
temperature range. In the case of thick material the controlling particularly important when heat-treating 2017 and 2024.
factor would be when the center (core) reached the minimum
temperature. The soaking period will vary from 10 minutes for 3-34. Hot Water Quenching. Large forgings and heavy sec-
thin sheet to approximately 12 hours for the thicker materials, tions can be quenched in (150° - 180°F) or boiling water. This
such as heavy forgings. A general guide to use is approxi- type of quench is used to minimize distortion and cracking
mately one hour for each inch of cross-sectional thickness. It which are produced by the unequal temperatures obtained dur-
is recommended that thermocouple be placed in the coldest ing produced by the unequal temperatures obtained during the
part of the load to determine the period required to bring the quenching operation. The hot water quench will also reduce
load to the correct temperature (soaking temperature). residual stresses which improves resistance to stress corrosion
cracking.
3-27. The soaking temperature required is selected to put all
of the soluble elements into solid solution. The recommended 3-35. Spraying Quenching. Water sprays are used to quench
soaking temperatures for various alloys can be found in Table parts formed from alclad sheet and large sections of most
3-7. alloys. Principal reasons for using this method is to minimize
distortion and to alleviate quench cracking. This system is not
NOTE usually used to quench bare 2017 and 2024 due to the effect
on their corrosion resistance. The parts quenched by this
With clad materials, prolonged heating may defeat media should pass the test for corrosion required for the item
the purpose of the cladding by allowing the copper involved; (see specifications SAE-AMS-2770 & SAE-AMS-
and other soluble elements to diffuse into the clad- 2771).
ding.
3-36. STRAIGHTENING OF PARTS AFTER SOLUTION
3-28. RE-SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT. The bare heat- HEAT TREATMENTS. It will be necessary to straighten some
treatable alloys can be solution heat treated repeatedly without parts after heat treating due to warping produced by the pro-
harmful effects other than high temperature oxidation. The cess. These
oxidation can be retarded by using either sodium or potassium
fluoborate during the heating cycle.
Change 7 3-19
TO 1-1A-9
parts are usually straightened by restriking or forming. It is is accomplished. A temperature of 32 °F or below will delay
desirable to place these parts in refrigeration immediately after or retard natural aging for approximately 24 hours, lower tem-
quenching to retard natural aging until such time straightening peratures will delay the aging longer.
Figure 3-1. Head to Alloy Identification Method
3-37. HEAT TREATMENT OF RIVETS. The heat-treatable tinted-anodized or clear/gray anodized finished (D)
alloys commonly used for rivets are 2117, 2017, and 2024. rivets are acceptable to undergo the solution heat
treat/quench/refrigeration process.
a. 2117 Rivets. If supplied in T-4 temper no further treat-
ment is required. The rivet is identified by a dimple in the NOTE
center of the head (see Figure 3-1, item AD for head identifi-
cation). Any rivets that change from golden yellow to
smudge-gray color as a result of the solution heat
treat/quench/refrigeration process has an alodine fin-
ish: these rivets shall be rejected.
b. 2017 or 2017-T4 (D) Rivets. Heat treat prior to installa-

(D) rivets with an alodine finish MUST NOT be sub- tion by heating to 940 °F±10 °F for 30 minutes in a circulating
jected to the solution heat treat/quench/refrigeration air furnace, 1 hour in still air furnace, or 30 minutes in a
process: this finish will “burn-off” molten salt bath and quench in water. These rivets must be
leaving the surface bare. If finish on (D) rivets cannot driven within 20 minutes after quenching or refrigerate at 32
be positively identified as an anodized finish [part °F or lower which will delay the aging time 24 hours. If either
number or by close examination by a finish expert], time is exceeded reheat treatment is required. See Figure 3-1,
then do NOT subject parts to the solution heat treat/ item D for head identification. It is noted the D rivets may also
quench/refrigeration process. be used in the age hardened condition.
c. 2024-0 or 2024-T4 (DD) Rivets. The same conditions

apply for these rivets as for the 2017 (D) except heat treat at
920 °F±10 °F. See Figure 3-1, item DD for head identification.
(DD) rivets [by specification], ONLY have a clear/
gray anodize finish; these rivets are ready to undergo d. 1100 and 5056 Rivets. These do not require heat treat-
the solution heat treat/quench/refrigeration process. ment, install as received. See Figure 3-1, item A and 3-1, item
(D) rivets [by specification] can have an alodine, tint- B for identification.
ed-anodize, or a clear/gray anodize finish. ONLY
3-20 Change 14
TO 1-1A-9
f. D/DD Rivets. These may be stored in refrigerators

which ensure that the rivet temperature does not rise above
minus 10 °F. Rivets held at minus 10 °F or below can be
retained for use indefinitely. When the rivets are transported,
Rivets which have been anodically oxide coated their temperature will be maintained at minus 10 °F or below
should no be reheat-treated in direct contact with by being carried in refrigerated boxes.
molten salts more than 5 times.
e. 7050 (E) Rivets. These do not require heat treatment,

install as received. See Figure 3-1, item E for head identifica-
tion.
Change 14 3-20.1/(3-20.2 blank)

T.O. 1-IA-9
(1) Quality control shall be responsible for and immediately perform the forming or drawing
periodically checking the temperature of each operation.
refrigerator and for prohibiting the use of rivets in 3-42. Recommended times and temperatures for
any box when the temperature becomes excessive. annealing various alloys are as follows:
(2) Each refrigerator shall have the rivets Annealing of Work-Hardened Alloys. All of
removed and be thoroughly cleaned at least once a.
these alloys except 3003 are annealed by heating
every six months. A tag or placard that denotes to 650F and no higher than 775F, holding at
the next cleaning date shall be attached to each
refrigerator. temperature until uniform temperature has been
established throughout the furnace load, and cool-
(3) Rivets which remain out of refrigera- ing in air or in the furnace. Annealing tempera-
tion for 30 minutes or more shall be reheat ture shall not exceed 775F to prevent excess oxi-
treated. These rivets can be reheat treated a maxi- dation and grain growth. The 3003 alloy is
mum of three times. annealed by heating to 775F at a relatively rapid
rate and holding at the minimum soaking period
3-38. ANNEALING. Aluminum alloys are necessary to attain temperature uniformity and
annealed to remove the effects of solution heat then cool as cited above.
treatment and strain hardening. Annealing is uti-
lized to help facilitate cold working. Parts work b. Annealing of heat-treated alloys (wrought).
hardened during fabrication are annealed at vari- These alloys (except 7075) are annealed by heating
775F for not less than hour and most
ous stages of the forming operation so that compli-
to
cated shapes can be formed. During prolonged instances 2-3 hours. Material is then cooled at a
forming or stamping operations the metal becomes rate of no greater than 50F per hour until the
strain hardened (commonly called "work hard- temperature is 500F or below. Rate of cooling ,
ened" and upon the performance of additional below 500F is not restricted; cool as desired.
work it will split or crack.) When the above is Alloy 7075 is fully annealed by heating to 775F
encountered it is usually necessary to anneal the 850F (higher temperature utilized for material
part one or more times at progressive stages of the having smaller amount of cold work), soaking for 2
forming operation, if the part is to be successfully hours at temperature, cooling in air, reheating to
completed. 450F, holding at this temperature for 6 hours and
then cooling to room temperature. Alternate 7075
annealing methods:
CAUTION (1) If forming is to be accomplished imme-
Annealed aluminum parts shall not
diately after annealing, heat to 775F, 2-3 hours;
air cool.
be used for parts or fittings on air-
craft or missiles unless specified by (2) If alloy is to be stored for an extended
drawings or other approved engineer- period before forming, heat to 670F 775F, 2
ing data. to 450F; hold at this
hours; cool in air; reheat
temperature for 4 hours and then cool in air.
3-39. Time at temperature. This factor will vary
depending upon the type of anneal (partial or full), (3) Intermediate anneal during cold work-
metal, thickness, method of furnace charging and ing of "0" condition material; heat to 670 700F,
similar factors. Avoid excessive time at tempera- 1/2 hour maximum, or heat to 910 930F until
ture to prevent growth, diffusion and discoloration,
uniform temperature is attained; cool in air. A
especially when annealing clad alloys. part shall not be annealed using the 910 930F
temperature more than 3 times.
3-40. When fully annealing, no attempt should Annealing of cast alloys. Castings are
c.
be made to shorten the annealing cycle because annealed by heating to 650 750F holding for
the soluble constituents go into solution as the approximately 2 hours, and cooling to room tem-
temperature is increased. If the material is then perature. The purpose of such annealing are for
cooled rapidly the soluble constituents remain in the relief of stresses and attainment of dimen-
solution and the material does not attain fully sional stability.
annealed mechanical properties.
d. Partial annealing of heat-treated material.
3-41. Annealing and subsequent forming of When heat-treated materials are annealed as spec-
material previously heat treated should be avoided ified for annealing of the work-hardened alloys,
if conditions and time permit. The recommended the effect of heat-treatment is reduced considera-
method is to repeat the solution heat treatment bly, but not completely. The partially annealed
Change 1 3-21
TO 1-I A-9
material isonly to be utilized when moderate but not secure quenching medium. The above is necessary to maintain the
operations are to be performed. If difficulty is experienced form of the material involved and to facilitate heating to the
with forming partially annealed material, recommend that "0" specified temperature and quenching rapidly. To prevent dis-
fully annealed material be utilized. tortion it is necessary in some cases to provide jig and fixture
support for complex contoured (formed) parts. However, the
3-43. Heat treating temperatures and times. Aluminum alloy jig used shall be so constructed that it will not restrict the
should be heat treated at the temperature given in Table 3-7. contact required with the heating medium of the part being
The load should be held within the heat-treatment range (after treated.
the coldest part has reached the minimum of the range) for a
sufficient time to insure that specified properties will be devel- NOTE
oped. In some cases sample testing will be required to ascer-
tain that specified properties are developed. Suggested soaking are unavoidably distorted should be
Parts formed that
periods are given in Tables 3-8 and 3-9 for the common alloys. reformed immediately after quenching.
In instances where new alloys are involved it will be necessary
to consult the specification for the alloys, Specifications SAE- 3-47. When heat treating clad sheet material, the size and
AMS-2770 & SAE-AMS-2771 or the manufacturer for the spacing of the load will be arranged to permit raising to the
appropriate heat treat data. In case of conflict the correct Mili- heat treatment temperature range in the minimum time. The
tary/Federal specification will be the governing factor. mixing of different thicknesses of clad material when charging
heat-treatment furnaces will be avoided, in order to help pre-
3-44. QUENCHING. To effectively obtain the desired quali- vent diffusion of the cladding, especially in the case where
ties in aluminum alloys it is necessary that the interval very thin to thick materials are involved.
between removing the charge from the furnace and immersion
in the quenching water be maintained at the absolute minimum
(See Table 3-10).
3-45. Wrought alloy products must be quenched by total
immersion in water or by a drastic spray quench. Forgings of
Heat-treating operations will be performed on the
2014, 2017, 2117, and 7075 are quenched in water at tempera- complete individual part or piece of material never on
a portion only. This should be accomplished in such a
tures in excess; of 100F. 7079 forgings are generally
manner that will produce the utmost uniformity.
quenched in water at temperatures less than 100F to obtain Maximum quench delay for immersion quenching is
optimum mechanical properties, however a hot water quench shown by Table 3-10.
(180F) should be used whenever possible providing the lower
strength associated with the quench is satisfactory. The hot 3-48. Wrought alloy products may be quenched using high
water quench lowers the residual stresses considerably. This is
desirable from the point of view of reducing stress corrosion
velocity, high volume jets of cold water where the parts are
susceptibility. effectively flushed in a specially constructed chamber pro-
vided that the parts will pass the test for corrosion set forth in
3-46. Charging of furnace and baths. Individual pieces of
Specifications SAE-AMS-2770 & SAE-AMS-2771, Metal
Specification and the mechanical property requirements of the
materials or parts should be racked or supported to prevent
distorting if possible and permit free access to the heating and
applicable material specification.
3-22 Change 5
TO 1-1A-9
Table 3-7. Heat Treating (Soaking) Temperatures

SOLUTION HEAT TREAT
ALLOY DESIGNATION TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) TEMPER
WROUGHT ALLOYS
Except forgings alloys
2014 925-945 2014-T4
2017 925-945 2017-T4
2117 925-950 2117-T4
2024 910-930 2024-W
2219 985-1005 2219-T4
6061 960-1010 6061-T4
6062 960-1010 6062-T4
6066 960-980 6066-T4
7050 880-900 7050-W
7075 (rolled or drawn) 860-930 7075-W
7075 (Extruded) 860-880 7075-W
7075 (Sheet 0.051 in thickness or less) 910-930 7075-W
7178 (rolled or drawn) 860-930 7178-W
7178 (Extruded) 860-880 7178-W
*7079 820-840 7079-W
*7079 Other temperature may be required for certain sections and conditions.
7475 880-970 7475-W
FORGINGS ALLOYS
2014 925-950 2014-T4
2017 925-950 2017-T4
2018 940-970 2018-T4
FORGINGS
2025 950-970 2025-T4
4032 940-970 4032-T4
6151 950-980 6151-T4
6061 960-1010 6061-T4
7075 360-890 7075-W
7075 Other temperatures may be required for certain sections and conditions.
7079 820-840 7079-W
7079 Other temperatures may be required for certain sections and conditions.
SAND CAST ALLOYS
122 930-960 T4
142 950-980 T4
195 940-970 T4
220 800-820 T4
319 920-950 T4
355 960-990 T4
356 980-1010 T4
40E Solution heat treatment not required.
PERMANENT MOLD CAST ALLOYS
122 930-960 T4
A132 940-970 T4
Change 7 3-22.1
TO 1-1A-9
Table 3-7. Heat Treating (Soaking) Temperatures - Continued

SOLUTION HEAT TREAT
ALLOY DESIGNATION TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) TEMPER
142 950-980 T4
B195 935-965 T4
355 960-990 T4
356 980-1010 T4
3-22.2 Change 7
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-8. Soaking Time for Solution Heat Treatment ofAll Wrought Products
THICKNESS (INCHES) SOAKING TIME (MINUTES)

(MIN. THICKNESS OF SALT BATH AIR FURNACE
THE HEAVIEST SECTION) MIN MAX (Alclad Only) MIN MAX (Alclad)
0.016 and under 10 15 20 25
0.017 0.020 10 20 20 30
0.021 0.032 15 25 25 35
0.033 0.063 20 30 30 40
0.064 0.090 25 45 35 45
0.091 0.125 30 40 40 50
0.126 0.250 35 45 50 60
0.251 0.500 45 55 60 70
0.501 1.000 60 70 90 100
1.001 1.500 90 100 120 130
1.501 2.000 105 115 150 160
2.001 2.500 120 130 180 190
2.501 3.000 150 160 210 220
3.001 3.500 165 175 240 250
3.501 4.000 180 190 270 280
3-49. Castings and forgings quenching. Casting last portion of the load is immersed in
should be quenched by total immersion in water at the (water) quench tank. The maxi-
150 to 212F. Forgings should be quenched by mum quench delay may be exceeded
total immersion in water at no more than 180F. (usually confined to large sections or
Forgings and impact extrusion supplied in T41 or loads) if temperature will be above
T61 should be quenched in boiling water. How- 775F when quenched.
ever, if conditions warrant castings or forgings
Soaking Time for Solution Treatment of Cast Alloys
may be quenched by complete immersion in cold Table 3-9.
water.
3-50. Small parts such as rivets, fasteners, wash- ALLOY TIME (HOURS)
SAND CAST ALLOYS
ers, spacers, etc., should be quenched by dumping
into cold water. 122 6-18
142 2-10
195 6-18
CAUTION S195 (105) 6-24
220 12-24
Rivets, fasteners, washers and other 319 6-18
small parts which have been anodi- 355 6-18
cally oxidecoated should not be heat 356 6-18
treated indirect contact with molten PERMANENT MOLD
salts or more than 5 times by this CAST ALLOYS
medium. 122 6-18
A132 6-18
NOTE 142 2-10
Quench delay time begins at the B195 4-12
instant furnace door begins to open or 355 6-18
at the instant any portion of a load 356 6-18
emerges from a salt bath and when
3-23
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-10. Recommended Maximum Quench Delay, Wrought stretch or roll the material in order to produce
Alloys (For Immersion Type these conditions.
Quenching)
3-56. HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT. Equip-
ment and heating media used are divided into two
NOMINAL THICKNESS MAXIMUM TIME distinct groups. They are liquid baths and con-
(INCHES) (SECONDS) trolled atmosphere. Either method has certain
up 0.016
to 5 advantages over the other and it generally is
0.017 to 0.031 7 advisable to weigh the advantages desired and
0.032 to 0.091 10 consider environmental conditions.
0.091 and over 15
3-57. The above are heated by gas, electricity
3-51. HEAT TREATMENT. and oil regardless of the method utilized it must
be demonstrated that satisfactory results are
3-52. PRECIPITATION (ARTIFICIAL AGE) obtained and the material is not injured.
HEAT TREATMENT. Precipitation heat treatment
of many aluminum alloys is necessary to obtain 3-58. AIR FURNACES. Air furnaces are ideal
the required properties. Heating of some alumi- for precipitation (aging), thermal treatments and
num alloys bare or alclad at an elevated tempera- annealing. These furnaces are also used for solu-
ture, but well below the annealing temperature, tion heat treating. The initial cost of these type
after solution heat treatment will result in tensile furnaces is higher than for the salt bath types, but
and yield strength well above those obtained by they are usually more economical to operate, safer,
room temperature aging. The above will also cleaner and more flexible. Air furnaces used for
apply to alloy 2024. However, this process will heat treatment of aluminum alloy should be of the
reduce the elongation factor of the material and recirculating air type. The heated air in this type
increase resistance to forming. Therefore, most furnace is recirculated at high velocities to obtain
forming operations should be performed prior to a rapid heating cycle and uniform temperatures.
this stage of treatment. The products of combustion must be excluded from
the furnace atmosphere to help avoid high temp
3-53. Mechanical properties obtained from pre- oxidation and atmosphere contamination.
cipitation (aging) are dependent on the amount of
cold work present in the material at the time of 3-59. SALT BATHS. The salt bathe method has
aging. The selection of material for various uses certain advantages over the air furnace. However,
will therefore be governed by, the severity of the the advantages are usually confined to solution
cold work to be performed, strength and condition heat treatment only. Associated advantages are
of the material required. uniform temperature without excess danger of
3-54. Annealing or solution heat treating will high temperature oxidation and faster heating
remove any properties developed as a result of cold
which reduces the time required to bring the load
working the material. Subsequent heat treatment to temperature. This method is adaptable for solu-
and aging of annealed material or aging of solution tion heat treating small parts, large thin sections
heat treated material will result in T-6 condition, and missed loads. The above advantages may be
provided the material is not cold worked prior to completely nullified by the slower quench caused
aging. The higher strength conditions can only be by the necessary arrangement of equipment, fire
obtained by a controlled amount of cold work prior and explosion hazards, and decomposition of the
to aging. Conditions T-81 or T-86 would necessi- sodium nitrate which when dissolved in quenching
tate a cold work percentage of approximately 1% water forms a compound that attacks aluminum
for T-81 and 6% for T-86 after solution heat alloys. The addition of potassium dichromate
treated and prior to aging. (approximately 1/2 ounce per hundred pounds of
nitrate) tends to inhibit the attack.
3-55. Field accomplishment of the cold work
required to produce the higher strength conditions 3-60. Hollow core casting or parts where the
is considered impractical. This is due to the salts likely to be difficult or impossible to
are
amount and types of equipment necessary to remove should not be treated by bath salt.
3-24
TO 1-1A-9
Table 3-11. Precipitation (Aging) Treating Temperatures, Times and Conditions

ALLOY & TEMPER OR AGING TIME AGING TEMP TEMPER
COND BEFORE AGING (HOURS) 2/ (DEGREES F)2/ AFTER AGING
WROUGHT ALLOYS (EXCLUDING
FORGINGS)
2017 - as quenched(w) 96 room 2017-T4
2117 - as quenched (w) 96 room 2117-T4
2024 - as quenched (w) 3/ 96 room 2024-T4
6061 - as quenched(w) 96 room 6061-T4
6061-T4 71/2 - 81/2 340-360 6061-T6
2020-W 18 310-360 2020-T6
2024-T4 1-T42 9-12 370-380 2024-T6 1-T62
2024-T4 (Alternate for sheet) 12-13 370-380 2024-T6
2024-T3 11-13 370-380 2024-T81
2024-T36 7-9 370-380 2024-T86
2014-T4 1-T42 8 - 12 305-330 2014-T6 1-T62
2014-T4 (Alternate for Plate) 17-20 305-330 2014-T6
2219-T31/T351 17-19 350 2219-T81/T851
2219-T4 35-37 375 2219-T62
2219-W 96 room 2219-T4
6066-T4 71/2 - 81/2 340-360 6066-T6
6061-T4 71/2 - 81/2 340-360 6061-T6
7050-W 6-8 250 followed by 350, 6-8 7050-T74
hours
7075-W 1/ 22 Minimum 240-260 7075-T6
7178-W 22 Minimum 240-260 7178-T6
6063-F 1-2 440-460 6063-T5
7079 - as quenched(w) 5 days at room tempera-
ture following 48 hours
at 230250 degrees F
7475-W, Plate 24-25 250 7475-T6
7475-W, Sheet 3-5 250 followed by 315, 3-3.25 7475-T61
hours
FORGING ALLOYS
2014-T4 5-14 340-360 2014-T6
2014 - as quenched 96 Minimum room 2014-T4
2017 - as quenched 96 Minimum room 2017-T6
Change 13 3-25
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-11. Precipitation (Aging) Treating Temperatures, Times and Conditions Continued
ALLOY & TEMPER OR AGING TIME AGING TEMP TEMPER

COND BEFORE AGING (HOURS)2/ (DEGREES F)2/ AFTER AGING
2018-T4 4-12 330-350 2018-T6

2025-T4 6-14 330-350 2025-T6
4032-T4 4-12 330-350 4032-T6
6151-T4 4-12 330-350 6151-T6
7075-W 22 Minimum 230-260 7075-T6
X7079 5 days at room X7079-T6
temperature fol-
lowed by 48 hours
at230-250 degrees
F
SAND CAST ALLOYS
142-T41 1-3 400-450 142-T61
195-T4 1-3 300-320 142-T6
S195-T4 1-4 300-320 S195-T6
220-W 96 Minimum room 220-T4
319-T4 1-6 300-320 319-T6
335-T4 1-6 300-320 335-T6
356-T4 1-6 300-320 356-T6
356-F 6-12 430-450 356-T6
40 9-11 345-365 40-E
40- 21 days room 40-E
PERMANENT MOLD CAST ALLOYS
142-T41 1-3 400-450 142-T61
B195-T4 1-8 300-320 B195-T6
319-T4 1-6 300-330 319-T6
355-T4 1-6 300-320 355-T6
356-T4 1-6 300-320 356-T6
A132-T45 14-18 300-350 A132-T65
1/ Alternate aging treatment for 7075-W sheet only; in thicknesses less than 0.500 inch: Heat at 230-
250F for 3-4 hours, then heat 315-335F for 3-4 hours. The temperature may be raised directly from
the lower to the higher temperature, or load may be allowed to cool between the two steps of the
treatment.
2/ Time is soak time after recorder is at temperature, for 0.500 inch thickness or less. Add 1/2 hour for
each additional 1/2 inch of thickness.
3/ The 96 hour minimum aging time required for each alloy listed with temper designation W is not
necessary if artificial aging is to be employed to obtain tempers other than that derived from room
temperature aging. (For example, natural aging (96 hours) to achieve the -T4 or -T42 temper for 2014
alloy is not necessary prior to artificial aging to obtain a -T6 or -T62 temper.)
3-26 Change I
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-12. Reheat Treatment ofAlclad Alloys test locations within the furnace load area should
be checked, one in each corner, one in the center
and one for each 25 cubic feet of air furnace vol-
THICKNESS MAXIMUM NO. OF
(INCHES) ume up to the maximum of 400 cubic feet. For
REHEAT TREAT- salt bath the same as above except one test loca-
MENT PERMISSI-
tion for each 40 cubic feet of air volume, 40 test
BLE
locations are recommended. Other size furnaces
should be checked with a ratio of test locations in
0.125 and less
accordance with those previously cited. A monthly
0.125 2 survey should be made after the initial survey,
over
unless separate load thermocouples are employed,
to record actual metal temperatures. However,
NOTE periodic surveys shall be made as outlined for the
initial survey. The monthly survey should be
Heat treatment of a previously heat- made at one operating temperature for solution
treated material is classified as a
treatment and one for precipitation heat treat-
reheat treatment. Therefore, the first
ment. There should be a minimum of 9 test loca-
heat treatment of material purchased
tions with at least one for each 40 cubic feet of
in the heat treated condition is a
heat treating volume. For all surveys, the fur-
reheat treatment. Insofar as this
chart is concerned annealing and pre- naces should be allowed to heat to point of stabili-
zation before commencing the survey. The tem-
cipitation treatments are not consid-
ered heat treatments. perature of all test locations should be determined
at 5 to 10 minute intervals after insertion of the
3-61. Salt baths be operated with caution
must temperature sensing elements in the furnace.
to prevent explosions any water on the material
as Temperature readings should be taken for a suffi-
being treated is instantly transformed to steam cient length of time after thermal equilibrium to
upon imersion in the salt bath. determine the recurring temperature pattern.
3-62. Nitrate charged salt baths should not be After all temperature sensing elements have
used to heat-treat aluminum alloys types 5056 and reached equilibrium, the maximum temperature
220 due to the fact that the bath compound will variation of all elements shall not exceed 20F and
attack the alloy. at no time after equilibrium is reached should the
temperature readings be outside the solution heat
3-63. Temperature Control and Uniformity. treating or precipitation range being surveyed.
Good temperature control is essential to produce
the exacting temper requirements for superior 3-66. Temperature measuring instruments used
quality material. Upon bringing a change to tem- for furnace control shall not be used to read the
perature, the furnace and the load should be con- temperature of the test temperature sensing
trollable with +/-5F of the required temperature elements.
range. The design and construction of the fur-
naces and baths should be such that during the 3-67. Furnace thermocouple and sensing element
recovery and soaking period, the air and metal should be replaced periodically. This is necessary
(load) temperature at any point in the working or due to oxidation and deterioration of the elements.
soaking area shall not exceed the maximum soak-
ing temperature (see Table 3-7) for the specific 3-68. Salt Bath Testing Temperature uniform-
alloy being heat treated. ity in a salt bath may be determined by use of a
3-64. Furnace temperature survey. Furnace
temperature sensing element enclosed in a suita-
ble protected tube. The temperature sensing ele-
equipment shall be installed with the necessary ment should be held in one position until thermal
furnace control, temperature measuring, and equilibrium has been substantially reached and
recording instruments to assure and maintain reading made. The temperature sensing element
accurate control.
should then be placed in a new location and the
3-65. Upon the initial installation and after each procedure repeated. These operations should be
change is made in the furnace which might affect repeated until the temperature in all parts of the
the operational characteristics a temperature sur- bath have been determined. The maximum varia-
vey should be made. The temperatures should be tion indicated by reading from the various loca-
checked at the maximum and minimum required tions in the load zone shall not exceed 20F and no
for solution and precipitation heat treatment for reading shall be outside the heat treating range
which the furnace is to be used. A minimum of 9 specified for the materials involved.
3-27
TO 1-1A-9
3-69. At this point it should be explained that a substantial b. Provide clean smooth (rust free) and adaptable forming
amount of the difficulties encountered in heating aluminum equipment.
alloys is due to improper or inadequate temperature control
and circulation of heating medium. When difficulties arise the c. Sheared or cut edges shall be sanded and filed or pol-
function of these units should be checked prior to performing ished, prior to bending or forming.
other system test.
d. Use only straight and smooth forming dies or brake
3-70. FABRICATION. leafs of the correct radius which are free of nicks, burrs and
sharp edges.
3-71. This portion is intended to provide some of the informa-
tion required to fabricate the various aluminum products into e. Form material across the direction of grain flow when
parts and assemblies. Aluminum is one of the most workable possible.
of all the common metals. It can be fabricated into a variety of
shapes by conventional methods. f. Material should be of the correct temper, thickness and
alloy in the range of “formable” material.
3-72. The formability varies considerably with alloy and tem-
per. Specific application usually depends on the shape, 3-77. For intricate forming operations it is necessary to use
strength and temper of the alloy. The preceeding will necessi- annealed (Con"O") material and final strength developed by
tate that the mechanic be well trained to cope with the vari- heat treating after the forming has been accomplished. Heat-
ables associated with this material especially when the end use treated alloys can also be formed at room temperature immedi-
of the item is an aircraft or a missile. ately after quenching ("W"temper), which is much more form-
able than the fully heat-treated temper. The part is then aged to
3-73. FORMING SHEET METAL. develop full strength. The forming operation should be per-
formed as soon after quenching as possible, in view of the
3-74. GENERAL. The forming of aluminum (1100) is rela- natural aging that occurs at room temperature on all the heat
tively easy, using approximately the same procedures as those treatable alloys. The natural aging can be delayed to a certain
used for common steel except that care must be taken to pre- extent by placing the part in a cold storage area of 32° or
vent scratching. Do not mark on any metal surface to be used lower. The lower the temperature the longer the delay to a
as a structural component with a graphite pencil or any type of point where maximum delay is obtained.
sharp pointed instrument. Use pencil, Aircraft Marking, Speci-
fication MIL-P-83953, NSN 7510-00-537-6928 (Black), 7510- 3-78. BENDING. Bending is classified as single curvature
00-537-6930 (Yellow), and 7510-00-537-6935 (Red). All shop forming. Upon bending sheet metal, bar or rod, the material at
equipment, tools and work area should be kept smooth, clean the bends flows or deforms i.e., the material adjacent to the
and free of rust and other foreign matter. other surface of the bend is under tension and the length is
increased due to stretching and the material adjacent to and on
3-75. Alloyed aluminum (2024, 7075, 7178, etc.) are more the inner surface is under compression and the length is
difficult to form, and extensive control is required to prevent decreased.
scratching and radii cracking. Scratching will make forming
more difficult plus it provides an easy path for corrosion 3-79. The most common problems encountered in practice are
attack, especially on clad materials. The clad coating refer- springback and cracking within the bend area. Problems asso-
enced is usually a sacrificial corrosion resisting aluminum ciated with bend cracking are usually a result of improper
alloy coating sandwiched metalurgically to an alloyed core bend radii, rough edges of material being formed or forming
material. The thickness of the coating will depend on the equipment and bending parallel to direction of grain flow.
thickness of the sheet or plate. The nominal cladding thickness Actual practice may reveal that a larger or a smaller radius
is 4% of composite thickness for material under 0.063 inch; may be used in some instances. Consult TO 1-1A-1 for mini-
2.5% for material in the range of 0.063 - 0.187 inch and 1.5% mum bend radii.
for material 0.188 inch and thicker.
3-80. Difficulties encountered with springback are most com-
3-76. The following general rules should be employed in the monly associated with bending of the stronger alloys, espe-
handling and forming operation: cially those having high yield strength. Springback problem
associated with this material can be overcome to a certain
a. Provide clean area; free of chips, grit and dirt and other degree by overforming. The amount of overforming utilized
foreign material. will depend on the temper and the alloy; the softer the material
3-28 Change 6
TO 1-1A-9
the less springback compensation required. Other means of reducing the thickness or the radius if allowed. Avoid reducing
reducing springback is to bend the material in the soft condi- radii to the point that grain separation or bend cracking results.
tion (Condition "O") or immediately after quenching and
Table 3-13. Deleted
Change 6 3-29
T.O. 1-1A-9
3-81. DRAW FORMING. Draw forming is good spread between yield and tensile strength.
defined as a method where a male die (punch) and Most of the common alloys are formed in the
a female die is used to form a sheet blank into a annealed condition. It is possible to stretch form
hollow shell. Draw forming is accomplished by the heat treatable alloys in tempers T4 or T6,
forcing the male die and the metal blank into the where the shape is not too deep or where narrow
female die. Generally mechanical press either width material is used. For the deeper curved
single or double action and hydraulic presses are shapes, the material is formed in the annealed
used to perform the drawing operation. Results "O"temper, heat treated and reformed, to elimi-
will depend on die design, radii of die forming sur- nate distortion resulting from heat treatment. As
faces, finish of die, surface clearance between previously stated the material should be reformed
punch and female die, blank hold down pressure, as fast as possible after heat treatment. In some
shape of blank, material allowance on blank, elon- instances the material is formed immediately after
gation factor of material, temper, shape of part heat treating and quenching. Selection of a sys-
being formed, drawing speed, and lubricant. tem or condition of material to be utilized will
Optium results usually requires experimentation require experimentation and the subsequent utili-
and adjustment of one or more of these factors. zation of the system that gives the best results.
Drawing of very deep shells require more experi-
mentation and the utilization of a succession of 3-86. HYDRAULIC PRESS FORMING. The rub-
limit draws. Because of the work hardening ber pad hydropress can be utilized to form many
resulting from each draw, reduction in successive varieties of parts from aluminum and its alloys
draws must be less. In severe conditions an inter- with relative ease. Phenolic, masonite, kirksite
mediate anneal is sometimes used. Condition "0" and some types of hard setting molding plastic
material of the heat treatable alloys can be heat have been used successfully as form blocks to
treated after drawing to obtain higher strength press sheet metal parts such as ribs, spars, fans,
and to relieve the effect of work hardening. How- etc. The press forming operations are usually
ever, the non-heat treatable alloys can only be accomplished by setting the form block (normally
annealed to relieve the effect of work hardening. male) on the lower press platen and placing a pre-
This material should not be annealed if high pared sheet metal blank on the block. The blank
strength is the major requirement. is located on the block with locating pins, to pre-
vent shifting of blank when the pressure is applied
3-82. The recommended material to manufacture (the sheet metal blank should be cut to size and
drawing dies is hardened tool steel for large scale edges deburred prior to pressing). The rubber pad
production; kirksite and plastic for medium or filled press head is then lowered or closed over the
short run production; and phenolic and hardwood form block and the rubber envelope, the form block
for piece production. forcing the blank to conform to the form blocks
3-83. STRETCH FORMING. This process contour. This type forming is usually limited to
involves stretching a sheet or strip to just beyond relatively flat parts having flanges, beads and
the elastic limit where permanent set will take lightening holes. However, some types of large
place with a minimum amount of springback. radii contoured parts can be formed with a combi-
Stretch forming is usually accomplished by grip- nation of hand forming and pressing operations.
ping two opposite edges fixed vises and stretching It is recommended that additional rubber be sup-
by moving a ram carrying the form block against plemented in the form of sheets when performing
the sheet. The ram pressure being sufficient to the above to prevent damage to the rubber press
cause the material to stretch and wrap to the con-
pad. The rubber sheet used should have a shore
tour of the form block.
hardness of 50-80 durometers. The design of foam
block for hydropress forming require compensation
3-84. Stretch forming is normally restricted to for springback even through the material normally
relatively large parts with large radii of curvature used is Condition "0" or annealed. Normal prac-
and shallow depth, such as contoured skin. The tice is to under cut the form block 2-7 depending
advantage is uniform contoured parts at faster on the alloy and radii of the form block.
speed than can be obtained by hand forming with
3-87. DROP HAMMER FORMING. The drop
a yoder hammer or other means. Also, the condi-
tion of the material is more uniform than that hammer can be used to form deep pan shaped and
obtained by hand forming. The disadvantage is beaded type parts. Kirksite with a plastic surface
high cost of initial equipment, which is limited to insert is satisfactory for male and female dies.
AMA level repair facilities. The surface of kirksite dies used without plastic
insert should be smooth to prevent galling and
3-85. Material used for stretch forming should be scratching of the aluminum surface. When form-
limited to alloys with fairly high elongation and ing deep pans and complicated shaped parts it is
3-30
T.O. 1-1A-9
often necessary to use drawings rings, pads or 2-3 removal of buckles and wrinkles in drawn shell
stage dies. An intermediate anneal is sometimes shaped objects.
used to relieve the hardened condition (cold work)
resulting from the forming operation. 3-91. Forming by spinning is a fairly simple pro-
cess, an aluminum disc (circle) is placed in a lathe
3-88. JOGGLING. A joggle is an offset formed to in conjunction with a form block usually made of
provide for an overlap of a sheet or angle which is hardwood; as the disc and form block are revolved,
projecting in the same plain. The inside joggle the disc is molded to the form block by applying
radii should be approximately the same as used pressure with a spinning stick or tool. Aluminum
for straight bending. Joggle run out or length as a soap, tallow or ordinary soap can be used as a
normal rule should be three times the depth of the lubricant.
joggle for the medium strength alloys (2024, 2014,
etc.) and approximately four times the depth for 3-92. The best adapted materials for spinning
the higher strength alloys (7075, 7178, 7079 etc). are the softer alloys i.e., 1100, 3003, 5052, 6061,
Where deep and tight joggles are required, etc. Other alloys can be used where the shape to
annealed material should be used with heat treat- be spun is not excessively deep or where the spin-
ment to follow. ning is done in stages and intermediate annealing
is utilized to remove the effect of strain hardening
3-89. HOT-FORMING. Hot forming is not gen- (work hardening) resulting from the spinning oper-
erally recommended, however, it is sometimes ation. Hot forming is used in some instances
used where it is not possible to form an article by when spinning the heavier gauge materials and
other methods. Accomplishment shall not be harder alloys.
attempted unless adequate facilities are available
to control temperature requirements. Actual 3-93. BLANKING AND SHEARING. Accurate
formability will depend on the temperature that shearing will be affected by the thickness of mate-
various alloys are heated. The higher the temper- rial, type of shear or knife blades, condition of
ature the easier formed. Excessively high temper- material, adjustment and sharpness of blades, size
ature shall not be used, as considerable loss in of cut and the relationship of the width of the cut
strength and corrosion resistance will occur. Fre- to sheet thickness.
quent checks should be made using an accurate 3-94. Normally most aluminum alloys can be
contact pyrometer. Table 3-14 cites the recom-
mended times and temperature (accumulative) for sheared 1/2 inch and less in thickness except for
the harder alloys i.e., 7075-T6 and 7178-T6. These
the various alloys. The losses in strength as a
result of re-heating at the temperature cited by
alloys have a tendency to crack in the vicinity of
the cut especially if the sheer blades are dull or
this table will not exceed 5%. Equal formability
will be obtained with shorter periods of heating in nicked. The above will naturally require that tool-
most cases and the minimum times should be
ing used be designed to handle the thickness of
used. It should be understood that this table cited material to be cut. Correct clearance between
the maximum accumulative times at cited shear blades is important for good shearing. Too
little clearance will quickly dull or otherwise dam-
temperature.
age the blades or knives; too much will cause the
3-90. SPINNING. Spinning is an art and makes material to be burred, or even to fold between
exacting demands upon the skill and experience of blades. Normal clearance is from one-tenth to one-
the mechanic performing the operation. For this eighth the sheet thickness. Blade life will be pro-
reason mass production of parts is impractical. longed by occasionally lubricating. When the
However, it can be used to advantages where only capacity of shear is doubtful the shear manufac-
a few parts are required and to assist in the turer should be consulted.
3-31
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-14. Maximum Accumulative Reheat Times for Hot Forming Heat Treatable Alloys at Different Temperatures
ALLOY 450F 425F 400F 375F 350F 325F 300F

2014-T6 To Temp To Temp 5-15 Min 30-60 Min 2-4 Hrs 8-10 Hrs 20-50 H
2024-T81 5 Min 15 Min 30 Min Hr 2-4 Hrs 20-40 H
2024-T86 5 Min 15 Min 30 Min Hr 2-4 Hrs 10-20 H
6061-T6 5 Min 15 Min 30 Min 1-2 Hrs 8-10 Hrs 5-100 Hrs 100-200 H
7075-T6 No No Temp 5-10 Min 30-60 Min 1-2 Hrs 2-4 Hrs 10-12 H
*2014-T4, 2014-T3 No No No No No No No
*2024-T4, 2024-T3 No No No No No No No
* These materials should not be hot formed unless s ubsequently a rtificially age d.
3-95. BLANKING. Blanking is usually accom- required and in such manner that will reduce load
plished utilizing a blanking die in almost any type on equipment. Commonly two or more high points
of punch press equipment. The essential factors are ground on die to keep side thrust on the punch
requiring control are die clearance, shearing edge at a minimum. Lubrication is essential in blank-
lead, and stripping action. The shearing principle ing operations. Suitable lubricants are engine oil,
is primarily the same as that encountered with the kerosene and lard oil which are normally used in
squaring shear. However, the method of grinding mixed form.
punch dies will vary according to the results
Paragraphs 3-96 through 3-155 deleted.

3-32 Change I
TO 1-1A-9
3-165. Rivets in aluminum alloys 1100(A), 5056(B),

3-156. Deleted.
2117(AD) are used in the condition received Alloys 2017 (D)
3-157. Deleted. and 2024(DD) often referred to as “Ice Box Rivets” require
3-158. Deleted. heat treatment prior to use (see paragraph 3-43). Rivets in
alloy 2017 and 2024 should be driven immediately after
3-159. Deleted.
quenching with a maximum delay of 20 minutes or refriger-
3-160. Deleted. ated to delay aging. The customary procedure (unless only a
3-161. Deleted. few rivets are involved) is to place the rivets under refrigera-
tion immediately after heat treatment The time the rivets may
3-162. RIVETING. Riveting is the most common method of be used will depend on refrigeration equipment available.
assembling components fabricated from aluminum. Typical Cooling to 32°F will retard natural aging to the extent that the
advantages of this method of mechanical fastening are sim- rivets may be driven up to 24 hours. Cooling rivets +0-10°F
plicity of application, consistent joint uniformity, easily and below will retard natural aging to the extent that the rivets
inspected (X Ray and other type equipment no required.), low may be retained for use indefinitely.
cost, and in many cases lighter weight.
3-166. Rivets utilized with extended driving time should be
3-163. The rivets used in USAF Weapon System structures closely inspected after upsetting for cracks. If inspection
require that the alloys and shapes be closely controlled by reveals that rivets are cracked, discontinue use, remove defec-
specifications/standards, to assure structural integrity and uni- tive rivets and obtain reheat treated rivets prior to continuing
formity. These rivets are presently classified as solid shank, hi- the assembly operation.
shear, blind (structural-non-structural) explosive/chemical
expanded. They are available in a variety of shapes, alloys, 3-167. If for some reason it is necessary to determine if a
sizes, lengths and types. The most common utilized are alumi- rivet has been heat treated this may be done by Rockwell
num because the structure alloys are normally aluminum. In Hardness testing. Test by supporting rivets in a vee block and
addition some of the aluminum rivet characteristics can be harness reading taken with a 1/16 inch ball 60 kilogram load.
changed by heat treating which facilitates application (see A harness of over 75 will indicate a heat treated rivet.
paragraph 3-37.)
3-164. All of the aluminum alloys could be used to manufac-

ture rivets; however, due to some alloys having superior prop-
erties they have been selected as standard. See Table 3-17 for
alloys head, identification, MS/AN standard cross references,
etc., for general rivets used on AF weapons systems.
(3-39 blank)/3-40 Change 6

T.O. 1-1A-9
HEAD SHAPE IDENTIFICATION RIVET MARKING TO ALLOY IDENTIFICATION
u 8 8 8
ROUND UNIVERSAL BRAZIER COUNTERSUNK o (R) o
PLAIN HEAD RAISED CROSS DIMPLE
1100(A) 5056B 2117(AD)
NOTE: RIVETS MARKED X SUPERSEDED
BY UNIVERSAL HEAD. IT ff
NOTE: HEAD SHAPES APPLY TO SOLID
SHANK ALUM RIVETS ONLY.
O 0
RAISED DOT 2017 (D) RAISED DASHES
2024 (DD)
L9805656
corrosion from dissimilar metal contact and to

CAUTION assure structurely sound assemblies. The follow-
ing tables are provided as a general guide for
Heat treatment and most other opera- selection of rivet alloy vs assembly alloy.
tions requiring use of heat will be 3-171. The formula Ps Sb AC can be used to
accomplished prior to installing riv- determine failure in bearing strength. Ps ulti-
ets, since heating after rivets are mate bearing strength of the joints (lbs), Sb
installed will cause warping and pos- specified ultimate bearing strength of the plate
sible corrosion if salt bath is used. (psi) and AC projected crushing area (bearing
The salt from the bath will contami- area) of rivet, or diameter (sq in) see table 3-20 for
nate cracks and crevices of the assem- typical bearing properties of aluminum alloy plates
bly and complete removal can not be and shapes.
assured.
3-172. Rivet hole preparation is one of the key
3-168. Shear strength (ultimate) of a driven rivet factors in controlling successful upsetting of rivet
can be determined by the formula Ps=SsAN. head, material separation and buckling which
Ps=ultimate shear strength (pounds), Ss=specified weakens the structural strength of the rivet joint,
shear strength of the driven rivet (psi), A=cross and corrosion attack of rivets and material after
sectional (area of the driven rivet, normally equal equipment is placed in service/use. The rivet hole
to hole cross section (square inch) and N=number should be drilled, punched/reamed to size that
of shear planes. For shear strength of protruding allows the minimum clearance (apprximately 0.003
and flush head rivets see Table 3-19. for thin sheet and up to about 0.020 for 0.750
3-169. The load required to cause tensile failure 1.000 inch thick material) required to insert rivet
of a plate in a rivet joint can be determined by the without forcing. Theoretical rivets holes should be
formula Ts=P+ (D-A) Tp. Ts=ultimate tensile completed i.e., drilled, reamed to size, deburred,
strength (pounds), PT specified ultimate tensile chips removed that may lodge or be trapped in
strength of the plate (psi), D=pitch of the rivets between surface of metal and treated (anodized
(inch) pitch is the distance between the center of etc.) before starting to rivet assembly. The above
two adjacent rivets on the same gauge line, cannot always be accomplished especially where
A=diameter of hole (inch) and Tp=thickness of the assembly is large and requires the application
plate. of a large amount of rivets due to hole tolerance
and variations in holding clamping/pressures. To
3-170. Rivet Selection. Unless otherwise speci- overcome these problems requires that holes be
fied rivets should be selected that have compara- pilot drilled end reamed to size at time rivet is to
ble strength and alloy as material being assem- be installed. This method has a twofold purpose:
bled. This is an important factor in preventing (1) allows easy insertion of rivets, (2) prevents
3-41
T.O. 1-IA-9
elongation of rivet holes and resulting weakening chromate primer or other approved material. Two
of rivet joint. methods for coating rivets and improving protec-
tion of hole surfaces from corrosion are:
3-173. Rivet holes drilled/reamed after assembly
is started should be treated by coating with zinc
Table 3-17. General Rivet (Alum) Identification Chart
SUPERSEDING HEAD AND HEAT

OLD AN/ MS STD FORM MATER- NUMERICAL CONDITION TREAT
STD IAL IDENT
CODE
AN456 MS20470 Brazier Head See

Solid Modified AN470
USAF460 See MS20601 1000 Flush Head See
Blind Type II MS20601
Class 2
USAF461 See MS20600 Protruding Head See
Type II Class I MS20601
Blind
USAF463 See MS20600 Same Same
NAF1195 See MS20600 Same Same
AN470 MS20470 Universal Head 1100 A-Plain F No
Solid
5056 B-Raised F No
Cross
2117 AD-Dimple T-4 No
2017 D-Raised T-4 Yes
Dot
2024 DD-Raised T-4 Yes
Dash
MS20600 Protruding 5056 B F No
Head-Blind
2117 AD T-4 No
Type II,
Class I Monel M No
MS20601 100 Flash 5056 B F No
Head Blind
Type II, 2117 AD T-4 No
Class 2 Monel M No
MS20602 Protruding 5056 B F No
Head Blind
Chemically
Expanded Type 2017 D T-4 No
I, Class I,
Styles A & B
3-42
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-17. General Rivet (Alum) Identification Chart Continued

STD IAL IDENT
CODE
MS20604 Universal Head 5056 B F No

Blind Class 1
2117 AD T-4 No
Non Struct
Monel M or No
MP (MP
Monel Plated)
MS20605 100 Flash 5056 B F No
Head Blind
2117 AD T-4 No
Class 2, Non
Struct Monel M or No
MP (MP
Monel Plated)
MS20606 Modified 5056 B F No
Trusshead
Blind Class 3 2117 AD T-4 No
Non-Struct Monel M or No
MP (MP
Monel Plated)
MS20613 Universal Head 1010 Recessed No
Solid Triangle
Annealed
302 C-None Annealed No
MS20615 Universal Head Copper CW No
Solid Annealed
Monel Raised Class No
Dots A
NOTE: Copper, steel, and monel listed for information purposes only. For special rivets see manufactur-
ing drawing, data, specification, etc. For other information on rivets see T.O. 1-1A-8/1-1A-1.
3-43
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-17. General Rivet (Alum) Identification Chart Continued

STD IAL IDENT
CODE
AN426 MS20426 Countersunk 1100 A-Plain F No

100
5056 B-Raised F No
Cross
2117 AD-Dimple T-4 No
2017 D-Raised Dot T-4 Yes
2024 DD-Raised T-4 Yes
Dashes
NOTE: See paragraph 3-44 for heat treat data.
AN427 MS20427 Countersunk 1006/ Recessed A No
1000 1010 Triangle
Copper C-None F- A No
302/304 Recessed A No
Dash
Monel M M-None
AN430 MS20470 Round Head replaced by universal See AN470 + M520470
AN435 MS20435 Round Head 1006 Head Ident A No
Solid Recessed
Triangle
NOTE: Listed for Reference on ly. Copper C-None A No
302/304 F-Head A No
Ident
None
Monel M-None
AN441 Use MS20435 See AN435
AN442 Use MS20470 See AN70+
MS20470
AN450 MS20450 Countersunk & 1006/ Blank/ A No
oval tubular 1010/ None
1015
Note: Listed for Reference only Copper C-None A No
2117 AD-None T-4 No
Brass B-None Grade B No
MONEL M-None A No
AN455 MS20470 Brazier Head See
Solid Superse- AN470
ded by Univer-
sal.
3-44
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-18. General Aluminum Rivet Selection Chart (Rivet Alloy vs Assembly Alloy)
Rivet Alloy Assembly Alloy
1100 1100, 3003, 3004, 5052

2117-T4 (AD) 3003 H16 and H-18, 5052 H16
and H18, 2014, 2017, 2024, 6061,
7075, and 7178
2017-T4 (D), 2024T4 (DD) 2014, 2017, 2024, 5052, 6061,
7075 and 7178
5056-H32 (B) 5052 and magnesium alloys, AZ31B, etc.
a. Spraying holes with primer after drilling a. Allow more space for chips to be formed
and immediately preceding installation of rivet. and expelled from tool than allowed for steel.
b. Dipping rivet in zinc chromate primer and b. Design tools (grind tool) so that chips and
installing while still wet. cuttings are expelled away from the work piece.
c. Keep cutting edges of tools sharp, smooth,
3-174. For additional information on rivets free of burrs, wire edges and scratches.
(strengths, factors, etc.) see MIL-HDBK-5, T.O.'s 1-
IA-8 and 1-lA-1. d. Use high machining speeds, moderate feeds
and depths of cut.
3-175. MACHINING. The resistance encoun- Apply lubricant/coolant in large quantities
tered in cutting alminum alloys is low in compari- to
e.
tool when cutting-
son to other metals. In fact most of the aluminum
alloys will machine approximately 10 times faster 3-178. The higher speeds utilized for machining
than steel. This factor combined with other aluminum requires:
properties, i.e., strength, heat treatability, weight, a. Machines be free of vibration and lost
corrosion resistance, etc. makes aluminum a pre- motion.
ferred material in many instances for fabrication
of parts by machining. Brass (free machining) is b. Rigid support of tool near cutting edge to
the only other material with comparable machin- minimize clatter and vibration.
ing properties. c. clamping of work to machine to
Secure
avoid distortion or slippage.
3-176. Personnel accomplishing the work should
be properly trained in machining aluminum as d. Use of proper lubricant, cutting compound
with other types of metals. Due to various circum- or coolants to prevent overheating, warpage/distor-
stances personnel familiar with machining steel tion and to provide adequate lubrication to cutting
products are required to machine aluminum with- tool.
out proper training/information on speeds, feeds,
3-179. CUTTING TOOLS FOR MACHINING
tools etc., required to effectively accomplish a spe-
ALUMINUM. There are four general types of tool
cific task. The purpose of this section is to provide
steel material that can be used to machine alumi-
a general guide for selection of tools, machining,
num. They should be selected in accordance with
speeds, etc.
availability and scope of job to be accomplished.
3-177. The tools used for machining aluminum The following is a suggested guide for selection of
will normally require more rake side-top and oper- tools:
ation at higher/feeds than used for steel. The a. High carbon tool steel is adequate for
amount of rake required will depend on composi- machining a small number of parts or where cut-
tion, physical form (cast or wrought) and temper. ting speed required is relatively low. This mate-
The more ductile or softer the alloy the more rake rial will exceed the performance of some of the
required. The following general practices are rec- other types of tools when used for fragile tools
ommended for shafing, grinding and maintaining such as drills, taps, etc., because it does not break
tools for cutting aluminum: as easily as the other types. Stock material is
3-45
T.O. 1-IA-9
obtainable in accordance with Federal Specifica- lard oil such as Specification C-O-376 or mineral
tion QQ-T-580 where required for local fabrication oil, Specification VV-O-241 is recommended. In
of high carbon tools etc. practice it will be found that some machining oper-
ations can be performed dry.
b.High speed tool steel is the most common
type used for machining except on the higher 3-182. Tables 3-22 and 3-23 cite suggested turn-
silicon alloys. ing speeds, tool angles and feeds. Tool projection
in relation to work should be set at or slightly
(1) Availability, reasonable cost. above work piece center line. Sturdy construction
(2) Heat resistance (will retain cutting of tools and holders is essential to minimize vibra-
edge up to about 950F dull red). tion/chatter at the high speeds aluminum alloys
are machined.
(3) Permits use of large rake angle
required. Federal Specification QQ-T-590 applies NOTE
to stock material. All the various classes (Ti, T2,
T3, etc.) may be used for machining aluminum. Parting tools should have less top
Class Ti (18-4-1) general purpose type is the most rake than turning tools. Recommend
widely used. top rake angles of 12 20 and front
clearances of 4 8 grind face con-
c. Where long production runs are involved cave (slightly) and so that corner
cemented carbide (solid or tipped) tools give better adjacent to work will lead opposite
service. The carbide tools have been known to last corner by 4 12 or as required for
thirty times longer than high speed tool steel. The best results.
carbide tools are also recommended for cutting
high silicon content alloys. Because of the brittle- 3-183. MILLING ALUMINUM. Milling of alu-
ness of the cemented carbide tool the cutting angle minum alloys should be accomplished at high cut-
should be greater than those recommended for ter speeds. The limitations will usually depend on
high carbon/high speed steels. the machine and type cutters used. The reason for
the higher cutter speeds is that at low speeds the
d. Diamond tipped tools should only be used cutters will have a tendency to load and gum. This
for light finishing cute or special finishing opera- will normally clear as the speed is increased.
tions. Normal cutting of 75 90 are used with
top rake angles of 6 10. Tool projection (or set) 3-184. The tooling for milling should be selected
should be slightly above center line (CL) of the according to the operation and duration/size of job
work. to be performed. The cutters should have fewer
teeth and should be ground with more top and side
3-180. TURNING. To properly perform the turn- rake than those used for milling steels. Most oper-
ing operation firmly attach the work to the ations can be accomplished with spiral cutters.
machine (lathe) chuck, collet or faceplate. The Nick tooth cutters are used when reduction in size
work should be held in the best manner to mini- of chips is required. Solid-tooth cutters with large
mize distortion from chuck or centrifugal force helix angles are used where free-cutting tools are
action during the turning operation. Long rods/ required. When cutters with large helix angles are
stock should be supported by ball or roller bearing used it is often necessary that two interlocking
tailstock centers which are more satisfactory than
cutters of opposite helixes be employed to alleviate
solid or fixed centers in resisting thrusts from axial thrust.
centrifugal force and thermal expansion. Soft lin-
ers may be used between work and machine jaw 3-185. Tool alloys should be selected for milling
faces to prevent jaw teeth from damaging/marring aluminum as follows:
work piece. When it is necessary that work be
held by clamping from inside diameter outward a. For short runs high carbon steel is nor-
the tightness of jaws should be checked frequently mally satisfactory.
to be sure that work is not being released as a
result of thermal expansion. b. For production runs of extended duration
high speed steel is recommended.
3-181. The recommended cutting fluids are the
soluble oil emulsion which combine the functions c. Where climb milling/high speeds are uti-
of cooling and lubricating for general purpose use. lized, carbide tipped tools are recommended for
For heavy cutting especially when speeds are low, extended runs.
3-46
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-19. Shear Strength of Protruding and Flush Head Aluminum Alloy Rivets, Inch Pounds
Size of Rivet(In Dia) 1/16 3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8
Alloy + driven temper 99 203 363 556 802 1,450 2,290 3,280
5056 FSU 28 KSI
2117-T321, FSU 30 KSI 106 217 388 596 862 1,550 2,460 3,510
2017-T31, FSU 34 KSI 120 297 442 675 977 1,760 2,970 3,970
2017-T3, FSU 38 KSI 135 275 494 755 1,090 1,970 3,110 4,450
2024-T31, FSU 41 KSI 145 296 531 815 1,180 2,120 3,360 4,800
FSU Average Shear Strength of alloy in specified temper.

KSI 1000 lbs square inch example: 34 KSI 34,000 lbs per square inch.
Single shear rivet strength correction factor (resulting from use in thin plates and shapes).
Sheet thickness (in)
0.016 0.0964
0.018 0.0984
0.020 0.0996
0.025 1.000 0.972
0.032 1.000 0.964
0.036 0.980
0.040 0.996 0.964
0.045 1.000 0.980
0.050 0.996 0.972
0.063 1.000 1.000 0.964
0.071 0.980 0.964
0.080 0.996 0.974
0.090 1.000 0.984
0.100 0.996 0.972
0.125 1.000 1.000
0.160
0.190
0.250
Double shear rivet strength correction factor (resulting from use in thin plates and shapes)
SIZE OF RIVETS
Sheet Thick Inch 1/16 3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8
0.016 0.688
0.018 0.753
0.020 0.792
3-47
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-19. Shear Strength of Protruding and Flush Head Aluminum Alloy Rivets, Inch Pounds Continued
0.025 0.870 0.714

0.032 0.935 0.818 0.688
0.036 0.974 0.857 0.740
0.040 0.987 0.896 0.792 0.688
0.045 1.000 0.922 0.831 0.740
0.050 0.961 0.870 0.792 0.714
0.063 1.000 0.935 0.883 0.818 0.688
0.071 0.974 0.919 0.857 0.740
0.080 1.000 0.948 0.896 0.792 0.688
0.090 0.974 0.922 0.831 0.753
0.100 1.000 0.961 0.870 0.792 0.714
0.125 1.000 0.935 0.883 0.818
0.160 0.987 0.835 0.883
0.190 1.000 0.974 0.935
0.250 1.000 1.000
Note: Values (lbs) of shear strength should be multiplied by the correction factor whenever the D/T
rivet diameter/plates sheet or shape thickness ratio is large enough to require correction. Example:
Rivet diameter 1/8 (alloy 2117 T3) installed in 0.040 sheet, shear factor is 388 lbs correction factor
0.996
388
0.996
2328
3492
3492
386.448 corrected shear pounds
Table 3-20. Bearing Properties, Typical, of Aluminum Alloy Plates and Shapes
Edge Distance 1.5 Edge Distance 2.OX

X Rivet Diameter X Rivet Diameter
Alloy Yield Strength Ultimate Strength Yield Strength Ultimate Strength
1100 0 10,000 21,000 12,000 27,000
1100 H12 18,000 23,000 21,000 29,000
1100 H14 22,000 24,000 23,000 31,000
1100 H16 23,000 16,000 26,000 34,000
1100 H18 27,000 19,000 32,000 38,000
3003 0 12,000 22,000 15,000 34,000
3003 H12 21,000 27,000 24,000 36,000
3003 H16 28,000 34,000 33,000 42,000
3003 H18 32,000 38,000 38,000 46,000
3-48
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-20. Bearing Properties, Typical, of Aluminum Alloy Plates and Shapes Continued
Edge Distance 1.5 Edge Distance 2.OX

X Rivet Diameter X Rivet Diameter
Alloy Yield Strength Ultimate Strength Yield Strength Ultimate Strength
2014 T4 56,000 93,000 64,000 118,000
2014 T6 84,000 105,000 96,000 133,000
2024 T3 64,000 102,000 74,000 129,000
Alclad 2024-T-3 60,000 96,000 69,000 122,000
2024- T36 80,000 110,000 91,000 139,000
Alclad 2024-T36 74,000 100,000 85,000 127,000
5052 0 25,000 46,000 30,000 61,000
5052 H32 37,000 54,000 42,000 71,000
5052 H34 41,000 59,000 47,000 78,000
5052 H36 47,000 62,000 54,000 82,000
5052 H38 50,000 66,000 58,000 86,000
6061 T4 29,000 56,000 34,000 73,000
6061 T6 56,000 72,000 64,000 94,000
7075 T6 101,000 123,000 115,000 156,000
Alclad 7075-T6 94,000 114,000 107,000 144,000
3-186. Milling cutters should be inclined to work The slower cutting speeds can be overcome to
and beveled on leading corner (least bevel for fin- some extentby securely anchoring the work to the
ish cuts) to minimize clatter. machine and using heavy rough cutting feeds.
The tools used for rough cut should be (round
3-187. The cutting fluids for milling aluminum nose) of heavy construction and properly ground to
should combine cooling and lubrication properties. operate efficiently. Rough cut tools should be
Coolant lubrication should be applied under pres- ground with moderate amount of rake to provide
sure (atomized spray if available) in large quanti- maximum cutting edge support. Finish tool should
ties to tool and work. The recommended cutting have more top rake and an extra large amount of
fluids are water base cutting fluids such as solu- side rake. Finishing tool shall be used with fine
ble oils and emulsions, mixed part to 15 for high feeds only due to the additional side and top rake
speeds and part to 30 for low speed cutting. (finish cut should not exceed 0.018 inch).
3-188. Tables 3-24 and 3-25 cite suggested 3-190. Most cutting operations by shaping and
speeds, contourand tool angles, for milling alumi- planning can be accomplished without cutting
num. The best combination of cutting speeds, feed fluids, however fine finishing can be improved by
and cut for a given job will depend on design of lubrication. Recommended cutting compounds are
tool/cutter, kind of tool material, condition of kerosene, mixture of 50-50 lard-oil and soluble oil.
machine, machine power, size, clamping method
and type material being worked. 3-191. Tables 3-26 and 3-27 cite suggested turn-
ing speeds, tool angles and feeds. Secure clamping
3-189. SHAPING AND PLANING. The speed at of work is re-emphasized especially when heavy
which aluminum alloys can be cut by planing and cutting feeds are to be used.
shaping is somewhat slower in comparison to other
machining methods, due to equipment design and
limitations.
3-49
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-21. Standard Rivet Hole Sizes with Corresponding Shear and Bearing Areas for Cold Driven Aluminum Alloy Rivets
1 Rivet Size, In. 1/16 3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8
Drill Size, No. 51 41 30 21 11 F P W
Nom hole dia, In. 0.067 0.096 0.1285 0.159 0.191 0.257 0.323 0.386
Single Shear
0.01296 0.01986 0.02865 0.05187 0.08194 0.1170
area sq in
in.
0.032 0.00411 0.00509
0.040 0.00514 0.00636 0.00764

m
0
0.051 0.00655 0.00811 0.00974 0.01311
0
C 0.064 o 0 0.00822 0.0108 0.01222 0.01645 0.0207
v
m 0.081 a a 0.01041 0.01288 0.01547 0.02082 0.262 0.0313
r a a
V) 0.102 a a 0.01311 0.01622 0.01948 0.02621 0.0369 0.0394
o 0
0.125 0.01606 0.01988 0.02388 0.03213 0.0404 0.0483
V) U U
0.156 0.02480 0.02980 0.04016 0.0505 0.0603
p
0
0.187 0
V)
0
N
0.3581 0.04819 0.0606 0.0724
0.2187 0.04178 0.05622 0.0707 0.0844
0.250 >.
0.06425 0.0808 0.0965
v
in 0.3125 E E 0.1009 0.1206
a 0.3750 zo zo 0.1448
0
0) m
C C 0.500 Z z
o.U
a
m t
mp-
L9900050
3-192. DRILLING ALUMINUM ALLOY. Stan- motor to be utilized. The following

machine/drill
dard type twist drills may be used satisfactorily is general guide for the selection of drills and
a
for many drilling operations in aluminum alloys. recommended speeds:
However, better results can be obtained with
improved designed drills where soft material and a. Drill press.
drilling of thick material or deep holes are Point Angle: 118 140 for general work and 90
involved. These drills are usually designed having 120 for high silicon.
more spiral twists per inch (see figure 3-2). The Spiral Angle: 24 28 for thin stock and medium
additional spiral twist gives more worm action or depth holes up to 6 times drill diameters, 24 48
force to drill causing the drill to cut/feed faster and for deep holes over 6 times drill diameter.
is helpful in removing chips, especially in deep
hole drilling operations.
3-193. Generally a drill for a given job should be
selected according to the thickness, type alloy and
3-50 Change 3
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-22. Turning Speeds and Feeds
CUTTING
ALLOY TYPE CUT INCHES SPEED FEED, INJREV OPER TOOL
AND TEMPER FPM MATERIAL
Soft Series, 0.250 Maximum 700 1600 0.050 Maximum Rough Plain high
1100 All temp carbon/high
speed
5052-1112, H14 0.040 Maximum 1500 3500 0.004 0.015 Finish Plain high
carbon/high
speed
2011-2024-0 0.250 Maximum 4000 7000 0.012 Maximum Rough Carbide
5056-0-6061-0 0.020 Maximum 6000 8000 0.010 Maximum Finish Carbide
7075-0, 113 0.010 Maximum At Minimum 0.002 0.005 Finish only Diamond
vibration
138, 214, 212

750, 220, 122
HARD SERIES 0.200 Maximum 400 650 0.007 0.020 Rough Plain high
carbon/high
speed
108, 319, 43 0.020 Maximum 600 Maximum 0.002 0.004 Finish Plain high
carbon/high
speed
5052-H34, H36, 0.200 Maximum 500 1300 0.010 Maximum Rough Carbide
H38
T4, 2024-T3 0.020 Maximum 700 2500 0.010 Maximum Finish Carbide
7075-T6, 7178- Not recom- Rough Diamond

T6 mended tipped
6061-T4, T6, 0.006 Maximum At minimum 0.002 0.004 Finish Diamond
etc. vibration tipped
HIGH SILICON 0.120 Maximum 600 Maximum 0.007 0.020 Rough Plain high
SERIES carbon/high
speed
0.020 600 Maximum 0.002 0.004 Finish Plain high
carbon/high
speed
4032, 333, 0.120 Maximum 500 1000 0.008 Maximum Rough Carbide
A132, 132, 356 0.020 Maximum 500 1500 0.004 Maximum Finish Carbide
3-51
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 3-22. Turning Speeds and Feeds Continued
CUTTING
ALLOY TYPE CUT INCHES SPEED FEED, IN./REV OPER TOOL
AND TEMPER FPM MATERIAL
etc NOT RECOM- Rough Diamond

MENDED tipped
0.006 At minimum 0.001 0.003 Finish Diamond
vibration tipped
Table 3-23. Tool Angles Turning
PLAIN HIGH CARBON/HIGH

TOOL ANGLES SPEED CARBIDE DIAMOND
Cutting Angles 30 50 52- 80 74 88

Top Rake 30 53 0- 32 10 0
Side Rake 10 20 50 10 0- 6
Front Clear 7- 10 6 100 Nose Radii
0.06-0.10
Side Clear 7 100 6 10
Table 3-24. Milling Speeds and Feeds
CUTTER TOOL
ALLOY CUT SPEED FEED OPER MATERIAL
Temper Inches Ft/minutes Ft/minutes Inches per

tooth
Soft 0.250 700 2000 10 Maximum 0.005 0.025 Rough High
Maximum carbon/
High
Speed
Soft 0.020 5000 10 Maximum 0.005 0.025 Finish
Maximum Maximum
Hard 0.200 500 1500 10 Maximum 0.005 0-025 Rough
Maximum
Hard 0.020 4000 10 Maximum 0.005 0.025 Finish
Maximum Maximum
Soft 0.300 3000 15000 20 Maximum 0.004 0.020 Rough Carbide
Maximum Tipped
Soft 0.020 3000 15000 20 Maximum 0.004 0.020 Finish
Maximum
3-52
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-24. Milling Speeds and Feeds Continued
CUTTER TOOL
ALLOY CUT SPEED FEED OPER MATERIAL
Hard 0.250 3000 15000 20 Maximum 0.004 0.020 Rough Carbide

Maximum Tipped
Hard 0.020 4000 15000 20 Maximum 0.004 0.020 Finish
Maximum
Lip Clearance (lip relief): 17 for soft alloys 15 for

medium and hard alloys, 12 for silicone alloys
Speed: 600 ft/min, with high speed drills and up to WARNING
2000 ft/min with carbide tipped drills.
Feed: 0.004 0.012 inch per revolution for drills When operating any machinery all
3/8 inch diameter, 0.006 0.020 in/rev for safety precautions must be observed,
3/8 1 1/4 inch diameter and 0.016 to 0.035 in/rev safety goggles shall be worn when
i.e.,
for drills over 1/4 inch diameter. When using grinding/ drilling. Machinery shall be
carbide tipped drill, feed should be slightly less. inspected to insure that safety guards
Feed also may be determined by the formular
are in place/ for safe operation etc.
feeds square root of drill diameter (inches) prior to operating. Work shall be
divided by 60 feet Drill diameter (IN) + 0.002. securely clamped to prevent slippage.
b. Lathe/screw-machine. Consult safety officer when in doubt
about the safety of an operation.
Point Angle: 118 140
Spiral Angle: 0 28 3-194. The drilling of thin material normally
Lip Clearance (lip relief): 15 20 does not require coolant/lubrication however ade-
Speed ft/min up to 1500 quate lubrication is essential to drill life and hole
Feed inches/revolution 0.004-0.016. quality when drilling holes of 1/4 inch depth or
c. Portable Drills Electric/Air Driven. Due to more. Soluble oil emulsions and lard oil mixtures
variables involved no set factors can be given. are satisfactory for general drilling. The lubrica-
However, factors given for drill press should be tion should be applied by forced feed spray/f low
used as a guide. Feed should be adjusted in accor- where possible and the drill should be withdrawn
dance with speed of motor to prevent tip heating at intervals to be sure lubricant flows to the drill
and also to satisfy operation/operator. tip (fill holes completely) when drill is withdrawn.
Table 3-25. Tool Angles Milling
TOOL ANGLES HIGH CARBON/HIGH SPEED CARBIDE
Cutting Angle 48 67 68- 97
Top Rake 20 35 10 15
Clearance 3 7 Primary 3 7 Primary

7 12 Secondary 7 12 Secondary
Helix 10- 50 10 20
Tooth Spacing Course Sufficient for chip Approximately 1 tooth

Clearance. per inch of diameter.
TO. 1-1A-9
Table 3-26. Shaping and Planing-Speeds and Feeds
CUTTING FEED TOOL

METHOD CUT INCHES SPEED (INCHES) OPER MATERIAL
Shaping 1/4 Maximum Maximum 0.008 0.031 Rough High Carbon/

speed of RAM High Speed
Shaping 0.005 0.014 Maximum 0.094 0.156 Finish High Carbon/
speed of RAM High Speed
Planing 3/8 Maximum Maximum 0.020 0.100 Rough High Carbon/
speed of Table High Speed
Planing 0.005 0.018 Maximum 0.050 0.375 Finish High Carbon/
speed of Table High Speed
Table 3-27. Shaping Tool Angles
TOOL MATERIAL
OPERATION
ROUGH FINISH HIGH CARBON/HIGH SPEED
Top rake 19 10 43 52 HIGH CARBON/HIGH SPEED
Bottom Clear 7 9 8 10 HIGH CARBON/HIGH SPEED
Side Rake 30 40 50 60 HIGH CARBON/HIGH SPEED
Side Clear 7- 9 0 0 HIGH CARBON/HIGH SPEED
Cutting Angle 64 71 30 37 HIGH CARBON/HIGH SPEED
3-54
T.O. 1-IA-9
POINT ANGLE
118- 140
90- 120
(SEE TEXT)
HELIX ANGLE
SPECIAL
DOUBLE FLUTED
47SPIRAL ANGLE
STANDARD
DOUBLE FLUTED
30SPIRAL ANGLE
STANDARD
DOUBLE FLUTED
24 SPIRAL ANGLE
LIP RELIEF ANGLE

MEASURED ACROSS
MARGIN 12- 18+/- 2
DEPENDING ON DIAMETER
L9805655
Figure 3-2. Drill Designs and Recommended Cutting Angles
3-55
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 3-28. Thread Constant for Various Standard Thread Forms
PERCENT OF FULL THREAD DESIRED
THREAD FORM 75% 80% 85% 90%

American Std Course Series C 0.9743 1.0392 1.1042 1.1691
Whitworth C 0.9605 1.0245 1.0886 1.1526
British Ass'n Std C 0.9000 0.9600 1.0200 1.0800
Amer Std 60 Stub C 0.6525 0.6960 0.7395 0.7830
Amer Std Sq C 0.7500 0.8000 0.8500 0.9000
Amer Std 10 modified 0.7500 0.8000 0.8500 0.9000
SgSgC=
3-195. TAPPING. The taps used for threading e. Tapping Allowance: Drill diameter for gen-
aluminum alloys should be of the spiral fluted eral tapping should be from 0.005 to 0.006 inches
type for best results. Straight fluted tape can be per inch larger than standard for the same thread
used but have a tendency to clog and tear the in steel or in accordance with the following.
threads during the tapping operation. Spiral
C
fluted taps for cutting right-handed threads Drill Diameter(1.005 X tap diameter) -thread per inch
should have a right-hand spiral of about 40 angle
with a generous back off taper and highly polished C Thread constant for various thread forms and
f lutes. percentages of thread depth required as given in
Table 3-28.
3-196. Spiral Pointed or "Gun Taps" (straight
fluted except they have a short spiral on the start- f. Lubrication: For high speed tapping use
ing end) cut aluminum more freely than the other lard oil/mineral oil and for hand tapping a more
types. With this type tap the major portion of viscous lubricant is recommended such as heavy
cutting occurs at the spiral end and curls ahead of grease/oil, white lead, etc.
the tap. The use of the "Gun Tap" is therefore 3-198. FILING.
limited to tapping holes which have room for the
cuttings ahead of the tool. This spiral pointed tap 3-199. Hand files of the single cut type having
should not be used for cutting tapered thread or milled teeth usually give the best results for filing
for bottoming taps. aluminum. The main consideration in file design/
selection for aluminum is to provide ample chip
3-197. The following procedures and tools are space clearance. The cuttings generated are large
recommended for tapping aluminum alloys: and have a tendency to powder, pack and clog
Cutting Speed: 40 to 130 feet/minute use between file teeth. To overcome clogging problem
a.
lower speed for hard alloys and higher speed for chip space is increased, grooves are cut deeper and
teeth are cut with generous side and top rake.
soft alloys.
b. Tap Type Selection: For blind holes and
3-200. For finish filing a long angle mill file
bottoming use spiral fluted; for semi-blind use spi-
(single) (cut) with tooth spacing of 14-24 teeth per
inch with side rake angle of 45 to 55 is recom-
ral pointed (gun taps) and for hole through work mended. In absence of the preferred file the same
use spiral pointed (gun taps). effect can be obtained using standard mill cut files
c. Thread Type: Rounded or flattened (turn by adjusting angle of filing incidence to the metal
coated) thread contour for general use. worked. The file is often adjusted until force or
motion applied is parallel to the work piece for
d. Tool Angles: Spiral f lute-grind a lead spiral best results. A good general purpose file is the
extending one full thread beyond chamfer on curved tooth type (often called "vixen") having
straight fluted tap. To make gun tap and spiral about ten deeply cut teeth per inch. It can be used
f lute tap should be 28 to 40; cutting angel 40 to for heavy and finish cuts. Lightly double cut files
45; top rake 45 to 50; back rake 4 8; cutter having tooth spacing of 14 20 per inch can be
area (included angles); 2 flute 36 to 72 and 3 used for light duty rough cutting and finishing
f lutes 24to 48. when working the harder alloys. User should be
3-56
T.O. 1-1A-9
careful not to drag file across work on back stroke 3-204. SAWING. It should be emphasized that
as with any filling operation. Files shall be kept the same principles which govern the shape of cut-
clean and free of rust. Clogged files can be ting tools for aluminum should be applied, as far
cleaned by wire brushing. The use of chalk or talc as practicable to saws for aluminum.
on file will help prevent clogging.
3-205. Band Saws. Band saw blades of spring
3-201. filing using rotary files (minia-
Machine temper steel having a tooth spacing from 4 to 11
ture milling cutters having spiralled sharp teeth teeth per inch and with amply radiused gullets are
with smooth deeply cut f lutes) are operated at recommended for aluminum alloys. Curved or cop-
high speed. The rotary files are operated up to ying cuts are made with band saws. In any type
10,000 RPM for small diameter and to 2,000 maxi- of work, high blade speed are desirable with a
mum peripheral feet/min for the larger diameter. speed range from 1,500 to 5,000 feet per minute.
The teeth should be coarse (about 14 teeth per For heavy sections the saw teeth should be fairly
inch) with deep polished flute and spiral notched coarse with a slight set and a slight amount of
design. front rake, the restricted chip space requires the
use of coarser tooth spacing of about four teeth per
inch to avoid clogging and binding. Also the f lexi-
CAUTION ble back type of saw with teeth hardened to the
bottom of the gullet is used for heavy work.
Wear goggles or face shield when fil- Blades having as many as 14 teeth per inch are
ing with rotary files to protect eyes. satisfactory for thin materials. A good and simple
3-202. REAMING. Generally most of the differ-
general rule to follow when sawing aluminum is
that the spacing of the teeth on band saws for
ent reamers may be used for aluminum, but
type aluminum should be as coarse as is consistent
for best results the spiral fluted reamers are rec- with the thickness of the material being sawed.
ommended solid, expansion or adjustable. The The softer alloys require appreciably more blade
spiral should be opposite to the rotation to prevent set than do the harder, heat treated alloys. Usu-
reamer from feeding and hogging into the hole. ally an alternate side rake of about 15 and a top
Holes to be finished by reaming should be drilled rake or "hook" of 10 to 20 proves quite satisfac-
sufficiently under-size to assure positive cutting tory. This amount of hook, however, requires a
rather than scraping and swedging (indication of
oversize drilled holes and improper feed is the pro- power feed and securely clamped work. For hand
feeds the top rake must be reduced considerably to
jection of a lip around hole diameter after the avoid overfeeding.
reaming operation is accomplished). Finish ream-
ers should be maintained with exceptionally keen 3-206. The band saw blades must be well sup-
cutting edges and highly polished f lutes for ported by side rollers and back support both imme-
smooth work. diately below the saw table and about 2 or 3
inches above the work. The top blade supports
3-203. The following procedures and tools are placed slightly in advance of those below the
are
recommended for reaming aluminum alloys: tables and the blade should be allowed to vibrate
a. Tool material: High carbon steel for general freely to eliminate excessive saw breakage. As a
use; high speed steel/or carbide tipped for durabil- general rule, a noisy band saw is cutting more
ity and continued production jobs. efficiently than the saw that cuts quietly. Quiet
smooth cutting band saws usually produce smooth
b. Tool type: Straight/spiral with 10 spiral burnished surfaces accompanied by excessive heat
flute and solid teeth. and consequently decreased blade life.
c. Clearance and rake angles: Top rake 5 to 3-207. Hack Saws. Hack saw blades of the
8; clearance angle primary 4 to 7, secondary wavyset type are well suited for cutting aluminum
angle 15 to 20; cutting angle 84 to 90. by hand. The wavy set type of blade having 5 to
15 teeth per inch has sufficient chip space to avoid
d. Machine speed and hole reaming allow-
Cutting speeds up to 400 ft/min for straight clogging and binding on aluminum alloys. For
ance:
holes, tapered hole should be somewhat slower extremely fine work a jewelers blade may be used.
about 300 350. The desired feed in inches/revolu- 3-208. Special routing machines are available
tion is 0.003 to 0.010. Hole to be reamed should which cut varied profiles from aluminum sheet or
be undersize 0.005 0.015 inch diameter (reaming plate rapidly and efficiently.
allowance).
3-209. Lubricants and coolants. Power hacksaws
e. Cutting fluids: Soluble oil/mixture of ker- and hand saws require a cutting lubricant for most
osene and lard oil, light weight machine oil. operations involving thick sections. Soluble oil
3-57
T.O. 1-1A-9
cutting compounds and neutral mineral-base lubri- grinding, while copious quantities of a low viscos-
cating oils applied to the sides of the blade aid in ity coolant type grinding compound are essential
minimizing friction and gullet clogging. Light and recommended for finish grinding. Soluble oil
applications of heavy grease or paraffin wax will emulsions of the proportions of 30 or 40 to are
provide ample lubrication for some work. A wide most suitable.
selection of lubricants exists, ranging from tallow
or grease stick to kerosene-thinned mineral base 3-216. POLISHING. Polishing or finishing alu-
lubricating oil. Stick type lubricants should be minum and most of its alloys, by the application of
applied very frequently. Experience has revealed proper machining procedures, gives it a smooth
in most cases it is more convenient and adaptable lustrous finish. Aluminum and its alloys are pol-
to use the fluid type lubricant applied freely ished in the same manner as other metals, but a
through a recycling system directly to the blade lower wheel-to-metal pressure is used for
and work stock. aluminum.
3-210. GRINDING. The grinding characteristics 3-217. Polishing is the act of removing marks,
of the various aluminum alloys vary in many scratches or abrasion on the metal resulting from
instances. The harder free-cutting aluminum previous handling and operations; it must be
alloys may be ground satisfactorily with free cut- understood that a more gentle cutting action or
ting commercial silicon carbide grinding wheels, finer abrasives are used for polishing aluminum
such as crystalon, carborundum and natalon. than used for steel. The various operations cov-
Rough grinding operations are usually performed ered under the polishing category include rough-
by use of resin bonded wheels of medium hardening, greasing or oiling, buffing and coloring.
ers and grit sizes of 24 to 30. Also the aluminum These operations are briefly described in the fol-
abrasives from No. 14 to No. 36 have been found lowing paragraph.
to be satisfactory for rough grindings.
3-218. ROUGHING. This is a term used to
3-211. Common alloys, particularly in their
softer tempers have a tendency to clog the wheels describe the preliminary finishing operation or
and do not finish to as bright and smooth a sur- process, used to prepare aluminum surfaces hav-
face as the harder materials. ing deep scratches gouges or unusually rough sur-
faces, for subsequent polishing procedures. Rough-
3-212. Caution should be taken in selecting the ing is not required on smooth undented or
proper grade of each commercial make of wheel. unscratched surfaces. The preliminary finishing
Once the grinding wheel has been selected there or roughing process usually employs a flexible alu-
are three variables that affect the quality of a f in- minum oxide paper disc, a semi flexible bonded
ish; these are the wheel speed, work speed and muslin or canvas wheel, faced with suitable abra-
grinding compound. Experienced operators have sives. Usually 50 100 grit abrasives are for this
proven that their own good judgement is a deter- process and are set in an adhesive in accordance
mining factor as to the correct wheel and work with standard practice. The peripheral speed of
speeds, however, wheel speeds of about 6,000 feet these discs runs around 6,000 feet per minute;
per minute have given good results. faster wheel speeds would cause heating or ridging
of the soft metal surface. Heating is also reduced
3-213. For finish work, a soft silicon carbide
wheel of 30 to 40 grit in a vitrified bond have
by small applications of tallow or a tallow oil
mixture.
proven to be very satisfactory. A grinding com-
pound of soluble cutting oil and water works well. 3-219. GREASING OR OILING. This is a
However, the fine grindings of aluminum must be refined or gentle roughing procedure for finishing
strained from the compound before reusing in aluminum surfaces. Application is visually
order to prevent deep scratches on the finished employed by a soft wheel faced with 100 to 200
surface. grit aluminum oxide emery, plus a light coat of
3-214. Special care should be exercised when tallow or beeswax lubricant to prevent excessive
grinding castings and wrought alloy products that heating. Here again, peripheral speeds of about
have been heat treated, since their greater resis- 6,000 FPM are used.
tance to cutting or grinding generates a considera- 3-220. Greasing or oiling is a necessary operation
ble amount of heat which may cause warping and in finishing coatings and other fabricated work
damage to the material.
which has been marred by previous operations.
3-215. Lubricants and Coolants. Generous appli- Excess aluminum pick-up on the wheels as results
cations of stick greaseare recommended to prevent from overheating will cause deep scratches in the
clogging of the grinding wheels during rough metal.
3-58
T.O. 1-1A-9
3-221. BUFFING. This is a term used to method of inspection is not acceptable for inspec-
describe a finishing procedure employed to obtain tion of parts subject to internal defects, i.e. inclu-
a smooth high luster on an aluminum surface. sion in castings and forging or any part subject to
This high luster finish is obtained by use of a fine internal stress, etc.
abrasive, such as tripole powder mixed with a 3-230. Defects are indicated by darkening of
grease binder, which is applied to the face of the cracked or void areas after the anodic treatment.
wheel. These wheels usually consist of muslin Insufficient rinsing in cold water after anodizing
discs sewed together, turned at a peripheral speed produces stains which may be confused with
of 7,000 FPM. defects. In case of doubt strip film from part and
reanodize. If the indications do not reappear the
3-222. Many factors, such as, the thread count of
defects shall be considered absent and part should
the buff, the pressure applied to the buff against
not be rejected for that reason.
the work, the buffing compound used, the speed of
the buff or wheel and the skill and experience of
NOTE
the operator must be considered in obtaining a sat-
isfactory and quality type finish. For additional general information on
inspection and testing see Section
3-223. HARDNESS TESTING. VIII of this technical order.
3-224. Hardness is the resistance of a metal to 3-231. ALUMINUM ALLOY EFFECTS ON

deformation by scratching penetration or indenta- SCRATCHES ON CLAD ALUMINUM ALLOY.
The purpose of the following information on the
tion, and is usually a good indication of strength. effects of scratches on aluminum alloys is to assist
Metal hardness can be measured accurately by the
in eliminating controversy in depots and field
Brinell, Rockwell or Vickers Process. inspection, regarding serviceability of aluminum
3-225. BRINELL HARDNESS. The Brinell tech- alloy, sheet, skin and aircraft structural parts
which have been scratched, abraded or discolored
nique is usually used to obtain the hardness of
from the stand point of corrosion resistance and
aluminum and aluminum alloys. This hardness
value is obtained by applying a load through a ball
fatigue strength.
indenter and measuring the permanent impression 3-232. In some instances, serviceable aluminum
in the material. To obtain the hardness value of a alloy parts and sheets, have been disposed of due
material, divide the applied load in kilograms by to lack of knowledge by inspection personnel as to
the spherical area of the impression in square mil- the effect of various depth scratches on the
limeters. Hardness value of aluminum alloy is strength and corrosion resistance of the clad alloy.
tested by applying a load of 500 kilograms to a Also, attempts have been made to remove
ball ten millimeters in diameter for 30 seconds. scratches from aircraft skin by sanding, buffing,
or polishing resulting in removal of much of the
3-226. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING/INSPECTION. cladding material and causing decrease in strength
and corrosion resistance.
3-227. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are sus-
ceptible to stress risers resulting from notching, 3-233. ALLOWABLE DEFECTS.
nicking or scratching. A very close visual inspec- a. The following surface defects are those
tion is required of all raw material prior to any which do not affect the strength or corrosion
forming or machining operations. Before any resistance.
fabrication commences it is necessary that all
scratches, nicks and notches be removed by sand- (1) Scratches which penetrate the surface
ing, polishing and filing. layer of clad aluminum alloy sheets or parts but do
not extend beneath the cladding are not serious or
3-228. ANODIZING PROCESS FOR INSPEC- detrimental.
TION OF ALUMINUM ALLOY PARTS. Parts for (2) The presence of small corroded areas
which anodic coating is applicable in accordance will not materially affect the strength of clad
with MIL-A-8625 Type I, can be anodized for the unless the corroded pitted area extends through
inspection of defects as cited in Specification MIL- the cladding down to or into the bare metal Clean
1-8474. corroded areas thoroughly by authorized methods
3-229. The parts are examined visually for indi-
(See Paragraph 3-242).
cations of cracks, forging laps or other defects. (3) Stains are not grounds for rejection
Parts inspected by this method shall be limited to since they affect neither the strength nor the cor-
sheet stock and surface defect of forgings. This rosion resistance.
3-59
TO 1-1A-9
3-239. Before making the "spot" test, the sheet area will be
cleaned and degreased with solvent MIL-PRF-680 (replaced
Federal Specification P-D-680), or other suitable solvent, so
that the caustic solution will react properly.
No attempt will be made to remove scratches or other
surface defects by sanding or buffing since the pro- 3-240. Caution will be exercised to make sure that all of the
tective layer of cladding will be removed by such caustic solution is removed from the sheet by thorough rins-
operations. ing, since the caustic solution is very corrosive to aluminum
and aluminum alloys. Care will be taken not to use excessive
3-234. HARMFUL SCRATCHES. Scratches which extend amounts of the caustic solution for the same reason and it is
through the cladding and penetrate the core material act as preferable that only one drop be used for each test. The caustic
notches and create stress concentrations which will cause solution will be prepared fresh for each series of tests to be
fatigue failure if the part is highly stressed or subjected to made.
repeated small stress reversals. However, sheets so scratched
may be utilized for non-stressed applications. 3-241. DISPOSITION OF SCRATCHED SHEETS/PARTS.
3-235. INSPECTION. Assemblies fabricated from clad alu- a. All scratched clad aluminum-alloy sheets will be uti-
minum-alloy sheets will not be rejected by inspection person- lized to the fullest extent. Serviceable portions of damaged
nel, unless the defect is of sufficient depth to adversely affect sheets will be used in the manufacture of smaller parts and
the mechanical properties or cover sufficient area to impair the assemblies. Only that portion of sheet that is scratched and
corrosion resistance of the assembly. Scratches or abrasions otherwise damaged beyond serviceability will be administra-
which penetrate the cladding will not affect corrosion resis- tively condemned.
tance. Scratches resulting from the normal handling and pro-
cessing of clad aluminum-alloy sheet rarely extend through b. Parts (air weapon) shall be closely inspected as cited
the cladding and penetrate the core. and if they do not meet specified requirement shall be con-
demned and replaced as directed.
3-236. TEST FOR DEPTH OF SCRATCHES. Since it is very
difficult to measure the depth of a scratch on a sheet without 3-242. CLEANING OF ALUMINUM ALLOY SHEET
cross sectioning the sheet, it has been found convenient (on (STOCK).
clad material) to use a "spot" test to determine whether or not
a scratch extends through the cladding. 3-243. Solvent Cleaning. Stubborn or exceptionally oily
sheets may be cleaned by using solvent, MIL-PRF-680
3-237. On alloys except 7075 and 7178 the "spot" test is made (replaced Federal Specification P-D-680) or Commercial Item
by placing a drop of caustic solution (10% by weight of Description (CID) A-A-59601 or MIL-PRF-32095, before
sodium hydroxide, NaOH, in water) on a portion of the cleaning with alkali solution. The cleaning will be accom-
scratch, and allowing it to react for 5 minutes. The caustic plished by brushing, soaking, scrubbing and wiping. Material
solution will then be rinsed off the sheet with water, and the or equipment that would scratch or abrade the surface shall not
spot allowed to dry. If a black residue remains in the base of be used. Also material shall not be stored after solvent clean-
the scratch at the spot tested, it indicates that the scratch ing and prior to alkaline cleaning, unless solvent is completely
extends to the core. If no black color is visible and only a removed from the surfaces of the metal.
white residue remains in the base of the scratch, it indicates
that the scratch does not penetrate through the cladding. For 3-244. Alkali Cleaning Solution. Composition of solution is
alloys 7075 and 7178 a drop of 10% cadmium chloride solu- 4 to 6 oz of cleaner specification MIL-C-5543 to one gallon of
tion will produce a dark discoloration within two minutes if water. The material is cleaned by immersing in the solution (as
the scratch penetrates the clad. The cadmium chloride applied prepared by instructions cited in paragraph 3-245) for 4-6 min-
as above will not cause 2024 to discolor within two minutes. utes, thoroughly rinsing in water (fresh tap) and then com-
pletely drying. Never pile/store material while damp, wet or
3-238. When making the "spot" test to determine whether a moist. Refer to TO 00-85A-23-1 for packaging and storage.
scratch extends to the core, it is advisable for comparison pur-
poses to spot test an adjacent area in which there are no
scratches. It is then easier to determine whether the residue
which remains is black or white.
3-60 Change 12
T.O. 1-IA-9
9 gallons of water.
CAUTION b. Parts shall be immersed for 3 to 5 minutes
Do not use strong alkali solution in cold acid (50 105F).
because it will etch the aluminum. 3-248. After removing from the acid, the parts
3-245. Preparation. Use water heated to tem-
shall be washed in fresh hot or cold running water
perature of 170F (77C). Add not more than
a
for a sufficient length of time to thoroughly
one
pound of cleaner at a time. Prepare the solution remove the acid. Diluted solution of sodium
in the following manner: dichromate (Na2Cr2 07) 12 to 14 ounces per gallon
of water, shall be added to the rinse water as a
a. Fill the task 1/2 to 2/3 full of water. corrosion inhibitor. The rinsing time depends
upon the freshness of the solution, size of the part
b. Carefully dissolve the alkaline cleaner. and the amount of solution circulated. One half
Add water to operating level and stir thor- hour or less should be sufficient. Parts shall then
c.
oughly with a wooden paddle or other means. be completely dried by blasting with compressed
air or other approved method.
3-246. Maintain solution in the following
manner:
NOTE
a. Add tap balance-up solution loss.
water to The sheet will stain when rinsed with
sodium dichromate. The stronger the
b. Make addition as required to maintain the
solution the darker the stain. A light
active alkali concentration between 4 and 6 oz detectable stain is desired on corroded
alkaline cleaner for each gallon of water added
and stir thoroughly. areas. If the stain is dark reduce the
amount of sodium dichromate added
c. Prepare a new solution when contamina- to rinse water.
tion impares the cleaning ability of the solution. 3-249. Corrosion Removal and Treatment of Alu-
d. Clean the tank thoroughly before preparing minum Sheets When Immersion Is Not Practical.
a new solution.
3-250. The surface shall be cleaned with water
3-247. Corrosion Removal from Aluminum Alloy base cleaner, Specification MIL-C-25769, Type II.
Sheets. Corrosion is removed by immersing the
sheet in the following acid cleaning solution: a. Heavily soiled areas. Dissolve the contents
of two 5-pound packages in 10 gallons of water.
I CAUTION
Stir with a wooden paddle until fully dissolved.
b. Lightly soiled areas. Dissolve four 5-pound
When using acid solution wear packages in 50 gallons of water (a 55 gallon drum
approved clothing, acid resisting is suitable for this purpose). Agitate thoroughly
gloves, aprons/ coveralls, face shields with wooden paddle to insure proper mixture.
or respirator. If solution is splashed
into eyes, flush thoroughly with c. Application. Apply the solution by spray-
water immediately, and then report to
ing, with a mop, sponge, or brush. Allow to
or
dispensary. For special instructions, remain on the surface for several minutes while
contact local safety officer

agitating with a brush. Rinse thoroughly with a
spray or stream of water. Do not allow solution to
a. Nitric-Hydrofluoric Acid Cleaning. The dry before rinsing as less effective cleaning will
solution shall consist of 1 gallon technical nitric result.
acid (58-62% HNO3) (39.5 Be).
3-251. Corrosion Removal. To remove corrosion
1/2 pint technical hydrofluoric acid (48HF) (1.15 products use a metal conditioner and brightener,
SP). Specification MIL-C-38334.
3-61
T.O. 1-1A-9
38334 shall be treated with Specification MIL-C-

5541. Most solutions conforming to Specification
WARNING MIL-C-5541 leave a stain. A clear Specification
MIL-C-5541 coating is available (reference QPL
When using acid solution wear 5541) and should be used when a bright metal fin-
approved clothing, acid resistant ish is desired.
gloves, aprons/coveralls, face shields
or respirator. If solution is splashed
into eyes, f lush thoroughly with WARNING
water immediately, and then report to
dispensary. For special instructions
contact local safety officer. Conversion coating is a toxic chemical
and requires use of rubber gloves by
personnel during its application. If
CAUTION acid, accidentally contacts the skin or
eyes, f lush immediately with plenty
Metal conditioner and brightener is of clear water. Consult a physician if
for use only on aluminum alloys, and eyes are affected or if skin is burned.
it shall not be used just for the sake
of improving the appearance of mate- Do not permit Specification MIL-C-
rial. Material in storage shall not be 5541 material to contact paint thin-
treated with this material more than ner, acetone or other combustible
materials. Fire may result.
one time.
Prepare the brightening solution by mixing a. Mix the solution in a stainless steel, rubber
a.
Specification MIL-C-38334 compound with an or plastic container; not in lead, copper alloy or
equal amount of water, in a rubber pail. glass.
b. Apply enough diluted brightener to com- b. Mix in accordance with manufacturers
pletely cover the area being treated with a non- instructions.
metallic bristle brush. Apply the conversion coating (light) by
c.
c. Agitate the brightener by scrubbing with a using a fiber bristle brush or a clean, soft cloth.
non-metallic bristle brush. Depending on the ambi- Keep the surface wet with the solution until a
ent temperature and amount of corrosion deposits coating is formed which may take from 1 to 5 min-
present, allow approximately 5 to 10 minutes from utes depending on the surface condition of the
application of brightener before rinsing. When metal.
using brightener at high ambient temperature
(above 80F) leave brightener on for shorter peri- NOTE
ods of time. Do not leave brightener on the sur-
face longer than necessary to dissolve the Do not permit excess conversion coat-
corrosion. ing to dry on the metal surface
because the residue is difficult to
d. brightener from the surface
Rinse the f lush off with water.
(using approximately 50 gallons of water per min-
ute.Insure that all traces of brightener have been d. Rinse with clear water, or sponge the area
removed (shown by no foaming or bubbles while with a clean, moist cloth, frequently rinsing the
rinsing). cloth in clear water. Thorough rinsing is required.
3-252. Chromate Conversion Coating Specifica- e. Allow the surface to air dry. To speed dry-
tion MIL-C-5541, for aluminum alloys. Aluminum ing the surface may be blown dry with warm clean
alloys which are treated with Specification MIL-C- air (140F maximum).
3-62
T.O. 1-1A-9
been cleaned and treated for corrosion

in accordance with T.O. 1-1A-9 Sec-
WARNING tion III, date ........ If original
markings are removed as a result of
Any absorbent material used in the cleaning and treatment process,
applying or wiping up MIL-C-5541 the material shall be remarked (stag-
material shall be rinsed in water gered) at each end and in the middle
before discarding. They are extreme with the Specification, size/thickness,
fire hazards if allowed to dry temper and type or grade. The mark-
otherwise. ing may be applied with Black paint
Specification TT-L-50, MIL-E-7729 or
CAUTION
J "Magic Marker" manufactured by
Speeddry Products Inc., Richmond
Hill, N.Y. or "Equal". A felt tip pen
Avoid brushing or rubbing the newly may also be used.
applied chemical conversion coating, 3-253. For Packaging, Packing,. and Storage of
since it is soft and can be easily
rubbed off the surface before Aluminum Alloy Sheets and Plates Refer to T.O.
com-
pletely drying. 00-85A-23-1.
3-254. ANODIC COATINGS FOR ALUMINUM.
NOTE Anodizing is the anodic process of treating alumi-
A light (just visible to the naked eye) num alloys; a thin film of artificially produced
evenly dispersed conversion coating is oxide is formed on the surface of the metal by elec-
all that is required. It is recom- trochemical reaction. Military Specification MIL-
mended that a test panel be prepared A-8625 lists the requirements of aluminum anodiz-
and subjected to complete cleaning/ ing, and TO 42C2-1-7 gives the anodizing process.
treating procedure before applying 3-255. Military Specification MIL-C-5541 lists
material to a sheet. The test panel
the requirements for corrosion protection and
shall be used to determine the dwell
time of MIL-C-5541 material. When
paint base of aluminum by the use of chemical
film. These chemical films are substitutes that
clear material is being used, no con-
trol of discoloration is necessary. may be used in lieu of anodic films, and may be
applied by spray, brush, or immersion as specified
After the procedures cited in by QPL-5541. The anodizing method is prefer-
paragraphs 3-252 through 3-263 have rable to chemical films on aluminum parts where
been complied with, an AF Form 50A facilities are available. For process procedures
will be attached to each sheet with a applying to chemical films, refer to Technical
statement that, "This material has Orders 1-1-8 and 1-1-2.
3-63/(3-64 blank)
T.O. 1-1A-9
SECTION IV
MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
4-1. CLASSIFICATION. of stress, measured in pounds per square inch, at

which permanent deformation results from mate-
4-2. Magnesium alloys are produced and used in rial failure. The data in Tables 4-4, 4-5 and 4-6
many shapes and forms, i.e., castings, extruded lists the nominal yield strengths of various alloys.
bars, rods, tubing, sheets and plate and forgings. The yield point in magnesium is not reached
They are suitable for varied stress and non-stress abruptly, but rather a gradual yielding when the
aerospace applications. Their inherent strength, metal is stressed above the proportional limit.
lightweight, shock and vibration resistance are Tensile and yield strengths decrease at elevated
factors which make their use advantageous. The
weight for an equal volume of magnesium is temperatures.
approximately two-thirds of that for aluminum 4-7. TEMPER is the condition produced in the
and one-fifth of that for steel. alloy by mechanically or thermally treating it to
alter its mechanical properties. Mechanical
4-3. The current system used to identify magne- includes cold rolling, cold working, etc.; thermal
sium alloys, is a two letter, two or three digit includes annealing, solution and precipitation heat
number designation in that order. The letters des-
treat and stabilization treating. See paragraph 4-
ignate the major alloying elements, (arranged in 12 for temper designations.
decreasing percentage order, or in alphabetical
order if the elements are of equal amounts), fol- 4-8. SHEAR STRENGTH is the maximum
lowed by the respective digital percentages of amount (inpounds per square inch) in cross sec-
these elements. The percentage is rounded off to tional stress that
a material will sustain before
the nearest whole number or if a tolerance range permanent deformation or rupture occurs.
of the alloy is specified, the mean of the range
(rounded off to nearest whole number) is used. A 4-9. ELONGATION is the linear stretch of a
suffix letter following the percentage digits, material during tensile loading measured before
denotes the latest qualified revision of the alloy. and after rupture. In magnesium it is the
For example: Alloy Designation AZ92A would con- increase in distance which occurs when stretch is
sist of 9% (mean value) aluminum and 2% (mean
applied between two gage marks placed 2 inches
value) zinc as the major alloying elements. The apart on the test specimen. After rupture the two
suffix "A" indicates this is the first qualified alloy pieces are fitted together and remeasured. The
of this type. One exception to the use of the suffix elongation is the percentile difference of the
letter is that an "X" denotes that impurity content amount of stretch in ratio to the original 2 inches.
is controlled to a low limit. Some of the letters 4-10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. Magnesium, in
used to designate various alloying elements are: its pure state, has a specific gravity of 1.74, weigh-
A Aluminum, E Rare Earth, ing .063 pounds per cubic inch. Similar data for
H Thorium, K Zirconium, magnesium alloys are included in Table 4-6 as
M Manganese, Z Zinc. well as other physical property information.
4-11. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. Chemically
4-4. DEFINITIONS.
bare magnesium is resistant to attack by alkalis,
4-5. HARDNESS. Hardness is the resistance of chromic and hydrofluoric acids and many organic
a metal to plastic deformation from penetration, chemicals including hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alco-
indentation, or scratching. The degree of hardness hols, phenols, amines, esters and most oils. It is
is usually a good indication of the metals strength. susceptible to attack by salts and by galvanic cor-
The hardness of a metal can be accurately mea- rosion from contact with dissimilar metals and
sured using the Brinell on Rockwell process of other materials. Adequate protection of the metal
testing. Tables 4-4, 4-5 and 4-6 list the nominal against unfavorable conditions can be maintained
hardness of various magnesium alloys. Brinell generally, by using proper surface finish (See par-
hardness testing is explained in Section VIII of agraph 4-93) and assembly protection. The chemi-
this manual. cal property constituents of the various alloys are
listed in Table 4-3.
4-6. TENSILE STRENGTH. The useful tensile
strength of a metal is the maximum stress it can 4-12. TEMPER DESIGNATION SYSTEM. The
sustain in tension compression without perma-
or hyphenated suffix symbol which follows an alloy
nent deformation. The yield strength is that point designation denotes the condition of temper, (heat
4-1
T.O. 1-1A-9
treat or strain hardening), to which the alloy has standard of 0.1 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3)
been processed.These symbols and their mean- of thorium in air is a safe limit for continuous
ings are listed below: (Heat treating itself is dis- atmospheric exposure and is readily met in
cussed in subsequent paragraphs of this section of processing magnesium alloys containing up to 10%
the manual). thorium, For example: Stirring alloy melt of 5%
thorium content resulted in 0.002 mg/m3 atmos-
-AC As-Cast pheric contamination and grinding air alloy of 3%
-F As-fabricated thorium content gave thorium contamination in
-O Annealed the breathing zone ranging from 0.008 to 0.035
-W Solution heat treated unstable temper mg/m3. Only long exposure to fine dust or fumes
-T Treated to produce stable tempers other need cause concern as to radioactive toxicity of
than for -O magnesium-thorium. Normal dust control precau-
-T2 Annealed (cast products only)
tions, followed to avoid fire hazards, can be
-T3 Solution heat treated and then cold expected to control any health hazards that might
worked result from fine dust in grinding the low thorium
-T4 Solution heat treated
content alloys. In welding these alloys without
-T5 Artificially aged only local exhaust, concentrations of thorium above the
-T6 Solution heat treated and then artif i-
tentative limit of 0.1 mg/m3 of air were found in
cially aged the breathing zone. Use of local exhaust reduced
-T7 Solution heat treated and stabilized thorium concentrations to well within acceptable
-T8 Solution heat treated, cold worked and limits If ventilation is such that the visible
then artificially aged fumes flow away from the welder, it is adequate,
-T9 Solution heat treated, artificially aged providing such fumes are not permitted to accumu-
and then cold worked late in the immediate vicinity. An alternate prac-
-T10 Artificially aged and then cold worked
tice involves use of ventilated welder's hood, if
-H1 Strain hardened only there is not sufficient room ventilation to control
-H2 Strain hardened and partially annealed
contamination of the general atmosphere. Tho-
-H3 Strain hardened and stabilized
rium containing scrap and wet grinding sludge
Added suffix digits 2, 4, 6, 8, to the H1, H2, H3 may be disposed of by burning providing an AEC
symbols indicate the degree of strain hardening, ammendment is secured for the basic AEC license.
i.e., 2=1/4 hard, 4=1/2 hard, 6=3/4 hard, and 8=full If burned, the ashes which will then contain the
hard. thorium, must be disposed of in accordance with
AEC Standards for Protection Against Radiation
4-13. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR HANDLING 10 CFR Part 20. As an alternative the ashes or
AND FABRICATION OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS. scrap may be turned over to an AEC licensed
4-14. There are two special major areas of safety scrap dealer, through applicable disposal proce-
dures, See T.O.00-11ON-4
precautions to observe in proceeding of magnesium
alloys other than general shop safety practices. 4-16. For indoor storage of thorium alloy sheets
One is the fact some alloys contain thorium, a and plates, the size of stacks should be limited to
radioactive element (e.g., HK31A, HM21A, 1000 cubic feet with an aisle width not less than
HM31A) and the other is the low melting point/ one-half the stack's height. Such storage is within
rapid oxidation (fire hazard) characteristics of the the normal recommendations for fire safety.
metal. Where the application of heat is to be
made to a thorium alloy, both of these areas must 4-17. Radiation surveys have shown that expo-
be considered. sure of workers handling the referenced thorium
alloys is well within the safe limits set by the
AEC. Assuming hand contact, the body one foot
WARNING away from the alloy for an entire 40 hour work
week, the exposure would be 168 millirems (mr) to
the hands and 72 mr to the whole body. These are
Magnesium thorium alloys shall be maximum values which probably would not be
handled, stored and disposed of in approached in actual practice. The corresponding
accordance with T.O. 00-11 ON-4. AEC permissible safe limits are 1500 mr/week for
the hands and 300 mr/week for the whole body.
4-15. MAGNESIUM-THORIUM ALLOYS (HK31,
HM21, HM31, HZ32, ZH42, ZH62) mildly radi-
are 4-18. Despite the relative safety present in the
oactive but are within the safe limits set by the handling, to rage and processing of thorium con-
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and represent taining alloys, it is mandatory that all such
no hazard to personnel under normal conditions. A actions be made according to the requirements and
4-2
T.O. 1-IA-9
restrictions of the 00-100 series technical orders, temperature, certain precautions should be taken
as applicable, and AEC regulations. previously
As during working of it.
stated, the normal precautions taken in the shop 4-21. Machining Safety Rules. During machin-
processing of magnesium will suffice for safe han- ing operations, observance of the following rules
dling of thorium alloys. These precautions are will control any potential fire hazard:
noted in the following paragraphs on safety
precautions. a. Keep all cutting tools sharp and ground
with adequate relief and clearance angles
4-19. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR ALL
ALLOYS (INCLUDING FIRE HAZARDS). b. Use heavy feeds to produce thick chips.
4-20. Since magnesium will ignite and burn
fiercely when heated to a point near its melting
Table 4-1. Cross-Reference, Alloy Designation to Specifications
FED MIL SAE ASTM

ALLOY SPEC SPEC HNBK AMS (ASME) USE
AM100A QQ-M-56 B80 Sand Casting
QQ-M-55 502 4483 B 199 Permanent Mold Casting
AZ31B QQ-M-31 52 B107 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
QQ-M-40 510 B91 Forgings
WW-T-825 52 B217 Extruded Tubes
QQ-M-44 510 4375 B90 Sheet and Plate
MIL-R- B260 Welding Rod
6944
AZ31C B107 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
B217 Extruded Tubes
B90 Sheet and Plate
AZ61A QQ-M-31 520 4350 B107 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
QQ-M-40 530 4358 B91 Forgings
WW-T-825 520 4350 B217 Extruded Tubes
6944
AZ63A QQ-M-56 MIL-C- 50 4420, B80 Sand Castings
19163 4422
QQ-M-56 MIL-C- 50 4424 B80 Sand Castings
19163
QQ-M-55 MIL-C- B199 Permanent Mold Castings
19163
6944
AZ80A QQ-M-31 523 B107 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
QQ-M-40 532 4360 B91 Forgings
AZ81A QQ-M-56 505 B80 Sand Castings
QQ-M-55 505 B199 Permanent Mold Castings
AZ91A QQ-M-55 B199 Permanent Mold Castings
QQ-M-38 501 4490 B94 Die Castings
AZ91B QQ-M-38 501 B94 Die Castings
AZ91C QQ-M-56 504 4437 B80 Sand Castings
QQ-M-55 B199 Permanent Mold Castings
AZ92A QQ-M-56 MIL-C- 500 4434 B80 Sand Castings
19163
4-3
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 4-1. Cross-Reference, Alloy Designation to Specifications Continued
FED MIL SAE ASTM

AZ92A QQ-M-55 MIL-C- 503 4484 B199 Permanent Mold Castings
(Cont) 19163
6944
EK30A QQ-M-56 B80 Sand Castings
EK41A QQ-M-56 4440, B80 Sand Castings
4441
QQ-M-55 B199 Permanent Mold Castings
EZ33A QQ-M-56 506 4442 B80 Sand Castings
QQ-M-55 506 B199 Permanent Mold Castings
6944
HK31A* QQ-M-56 507 4445 B80 Sand Castings
MIL-M- 507 4384 B90 Sheet and Plate
26075
MIL-M- 4385
26075
6944
HK21A* QQ-M-40 Forgings
MIL-M- 4390 B90 Sheet and Plate
8917
HM31A* MIL-H- 4388 B107 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
8916
MIL-H- 4389 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
8916
HZ32A* QQ-M-56 4447 B80 Sand Castings
KIA QQ-M-56 MIL-M- B80 Sand Castings
45207
MIA QQ-M-31 522 B107 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
QQ-M-40 533 Forgings
WW-T-825 522 B217 Extruded Tubes
QQ-M-44 51 B90 Sheet and Plate
6944
QE22A QQ-M-56 Sand Castings
QQ-M-55 Permanent Mold Castings
TA54A QQ-M-40 53 B91 Forgings
ZE10A 534 B90 Sheet and Plate
ZE41A QQ-M-56 Sand Castings
ZH42* Sand Castings
ZH62* QQ-M-56 508 4438 B80 Sand Castings
ZK21A MIL-M- 4387 Extrusions
46039
4-4
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 4-1. Cross-Reference, Alloy Designation to Specifications Continued
FED MIL SAE ASTM

ZK51A QQ-M-56 509 4443 B80 Sand Castings
ZK60A QQ-M-31 524 4352 B107 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
QQ-M-40 4362 B91 Forgings
WW-T-825 524 4352 B217 Extruded Tubes
ZK60B MIL-M- Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
26696
ZKG1A QQ-M-56 513 4444 B80 Sand Castings
*These alloys contain radioactive thorium element. See paragraph 4-15 for precautionary instructions.
MISC SPECIFICATION
MIL-M-3171 Magnesium alloy, processes for corrosion protection of
SAE-AMS-M-6857 Magnesium alloy castings, heat treatment of 1
Change 4 4-5
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 4-2. Alloy Designation Cross-Reference
FORMER
NEW FORMER AMERICAN FORMER NEW
DESIGNATOR DOW REVERE MAGNESIUM MILITARY FEDERAL USE
AZ63A H AM265 QQ-M-56 Castings, Sand

MIA M AM3S AN-M-26 QQ-M-31 Extruded Bars, Rods, Shapes
MIB M AM403 AN-M-30 QQ-M-56 Castings, Sand
MIA M AM3S AN-T-73 WW-T-825 Extruded Tube
MIA M AM3S AN-M-22 QQ-M-40 Forgings

MIA M AM3S AN-M-30 QQ-M-44 Sheet
A292A C AM260 QQ-M-56 Castings, Sand

AZ92A C AM260 QQ-M-55 Castings, Perm Mold
AM 100A G AM240 QQ-M-55 Castings, Perm Mold
AZ91A R AM263 AN-M-16 QQ-M-38 Castings, Die
AZ31B FS-1 AM52S AN-M-27 QQ-M-31 Extruded Bar, Rod, Shape
AZ31B FS-1 AM52S AN-T-72 WW-T-825 Extruded Tube
AZ31B FS-1 AM52S Forgings
AZ31B FS-1 AM52S AN-M-29 QQ-M-44 Sheet
AZ61A J-1 AMC57S AN-M-24 QQ-M-31 Extruded Bar, Rod, Shape
AZ61A J-1 AMC57S AN-T-71 WW-T-825 Extruded Tubes
AZ61A J-1 AMC57S AN-M-20 QQ-M-40 Forgings

AZ80A 0-1 AMC58S AN-M-25 QQ-M-31 Extruded Bar, Rod, Shape
AZ80A 0-1 AMC58S AN-M-21 QQ-M-40 Forgings
ZK60A AMA76S QQ-M-31 Extruded Bar, Rod, Shape
EX41A AMA 130 Castings, Perm Mold
EZ33A AMA131 Castings, Perm Mold
TA54A AM65S QQ-M-40 Forgings
NOTES: *These AN" Specifications h ave been supersede d by the listed Federal Specifications.
4-6
T.O. 1-1A-9
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4-11
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 4-6. Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloy Castings at Room Temperatures
ALLOY & COND TENSILE TENSILE TYPICAL

STRENGTH STRENGTH ELONGATION SHEAR
YIELD
(1000 PSI) (1000 PSI) IN 2"--% STRENGTH HARDNESS
TYPE MIN TYPE MIN TYPE MIN (1000 PSI) (Brinell)
AM100A-F 22 20 12 10 2 18 54
-T4 40 34 13 10 10 6 20 52
-T6 40 34 16 15 4 2 21 69
-T61 40 34 22 17 21 69
AZ63A-F 29 24 14 10 6 4 16 50
-T4 40 34 14 10 12 7 17 55
-T5 30 24 16 10 4 2 17 55
-T6 40 34 19 16 5 3 19 73
AZ81A-T4 40 34 14 10 12 7 17 55
AZ91C-F 24 18 14 10 2.5 16 52
-T4 40 34 14 10 11 7 17 55
-T5 23 23 12 12 2
-T6 40 34 19 16 5 3 19 73
AZ92A-F 24 20 14 10 2 1 16 65
-T4 40 34 14 10 10 6 17 63
-T5 26 20 17 11 16 80
-T6 40 34 21 18 2 20 84
EK30A-T6 23 20 16 14 3 2 18 45
EK41A-T5 23 20 16 14 18.7 45
-T6 25 22 18 16 3 19.4 50
EZ33A-T5 23 20 15 14 3 2 19.8 50
HK31A-T6* 30 27 15 13 8 4 21 55
HZ32A-T5* 29 27 14 13 7 4 20 57
KIA-F 24 24 6 6 14 14
QE22A-T6 35 35 25 25 2 2
ZE41A-T5 28 28 19 19 2.5 2.5 23 62
ZH42-T51 * 32.5 21.6 4.5
ZH42-T4* 33.6 35 12
ZH62A-T5 35.0 35 22 22 4 5 24 70
ZK51A-T5 40 34 24 20 8 5 22 65
ZK61A-T6 39 39 26 26 5 5 26 68
DI E CASTINGS
AZ91A-F 33 22 3 20 67
AZ91B-F 33 22 3 20 67
NOTE: *This alloy contains radioactive thorium element. See paragraph 4-19 precautionary instruc-
tions.
4-12
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 4-7. Physical Properties Magnesium Alloy 4'68F
ALLOY & COND SPECIFIC DENSITY MELTING ELECTRICAL

GRAVITY LBS/CU in RANGEF CONDUCTIVITY
(IACS)
AM100A-F 1.81 0.065 867-1101 11.5
-T4 1.81 0.065 867-1101 9.9
-T6 1.81 0.065 867-1101 12.3
AZ31B and AZ31C 1.77 0.064 1116-1169 18.5
AZ61A 1.80 0.065 977-1145 11.6
AZ63A-F 1.82 0.066 850-1130 15.0
-T4 1.82 0.066 850-1130 12.3
-T6 1.82 0.066 850-1130 13.8
AZ80A 1.80 0.065 914-1130 10.6
AZ81A 1.81 0.065 914-1132 12.0
AZ91A-AZ91B 1.81 0.065 875-1105 10.1
AZ91C-F 1.81 0.065 875-1105 11.5
-T4 1.81 0.065 875-1105 9.9
-T6 1.81 0.065 875-1105 11.2
AZ92A-AC 1.83 0.066 830-1100 12.3
-T4 1.83 0.066 830-1100 10.5
-T6 1.83 0.066 830-1100 12.3
EK30A 1.79 0.065 1100-1184 27.0
EK41A-T5 1.81 0.065 1193 24.0
-T6 1.81 0.065 1193 26.0
EZ33A 1.83 0.066 1010-1189 25.0
HK31A-T6 1.79 0.065 1092-1204 22.0
HM21A 1.77 0.064 1100-1195
HM-31A-F 1.80 0.065 1121-1202 26.0
HM32A 1.83 0.066 1026-1198 26.5
MI-A 1.76 0.064 1200 34.5
TA54A 1.87 0.067
ZE 10A 1.76 0.063 1100-1200
ZH42 1.86 0.067 1180 23.9
ZH62A 1.86 0.067 1180 26.5
ZK21A 1.80 0.645
ZK51A 1.81 0.066 1020-1185 28.0
ZK60A-F 1.83 0.066 968-1175 29.0
-T5 1.83 0.066 968-1175 30.0
ZK60B 1.83 0.066 968-1175 31.0
ZK61A 1.80 0.065 1145
NOTE: Percentage conductivity of annealed copper at 68F (international annealed copper standard).
c. Machine the metal dry whenever possible, Machinists should not wear textured or fuzzy
avoiding fine feeds and keeping speeds below 500 clothing and chips and sawdust should not be
700 surface feet per minute during turning and allowed to accumulate in cuffs or pockets.
boring. If a coolant is definitely required use a
mineral oil. f. Do not permit tools to rub on the work
Keep work areas clean. after a cut has been made.
d.
e. Store magnesium chips in clean, plainly g. Keep an adequate supply of a recom-
labeled, covered, non-combustible containers where mended magnesium fire extinguisher within reach
they will remain dry. Do not allow chips to accu- of the operators. If chips should become ignited,
mulate on machines or operator's clothing. extinguish them as follows:
4-13
T, 0. 1-IA-9
with booth type portable grinding and polishing

where the dust passes through the grate with the
WARNING air being circulated into a liquid spray which
removes the dust. Design the booth to catch all
Water or any of the common liquid or the dust possible. On individual grinders for small
foam type extinguishers will intensify scale work, as shown in Figure 4-1, detail C, the
a magnesium chip fire and may cause
hood design and the oil pan combine to afford a
an explosion and shall not be used.
satisfactory dust collection. Any dust escaping the
hood should be kept swept up and properly dis-
(1) Cover with a layer of G-1 or Met-L-X posed of.
powder. Clean, dry unrusted cast iron chips,
graphite powder, clean dry sand, talc and pitch 4-23. The following specific safety rules pertain
may also be used. to the grinding and polishing of magnesium:
(2) Actively burning fires on combustible a. Magnesium grinding should be done on
surfaces should be covered with a 1/2 inch layer or equipment set aside and labeled for that purpose.
more of extinguishing powder; then the entire
Do not grind sparking material on these grinders
mass shoveled into an iron container or onto a
unless the magnesium dust has been completely
piece of iron plate. Alternately, a one or two inch removed from the equipment system. In addition,
layer of powder can be spread on the floor or sur- the grinding wheel or belt must be replaced prior
face nearby and the burning metal transferred to to grinding of any other metal.
it, then add more powder as required. b. If chrome pickled magnesium is to be
(3) High cutting speeds, extremely fine ground, sparks may result. Therefore, dust and
feeds, dull, chipped or improperly designed tools, air-dust mixtures must not be allowed to accumu-
tool dwell on work after feed is stopped, tool rub, late within spark range.
or tool hitting a steel or iron insert increase the
chances of chip ignition. Keeping the cutting speed c. Maintain adequate supplies of plainly
below 700 feet per minute will greatly reduce the labeled approved fire extinguishing powder and
fire possibilities even with a dull or poorly suitable dispensing tools readily available to oper-
designed tool and fine feeds. ators. Fire control is the same as detailed in para-
graph 4-21 for machine chips.
4-22. GRINDING AND POLISHING SAFETY
PRACTICES. During grinding and polishing oper- d. Keep dust from accumulating on surround-
ations a proper dust collection system must be ing floors, benches, windows, etc. If such accumu-
used. Figure 4-1 illustrates acceptable type collec- lation is evident the collector system is not operat-
tors. The dust produced during grinding and pol-
ing properly and must be checked and repaired.
ishing of magnesium must be removed immedi- Periodically and no less than once a month, com-
ately from the working area with a properly pletely clean the entire collector systems. Inspect
designed wet type dust collection system. Proper and clean the grinder to collector ducts daily or
systems precipitate the magnesium dust by a move frequently if the volume of collection is high.
heavy spray of water and must be so designed that Dispose of grinding sludge it is
dust or sludge cannot accumulate and dry out to a e. as soon as
removed from the equipment. Do not store or
flammable state. Small collectors as shown in allow to even partially dry since it is extremely
Figure 4-1, detail A serving one or two grinders flammable. This may be done by spreading it on a
are the best. The grinder-to-collector ducts should layer of fire brick or hard burned paving brick to a
be short and straight. The self opening vents maximum depth of 3" to 4", then placing a com-
illustrated prevent hydrogen collection during shut bustible material on top of it and burning the
down. The grinder's power supply, air exhaust entire lot. The sludge will burn with intense heat,
blower and liquid level controller should be electri- therefore, a safe location must be used. A method
cally water connected so cessation or failure of the of rendering magnesium sludge chemically inactive
dust collector operation will shut the grinder off. and non-combustible by reacting it with a 5% solu-
In addition a suitable devise should be installed in tion of ferrous chloride (Fe C122H20) is detailed in
the system that will insure the collector system is the National Fire Protection Association's Bulletin
in full operation and has changed the air in the No. 48, Standards for Magnesium.
ducts, etc., several times before the grinder begins
running. Dry type filter collectors or central col- f. The clothing of operators should be smooth
lector systems which carry the dust through long and fire retardant without pockets and cuffs. Caps
dry ducts should not be used for magnesium. The should be worn. All clothing should be easy to
collector portrayed in Figure 4-1, detail B is used remove and kept free of dust accumulations.
4-14
T.O. 1-1A-9
1 4-24. Deleted. covered with the powder, the furnace load should
be allowed to cool with the door open. For the
4-25. HEAT TREATING SAFETY PRACTICES. handling of large quantities of G-1 powder, pumps
Heat treating of magnesium alloys requires the have been constructed which can throw 75-100 lbs/
exercising of certain definite rules, if safe and good minute onto the fire through a 30 foot hose and
quality workmanship is to result. The following nozzle.
rules should be closely followed:
Use furnace equipment having two sets of
(2) Boron Trifluoride (BF3) Gas Method.
a.
temperature controls, operating independently of
each other.
WARNING
b.Standardize checking procedures and
adjustments of all equipment and of operating Boron trif luoride vapor or gas is toxic
cycles.
in the proportion of more than 1 part
c. Load the furnace with castings of one iden- per million by volume of air when
tical alloy only. Insure the castings are clean. exposures are prolonged or frequently
d. Use SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) atmosphere to repeated. Five parts per million by
volume of air or more are usually pre-
control oxidation.
sent in visible clouds of material
e. Use the recommended time and tempera- resulting from the release of the gas
ture operating ranges at all times. to atmosphere. Therefore, personnel
must not enter such clouds or any
f. Provide approved fire extinguishing where there is reason to believe
equipment. area
the safe level is exceeded unless wear-
ing a gas mask with an acid gas can-
ister containing a dust filler. Analy-
WARNING sis of atmosphere in the worker's
breathing zone will be accomplished
Water and other extinguishers for to assure personnel safety.
Class A, B, and C fires shall not be This is effective gaseous of extinguish-
an means
used. ing magnesium fires in heat treating furnaces.
4-26. If a fire should occur for any reason, as The gas is introduced into the furnace from a stor-
evidenced by excessive furnace temperature and age cylinder through an entry port preferably
omission of a light colored smoke, proceed as located near floor level. Connect the gas feed line
follows: to this port, open the feed line valve to provide
about 2 lbs/minute (depending on furnace size and
a. Shut off all power, fuel and SO2 feed lines number of gas cylinders) and maintain gas f low
to the furnace. until furnace temperature drops to 700F indicat-
b. Notify fire marshal control crew at once. ing the fire is out. The furnace door should be
kept closed during this action and until a definite
c. Begin fire extinguishing procedures using temperature drop below 700F is evident. Run-
one of the following methods: ning the furnace circulating fans for about min-
(1) G-1 Powder Method. ute after the gas is first introduced will assist in
gas dispersal, then shut the fan off. The gas cylin-
Where it can be safely done, a small fire should be der used should be fitted with a Monel needle
removed from the furnace, dumped into an iron valve and a "tee" for attaching a 0-160 psi pres-
container and then extinguished by covering with sure gauge. A suitable gas transfer system uses a
G-1 powder which is a graphite base powder of the 5/16" flexible bronze hose to carry the gas to the
Pyrene CO2 Company. Metal Fyr Powder of the furnace where it enters through a 1/4" steel pipe
Fyr Fyter Company is the same material. In large entry port. Using 10 feet of hose and feed of pipe,
furnaces or with fires of high intensity, the powder a gauge pressure of 15-30 psi will deliver 1-2 lbs of
can be applied to the burning parts with a shovel BF3 per minute. The cylinders may be perma-
(assuming the furnace door can be opened safely). nently connected or brought to the furnace, when
Paper bags filled with the powder can be used if needed, on a suitable dolly. This gas does not
the fire is so located that such bags can be thrown require heating in order to flow. The cylinders
in effectively. Remove parts not burning with long should be weight checked for contents every 6
handled hooks. After all burning parts have been months.
Change 1 4-15
T.O. 1-1A-9
(3) Boron Trichloride (BCL3) Gaseous iridescent coating forms the alloy contains alumi-
Method. This material has been successfully used num. The solution is made in the proportions of
to extinguish magnesium heat treat furnace fires. 24 ounces sodium dichromate and 24 fluid ounces
However, there are several factors involved with concentrated nitric acid to enough water to make
its use which makes it less preferred than boron one gallon. Prior to the test the metal should be
trifluoride, these include: ten times more concen- thoroughly cleaned down to the base metal, if nec-
tration than the 0.04% of boron trifluoride, the gas essary, by grinding or filing a clean area on the
must be heated to flow freely; it is more expensive surface.
than trifluoride; the liquid is corrosive and the
fumes irritating with a health hazard similar to 4-29.HEAT TREATING MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
hydrochloric acid fumes. Workmen should not GENERAL.
occupy areas where noticeable vapors are present NOTE
unless wearing a gas mask with an acid gas canis- I
ter containing a dust filter. If this agent must be SAE-AMS-M-6857, Heat Treatment of
used, the liquid containing cylinders should be Magnesium Alloy Castings, will be
heated with infrared lights to provide the heat the control for heat treatment of mag-
necessary to insure adequate gas flow. The cylin-
nesium alloy castings used on aero-
der outlet should be fitted with a special valve and space equipment. For complete
gauge to control gas flow. Flexible 5/8" ID neo- description of magnesium alloy cast-
prene hose may be used to connect the cylinder to
ings heat treat requirements, refer to
latest issue of SAE-AMS-M-6857. I
a steel pipe for insertion into the furnace port.
Otherwise its use in extinguishing a furnace fire is Additional Heat Treatment informa-
similar to the procedures for boron trifluoride. tion is discussed in Section IX.
4-27. IDENTIFICATION OF ALLOY. 4-30. PRECAUTIONS DURING HEATING. Of
4-28. Positive identification of an alloy, from a first importance in the heat processing of these
constituency standpoint, can only be determined alloys is a clear understanding of the characteris-
by laboratory analysis. However, whether a light tics of the metal relative to heat. Pure magnesium
metal is magnesium or not can be generally deter- will melt at approximately 1202F. The alloys
mined by a simple test consisting of placing the melting points range from 830F to 1204F,
test metal in contact with an 0.5% solution of sil-
approximately, according to their element constitu-
ver and observing the reaction for 1 min-
nitrate, ency. Therefore, during any heating of alloy items,
ute. The solution is made by dissolving 0.5g. of specified temperature maximums must be closely
silver nitrate in 100 ml. of water. Formation of a adhered to, particularly during solution heat treat-
black deposit of metallic silver on the metal indi- ing. The metal is easily burned and overheating
cates magnesium or high-magnesium alloy. Then will also cause formation of molten pools within it,
immerse the metal in a chrome pickle chemical either condition resulting in ruining of the metal.
solution, Type I Specification MIL-M-3171 (Com- Certain alloys such as AZ63A Type 1, or AZ92A
mercially known as DOW No. 1). The solution Type 1, are subject to eutectic melting of some of
should be freshly prepared and the test operator its elements if heated too rapidly. They must be
familiar with the colors of chemical treatment. If brought up to heat treating temperature slowly
the metal assumes a very bright brassy coating, it enough to prevent this. In the case of these two
indicates it is aluminum free alloy. If a greyish
4-16 Change 4
T. 0. 1-1A-9
examples, no less than two hours should be con- capability of maintaining the minimum and maxi-
sumed in bringing them from 640F to treating mum temperatures required for the various treat-
temperature. ments it will be used for. A minimum of 9 test
locations within the furnace load area should be
4-31. An additional and no less important char- checked. One in each corner, one in the center
acteristic of the metal relative to heat treatment, and one for each 25 cubic feet of furnace volume
is that it is subject to excessive surface oxidation up to the maximum of 400 cubic feet. A monthly
at 750F and higher temperatures. In an oxidizing survey should be made after the initial survey,
atmosphere, this characteristic can result in igni- unless separate load thermocouples are employed,
tion and fierce burning. To prevent such occur- to record actual metal temperatures. The monthly
rences, a protective atmosphere containing suffi- survey should consist of one test for a solution
cient sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide or other heat treat temperature and one test for a precipi-
satisfactory oxidation inhibitor shall be used when tation heat treat temperature, one for each 40
heating to 750F and over. When oxidation inhibi- cubic feet of heat treating volume with a mini-
tors are used, their concentration percentage in mum, of 9 test locations required regardless of the
the furnace atmosphere should be periodically volume. In addition, a periodic survey should be
checked for correct amounts. The particular made, using the test criteria of the initial survey.
requirements for various alloys are detailed in par- For all surveys, the furnaces should be allowed to
agraph 4-46 in this section. These requirements heat to a point stabilization before taking any
and those of other pertinent specifications and readings. The temperature of all test locations
instructions should be consulted and strictly should be determined at 5 to 10 minute intervals
adhered to in processing the metal. The safety after insertion of the temperature sensing ele-
measures defined in paragraph 4-1 must be rigidly ments in the furnace. The maximum temperature
practiced. variation of all elements shall not exceed 20F and
shall not exceed the solution or precipitation heat
4-32. HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT. treating range at any time after equilibrium is
reached.
4-33. Furnaces used for solution heat treatment
shall be of the air chamber type with forced air 4-35. Furnace control temperature measuring
circulation. Heating provisions can be gas, electri- instruments shall not be used as test instruments
city or oil. Their design must be such as to make during any survey. The thermocouple and sensing
impossible, direct heating element radiation or elements should be replaced periodically because
flame impingement on the articles being treated. of the in-service incurred effects of oxidation and
The furnaces shall be installed with the necessary deterioration.
control, temperature measuring and recording 4-36. Pyrometers used with the automatic con-
instrument equipment to assure complete and trol system to indicate, maintain and record the
accurate control. The temperature control shall be furnace temperatures, should preferably be of the
capable of maintaining a given temperature to potentiometer type.
within +/- 10 F at any point in the working zone,
after the charge has been brought up to this tem- 4-37. Suitable jigs, fixtures, trays, hangers,
perature. Each furnace used shall be equipped racks, ventilators and other equipment shall be
with a separate manual reset safety cut-out which used in processing the articles.
will turn off the heat source in the event of any 4-38. HEAT TREATMENT SOLUTION. Solu-
malfunction or failure of the regular automatic tion for heat treating of magnesium alloyed arti-
controls. The safety cut-outs shall be set as close cles is accomplished by heating at an elevated
as practicable above the maximum solution heat temperature in an air furnace for a specific length
treating temperature for the alloy being treated. of time (holding period); during which certain
This will be above the variation expected but shall alloying elements enter into uniform solid solution,
not be more than 10F above the maximum heat since the alloys tend to become plastic at high heat
treat temperature of the alloy being processed. treat temperatures, it is mandatory that suitable
There shall also be protective devices to shut off support be provided for articles being processed to
the heat source in case of circulation air stoppage. prevent warping. Table 4-8 below lists the recom-
These devices shall be interconnected with a man- mended soaking and holding time for solution heat
ual reset control. treating alloys. The holding periods given are for
4-34. Upon initial furnace installation and after
castings up to 2 inches thick. Items thicker than 2
inches will require longer periods.
any maintenance on the furnace or its equipment
which might affect its operational characteristics, 4-39. AZ92A (Type 2), AZ91C and QE22A sand
a temperature survey shall be made to test its castings and AM100A permanent mold castings
4-17
T.O. 1-1A-9
may be charged into the furnace which is at the 4-41. Stabilization heat treating an alloy
heat treating temperature. Since magnesium cast- increases its creep strength and retards growth at
ings are subject to excessive surface oxidation at service encountered elevated temperatures. The
temperatures of 750F and over, a protective same general procedure of heating to temperature,
atmosphere containing sufficient sulphur dioxide, holding for a time and cooling to room tempera-
carbon dioxide or other satisfactory oxidation ture is used as in the other two types, only the
inhibitor shall be used when solution heat treating temperature and time elements are different.
at 750F and over. The whole casting must be When applied to a solution treat treated alloy, it
heat treated, not just part of it. increases the alloy's yield strength. Actually stabi-
lization treatment is a high temperature aging
4-40. Precipitation heat treatment or artificial treatment accomplished quickly rather than
aging of alloys is accomplished at temperature allowing an alloy to age naturally over a period of
lower than those of the solution treatment. Sug-
time.
gested aging treatments for various alloys are as
cited in Table 4-9.
Table 4-8. Solution Heat Treating Temperatures and Holding Times
TEMPERATURE
ALLOY RANGE TIME PERIOD(HRS) MAX TEMP OF
AM 100A 790-800 16-24 810

AZ63A (Type 1) 720-730 (F to T4) 10-14 734
AZ63A (Type 2)* 720-740 (F to T4) 10-14 745
AZ81A 770-785 16-24 785
AZ91C 770-785 16-24 785
AZ92A (Type 1) 760-770 16-24 775
AZ92A (Type 2) 775-785 14-22 785
HK31A 1045-1055 2 1060
QE22A** 970-990 4-8 1000
ZK61A 925-935 2 935
or
895-905 10 935
Contains calcium.
** Quench in 150F water bath within 30 seconds of ter opening of furnace.

4-42. Annealing of magnesium alloys is accom- 4-43. HEAT TREATING PROCEDURES. Plac-
plished to relieve internal stresses, generally ing of articles to be treated in the furnace, (gener-
resulting from forming operations; soften the ally referred to as charging the furnace), should
material for forming; improve the ductility; and/or not be done in a haphazard fashion. Individual
refine the grain structure. The alloy is heated to pieces should be racked or supported to prevent
the proper temperature, soaked or held at that distorting without interfering with the free f low of
temperature for a specified time and cooled to the heated atmosphere around the article. Distor-
room temperature. The desired effects are gained tion or warping can occur due to the semi-plastic
by controlling the temperature, hold time and cool- qualities of the alloys at the furnace elevated tem-
ing medium exposure. Avoid excessive time at peratures during solution heat treat. Distortion is
temperature prevent unwanted grain growth.
to not a particular problem during precipitation or
Conversely, no attempt should be made to shorten stabilization treatment or annealing. However, it
the time at temperature and over all annealing is good practice to handle magnesium alloy articles
time by increasing the temperature, since ele- with care at all times under elevated heat condi-
ments of the alloy subject to melting points lower tions. In the case of complicated formed parts, it
then the alloy itself can go into solution. may be necessary to utilize a specially contoured
4-18
T.O. 1-1A-9
jig or fixture to adequately protect the design con- a. AM100-A Used in pressure tight sand end
tour of the item at high temperatures. permanent mold castings with good combination of
tensile strength, yield strength and elongation.
4-44. Cooling after treating is accomplished in Solution heat treat in 0.5% SO2 atmosphere 20
either still or blast air, depending upon the alloy. hours at 790F; cool in strong air blast. Partially
The one exception is alloy QE22A which is water artificial aging -12 hours at 325F; cool in still air.
quenched. The water should be at 150F Completely artificial age 5 hours at 450F; cool in
temperature. still air or oven. Aging increases basic yield
4-45. ALLOY GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC strength and hardness and decreases toughness
INFORMATION. and elongation.
4-46. In the following paragraphs are brief sum-
maries of the general characteristics of the various
alloys.
Table 4-9. Artificial Aging (Precipitation Treatment)
ALLOY & TEMPER AGING TREATMENT
AM100A-T6 5 hours at 450F or 24 hours at 400F

AM 100A-T5* 5 hours at 450F
AZ63A-T6 5 hours at 425F or 5 hours at 450F
AZ63A-T5* 4 hours at 500F or 5 hours at 450F
AZ91C-T6 16 hours at 335F or 4 hours at 420F
AZ92A-T6 (Type 1) 4 hours at 500F or 5 hours at 425F
AZ92A-T6 (Type 2) 5 hours at 450F or 16 hours at 400F
or 20 hours at 350F
AZ92A-T5* (Type 2) 5 hours at 450F
EZ33A-T5* 2 hours at 650F or 5 hours at 420F
or 5 hours at 420F
HK31A-T6 16 hours at 400F

HZ32A-T5* 16 hours at 600F
QE22A-T6 8 hours at 400F
ZH62A-T5* 2 hours at 625F or 16 hours at 350F
ZK51A-T5* 8 hours at 424F or 12 hours at 350F
ZK61A-T5* 48 hours at 300F
ZK61A-T6 48 hours at 265F
*T5 is aged from as-cast condition. Others are aged from T4 condition.
b. AZ31B and C Used in low cost extruded Foreign equivalents are: British DTD 120A Sheet,
bars, rods, shapes, structural sections and tubing 1351350 forgings; German and Italian, Electron
with moderate mechanical properties and high AZ31; French SOC Gen Air Magnesium, F3 and
elongation sheet and plate; good formability and T8.
strength, high resistance to corrosion, good welda-
bility. Liquid temperature 1170F; solid 1120F. AZ61A Use in general purpose extrusions
c.
Hot working temperature is 450 800F. with good properties, intermediate cost; press forg-
Annealing temperature 650F. Stress relief of ings with good mechanical properties. Rarely used
extrusions and annealed sheet 500F for 15 min- in sheet form. Hot working temperature 350-
utes; hard rolled sheet 300F for 60 minutes. 750F; shortness temperature above 780F. Anneal
Change 1 4-19
T.O. 1-IA-9
650F. Heat treat annealed sheet extrusions and e. AZ80A Used for extruded and press
forgings 15 minutes at 500F rolled sheet 400F forged products. Heat treatable. Hot working tem-
for 15 minutes. Foreign equivalents are British perature 600-750F. Shortness temperature above
BS 1351 (forgings) BS 1354 (extrusions); German 775F, annealing temperature 725F. Stress relief:
AZM. as extruded, 500F for 15 minutes, extruded and
d. AZ63A Used in sand castings for good

artificially aged 400F for 60 minutes; forgings
500 F for 15 minutes. Foreign equivalents are
strength properties with best ductility and tough- British 1351 (forgings); German AZ855 Helium or
ness. Solution heat treat at 740F in a 0.5%- Argon-arc weldable using AZ92A welding rod or
SO2atmosphere for 10 hours then cool in air.
Aging is done at 450F for 5 hours and cooled in may be resistance welded. Stress relieve after
furnace. Stabilize 300F
hours and
welding.
air or at at 4
cool in air. Foreign equivalents are Elektron AZG,
British DTD59A(as cast)and DTD-289 (heat
treated). Good salt water anti-corrosion properties.
Table 4-10. Deleted.
Table 4-11. Deleted.
f.AZ81A Used in sand or permanent mold k. EK41A Used as pressure tight sand cast-
castings for good strength,excellent ductility, pres- ing alloy. Good strength at 300 500F. Solution
sure tightness and toughness. Readily castable heat treat at 1060F maximum 16 hours then cool
with low micro-shrinkage tendency. Solution heat in air or with fan. Age at 400F 16 hours, air cool.
treat 775F for 18 hours, cool in air or by fan.
Stabilizing treatment 500F, 4 hours and air cool. 1. EZ33A Used for pressure tight, good
To prevent germination (grain growth) an alter- strength sand and permanent mold castings where
nate heat treat of 775F for 6 hours, 2 hours at temperatures may reach 500F in use. Age at
665F and 10 hours at 775F may be used. 420F for 5 hours. Forgeign equivalent British
ZRE 1.
g. AZ91A, AZ91B AZ91A used for die cast-
ings generally. in. HK31A Used in sand castings for elevated
h. AZ91C AZ91B is also die cast alloy but temperature use up to 650F and sheet and plate
has higher impurity content. AZ91C is used for

applications. Has excellent weld and forming
characteristics in sheet/plate form and retains
pressure tight sand and permanent mold castings good strength up to 650F. Hot working tempera-
having high tensile and weld strength. Shortness ture is 800 to 1050F. Anneal at 750F. Solution
temperatures are above 750F. Heat treat: T-4 con- heat treat sand castings by loading into a 1050F
dition, 16 hours at 780F, cool in air blast and furnace and holding for 2 hours, then fan or air
then age at 400F for 4 hours; T-7 condition, 5
hours at 450F. Foreign equivalents are Elektron cool. Age for 16 hours at 400F. H23 sheet may be
AZ91 and British DTD136A. Good impact resis- stress relieved after welding at 650F for 1 hour or
675F for 20 minutes. Sheet may be resistance
tance in T-4 temper. T-6 has good yield strength
and, ductility. welded.
i.AZ92A Used in pressure tight sand and n. HM21A Used sheet, plate and forgings,
permanent mold castings. Has high tensile and usable at 650F and above. Hot work at 850F
yield strengths. Solution heat treat 20 hours at 1100F Anneal at 850F. Heat treat forgings
760F in an atmosphere of 0.5% SO2. Cool in (T5)450F for 16 hours. Resistance welding is also
strong air blast. Artificial aging is done at 420F satisfactory.
for 14 hours. Cool in air or oven. Stabilize for 4
hours at 500F, then cool in air. Equal to AX63A o. HM31A Used in extruded bars, rods,
in salt water corrosion resistance.
shapes and tubing for elevated temperature ser-
vice. Exposure to temperatures through 600F for
j. EK30A Used in sand casting for elevated periods of 1000 hours caused practically no change
temperature applications. Has good strength in short time room and elevated temperature
properties in temperature range 300- 500F. Solu- properties. Superior modulus of elasticity particu-
tion heat treat at 1060F maximum 16 hours then larly at elevated temperatures. Hot work at 700F
cool in air by fan. Age at 400F then air cool. 1000F.
4-20 Change I
T.O. 1-1A-9
p. HZ32A Used for sand castings. It is of strength at room temperatures and moderate long-
properties for medium and long range exposure at time creep resistance at temperatures up to 480F
temperatures above 500F and is pressure tight. are required. The alloy is a precipitation harden-
ing one from the as-cast condition and requires no
q. KIQA Casting alloy with comparatively solution heat treatment. Maximum hardness is
low strength has excellent damping developed at 480F in 24 hours. More ductility
characteristics. and better shock resistance may be obtained by
MIA Used for wrought products and pro-
overaging at temperatures such as 750F. For T51
r. condition treat at 480F for 24 hours; T4 condition
vides for moderate mechanical properties with 750F for 24 hours.
excellent weldability, corrosion resistance and hot
formability. Hot work at 560 1000F. Anneal at x. ZH62A Used as a high strength good duc-
700F. Stress relieve annealed sheet at 500F, in tility structural alloy at normal, temperatures and
15 minutes; hard rolled sheet at 400F in 60 min- has the highest yield strength of any alloy except
utes; and extrusions at 500F in 15 minutes. For- ZK61A-T6. Heat treat at 480F for 12 hours. For-
eign equivalents are British BS1352 (forgings) and eign equivalent is British T26.
German AM503.
y. ZK2 1A An alloy of moderate strength for
s. QE22A Castings have high yield strength extrusion fabrication. Good weldability using
at elevated temperatures. Solution heat treat at shielded arc and AZ61A or AZ92A, rod. Resistance
970-990F 4 to 8 hours. Quench in 150F water welding also satisfactory. ZK51A Used for high
bath. yield strength, good ductility, sand castings. Heat
treat for 12 hours at 350F. Foreign equivalent is
t. TA54A Best hammer forging alloy. British Z52.
ZE 10A Used for low cost, moderate z. ZK60A Used as a wrought alloy for
u.
strength sheet and plate. No stress relief required extruded shapes and press forgings. Has high
after welding. Hot work at 500 900F. Anneal strength and good ductility characteristics. Hot
400F. AZ61A or EX33A rod is preferred for work at 600-750F. Shortness temperature is
welding. 950F. Age at 300F for 24 hours, air cool. For-
eign equivalent is German ZW6.
v. ZE41A A good strength, pressure tight, ZK61A Casting Alloy. Solution heat treat
weldable alloy, where temperatures are below aa.
925 935F for 2 hours 895 905 F for 10
200F. Age 2 hours at 625F, air cool; 16 hours at at or
hours.
350F air cool. Foreign equivalent British RZ5.
w. ZH42A Used in sand castings for aircraft
engines and airframe structures where high
Change 1 4-21
T.O. 1-1A-9
EXHAUSTER WITH
TOTALLY ENCLOSED MOTOR
SLOPE DOWNWARD SLIGHTLY TOWARD

COLLECTOR MAKE DUCT AS SHORT
AS POSSIBLE
INSPECTION & /LIQUID ELIMINATOR
CLEAN OUT DOOR / PLATES
SELF
c'I
CLEAN OUT DOOR
opFNING
VENT 'll..' V _J_ LIQUID LLVLL CON ROL
& INTERLOCK
DUST PRECIPITATING ELEMENT
SLUDGE UNDER LIQUID

(Remove Frequently)
A Type of dust collector for with grinding wheel stands.
use
BURRING BENCH GRILLED TOP

NON SPARKING MATERIAL
B Bench type dust collector for use with portable grinding or

polishing tools.
METAL HOOD AND PAN
C Type of dust collector for small wheels used only inter-

mittently and when small amounts of metal removed.
L9805657
Figure 4-1. Typical Dust Collectors for Magnesium

Figures 4-2 through 4-4 deleted.
4-22 Change t Pages 4-23 through 4-43/(4-44 blank) deleted.
T.O. 1-1A-9
SECTION V
TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS
5-1. CLASSIFICATION. difficulties encountered in the fabrication of parts,

since the absorption of small amounts of oxygen or
5-2. Titanium is produced in pure form as well nitrogen makes vast changes in the characteristics
as in various alloys. Pure titanium is commonly of this metal during welding, heat treatment, or
known as unalloyed. It can be cast, formed,
joined, and machined with relative ease as com- any application of heat in excess of 800F.
pared to the various alloy grades. Unalloyed tita- 5-9. Operations involving titanium requiring the
nium cannot be heat treated. Therefore, its uses application of heat in excess of 800F must be per-
are limited to end items not requiring the higher formed in a closely controlled atmosphere by meth-
strengths obtained from the heat treatable alloys. ods explained in future paragraphs. The nominal
mechanical properties are listed in Table 5-2.
5-3. Titanium is a very active metal, and readily
dissolves carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. The most 5-10. METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION. Meth-
pronounced effects are obtained from oxygen and ods of distinguishing titanium alloys from other
nitrogen. For this reason, any heating process metals are simple and definite. One quick method
must be performed in a closely controlled atmos- is to contact the titanium with a grinding wheel.
phere to prevent the absorption of oxygen and This results in a pure white trace ending in a bril-
nitrogen to a point of brittleness. liant white burst. Also, identification can be
5-4. GENERAL.
accomplished by moistening the titanium and
marking the surface with a piece of glass. This
5-5. MILITARY AND COMMERCIAL DESIG- leaves a dark line similar in appearance to a pen-
NATIONS. There are presently two military spec- cil mark. Titanium is non-magnetic. To positively
ifications in existence (See Table 5-1) covering identify the various alloys, a chemical or
alloyed and unalloyed titanium in classes estab- spectographic analysis is necessary.
lished to designate various chemical compositions.
5-11. HARDNESS TESTING. Hardness is the
For the selection of the proper class and form of
stock required for a particular purpose, reference resistance of a metal to plastic deformation by
will be made to Table 5-1. penetration, indentation, or scratching, and is usu-

ally a good indication of strength. This property
5-6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. Limited physi- can be measured accurately by the Brinell,
cal properties are available on the titanium compo- Rockwell or Vickers Technique. The hardness to
sitions covered by existing military specifications. be expected from the various alloys and unalloyed
Compared to other materials, the melting point of titanium is listed in Table 5-2.
titanium is higher than that of any of the other
5-12. TENSILE TESTING. The useful strength
construction materials currently in use. The den-
of a metal is the maximum load which can be
sity of titanium is intermediate to aluminum and applied without permanent deformation. This fac-
steel. Electrical resistivities of titanium are simi-
lar to those of corrosion-resistant steel. The modu- tor is commonly called yield strength. The tensile
lus of elasticity is somewhat more than half that of strength of a metal is that load, in pounds per
the alloy steels and the coefficient of expansion is square inch, at which complete failure occurs. In
less than half that of austenitic stainless steels. the case of titanium the yield strength is the most
important factor and is therefore used by industry
5-7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. As previ- to designate the various types of unalloyed
ously pointed out, titanium is a very active metal titanium.
and readily dissolves carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
All three elements tend to harden the metal; oxy- 5-13. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING. Tita-
nium and titanium alloys are highly susceptible to
gen and nitrogen having the most pronounced
effect. stress risers resulting from scratching, nicking,
and notching. For this reason, close visual inspec-
5-8. The control of these elements causes consid- tion is required of all raw stock prior to any form-
erable difficulty in obtaining correct mechanical ing or machining operations.All scratches, nicks
properties during the fabrication of titanium. This and notches must be removed, before fabrication,
variation in mechanical properties is the cause of by sanding and polishing.
5-1
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 5-1. Specification Cross Reference Titanium Alloys
Form/Commodity Specification Data A

Comp/Alloy ^
Designation
AMS Military Other
02
COMMERCIALLY PURE (UNALLOYED)
40KS1 (A-40 SHEET, STRIP 4902 MIL-T-9046 A-40; HA1940; MST-40; RS-40;
55A) YIELD PLATE Type I, COMP. A Ti-55A
Tubing Welded 4941 A40; 55A
Tubing Seamless 4942
55KS1 (A55; Sheet, Strip 4900 MIL-T-9046 A55; HA-1950; MST 55 RS55;
65A) Yield Plate Type 1, COMP. C TI-65A; NA2-7123B
Forgings MIL-F-83142
Comp. 1
70KS1 (A70; Sheet Strip Plate 4901 MIL-T-9046 A70; HA-1970; MST70 RS70;
75A) Yield Type I, COMP. B Ti-75A, NA2-7126G
70KS1 (A70; Bars, Forgings 4921 MIL-T-9046 A70; HA-1970; MST70 RS70;
100A) and Forging Type I, COMP. A Ti-75A
Stock
ALPHA TITANIUM ALLOY

5AL-2.5Sn Sheet Strip, 4910 MIL-T-9046 A-11OAT; HA5137; 0.01 014; MST
(A11OAT) Plate Type II,
COMP. 5AL-2.5Sn; RS11OC; T1-5AL-
A 2.5Sn;NA2-71269
Bars and 4926 MIL-T-9047 A-11OAT; HA5137; MST 5AL-
Forgings 4966 Comp. 2 2.5Sn; RS 11OC; Ti-5AL-2.5Sn;
NA2-7149A
5AL-2.5Sn Sheet Strip Plate 4909 MIL-T-9046
EL1 Type II, COMP.
B
Bars and 4924 MIL-T-9047
Forgings Comp. 3
5AL-SZr-5Sn Sheet, Strip MIL-T-9046
Plate Type II, COMP.
C
7AL-12Zr Sheet, Strip MIL-T-9046
Plate Type II,
COMP.
D
7AL-2Cb-lTa Sheet, Strip MIL-T-9046
Plate Type II, COMP.
E
5-2 Change 1
T.O. 1-1A-9
Comp/Alloy
D es gnat on F orm/C ommo dity S pec ifi cat on D ata
0
AMS Military Other
8AL-IMO-IV Sheet, Strip, 4915 MIL-T-9046

Plate (Single Type II, COMP.
ann'l) F
Bars and MIL-T-9047
Forgings Comp. 5
Bars, Rings 4972
Forgings 4973
(Solution
heat treated and
stabilized)
BETA TITANIUM ALLOYS
13V-IICr-3AL Forgings MIL-F-83142
Comp. 14
Bars and MIL-T-9047
Forgings Comp. 12
13.5V-llCr-3AL Plate, Sheet 4917 B-120VCA; MST 13V-llCr-3AL;
(B120VCA) and Strips R120B; Ti-13V-11C4-3AL
Solution Heat
Treated
11.5 Mo-6Zr- Bars and MIL-T-9047
Forgings Comp. 13
Bars and Wire 4977
(Solution Heat
Treated)
8Mn Sheet, Strip 4908 MIL-T-9046 C 110M, MST 8Mn; RS 110A;
(C OM) Plate Type III, COMP. Ti-8Mn; 0.01002
A
Forgings MIL-T-83142
Comp. 12
4AL-3Mo-IV Sheet, Strip, 4912 MIL-T-9046 MST 4AL-3MO-IV; RS 115;
Plate Type III COMP. Ti-3AL 3MO-IV; LB-0170-104
B
Sheet, Strip, 4913
Plate
(Solution and
Pretreated)
6AL-4V Sheet, Strip, 4911 MIL-T-9046 C-120AV; HA6510; MST 6AL-4V;
(C120AV) Plate Type III, COMP. RS120A; TI-6AL-4V; LBO170-110
C
Change 1 5-3
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 5-1. Specification Cross Reference Titanium Alloys Continued
Form/Commodity Specification Data 0

Comp/Alloy
Designation
AMS Military Other
A2
Bars and 4928 MIL-T-9047 C120AV; HA6510; MST-6AL-4V;
Forgings Comp. 6 RS120A; TI-6AL-4V; LB0170-110;
0.01037
Bars and 4965
Forgings
(Solution &
Precipitation
Heat Treated)
Extrusions 4935 C120AV; HA6510; MST-6AL-4V;
RS120A; Ti-6AL-4V; LB0170-147
Wire, Welding 4954 C 120AV
COMP. 6
6AL-4VEL Sheet, Strip, MIL-T-9046
Plate Type III,
COMP.
D
Forgings Comp. 7
Comp. F
Wire, Welding 4956
(Extra low
intertital
environment
controlled)
6AL-6V-2Sn Forgings MIL-F-83142
Comp. 8
Sheet, Strip, 4918 MIL-T-9046
Plate Type III, COMP.
E
Bars and Forg- 4973 MIL-T-9046
ings (Ann' 1) COMP. B
4979
(H.T.)
Forgings MIL-T-83142
Comp. 9
7AL-4Mo Sheet, Strip, MIL-T-9046 C135MO; HA-7146; MST 7AL-
(C 135MO) Plate Type III, COMP. 4MO; RS 135; Ti-7AL-4MO;
F LB0170-122
Forgings (H.T.) Comp. 9
5-4
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 5-1. Specification Cross Reference Titanium Alloys Continued
Comp/Alloy
D es gnati on F orm/C ommo dity S pecifi cati on D at a
AMS Military Other
7AL-4Mo Forgings MIL-F-83142

(C135MO) Comp. 13
(Cont)
6AL-2SN- Sheet, Strip, MIL-T-9046
4Zr-2Mo Plate Type III, COMP.
G
Forgings (H.T.) Comp. II
4976
(Ann'l)
6AL-2Sn- Bars and MIL-T-9047
4Zr-6Mo Forgings Comp. 14
Heat Treatment
of Titanium and
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFICATIONS
SAE-AMS-H-
81200
I
Titanium Alloys
ZL There may be controlled requirements applicable to some specifications listed in the same alloy
type or series. Validate any difference and assure that selected specification material(s) will
comply with end item specification requirements before specifying or using.
0 The following manufactures names apply to designations listed under other:
a. For designation beginning with A, B, C (example A-40) CRUCIBLE STEEL CO.
b. For designation beginning with HA (example HA-1940) HARVEY ALUMINUM CO.

c. For designation beginning with MST (example MST-70) REACTIVE METAL CORP.
d. For designation beginning with RS (example RS-40) REPUBLIC STEEL CO.
e. For designation beginning with T1 (example T1-8Mn) TITANIUM METAL CORP.
f. For designation beginning with LB or NA (example LB170-110 or NA2-7123B) NORTH
AMERICAN AVIATION INC.
g. For designation beginning with 0.0 (example 0.01015) CONVAIR OR GENERAL DYNAMICS
CORP.
Change 4 5-5
T.O. 1-1A-9
5-14. FIRE DAMAGE. Fire damage to titanium alloys used on aerospace equipment.
and titanium alloys becomes critical above 1000F For complete description of titanium
due to the absorption of oxygen and nitrogen from heat treat requirements, refer to lat-
the air which causes surface hardening to a point est issue of SAE-AMS-H-81200. 0
of brittleness. However, an overtemperatured con-
dition is indicated by the formation of an oxide Additional Heat Treatment informa-
coating and can be easily detected by a light green tion is discussed in Section IX.
to white color. If this indication is apparent fol-
lowing fire damage to titanium aircraft parts, the 5-16. A majority of the titanium alloys can be
affected parts will be removed and replaced with effectively heat treated to strengthen, anneal and
serviceable parts. stress relieve. The heating media for accomplish-
ing the heat treatment can be air, combusted
5-15. HEAT TREATMENT GENERAL. gases, protective atmosphere, inert atmosphere, or
vacuum furnace. However, protective, inert atmo-
NOTE spheres or vacuum shall be used as necessary to
I SAE-AMS-H-81200, Heat Treatment protect all parts (titanium or titanium alloy), etc.,
of Titanium and Titanium Alloys, will which comprise the furnace load to prevent reac-
be the control document for heat tion with the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
treatment of titanium and titanium and oxygen.
5-6 Change 4
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T.O. 1-1A-9
above 1000F under oxidizing conditions results in

CAUTION severe surface scaling as well as diffusion of
oxygen.
Cracked ammonia or hydrogen shall 5-22. HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT. Hydro-
not be used as a protective atmos-
phere for titanium and titanium gen embrittlement is a major problem with tita-
nium and titanium alloys. Hydrogen is readily
alloys in any heat treating operations. absorbed from pickling, cleaning and scale removal
5-17. Air-chamber furnaces are more flexible and solution at room temperature and from the atmos-
economical for large volumes of work and for low phere at elevated temperatures. Hydrogen embrit-
temperature heat treatments; but at high tempera- tlement in the basically pure and alpha alloys is
tures where surface oxidation (above 1000F) is evident by a reduction in ductility and a slight
significant, a muffle furnace utilizing external increase in strength. This is associated with a
heating gives more protection, especially if gas decrease in impact strength at temperatures below
heated. For general use, electric furnaces are pre- 200F and a shift in the temperature range where
ferred since heating can be accomplished inter- the change from ductile to brittle occurs. With
nally or externally with a minimum of contamina- alpha-beta alloys, embrittlement is found at slow
tion. Furnaces which have given satisiactory speeds of testing and under constant or "sus-
results are vacuum furnaces capable of supplying tained" loads as demonstrated by tests on notched
pressures of one micron or less; and inert gas fur- specimens. This type of embrittlement, which is
naces which control the atmosphere to 1% or less
similar to the embrittlement of steel, only becomes
of oxygen and nitrogen combined. evident above a certain strength level. Solution
heat treating and aging the alpha-beta alloys to
NOTE
high strength levels increases sensitivity to hydro-
gen embrittlement.
Avoid direct f lame impengement to
prevent severe localized oxidation and 5-23. Quenching from solution heat treating for
contamination. Also avoid contact temperature wrought titanium alloys, except for
with scale or dirt. alloy 3AL-13V-11Cr less than 2 inches thick,
which maybe air cooled, shall be by total immer-
5-18. Alternately direct resistance heating may sion in water. The water shall be of sufficient
be used where extremely short heat up cycle on volume or circulation or both so that the water
nearly finished parts is required to minimize sur- temperature upon completion of the quenching
face oxidation. operation will not be more than 100F. The
5-19. The commercially pure, or unalloyed tita- quenching baths shall be located and arranged to
nium, can only be hardened/strengthened by cold permit rapid transfer of the load from the furnace
work. Stress relief and annealing are the only to the bath. Maximum quench delay for immer-
heat treatments applicable to these alloys. These sion-type quenching shall be 4 seconds for wrought
processes of heat treatment are employed to
alloys up to 0.091 nominal thickness and 7 seconds
for 0.091 and over. Quench delay time begins
remove residual stress resulting from grinding,
work hardening, welding, etc. For recommended when furnace doors begin to open and ends when
temperatures and times see Table 5-3. the last corner of the load is immersed. With
extremely large loads or long lengths quench delay
5-20. The soaking period for heat treatment of may be exceeded if performance test indicates that
titanium alloys shall be the minimum necesaary to all parts comply with specification requirements.
develop the required mechanical properties. The
minimum soaking period (when unknown) shall be 5-24. AGING AND STRESS RELIEVING. For
determined by teat samples run prior to heat aging, the material shall be held within tempera-
treating the finiahed material or part. Excessive ture range for sufficient time, depending on sec-
heat treat soaking periods ahall be avoided to pre- tion size, for the necessary aging to take place and
vent diffusion of oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen. to insure that specified properties are developed.
Oxygen and nitrogen diffusion will take the form Wrought alloys should be fully quenched by air
of a hard brittle surface layer which is difficult to cooling from the aging temperature. The same
distinguish from the base metal. The brittle layer applies for stress relieving except the time at tem-
must be removed by mechanical or chemical perature will depend on section size plus amount
means prior to forming or application in stressed
of cold work hardening present in the material.
components. For the recommended soaking peri- The material is also quenched by air cooling from
ods and temperatures see Table 5-3. the stress relieving temperature.
5-21. Scaling (oxidation) of titanium and tita-
nium alloys starts at about 900F. Light scaling NOTE
which forms from exposure to temperatures up to All heat treating operations shall be
1000F has little or no detrimental effect on performed uniformly on the whole
mechanical properties. Heating to temperatures part, etc., never on a portion thereof.
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T.O. 1-1A-9
5-25. FABRICATION. hinge-type dies are used. When cold forming is

employed, it is usually desirable to partially form
5-26. FORMING SHEET METAL-GENERAL. the parts, stress-relieve at 1000F for 20 minutes,
The forming of the unalloyed titantum can be then finish form. Hot forming for severely con-
accomplished at room temperature using approxi- toured parts or when only low-forming pressures
mately the same procedures as those extablished are available is accomplished between 600F and
for 18-8 stainless steel. The basic difficulties 800F. For this procedure, the form block is
encountered are sheet thickness, property varia- heated to the required temperature, the blank
tions, direction of grain f low and flatness. The positioned and covered with powdered or shredded
above factors combined with high yield strength,
high tensile strength and low uniform elongation asbestos; then a rubber pad 70 to 80 Durometer
of commercial titanium alloys makes forming diffi- hardness is placed on top. This extra pad of rub-
cult. The current equipment available was ber serves two purposes: First, it provides addi-
designed for material of uniform quality and con- tional rigidity for forming; and second, it protects
siderable work is required for adaptation to form the press-contained rubber from the hot form
titanium. block.
5-27. BENDING. Straight-Edge Bending of tita- 5-31. Tooling for hydropress form blocks, if ele-
nium using power brake on hand forming equip- vated temperature forming is to be used, requires
ment can be accomplished to a limited degree that pressure plates and dies be made somewhat
using the methods developed for stainless steel. thicker than in normal practice. If long runs are
The factors which require control are the compen- anticipated, it is recommended that form blocks be
sation for springback and the bend radii. Spr- made from a good grade of hot-work tool steel due
ingback is comparable to that of hard stainless to the galling action of titanium at elevated
steel when formed at room temperature. The bend temperatures.
radii will depend on the type of material or alloy
and whether forming is accomplished hot or cold. 5-32. STRETCH FORMING. Stretch forming
The forming of material requiring tight bends or has been used on titanium primarily to bend
small radii necessitates the application of heat in angles, hat sections, Z-sections and channels and
the range of 500F. The heat should be applied for
to stretch form skins so that they will fit the con-
only short periods of time to avoid excessive oxy- tour of the airplane fuselage. This type of forming
gen and nitrogen contamination which causes is accomplished by gripping the section to be
embrittlement. For approximate cold bend radii of formed in knurled jaws, loading until plastic defor-
sheet titanium see Table 5-4. Actual practice may
mation begins, then wrapping the part around a
reveal that smaller bend radii can be used.
female die. This operation is performed at room
5-28. DRAW FORMING. Deep draw forming temperature and should be done at a very slow
should not be attempted unless adequate equip- rate. Spring back is equivalent to that of 1/4 hard
ment and facilities are available. This will require 18-8 stainless steel. All blanks for stretch-forming
that facilities be maintained for heating and con- should have the edges polished to remove any
trolling temperatures of the blanks to be formed notch effects. Approximately 0.025 inch of sheared
and the dies used in the forming operation. edges should be removed.
5-29. HYDRAULIC PRESS FORMING. Rubber 5-33. DROP-HAMMER FORMING. Drop-ham-
pad hydropress forming can be accomplished forming of titanium has been very successful
either hot or cold depending on the type tooling mer
and has been accomplished both at room and at
employed and the press pressures used. This type elevated temperatures. Kirksite is satisfactory for
of forming is used on parts that are predominately
male and female dies where only a few parts are
flat and have flanges, beads, and lightening holes.
A male form block is set on the lower press platen
required. If long runs are to be made, ductile iron
and the blank held in place on the block by locat- or laminated steel dies are usually necessary. In
ing pins. A press-contained rubber pad (45 to 55 drop-hammer forming, the best results have been
Shore Durometer hardness and about 8 inches obtained by warning the female die to a tempera-
thick) ture of 200 to 300F to remove the chill and heat-
is located over the form block and blank.
The press is then closed. As the ram is lowered, ing the blank to a temperature of 800 1000F for
the rubber pad envelops the form block forcing the 10 to 15 minutes. The part is then struck and set
sheet metal blank to conform to its contour. in the die. Usually a stress relief operation at
1000F for 20 minutes is necessary, then a re-
5-30. Many parts can be formed at room temper- strike operation. In most instances, a finished
ature on the hydropress if flange clips, wedges and part requiring no hand work is obtained.
5-11
T.O. 1-1A-9
I Table 5-4. Recommended Minimum CCLD Bend Radii
MINIMUM BEND RADIUS (90 DEGREE BEND) 1/

TYPE/COMP 0.070 & under thickness over 0.070 to 0.187
Type I Commercially Pure

Comp A (unalloyed 40,000 psi) 2T 2.5T
Comp B (unalloyed 70,000 psi) 2.5T 3T
Comp C (unalloyed 55,000 psi) 2T 2.5T
Type II Alpha Titanium Alloy
Comp A (5AL02.5Sn) 4T 4.5T
Comp B (5AL-2.5Sn EL1) 4T 4.5T
Comp C (5AL-5Zr-5Sn) 4.5T 5T
Comp D (7AL-12Zr) 5T 5T
Comp E (7AL-2Cb-lTa)
Comp F (8AL- lMo-1V) 4.5T 5T
Type III Alpha-Beta
Comp A (8Mn) 3T 3.5T
Comp B (4AL-3Mo-1V) 3.5T 4T
Comp C (6AL-4V) 4.5T 5T
Comp D (6AL-4V) 4.5T 5T
Comp E (6AL-6V-2Sn)
Comp F (7AL-4Mo)
Type IV Beta
Comp A (13V-i lCr-3AL) 3T 3-5T
1/ T Thickness of material. Example: A piece of 0.040 MIL-T-9046, Type II, Composition A, would
require a bend radii of 4 x 0.040 0.160 bend radii (minimum).
5-34. JOGGLING. Joggling of titanium can be 5-35. BLANKING AND SHEARING. These
accomplished without any particular difficulty pro- operations compare to those of 18-8 stainless steel
vided the following rules are adhered to: in the 1/4 hard condition for commercially pure,
The joggle die corner radius should not be and the alloys compare to 1/2 hard 18-8 stainless
a.
less than 3T-8T. steel. The force required for titanium and its
alloys is greater and the dies wear faster. Materi-
b. Joggle run-out should be the determining als up to 0.125 inch in thickness have been
factors whether joggles are formed hot or cold. sheared on 1/2 inch capacity flat bed shears
Joggles should be formed hot where a ratio of jog- designed for steel. If this capacity is to be
gle run-out to joggle depth is less than 8.1. exceeded, the shear designer should be consulted.
c. Minimum joggle run-outs should be as 5-36. Before any forming or other operations are
follows: performed 0.025 inch of the sheared, blanked,
Hot joggling four times the joggle sawed, or nibbed edges should be removed to pre-
depth. vent stress risers that will cause a tear in the part
during forming operations.
Cold joggling eight times the joggle
depth. 5-37. Deleted.

5-12 Change 2
T.O. 1-1A-9
5-43. Deleted. increased about 65% over that required for high
5-44. Deleted.
strength aluminum rivets. Better results can be
obtained by using the squeeze method rather than
5-45. Deleted. the rivet gun and bucking bar. When it is neces-
5-46. Deleted. sary to have f lush-head rivets, dimpling can be
accomplished at temperatures of 500F to 700F.
5-47. SOLDERING. Limited information is Other types of rivets such as high strength alumi-
available on soldering. It is possible to success- num, stainless steel and monel are also used to
fully solder titanium where little strength is join titanium.
required, by precoating with a thin film of silver, 5-49. Due to difficulties involved, the above men-
copper or tin from their chloride salts. This can be tioned method will probably be replaced in most
accomplished by heating the chloride salts-coated cases with rivets of the high shear series, i.e., pin
titanium in an atmosphere controlled furnace as rivets such as NAS 1806 through NAS1816, tension
previously mentioned in paragraph 5-18. The rivet NAS-2006 through NAS-2010, and shear
resultant film should be made wet with either a rivet NAS-2406 through NAS-2412.
60% tin-40% lead or a 50%-50% tin and lead sol-
der. Since the deposited film may dissolve in the 5-50. As with other metals, it is necessary to
liquid solder and dewet the surface, it is important take precautions to avoid galvanic corrosion when
that the time and temperature be held to a titanium is riveted to other metals. This can be
minimum. accomplished by coating the titanium with zinc
chromate primer Specification MIL-P-8585.
5-48. RIVETING. Riveting of titanium can be
accomplished using conventional equipment with
rivets manufactured from commercially pure mate-
rial; however, the rivet holes require close toler-
ances to insure good gripping. The driving time is
I Table 5-5 deleted.

T.O. 1-IA-9
5-51. MACHINING AND GRINDING. if there is any lost motion in the feed mechanism
of the table, the piece being cut will be pulled into
5-52. MACHINING. Commercially pure, unal- the cutter. This may damage the cutter or the
loyed titanium machines similarly to 18-8 stainless work piece.
steel, but the alloy grades are somewhat harder.
Variations in actual practice will depend on the 5-59. For effective milling, the work feed should
type of work, equipment, and finish, so the follow- move same direction as the cutting teeth,
in the
ing information is only intended as a guide. and for face milling the teeth should emerge from
the cut in the same direction that the work is fed.
5-53. The basic requirements are: rigid machine
setups, use of a good cutting fluid that emphasizes 5-60. To select the appropriate tool material it is
cooling rather than lubrication, sharp and proper advisable to try both cast alloy and carbide tools to
tools, slow speeds and heavy feeds. Since titanium determine the better of the two for large milling
has a tendency to gall and seize on other metals, jobs. This should be done since the cutter usually
the use of sharp tools is very important. Sliding fails because of chipping, and the results are not
contact, and riding of the tool on the work must be as satisfactory with carbide as they are with cast-
avoided. alloy tools. The increase in cutting speeds (20 to
30%) possible by using carbide rather than cast
5-54. TURNING. Commercially pure and alloy (all alloy tools) does not always compensate for the
titanium is not difficult to turn. Carbide tools additional tool grinding cost.
such as metal carbides C91 and Carboloy 44A and
other similar types give the best results for turn- 5-61. The same water-base cutting fluids used
ing titanium. Cobalt-type high speed steels give for turning are recommended for milling; however,
the best results of the many types available. Cast carbide tools may give better results when dry.
alloy tools such as Stellite, Lantung, Rexalloy, etc.,
may be used when carbide is not available, or 5-62. See Table 5-8 for recommended speed and
when the high speed steels, are not satisfactory. feeds. For tool grinding information see Table 5-9.
5-55. The recommended cutting fluids are 5-63. DRILLING. Drilling of titanium can be
waterbase cutting fluids such as soluble oils or
accomplished successfully with ordinary high
chemical type fluids. speed steel drills. Low speeds and heavy positive
feeds are required. The unsupported portion of
5-56. Tables 5-6 and 5-7 show suggested turning the drill should be as short as possible to provide
speeds, tool angles and feeds. All work should be maximum rigidity and to prevent drill running.
accomplished with live centers since galling or All holes should be drilled without pilot holes if
seizing will occur on dead centers. Tool sharpness possible. As with other materials, chip removal is
is again emphasized because a nick or a seized one of the principal problems and the appearance
chip on a tool increases temperature and will of the chip is an indication of the sharpness and
cause rapid tool failures. correct grinding of the drill. In drilling deep holes,
intermittent drilling is recommended. That is, the
5-57. MILLING. Considering the type of tool drill is removed from the hole at intervals to
which is required in milling operations, it can be remove the chips.
readily seen that this type of machining is more
difficult than turning. The difficulty encountered 5-64. The cutting fluids recommended are sulfu-
is that chips remain tightly welded to the cutter's rized and chlorinated coolants for drills with diam-
edge at the end of cut or during the portion of the eters of less than 1/4 inch and mixtures of mineral
revolution that it does not cut. As the cutter oil or soluble oil with water for hole sizes larger
starts the next machining portion the chips are than 1/4 inch diameter.
knocked off. This damages the cutting edge and
the tool fails rapidly. 5-65. The cutting speed should be 50 to 60 FPM
for the pure grade of titanium and 30 to 50 FPM
5-58. One method that can be utilized to relieve for alloy grades. Feeds should be 0.005 to 0.009
this difficulty to a great extent is climb milling. inch for 1/4 to 1/2 inch diameter drills; 0.002 to
The cutter machines the thinnest portion of the 0.005 inch for smaller drills. Point angle, 90 for
chip as it leaves the cut. Thus, the area of contact drills 1/4 inch diameter and larger and 140 for
between chip and tool is at a minimum when the drills 1/8 inch diameter or less; but 90, 118 and
chip is removed at the start of the next cutting 140 should be tried on large jobs to determine the
portion of the revolution. This will reduce the angle that will give the best result. Helix angle
danger of chipping the tool. The machine used for 28 to 35 and lip relief 10. Additional information
climb milling should be in good condition because on drills may be obtained from NAS907.
5-17
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 5-6. Turning Speeds for Titanium Alloys
TYPE MILITARY CUTTING SPEED FEED, in/rev TOOL

MIL-T-9047C FPM MATERIAL
Unalloyed Class 1 250-300 0.010-0.020 Carbide

70,000 PSI 150-170 0.004-0.007 Hi-Speed Steel
170-200 0.005-0.010 Cast Allloy
5A1, 2.5 Sn Classes 2, 3, 4, 120-160 0.008-0.015 Carbide
3A1, 5Cr 5, and 6 30-60 0.004-0.007 Bi-Speed Steel
2Fe, Cr 2 Mo 50-80 0.005-0.010 Cast Alloy
6A1, 4V
4A1, 4Mn
5A1, 1.5 Fe Class 7 110-150 0.005-0.012 Carbide
1.5 Cr, 1.5 Mo 20-40 0.003-0.006 Hi-Speed Steel
40-70 0.004-0.008 Cast Alloy
NOTE: For cutting forging skin speed 1/4 of that above and feeds about 1/2.
Table 5-7. Tool Angles for Alloys
TOOL ANGLES CARBIDE HIGH SPEED STEEL CAST ALLOY
Back Rake 0 5 Pos 5 Pos

Side Rake 6 5 15 5 15
SideCutting 6 50 15 5 15
Edge Angle
End Cutting 6 5 5
Edge Angle
Relief 6 5 5
Nose Radius 0.040 inch 0.010 inch 0.005 inch to
0.010 inch
Table 5-8. Speeds and Feeds for Milling
MILLING SPEED FEED, IPT TOOL

TYPE MILITARY FPM -IN INCHES MATERIAL
Unalloyed MIL-T-9047C 160-180 0.004-0.008 Carbide

70,000 PSI Class 120-140 0.004-0.008 Cast Alloy
5A1, 2.5Sn Class 2, 3, 4, 80-120 0.004-0.008 Carbide
3A1, 5CR 5, 6 80-100 0.004-0.008 Cast Alloy
2Fe, 2Cr, 2Mo,
6A1, 4V
4A1, 4Mn
5A1, 1.5Fe, 1.5Cr Class 7 70-110 0.004-0.008 Carbide
1.5Mo 70-90 0.004 0.008 Cast Alloy
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 5-9. Angles for Tool Grinding c. Cutting fluid; Active cutting oil such as oil,
cutting, sulfurized mineral, Specification VV-O-
283, Grade I.
CAST ALLOY CARBIDE
ANGLES TOOL TOOL 5-69. REAMING. Preparation of the hole to be
reamed and the type of reamer used is the key-
Axial Rake 00 00 note to successful reaming operations. As with
0 0
tapping operations, the hole to be reamed should
Radial Rake be drilled with a sharp drill. A straight-fluted
Corner Angle 30 60 reamer can be used, but spiral-fluted reamers
with carbide tips usually produce the best results.
End Cutting 6 6 Speeds of 40-200 FPM and feeds of 0.005 to 0.008
Edge Angle inch are satisfactory; however, these factors
Relief 12 6-10 depend on the size of the hole. Feeds should
increase in proportion to the size of the hole. The
5-66. TAPPING. Due to the galling and seizing removal of larger amounts lessens the degree of
that are characteristic of titanium, tapping is one concentricity. If the degree of concentricity is an
of the more difficult machining operations. Chip important factor, smaller amounts should be
removal is one of the problems that will require removed.
considerable attention in an effort to tap titanium. 5-70. GRINDING. The essential requirements
Another problem will be the smear of titanium. for grinding are the selection and use of grinding
Build up from smear will cause the tap to freeze or fluids and abrasive wheels. Grinding of titanium
bind in the hole. These problems can be alleviated is different from grinding steel in that the abra-
to some extent by the use of an active cutting fluid sive grain of the wheel wears or is dissolved by a
such as sulphurized and chlorinated oil. surface reaction, rather than wheel wear which is
5-67. Power equipment should be used when pos- caused by breakage. To overcome this problem,
sible and a hole to be tapped should be drilled lower wheel speeds and the use of aluminum oxide
with a sharp drill to prevent excessive hardening or soft bonded silicone carbide wheels employing
of the hole wall. In the attempt to tap titanium, wet grinding methods are recommended. Recom-
difficulties involved can be minimized by reducing mended wheel speeds are; 1500-2000 SFPM and
the thread to 55 or 65% from the standard 78%.
table feeds of 400 to 500 inches per minute with
down feed of 0.001 inch maximum per pass and
5-68. The following are procedures and material using 0.05 inch cross feed for highest grinding
recommended for tapping titanium: ratios.
a. Cutting speed: 40 to 50 FPM for unalloyed
and 20 to 30 FPM for the alloy grades,
b. Type of Tap: Gun or spiral point, 2 fluted
in sizes 1/4-20 or less; 3 fluted in sizes greater
than 1/4-20.
5-19/(5-20 blank)
T.O. 1-1A-9
SECTION VI
COPPER AND COPPER BASE ALLOYS
6-1. COPPER AND COPPER BASE ALLOYS. and has an electrical conductivity of 20%. Berryl-
6-2. Most of the commercial coppers are refined
lium-coppers are widely used for tools where non-
minimum copper plus silver.
sparking qualities are desired.
to a purity of 99.90%,
The two principal copper base alloys are brass and MANGANESE Added primarily as a desulfuriz-
bronze, containing zinc and tin respectively, as the ing and de-gassifying element for alloys containing
major alloying element. Alloy designations for nickel.
wrought copper and copper alloys are listed in
table 6-1, with the corresponding specification and 6-4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. The chemi-
common trade names.
cal composition of the copper alloys (listed by com-
mercial trade name) is listed in table 6-1.
6-3. COPPER ALLOYING ELEMENTS.
6-5. HEAT TREATMENT AND NOT WORKING
ZINC Added copper to form a series of alloys
to TEMPERATURE OF COPPER ALLOYS.
known as brasses. They are ductile, malleable,
corrosion resistant and have colors ranging from NOTE
pink to yellow. Additional Heat Treatment informa-
TIN Added to copper to form a series of alloys tion is discussed in Section IX.
known as bronzes. Bronzes are a quality spring
material, and are strong, ductile and corrosion 6-6. During production and fabrication, copper
resistant. alloys may be heated for homogenizing, hot work-
ing, stress relief for solution treatment, and pre-
LEAD Added to copper in amounts up to 1% to cipitation hardening. The temperatures commonly
form a machinable, high-conductivity copper rod. used for heating, hot working and annealing after
It is added to brasses or bronzes in amounts of 0.5 cold working are given in table 6-2.
to 4% to improve machinability and in the range of
2 -4% to improve bearing properties. 6-7. STRESS RELIEF OF COPPER ALLOYS.
ALUMINUM Added to copper as a predominat- 6-8. Table 6-3 below gives a list of typical stress
ing alloy element to form a series known as alumi- relief treatments commonly used in industry. This
num bronzes. These alloys are of high strength table is listed in terms of chemical composition
and corrosion resistance. percents, and should be used as representing aver-
IRON Added to copper along with aluminum in age stress relieving temperatures.
some aluminum bronzes and with manganese in 6-9. MACHINING COPPER AND COPPER
some manganese bronzes. ALLOYS. Free cutting brass is one of the most
PHOSPHOROUS Added to copper principally as
easily machined metals and serves as a standard
a deoxidizer and in some bronzes to improve
for machinability ratings of copper alloys. The fol-
spring properties. lowing table gives the machinability ratings and
recommended speeds and feeds for use with high
NICKEL Added to copper for higher strength speed steel tools.
without loss of ductility. They have excellent cor-
rosion resistance. 6-10. WROUGHT-COPPER-BERYLLIUM
SILICON Added to copper to form the copper ALLOYS. The beryllium copper alloys are fre-
silicon series having high corrosion resistance com- quently used due to their ability to respond to pre-
bined with strength and superior welding quali- cipitation or age hardening treatments and other
ties. Small amounts are used as deoxidizers.
beneficial characteristics. Some of the characteris-
tics are; good electrical and thermal conductivity,
BERYLLIUM Added to copper to form a series of high strength hardness, corrosion resistance, good
age hardenable alloys. In the fully treated condi- wear resistance, non-magnetic qualities and very
tion, it is the strongest of the copper base alloys good fatigue strength.
6-1
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 6-1. Chemical Composition by Trade Name
COPPER SPECIFICATION
ALLOY
NO. FEDERAL MILITARY TRADE NAME
101 QQ-A-673, type II MIL-W-85C Oxygen free certified copper.

QQ-C-502
QQ-C-576
QQ-W-343
WW-P-377
102 QQ-A-673
Type II MIL-W-85C Oxygen free copper.
QQ-C-502 MIL-W-6712A
QQ-C-825
QQ-C-576
QQ-R-571, Class
FS-RCu-1
QQ-W-343
WW-T-799
104 QQ-C-502 Oxygen free with silver.
QQ-C-825
105 QQ-C-502 Oxygen free with silver.
QQ-C-825
110 QQ-A-673, Type I MIL-W-3318 Electrolyte Tough pitch
QQ-C-502 MIL-W-6712 copper.
QQ-C-825
QQ-C-576
128 QQ-C-502 Fire refined tough pitch
QQ-C-576 with silver.
QQ-C-576 with silver.
170 QQ-C-530 Beryllium Copper
172 QQ-C-533
210 QQ-W-321, Gilding, 95%
comp
220 QQ-W-321, MIL-W-85C Commercial bronze, 90%
comp 2 MIL-W-6712
230 QQ-B-613,
comp 4 Red Brass, 85%
QQ-B-626,
comp 4
QQ-W-321
comp 3
WW-P-351
Grade A
WW-T-791
Grade 1
6-2
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 6-1. Chemical Composition by Trade Name Continued
ALLOY
240 QQ-B-591 Low Brass, 80%

QQ-B-613
.comp 3
QQ-B-626
comp 3
QQ-B-650
comp D
QQ-W-321 JAN-W-472
comp 4
260 QQ-B-613 *MIL-S-22499 Cartridge brass, 70%
comp 2 and 11
QQ-B-626 MIL-T-6945
comp 2 and 11 comp II
QQ-B-650 MIL-T-20219
comp C
QQ-W-321
comp 6
*Laminated Shim
Stock
261 Same as 260
262 QQ-B-613
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
268 QQ-B-613 Yellow brass, 66% (Sheet)
comp and I1
QQ-B-626
comp and I1
270 QQ-B-613 Yellow brass, 65% (rod and wire)
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
QQ-W-321
comp 7
274 QQ-B-613 Yellow brass 63%
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
QQ-W-321
comp 8
6-3
T.O. 1-1A-9
ALLOY
280 QQ-B-613 Muntz metal, 60%

comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
WW-P-351
Grade C
WW-T-791
Grade 3
298 QQ-B-650 Brazing Alloy
comp A
330 QQ-B-613 Low leaded brass
comp 11 MIL-T-6945
QQ-B-626 comp III
Comp 11
WW-P-351
Grade B
WW-T-791
Grade 2
331 QQ-B-613
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
110 QQ-R-571, Class
FS-RW-1
QQ-W-343
WW-P-377
111 QQ-C-502 Electrolytic Touch pitch
QQ-C-825 anneal resist copper
QQ-C-576
QQ-W-343
114 QQ-C-502 Tough pitch with silver
QQ-C-825
QQ-C-576
116 QQ-C-502 Tough pitch with silver
QQ-C-825
QQ-C-576
120 QQ-C-502 MIL-W-85C Phosphorous deoxidized low
QQ-C-576 residual phosphorus copper
WW-P-377
WW-T-797
WW-T-799
6-4
T.O. 1-IA-9
ALLOY
121 QQ-C-502
QQ-C-576
122 QQ-A-674, Type Phosphorus deoxidized high
III residual phosphorus copper
QQ-C-502
122 QQ-C-576
WW-P-377
WW-T-797
123 QQ-C-502
QQ-C-576
QQ-C-576 copper
QQ-C-576 with silver
332 QQ-B-613 High leaded brass
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
340 QQ-B-613 comp 11 Medium leaded brass 641/2%
QQ-B-626
comp 11
335 QQ-B-613 Low leaded brass
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
342 QQ-B-613 High leaded brass 641/2%
comp 11 and 24
QQ-B-626
comp 11 and 24
344 QQ-B-613
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
347 QQ-B-613
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
348 QQ-B-613
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
6-5
T.O. 1-IA-9
ALLOY
350 QQ-B-613 Medium leaded brass 62%

comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
353 QQ-B-613 Extra High leaded brass
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
356 QQ-B-613 Extra High leaded brass
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11 and 22
370 QQ-B-613 Free cutting muntz metal
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11
360 QQ-B-613 Free cutting brass
comp 11
QQ-B-626
comp 11 and 22
377 QQ-B-626 Forging brass
comp 21
443 WW-T-756 Admiralty, Arsenical
444 WW-T-756 Admiralty, Antimonial
445 WW-T-756 Admiralty, Phosphorized
462 QQ-B-626 Naval Brass, 631/2%
comp 11
QQ-B-637
comp 4
464 QQ-B-613 Naval Brass
comp 11 MIL-W-6712
QQ-B-626
comp 11 MIL-T-6945
QQ-B-637 comp 1
comp
465 QQ-B-613 MIL-W-6712 Naval brass, arsenical
comp 11
QQ-B-626 MIL-T-6945
comp 11
QQ-B-637 comp 1
comp
6-6
T.O. 1-1A-9
ALLOY
466 QQ-B-613 comp 11 MIL-W-6712 Naval Brass, antimonial

QQ-B-626
comp 11 MIL-T-6945
QQ-B-637
comp comp 1
467 QQ-B-613 MIL-W-6712 Naval Brass, phosphorized
comp 11 MIL-T-6945
QQ-B-626
comp 11
QQ-B-637
comp
470 QQ-R-571 Naval brass, welding and
Class FS-RWZn-1 brazing rod
472 QQ-B 650 Brazing Alloy
comp B
482 QQ-B-626 MIL-W-6712 Naval Brass, medium leaded
comp 11 MIL-T-6945
QQ-B-637 comp 1
comp 2
485 QQ-B-626 MIL-W-6712 Naval Brass, High leaded
comp MIL-T-6945
QQ-B-637 comp 1
comp 3
510 QQ-B-750 Phosphor Bronze A
comp A
QQ-W-401
QQ-R-571,
class FS-RCuSm
-2
518 QQ-R-571 Phosphor bronze
Class FS-RCu
Sm-2
521 QQ-R-571 Phosphor Bronze C
Class FS-Rcu
Sm-2
524 QQ-B-750 Phosphor Bronze D
Comp D
544 QQ-B-750 MIL-B-13501 Phosphor Bronze B-2
606 QQ-C-450
comp 3
612 QQ-C-450
comp 4
T.O. 1-IA-9
ALLOY
614 QQ-C-450
comp 5 Aluminum Bronze D
618 MIL-W-6712
MIL-R-18818
MIL-RUA1-2
622 MIL-R-18818 class
MIL-RCA-B
651 QQ-C-591 Low silicon bronze B
comp B
655 QQ-C-591
comp A MIL-T-8231 High Silicon Bronze A
656 QQ-R-571
Class FS-RCuS MIL-E13191 class
MIL-EcuSi-A
658 MIL-E-13191 class
MIL-ECuSi-A
661 QQ-C-591
comp D
670 QQ-B-728 Manganese Bronze B
Class B
675 QQ-B-728 Manganese Bronze A
Class A
680 QQ-R-571 Bronze Low Fuming (Nickel)
Class FS-RCu-Zn-3
681 QQ-R-571 class Bronze, Low Fuming
FS-RCuZn-2
692 QQ-C-591 Silicon Brass
Comp E
715 QQ-R-571 Class Copper Nickel 30%
FS-RCuNi
735 QQ-C-585
comp 6
745 QQ-C-585 Nickel Silver 65-10
comp 5
QQ-C-586
comp 5
QQ-W-340
comp 5
6-8
T.O. 1-IA-9
ALLOY

comp
QQ-C-586
comp
QQ-W-340
comp 1
764 QQ-C-586
comp 3
QQ-W-340
comp 3
766 QQ-C-585
comp 7
comp 2
QQ-C-586
comp 2
QQ-W-340
comp 2
794 QQ-C-586
comp 4
QQ-W-340
comp 4
Table 6-2. Hot Working and Annealing Temperatures for Copper and Wrought Copper Alloys
COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL HOT WORKING ANNEALING TEMP

DESIGNATION COMPOSITION TEMP OF OF
Copper, commercially 99,93 Cu 1300 to 1650 700 to 1200

pure
Gilding Metal 95 Cu, 5 Zn 1300 to 1650 800 to 1450
Commercial Bronze 90 Cu, 10 Zn 1400 to 1600 800 to 1450
Red Brass 85 Cu, 15 Zn 1450 to 1650 800 to 1350
Low Brass 80 Cu, 20 Zn 1450 to 1650 800 to 1300
Cartridge Brass 70 Cu, 30 Zn 1350 to 1550 800 to 1300
Yellow Brass 65 Cu, 35 Zn (a) 800 to 1300
Muntz Metal 60 Cu, 40 Zn 1150 to 1450 800 to 1100
Leaded Commercial 89 Cu, 9.25 Zn, (a) 800 to 1200
Bronze 1.75 Pb
Low Leaded Brass 64.5 Cu, 35 Zn, (a) 800 to 1300
0.5Pb
Medium Leaded Brass 64.5 Cu, 34.5 Zn, (a) 800 to 1200
1 Pb
6-9
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 6-Z. Hot Working and Annealing Temperatures for Copper and Wrought Copper Alloys Continued
COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL HOT WORKING ANNEALING TEMP

DESIGNATION COMPOSITION TEMP OF OF
High Leaded Brass 62.5 Cu, 35.75 Zn, (a) 800 to 1100
1.75 Pb
Extra High Leaded 62.5 Cu, 35 Zn, (a) 800 to 1100
Brass 2.5 Pb
Free Cutting Brass 61. 5 Cu, 35.5 Zn, 1300 to 1450 800 to 1100
3 Pb
Leaded Muntz Metal 60 Cu, 39.5 Zn, 1150 to 1450 800 to 1100
5 Pb
Free Cutting Muntz 60.5 Cu, 38.4 Zn, 1150 to 1450 800 to 1100
Metal 1.1 Pb
Forging Brass 60 Cu, 38 Zn, 1200 to 1500 800 to 1100
2 Pb
Architectural Bronze 57 Cu, 40 Zn, 1200 to 1400 800 to 1100
3 Pb
Admiralty 71 Cu, 28 Zn, 1200 to 1500 800 to 1100
1 Sn
Naval Brass 60 Cu, 39.25 Zn, 1200 to 1400 800 to 1100
0.75 Sn
Leaded Naval Brass 60 Cu, 37.5 Zn, 1200 to 1450 800 to 1100
1.75 Sn
Manganese Bronze 58.5 Cu, 39.2 Zn
1 Sn, 3Mn, iFe 1250 to 1450 800 to 1100
Aluminum Brass 76.Cu, 22Zn, Z al 1450 to 1550 800 to 1100
Phosphor Bronze "A" 95 Cu, 5 Sn (a) 900 to 1250
Phosphor Bronze "C" 92 Cu, 8 Sn (a) 900 to 1250
Phosphor Bronze "D" 90 Cu, 10 Sn (a) 900 to 1250
Phosphor Bronze "E" 98- 75 Cu, 1.25 Sn 1450 to 1600 900 to 1200
Cupro-Nickel 30% 70 Cu, 30 Ni 1700 to 2000 1200 to 1600
Nickel Silver 18% (A) 65 Cu, 17 Zn, 18 Ni (a) 1100 to 1500
Nickel Silver 18% (B) 55 Cu, 27 Zn, 18 Ni (a) 1100 to 1400
High-Silicon Bronze (A) 94.8 Cu, 3 Si, 1.5 1300 to 1650 900 to 1300
Mn, 0.7 Zn
Low Silicon Bronze (b) 96. Cu, 2 Si, 1.5 1300 to 1650 900 to 1250
Zn, 0.5 Mn
(a) These alloys are usually hot extruded after casting, further hot work ing is uncommon.
6-11. Typical Engineering properties of alloys 6-12. HEAT TREATING PROCEDURES AND EQUIP-
170, Specification QQ-C-530 and 172, Specification MENT REQUIREMENTS.
QQ-C-533 are cited in Table 6-5.
6-10
T.O. 1-1A-9
NOTE forming operations and then precipitation heat

SAE-AMS-H-7199, Heat Treatment of treating. An exception is when the material has
Wrought Copper-Beryllium Alloys, been rendered unsuitable for precipitation or age
Process for (Copper Alloy numbers hardening as result of welding, brazing or other
170, 172 and 175), will be the control fabrication operations or when, cold working
document for heat treatment of requirements demand intermediate softening
wrought copper-beryllium alloy, num- (annealing) treatment.
bers 170, 172 and 175. For complete
description of heat treat requirements 6-16. The solution heat treatment temperatures
for these alloys, refer to the latest for alloys 170 and 172 shall be 1425 to 1460F.
issue of SAE-AMS-H-7199. The time the material is held at the temperature
will determine the potential properties of the
6-13. Furnaces for solution heat treating of cop- material. Insufficient time will make it impossible
per-beryllium items/parts may be heated by elec- to achieve maximum strength after precipitation
tricity, gas or oil, with either controlled gas atmos- hardening, while excessive time may cause grain
phere or air (static or forced), used in the chamber, growth with attendant harmful possibilities. Once
continuous or induction types. Molten salt baths the parts are brought up to temperature it is rec-
shall not be used because of corrosive attack of ommended that material be held at temperature
beryllium alloys by the molten salts at solution for 1 hour per inch of thickness. For parts less
heat treatment temperatures. Air atmosphere fur- than 1/2 inch in thickness, 1/6-1/2 hour may be
naces shall not be used when the loss of material sufficient. Test sample should be used to deter-
due to excessive scaling is detrimental to the fin- mine specific time or if laboratory facilities are
ished part. available an examination of microstructure will
6-14. The furnace alloy shall be capable of main- confirm the adequacy of the time selected. The
taining a temperature in working zone with a nor- part/material should be rapidly (10 seconds or
mal load, of +/- 20F for solution heat treatment, or under) quenched in water from the annealing tem-
+/- 5F for aging, or precipitation heat treatment. perature. An agitated quench should be used.
In addition, the temperature in working zone shall Some oxidation will occur as a result of the
not vary above the maximum below the mini- annealing temperatures and it should be removed
or
specified for the alloy being treated, during by pickling or other suitable cleaning process.
mum
the holding portion of the treatment cycles (See
Table 6-6). 6-17. PRECIPITATION OR AGE HARDENING.
Appreciable changes can be produced in both
6-15. SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT COP- mechanical and physical by this treatment. The
PER-BERYLLIUM. Normally solution heat treat- actual changes can be controlled by the time and
ment is not required because the material is fur- temperature of hardening. Table 6-6 gives times
nished in a condition suitable for accomplishing and temperatures for obtaining various tempers.
Table 6-3. Typical Stress-Relief Treatments for Certain Copper Alloys
ALLOY COMPOSITION TEMP OF TIME, HOURS
Copper, commercially pure 300 1/2

90 Cu lO Zn 400 1
80 Cu 20 ZN 500 1
70 Cu 30 ZN 500 1
63 CU 37 ZN 475 1
60 CU 40 ZN 375 1/2
70 Cu 29 ZN 1 SN 575 1
85 Cu 15 Ni 475 1
70Cu-30Ni 475 1
64 Cu 18 ZN 18 Ni 475 1
95 Cu 5 Sn 375 1
90 Cu lO Sn 375 1
Change 4 6-11
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 6-4. Standard Machinability Rating of Copper Alloys
ALLOY MACHINA- SURFACE ROUGHING FINISHING

DESIGNATION BILITY SPEED FEED, INCH FEED, INCH
RATING FEET PER
MINUTE
Leaded Copper 80 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015

Leaded Commercial 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Bronze 80 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Low Leaded Brass 60 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Medium Leaded Brass 70 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
High Leaded Brass 90 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Free Cutting Brass* 100 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Forging Brass 80 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Leaded Naval Brass 70 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Architectural Bronze 90 300 to 700 0.006 to 0.020 0.003 to 0.015
Red Brass, 85% 30 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Low Brass, 80% 30 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Muntz Metal 40 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Naval Brass 30 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Manganese Bronze (A) 30 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Leaded Nickel Silver,
12% 50 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Leaded Nickel Silver
18% 50 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
High Silicon Bronze (A) 30 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Leaded Silicon Bronze
(d) 60 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Aluminum Silicon Bronze 60 150 to 300 0.015 to 0.035 0.005 to 0.015
Electrolytic Tough
pitch copper 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Commercial Bronze 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Phosphor Bronze 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Nickel Silver 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Cupro-Nickel 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Aluminum Bronze 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Beryllium Copper 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Chromium Copper 20 75 to 150 0.015 to 0.040 0.005 to 0.020
Table based on mach ining characteristic s in comparison to this alloy.
6-12
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 6-5. Typical Engineering Properties
TENSILE YIELD % ELONG- FATIGUE ROCKWELL ELEC-

STRENGTH STRENGTH ATION (1) HARDNESS TRICAL
KSI 0.2% IN 2 STRENGTH CONDUC-
OFFSET INCHES KSI TIVITY
% OF 1 ACS
A- Annealed 60-78 28-36,000 35-60 30-35 B45- 78 17-19

1/4 Hard 75-88 60-80,000 10-35 31-36 B68-90 16-18
1/2 Hard 85-100 55-70,000 5-25 32-38 B88-96 15-17
Hard 100-120 90-112,000 2-8 35-39 B96-102 15-17
AT 165-190 100-125,000 4-10 34-38 C36-MIN 22-25
1/4 HT 175-200 110-135,000 3-6 35-39 C38-MIN 22-25
1/2 HT 785-210 160-195,000 2-5 39-43 C39-MIN 22-25
HT 190-215 165-205,000 1-4 41-46 C40-MIN 22-25
(1) Based on 100,000,000 load cycles.
Table 6-6. Age Hardening Time-Temperature Conditions and Material Temper Designations
MATERIAL TEMPER DESIGNATION AGE HARDENING TEMPER DESIGNATION

FORM BEFORE AGE TIME TEMP AFTER AGE HARDENING
HARDENING HRS. (F)
Plate, Sheet A 3 600 +/- 5 AT

1/4 H 2-1/2 600 +/- 5 1/4 HT
or Strip 1/2 H 2 600 +/- 5 1/2 HT
H 2 600+/-5 HT
Forgings Rod A 3 600 +/- 5 AT

and Bar 3/4 H 2 600 +/- 5 HT
Inch or Less H 3 600 +/- 5 HT
Over 3/4 Inch
Wire A 3 600 +/- 5 AT

1/4 H 2 600 +/- 5 1/4 HT
1/2 H 1-1/2 600 +/- 5 1/2 HT
3/4 H 1 600 +/- 5 3/4 HT
NOTE: For additional data see Specification SAE-AMS-H-7199. I

T.O. 1-1A-9
SECTION VII
TOOL STEELS
7-1. GENERAL. actsas an intensifier. It improves the deep hard-
7-2. Tool steels are essential to the fabrication of

ening and elevated temperature properties of steel.
aircraft parts. It is therefore necessary to provide f. NICKEL Nickel makes the steel more
guidance in the handling of these important ductile. It is used in only a few applications and
metals. only in small amounts.
7-3. Tool steels produced and used in a vari-
are g. SILICON This element is present in all
ety of forms. The more common forms are bars, steels. In amounts of 1/4 to 1% it acts as a deoxi-
(round, square, hexagonal, or octaganal), drill rods, dizes. Silicon is added to shock resisting and hot
(round, square, or rectangular), flats, and forged work steels to improve their impact characteristics
shapes. and hardenability. It has a graphitizing influence
and usually requires the addition of carbide stabi-
7-4. ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN TOOL lizing elements such as molybdenum and
STEELS. (See Table 7-2, chemical composition chromium.
table.)
h. TUNGSTEN One of the most important
a. CARBON Carbon is the most important features of tungsten steels is their high red hard-
single element in tool steel. Changing the carbon
ness. Tungsten steels are fine grained and high
content a specific amount will change the physical strength, which means they hold good cutting
properties a greater degree than the same amount edges. Tungsten content is usually 5 12% in heat
of any other element. Degree of hardness of tool
steel quenched from a suitable temperature is a
resisting tool steels, 4 9% in tungsten molybde-
num high speed steels, and 14 20% in straight
function of carbon content alone. high speed
tungsten steel.
b. CHROMIUM In amounts up to 1.80% the
i. VANADIUM This element forms stable
addition of chromium produced a marked increase carbides and has considerable effect on the
in the hardenability (depth of hardness) of steels. hardenability of steels. Undissolved vanadium
Small amounts of chromium toughens the steel carbides inhibit grain growth and reduce
(greater impact strength), and increases its hardenability. Dissolved carbides increase
strength. Machine ability decreases as chromium hardenability. Vanadium is also used as a deoxi-
increases. The addition of 5 to 15% chromium dizer. It is added to plain carbon tool steels to
imparts hardening qualities to the steel. A degree make them fine grained and tough. It is added to
of red hardness and resistance to wear and abra- high speed and hot working steels to resist grain
sion results from the addition of chromium to growth and help maintain their hardness at ele-
steel. vated temperatures.
c. COBALT Cobalt is sometimes used in
7-5. SPECIFICATIONS. The armed services
high speed tools. Addition of 5 to 8% increase the
red hardness of these steels. procure tool steels under three different Federal
Specifications, dependent upon its intended use.
d. MANGANESE This element is present in Table 7-1 lists these specifications, and present
all steels. In amounts of less than 1/2%, it acts as and past classification of the tool steels. Army
a deoxidizer and desulfurizer. In amounts greater Specification 57-108A was superseded by three
than 15% it gives steel air hardening tendencies. Army Ordnance Specifications, QQ-S-778, QQ-S-
In intermediate amounts it is necessary to have 779, and QQ-S-780. which were then superseded
other alloying agents present with manganese by Federal Specification's QQ-T-570, QQ-T-580
because of its tendency to make the steel brittle. and QQ-T-590 respectively.
e. MOLYBDENUM Always used in conjunc-
tion with other alloying elements, molybdenum
7-1
T.O. 1-IA-9
D High carbon-high chromium types

H Hot work tool steels
T High speed tool steels
M Molybdenum Base types
L Special purpose, low alloy types
F Carbon tungsten tool steels
Table 7-1. Tool Steel Specifications
SAE
DESIGNATION FEDERAL SPECIFICATION SUPERSEDED SPECIFICATION
NUMBER CLASS NUMBER CLASSIFICATION
W1-.80 Carbon QQ-T-580 W1-08 57-108A Al

Wl-.90 Carbon QQ-T-580 W1-09 57-108A A2
W1-1.0 Carbon QQ-T-580 W1-10 57-108A A3
W1-1.2 Carbon QQ-T-580 Wl-12 57-108A A4/A5
W2-.9 Carbon V QQ-T-580 W2-09 57-108A Bl
W2-1.0 Carbon V QQ-T-580 W2-10 57-108A B1
W3-1.0 Carbon VV QQ-T-580 W3-10 QQ-S-00779 (Army) FS-W3-10
A2 QQ-T-570 A2 57-108A C
A6 QQ-T-570 A6
D2 QQ-T-570 D2 57-108A C2
D3 QQ-T-570 D3 57-108A C3
D5 QQ-T-570 D5 QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-D5
D7 QQ-T-570 D7
F3 QQ-T-570 F3 57-108A D1
H11 QQ-T-570 H11
H12 QQ-T-570 H12 QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-H12
H13 QQ-T-570 H13
H21 QQ-T-570 H21 QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-H21
T1 QQ-T-590 T1 QQ-S-00780 (Army) FS-T1
T3 QQ-T-590 T3
T6 QQ-T-590 T6 MIL-S-15046 (Ships) T6
M1 QQ-T-590 M1 QQ-S-00780 (Army) FS-M1
M4 QQ-T-590 M4
M10 QQ-T-590 M-10 57-108A Fl
M15 QQ-T-590 M15
M30 QQ-T-590 M30 57-108A F3
01 QQ-T-570 01 57-108A.QQ-T-778 B4
02 QQ-T-570 02 57-108A B3
06 QQ-T-570 06
L6 QQ-T-570 L6
L7 QQ-T-570 L7 QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-L7
T15 QQ-T-590 T15
S1 QQ-T-570 Si QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-S1
S2 QQ-T-570 S2 QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-S2
S5 QQ-T-570 S5 QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-S5
W5 QQ-T-570 W5 QQ-S-00778 (Army) FS-W5
7-2
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T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 7-3. Tool Steel Selection
MATERIAL TO BE CUT TOTAL QUANTITY OF PARTS TO BE MADE

1,000 10,000 100,000
Aluminum, copper and magnesium alloys W l, AIS 14140 W l, 01, A2 01, A2
Carbon and alloy steels, ferritic stainless W l, AIS 14140 W l, 01, A2 01, A2
Stainless steel, austenitic W1, A2 W1, A2, D2 A2, D2
Spring steel, hardened, Rockwell C52max A2 A2, D2 D2
Electrical sheet, transformer grade A2 A2, D2 D2
Paper, gaskets, and similar soft material W1 W1 W l, A2
Plastic sheet, not reinforced 01 01 01, A2
Table 7-3 is listed for use as a guide reference in the selection of tool steel types for specific
applications.
Table 7-4. Tool Steel Hardening and Tempering Temperatures
STEEL HARDENING TEMPERING SIZE CHANGE, IN/IN

TREATMENT TREATMENT
W 1450F, Water 300F 0.0017 0.0025

0 1450F, Oil 300F 0.0014 0.0021
L 1550F, Oil 300F 0.0014 0.0024
F 1600F, Oil 300F 0.0011 0.0021
S 1750F, Oil 500F 0.0010 0.0025
A 1775F, Oil 500F 0.0005 0.0015
D 1875F, Oil 500F 0.0005 0.0005
T 2350F, Oil 1050F 0.0006 0.0014
M 2225F, Oil 1025F 0.0016 0.0024
7-6. CLASS DESIGNATIONS. cutting tools require high hardness, high resis-
tance tothe softening effect of heat, and high
W Water hardening tool steels resistance. Shearing tools require high wear
wear
S Shock resisting tool steels resistance and fair toughness. Forming tools must
possess high wear resistance or high toughness
O Cold work tool steels, oil hardening types and strength. In battering tools, high toughness is
A Cold work tool steels, air hardening types most important.
7-7. APPLICATIONS OF TOOL STEELS. 7-9. SELECTION OF MATERIAL FOR A CUT-
TING TOOL. The selection of material for a cut-
7-8. The majority of tool steel applications can be ting tool depends on several factors: the metal
divided into a small number of groups: cutting, being machined, nature of cutting operation, condi-
shearing, forming, drawing, extrusion, rolling and tion of the machine tool, machining practice, size
battering. Cutting tools include drills, taps, and design of tool, coolant to be used, and cost of
broaches, hobs, lathe tools, etc. Shearing tools tool material. Selection is usually based more on
include shears, blanking and trimming dies, previous experience or applications than on an
punches, etc. Forming tools include draw, forging, engineering or metallurgical analysis.
cold heading and die casting dies. Battering tools
include chisels and all forms of shock tools. Most
7-5
T.O. 1-IA-9
7-10. High speed cutting tools are usually manu- NOTE

factured from the class "T" or class "M" alloys. Additional Heat Treatment informa-
Four classes, Ti, Ml, M2 and M10 make up nearly tion is discussed in Section IX.
90% of the general purpose high speed steels. Cer-
tain special purpose steels in each class, such as 7-17. The thermal treatments listed in table 7-5
T6, T7, T8 and T15 are advantageous for opera- cover the generally used treatments for the forg-
tions like milling cutters and prehardened forging ings, normalizing, and annealing of tool and die
die blocks. steels. The thermal treatments listed in table 7-7
7-11. High speed drills should possess high cover the usual ranges of temperatures for harden-
strength and toughness, notably Ml, M2, M10 and ing and tempering tool and die steels. These
Ti. Classes Ti and Ml are used for tools subject tables are listed for use as a guide only, and test
to shock, while M2 and M10 are generally used samples should be checked prior to use.
where tools require less toughness and more abra-
sion resistance. 7-18. DISTORTION IN TOOL STEELS. Distor-
tion is a general term encompassing all dimen-
7-12. Material for reamers should be of high sional changes; the two main types being volume
hardness and abrasion resistance, such as Ml, M2, change or change in geometrical form. Volume
M10 and T1. The M3 and M15 and T15 classes change is defined as expansion or contraction and
possess greater abrasion resistance than the lower- geometric change is defined as changes in curva-
vanadium grades. ture or angular relations. Table 7-4 shows an
7-13. Material for taps is generally of the M1 approximate range of size changes depending upon
M2 or M10 types. In tapping heat-resisting alloys the type of tool steel, and also dependent on spe-
cific tempering and heat treatments. If a very
or steels harder than Rockwell C35, M15 or T15
close tolerance is required for a finished tool, spe-
may be justified. cific data covering this item should be obtained
7-14. Milling cutters are usually made from the from a detailed source.
high speed steels. As the hardness of the
workpiece increases beyond Rockwell C35, the 7-19. Deleted
cobalt high speed steels should be used.
7-15. Recommended punch and die material for 7-20. Deleted
blanking parts from 0.050 inch sheet materials are 7-21. Deleted
shown in following table. This table does not cover
all operations, and is a sample table intended for
guide only. 7-22. Deleted
use as a
7-16. HEAT TREAT DATA. 7-23. Deleted
7-6 Change I
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Table 7-7. Comparison of Tool Steel Properties
NON RESISTANCE
DEFORMING TO SOFTENING WEAR MACHINE
CLASS PROPERTIES TOUGHNESS EFFECT OF RESISTANCE ABILITY
HEAT
WI-08 Poor Good Poor Fair Best

W i-09 Poor Good Poor Fair Best
W1-10 Poor Good Poor Good Best

W2-09 Poor Good Poor Fair Best

A2 Best Fair Fair Good Fair

A6 Good Fair Poor Good Fair
D2 Best Fair Fair Best Poor

D3 Good Poor Fair Best Poor
D5 Best Fair Fair Best Poor
D7 Best Poor Fair Best Poor
F3 Poor Poor Poor Best Fair

H11 Good Good Good Fair Fair
Ti Good Poor Good Good Fair
T2 Good Poor Good Good Fair
T3 Good Poor Good Good Fair
T4 Good Poor Best Good Fair
T6 Good Fair Good Best Fair
T7 Good Poor Good Best Fair

Mi Good Poor Good Good Fair
M2 Good Poor Good Good Fair
M3 Good Poor Good Best Fair
01 Good Fair Poor Good Good
7-14
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 7-7. Comparison of Tool Steel Properties Continued
NON RESISTANCE
DEFORMING TO SOFTENING WEAR MACHINE
CLASS PROPERTIES TOUGHNESS EFFECT OF RESISTANCE ABILITY
HEAT
02 Good Fair Poor Good Good

06 Fair Fair Poor Good Best
L6 Fair Fair Poor Fair Fair

L7 Fair Fair Poor Good Fair
T15 Good Poor Best Best Fair

S1 Fair Good Fair Fair Fair
S2 W-Poor Best Fair Fair Good
O-Fair
S5 W-Poor Good Poor Fair Best
O-Fair
W5 Poor Good Poor Fair Best
7-15/(7-16 blank)
T.O. 1-1A-9
SECTION VIII
TESTING AND INSPECTION
HARDNESS TESTING
8-1. GENERAL. d. A release mechanism with micrometer eye-

piece for calculating the area of the impression.
8-2. Hardness testing is used to determine the
results of heat treatment as well as the state of 8-7. Making The Brinell Test. The test is
the metal prior to heat treatment. Its application preformed as follows:
in determining the approximate tensile strength of
the material by use of a hardness-tensile strength a. Prepare the sample by filing, grinding, and
table is very limited and should only be used in polishing to remove all scratches and variations
the case of ferrous (steel) alloys. Table 8-1 should that may affect the reading.
be used only as a conversion table for converting b. Place the sample on the anvil of the
the various hardness values from one type of test machine and elevate until the hardened ball con-
to another, and should not be used as an indica- tacts the surface to be tested.
tion of tensile strength for alloys other than fer-
rous. In addition, it should be realized that values c. Apply the load by pumping handle.
given in Table 8-1 are only approximate. When- NOTE
ever a specific type of hardness test is given in a
drawing, specification, etc., necessary hardness A load of 3,000 kilograms is required
readings should be made by that test whenever for steel, while 500 kilograms is used
possible, rather than by other means, and a con- when testing the softer metals, such
version made. In obtaining hardness values, pre- as aluminum alloy, brass, and bronze.
caution must be taken to assure removal of clad- Normally, the load should be applied
ding and decarburized surface layers from area to for 30 seconds. Although this period
be tested. may be increased to minute for
extremely hard steels, in order to pro-
8-3. METHODS OF HARDNESS TESTING. duce equilibrium.
8-4. The methods of hardness testing in general d. Release the pressure and measure the area
use are:Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers (British), Tukon of impression with the calibrated microscope.
and Shore scleroscope.
e. Calculate the Brinell number, completing
8-5. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST. This test the test.
consists of pressing a hardened steel ball into a
flat surface of the metal being tested by the appli- 8-8. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST. The
cation of a known pressure. The impression made Rockwell hardness test is based on the degree of
by the ball is measured by means of a microscope penetration of a specifically designed indentor into
with a micrometer eyepiece. The Brinell "number" a material under a given static load. The
is obtained by dividing the load in kilograms by indentor/penetrator used may be either a diamond
the area of the spherical impression made by the or hardened steel ball. The diamond indentor
ball, measured in square millimeters. The thick- called a "brale" is precision ground and polished
and the shape is spheroconica. The steel ball for
ness of all samples used for testing must be suffi-
cient to prevent bulging on the under side. normal use is 1/16 inch diameter, however, other
larger diameter steel balls such as 1/8, 1/4 or 1/2
8-6. Brinell Tester. The Brinell tester (Figure 8- inch may be used for testing soft metals. The
1) consists of the following major parts: selection of the ball is based on the hardness range
of the type of material to be tested.
a. An elevating screw and anvil for bringing
the sample into contact with the ball. 8-9. The Rockwell machine/tester for accomplish-
b. A manually operated hydraulic pump for ing the hardness test applies two loads to obtain
applying the pressure to the hardened steel ball, the controlled penetration and indicates results on
which is mounted its actuating member. a graduated dial (see Figure 8-2). A minor load of
on
10 kilograms is first applied to seat the penetrator
A pressure gage for
c. determining the in the surface of the test specimen. The actual
applied pressure. penetration is then produced by applying a major
8-1
T.O. 1-1A-9
load, subsequently, releasing and then reading c. Check trip lever for proper location. Lever
hardness number from the dial. The dial reading should be located in the OFF LOAD position.
is related to the depth of penetration, load and the
d. Place the test specimen on the anvil and by
penetrator used. The shallower the penetration, turning the hand wheel, raise it slowly (do not
the higher the hardness value number for given
indentor and load. The normal major load is 150
crash) until contact is made with the penetrator.
kilograms ("C" Scale) when using the diamond On the older model continue turning until pointer
of the indicator has made three revolutions and is
penetrator and 100 kilograms ("B"Scale) when within five divisions (plus or minus) of the upright
using a 1/16 inch steel ball. A hardness value indi- position. On the newer model after contact, con-
cated by a number alone is incomplete. The num-
ber must be prefixed with a letter to indicate the tinue turning hand wheel until the small pointer
load and indentor used to obtain the number. is nearly vertical and slightly to right of the dot.
There is a variety of combinations of indentors and Then watching the long pointer, raise specimen
loads used to obtain a hardness value in accor- until long pointer is approximately upright within
three degrees (plus or minus) of C-0. K the C=+3
dance with hardness range of various material.
The combinations are listed in Table 8-2 which is degrees position is overshot, lower the specimen
based on Specification ASTM E-18. and start over. When the pointer is within three
divisions of C-0, set dial to zero. After this step is
8-10. Review of Table 8-2 will reveal that the complete, the minor load has been applied.
Red Dial Numerals "B" scale are used for steel ball
indentors regardless of size of ball or load and e. Apply the major load by tripping the trip
Black Figure "C" scales are used for the diamond lever. Trip the lever, do not push.
penetrator. When the readings fall below the f. When the trip lever comes to rest and there
hardness value, C20 (B98) the material is consid- isno further movement of pointer, return lever to
ered too soft for the diamond cone and 1/16 inch or the original position and read the hardness num-
larger hardened ball should be used. The diamond ber indicated by the dial. When dial pointer indi-
cone must be used for all hard materials (those cates a fraction, use next lower whole number for
above 100 on the "B"scale) as the steel ball may be the reading.
deformed by the test. If in doubt about the hard-
ness of a material start with the diamond pene-
8-12. All hardness tests should be made on a
trator and switch to the steel ball if the material is single thickness to obtain accurate results. In
below C20-C22. testing curved specimens, the concave side should
face the indentor; if reversed, an inaccurate read-
8-11. Rockwell Test Procedure: The procedure for ing will result due to f latening of the piece on the
making the Rockwell test is outlined as follows: anvil. Specimens that do not balance on the anvil
(See Figure 8-2 for machine illustrations.) because of overhang should be properly supported
a. Prepare the sample by removing (file, grind to obtain accurate readings and to prevent damag-
and polish) scale, oxide films, pits, variations and ing the penetrator. Also to obtain a true indica-
foreign material that may affect the reading. The tion of hardness of a given part, several readings
surface should be flat, of one thickness and no
(3-6 is usually sufficient) at different points should
bludge should be opposite the indentation. be taken and averaged. If it is necessary to deter-
mine the condition of the interior, parts should be
NOTE cut by some method that does not appreciably
Do not perform test closer than 1/8" change the temper/ condition, such as using a
from edge of specimen to assure accu- water-cooled saw-off wheel. When testing clad
rate reading. material; the clad coat shall be removed. Speci-
men samples of clad and other materials should be
b. Select the proper anvil and penetrator and provided when possible. It is not desirable to
place proper weight on the weight pan. accomplish the test on the finished part.
8-2
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 8-1. Hardness Conversion Chart
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8-3
T.O. 1-1A-9
working order before making any test. The table

on which the Rockwell tester is mounted must be
rigid and not subject to any vibration if accurate
results are to be obtained.
8-14. The accuracy of the Rockwell hardness tes-
ter should be checked regularly. Test blocks are
available for testing all ranges of hardness. If the
error in the tester is more than +/-2 hardness num-
bers, it should be re-calibrated. The dashpot
should be checked or oil and properly adjusted for
completion of travel. The ball indentor and diam-
eter should also be checked regularly for bluntness
and chipping and replaced as required.
8-15. VICKERS PYRAMID HARDNESS TEST.
The Vickers pyramid hardness test(Figure 8-4)
covers a normal range of loading from 2.5 to 127.5
kilograms. However, for special applications such
as the hardness testing of thin, soft materials,
loads as low as 50 to 100 grams may be used.
This test is made by pressing a square base dia-
mond indentor into a flat surface of the metal
being tested by the application of known pressure.
The indentation left by the indentor is a square,
the diagonal of which remains the hardness of the
metal. The diagonal of the square impression is
measured by a microscope which reads directly to
0.001 millimeters on a large micrometer drum.
With the standard pyramidal diamond indentor
M (Figure 8-5) having an angle of 136 between oppo-
site face of the pyramid, the pyramidal hardness
number is determined by dividing the applied load
in kilograms by the pyramidal area of the impres-
sion in square millimeters by the formula,
Hardness 1.854 applied load in kilograms

square of the diagonal of impression
or from correlation tablesaccompanying the tester.
1. Gage indicating applied pressure Rapid readings may be taken by means of three
2. Hydraulic actuating unit knife edges in the field of the eye-piece. The first
3. Lever for applying pressure
4. Hardened steel ball knife edge is fixed; the second knife is movable
5. Elevating screw through a micrometric screw connected to a
6. Base
7. Calibrated microscope L9805661 counter. The third knife edge, moved by means of
a special screw, may be used if rapid reading of
values to specified limits is desired. This method
Figure 8-1. Brinell Hardness Tester of testing is highly flexible and permits testing for
very high hardness values. In the Amsler-Vickers
8-13. The Rockwell testers are equipped with variation of this hardness tester the surface of the
various anvils and indentors. Typical anvils and material to be tested, at which the indentor con-
attachments are shown in Figure 8-3. The anvil(s) tacts may be thrown on a ground-glass screen
should be properly selected to accomplish the job. directly in front of the operator, allowing the
The tester should also be properly set and in good length of the diagonals to be read directly.
8-4
T.O. 1-IA-9
1. Major load 7. Elevating screw

2. Weight pan 8. Hand wheel
3. Gage sleeve 9. Indicating gage dial
4. Indicating gage stem 10. Crank handle
5. Plunger rod 11. Anvil
6. Penetrator
L9905662
Figure 8-2. Rockwell Hardness Tester
8-5
TEST BLOCK
V-BLOCK ANVIL
1/16 INCH STEEL BALL
DIAMOND PENETRATOR PENETRATOR
L9805663
Figure 8-3. Attachments for Rockwell Tester
8-16. Vickers Tester. The Vickers tester consists a. Prepare the sample by smooth grinding or
of the following major parts: polishing to remove all scratches and variations
that may affect the readability of the indentation.
a. Table for supporting the metal to be tested.
b. A lever with a 20 to ratio through which b. Place the test piece (6) on the testing table
load is applied through a rod to an indentor at
(5) and turn the table elevating wheel (1) until the
a
the end of a tube moving up and down in a verti- indentor (7) fails to contact the metal being tested.
cal position.
c. A frame containing a control in which a CAUTION
plunger moves up and down vertically under the
influence of a cam which applies and releases the Sudden contact of the indentor and
test load. The cam is mounted on a drum and the material under test should be
when the starting handle is depressed, the whole avoided to prevent possible injury to
is rotated by a weight attached to a flexible cable, the diamond point.
the speed of rotation being controlled by a piston
and dashpot of oil. The mechanism provides for a c. Depress the load trip level (8) applying the
slow and diminishing rate of application for the load. The duration of the load application is fixed
last portion of the load. by the manufacturers at 10 to 30 seconds, the time
being determined by the rate at which oil is
d.A foot pedal, which when depressed, allowed to bleed out of the dashpot. The load is
returns the cam, drum and weight to their original fully applied, the indentor is automatically
positions, thus cocking the mechanism and prepar- released.
ing the instrument for another test.
A tripper, which supports the beam during d. Elevate the indentor by turning the wheel.
e.
the return of the cam, weight and drum. The trip- Lower the testing table by reversing the table ele-
per also released the lever for load applications.
vating wheel.
f.medium-power compound microscope for
A e. Swing the microscope (10) into place until
measuring the indentation across the diagonal of a locked.
square. f. View the impression of the indentation in
8-17. Making The Vickers Test. The test is the form of a square in the field shown by the
applied as follows (See figure 8-4): eyepiece.
8-6
T.O. 1-IA-9
CQ
L9905664
Figure 8-4. Vickers Pyramid Hardness Tester
8-7
T.O. 1-IA-9
8-18. SHORE SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS

TEST. The Shore scleroscope is not a precision
instrument as the others discussed in preceding
paragraphs. It is used to give approximate values
for comparative hardness readings. Testing hard-
ness with the scleroscope consists of dropping a
diamond tipped hammer upon the test specimen
from a definite height and measuring the rebound
produced. In one type of tester, the height of the
rebound must be measured directly on the scale of
the machine, while on another the amount is indi-
cated on a dial.
8-19. Scleroscope Tester. The tester (Figure
The
8-6) following major parts:
consists of the
a. A base, provided with leveling screws, end
a clamping arrangement to hold the sample to be
tested.
L9805665
Figure 8-5. Standard Pyramid Diamond Indentor
Bring the left corner of the impression, by

g.
means of the centering screws (13) to a point
where it touches the left hand fixed knife edge.
Adjust the right hand movable knife edge by
means of the micrometric screw connected to the
counter until it touches the right hand corner of
the impression. The counter (15) will then show
an ocular reading which is transposed to the Vick-
ers pyramid numeral by use of correlation tables
accompanying the tester.
h. Where specified hardness limits are
desired the third knife edge is used. This is
moved by means of special screws to correspond to
the smaller dimension or maximum hardness,
1. Tripod screws 5. Diamond-tipped hammer
while the micrometer-controlled knife edge is 2. Plumb rod 6. Release bulb
adjusted to correspond to the minimum hardness 3. Clamping lever 7. Head
or larger dimension. When the settings of the sec- 4. Clamping shoe L9805666
ond and third knife edges are made, it is only nec-
essary when taking readings to set the fixed knife
edge to the left hand corner of the impression in Figure 8-6. Shore Scleroscope
the usual way. If the right hand corner of the
impression appears between the second and third b. A vertical glass tube, mounted to the base
knife edges, the material has the proper hardness and containing the cylindrical diamond point
for the range desired. hammer.
8-8
T.O. 1-1A-9
c. A suction heat and bulb for lifting and b. When an extensometer is required to deter-
releasing the hammer. mine elastic properties, dimensions C and L may
be modified. In all cases the percentage of elonga-
d. A scale, visible through the glass tube, for
tion shall be based on dimension G.
determining the height of the rebound.
The type R1 test specimen is circular in
A magnifier hammer with a larger contact c.
e.
section and is used for bars, rods, forgings,
area is supplied for use with extremely soft
cross
metals.
plates, shapes, heavy-walled tubing, and castings.
Types R2, R3, R.4, and R5 are circular in cross-sec-
8-20. TESTING WITH THE SCLEROSCOPE. tion and are used for material of dimensions insuf-
The test is made as follows:
ficient for type R1.
a. Level the instrument by means of the (1) The ends of the reduced section shall
adjusting screws (1). (See figure 8-6). The level not differ in width by more than 0.004 inch.
position is determined by means of the plumb rod (2) The ends of the specimen shall be sym-
(2). metrical with the center line of the reduced section
b. Prepare the test specimen as described for within 0.10 inch.
the Brinell and Rockwell tests in preceding (3) When material is over 2 inches thick,
paragraphs and clamp it on the base. This is done machine to 3/4 inch or use type R1 test specimen.
by raising the lever (3) inserting the sample and For more detailed information, refer to Federal
exerting the pressure on the clamping shoe (4). Test Method Standard No. 151.
c. Raise the hammer (5) by squeezing and
8-22. DECARBURIZATION MEASUREMENT.
releasing the bulb (6)
8-23. Decarburization is the loss of carbon at the
d. Release the hammer by again squeezing surface of ferrous materials which have been
the bulb and observing its rebound. heated for fabricating, welding, etc., or when
e. Several should be made at different
tests heated to modify mechanical properties. Effective
points of a specimen, and an average reading decarburization is any measurable loss of carbon
taken to reduce visual error. content which results in mechanical properties
below the minimum acceptable specifications for
8-21. TENSILE TESTING. The terms tension hardened materials. The most common methods
test and compression test are usually taken to used to measure decarburization are microscopic,
refer to tests in which a prepared specimen is sub- hardness and chemical. The microscopic method is
jected to a gradually increasing load applied axi- sufficiently accurate for most annealed and hot
ally until failure occurs For the purpose of ten- rolled material for small amounts of decarburiza-
sile testing implied by this technical order this tion in high carbon (over 0.60%), high hardness
type of setting would apply to determining the steels. The hardness method is insensitive in this
mechanical properties desired in a material. For
case, and recourse must be taken to chemical anal-
this test, the following test specimens are listed. ysis. In this technical order, only the hardness
(See Figure 8-7.) This does not exclude the use of method is covered. When precise measurements
other test specimens for special materials or forms required, publications giving detailed measure-
of material. The tensile strength shall be deter- are
be consulted.
ments must
mined by dividing the maximum load on the speci-
men during a tension test by the original cross-
sectional area of the specimen.
a. Diameter of the reduced section may be
smaller at center than at ends. Difference shall
not exceed 1% of diameter at ends.
8-9
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 8-2. Rockwell Scales, Loads and Prefix Letters
SCALE PREFIX MAJOR LOAD

LETTERS INDENTOR/PENETRATOR KILOGRAMS DIAL NUMBERS
A Diamond 60 Black
B* 1/16 in Steel Ball 100 Red
C* Diamond 150 Black
D Diamond 100 Black
E 1/8 in Ball 100 Red
F 1/16 in Ball 60 Red
G 1/16 in Ball 150 Red
H 1/8 in Ball 60 Red
K 1/8 in Ball 150 Red
L 1/4 in Ball 60 Red
M 1/4 in Ball 100 Red
P 1/4 in Ball 150 Red
R 1/2 in Ball 60 Red
S 1/2 in Ball 100 Red
V 1/2 in Ball 150 Red
* Most Commonly Used Scales.

8-24. HARDNESS METHOD. readings are made on steps which are known dis-
tances below the surface. These steps should be
8-25. Taper or Step Grind The specimen con-
ground at pre-determined depths below the sur-
taining the surface on which decarburization is to faces, and of sufficient allow several hard-
be measured is prepared so that it can be manipu- areas to
lated on a Rockwell superficial or Vickers hardness readings on each f lat.
ness tester. If the specimen is not in the hardened

condition, it is recommended that it be hardened 8-26. The file method is often suitable for
by quenching from heating equipment under con- detecting decarburization of hardened materials
ditions which avoid further change in carbon dis- during shop processing, but not for accurate mea-
tribution. For the taper grind procedure, a shal- surement. Base metals expected to harden above
low taper is ground through the case, and RC60 and found to be file soft are probably decar-
hardness measurements are made along the sur- burized. Decarburization of base metal that will
face. The angle is chosen so that readings spaced not harden to RC60 can not be detected by this
equal distances apart will represent the hardness method unless specially prepared files are used.
at the desired increments below the surface of the The extent and severity of any decarburization
case. The step grind procedure is essentially the detected by this method should be verified by
same as the taper grind, except that hardness either of the other methods.
8-10
T.O. 1-1A-9
I*- T
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

DIMENSIONS R13 R23 R33 R4 R53 DIMENSIONS FL F2
A. Diameter 0.505+/- 0.357+/- 0.252+/- 0.160+/- 0.113+/- A. Width at

at Center 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.002 Center 1/2+/-1/8-1/4 0.500+/-0.010
B. Diameter 3/4 1/2 3/8 5/16 1/4 B. Width at Grips,

Approximately 2 3/4
of Ends
C. Length of 2 /4 3/4 /4 3/4 5/8 C. Length of re- 1.2

duced section 9 minimum 2 1/4 minimum
Reduced Sect-
ion Min.2 D. Grip Length 3 approxi- 2 3/8 minimum
D. Grip 5/8 5/8 /2 3/8 mately
F. Fillet Radius,
Length Minimum 1/2
F. Fillet 3/8 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.09
Radius
G. Gage Length 8+/-0.01 2 +/-0.005
G. Gage 2.0+/- 1.4+/- 1.0+/- 0.64+/- 0.45+/-

L. Total Length,
minimum 15 8
Length 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
L. Total 5 /2 3 /2 3 2 5/8 T. Thickness 3/16 to 23 5/8 maximum

Length
Area of Cross /5 1/10 1/20 1/50 1/100
section
in2approxi-
mately
L9900846
Figure 8-7. Test Specimens
8-11
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 8-3. Approximate Hardness -Tensile Strength Relationship of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Rockwell Vickers Brinell3 Tensile

Diamond 300Kg Load 10mm Ball Strength
C B Pyramid Tungsten 1000 lb
150 Kg 100 Kg 50 Kg Carbide Steel per
Load Load Load Ball Ball sq in.
1/16 Ball
67 918 820 717

66 884 796 701
65 852 774 686
64 822 753 671
63 793 732 656
62 765 711 642
61 740 693 628
60 717 675 613
59 694 657 600
58 672 639 584
57 650 621 574
56 121.3 630 604 .561
55 120.8 611 588 548
54 120.2 592 571 536
53 119.6 573 554 524 283
52 119.1 556 538 512 273
51 118.5 539 523 500 264
50 117.9 523 508 488 256
49 117.4 508 494 476 246
48 116.8 493 479 464 237
47 116.2 479 465 453 231
46 115.6 465 452 442 221
45 115.0 452 440 430 215
44 114.4 440 427 419 208
43 113.8 428 415 408 201
42 113.3 417 405 398 194
41 112.7 406 394 387 188
40 112.1 396 385 377 181
39 111.5 386 375 367 176
38 110.9 376 365 357 170
37 110.4 367 356 347 165
36 109.7 357 346 337 160
35 109.1 348 337 327 155
34 108.5 339 329 318 150
33 107.8 330 319 309 147
32 107.1 321 310 301 142
31 106.4 312 302 294 139
30 105.7 304 293 286 136
29 105.0 296 286 279 132
28 104.3 288 278 272 129
27 130.7 281 271 265 126
26 102.9 274 264 259 123
25 102.2 267 258 253 120
24 101.5 261 252 247 118
23 100.8 255 246 241 115
22 100.2 250 241 235 112
21 99.5 245 236 230 110
20 98.9 240 231 225 107
8-12
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 8-3. Approximate Hardness -Tensile Strength Relationship of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels -Continued
Rockwell Vickers Brinell' Tensile

Diamond 300Kg Load 10mm Ball Strength
C B Pyramid Tungsten 1000 lb
150 Kg 100 Kg 50 Kg Carbide Steel per
Load Load Load Ball Ball sq in.
1/16 Ball
19 98.1 235 226 220 104

18 97.5 231 222 215 103
17 96.9 227 218 210 102
16 96.2 223 214 206 100
15 95.5 219 210 201 99
14 94.9 215 206 197 97
13 94.1 211 202 193 95
12 93.4 207 199 190 93
11 92.6 203 195 186 91
10 91.8 199 191 183 90
9 91.2 196 187 180 89
8 90.3 192 184 177 88
7 89.7 189 180 174 87
6 89 186 177 171 85
5 88.3 183 174 168 84
4 87.5 179 171 165 83
3 87 177 169 162 82
2 86 173 165 160 81
85.5 171 163 158 80
0 84.5 167 159 154 78
83.2 162 153 150 76
82 157 148 145 74
80.5 153 144 140 72
79 149 140 136 70
77.5 143 134 131 68
76 139 130 127 66
74 135 126 122 64
72 129 120 117 62
70 125 116 113 60
68 120 111 108 58
66 116 107 104 56
64 112 104 100 54
61 108 100 96 52
58 104 95 92 50
55 99 91 87 48
51 95 86 83 46
47 91 83 79 44
44 88 80 76 42
39 84 76 72 40
35 80 72 68 38
30 76 67 64 36
24 72 64 60 34
20 69 61 57 32
11 65 57 53 30
0 62 54 50 28
8-13
T.O. 1-1A-9
8-27. NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION south poles which will attract magnetic particles
METHODS. applied to the material. Discontinuities are visible
due to color contrast between the magnetic parti-
8-28. Radiographic inspection will show internal cles and the background surface. All magnetic
and external structural details of all types of parts particle inspections shall be accomplished in accor-
and materials. It is accomplished by passing pene- dance with T.O. 33B-1-1 and MIL-STD-410.
trating radiation (usually X or gamma rays)
through the part or assembly being inspected to 8-32. Eddy current inspection is used to detect
expose a film. After developing, interpretation of discontinuities in materials that are conductors of
the radiograph will indicate defects or damage. electricity. An eddy current is the circulating elec-
All radiographic inspections shall be accomplished trical current induced in a conductor by an alter-
in accordance with T.O. 33B-1-1, MIL-STD-453, nating magnetic field, which is produced by a
and MIL-STD-410. small test coil in contact with or close to the mate-
rial being inspected. Discontinuities in the mate-
8-29. Penetrant inspection is a nondestructive rial being tested cause variations in the induced
inspection method that is used to detect disconti- eddy current. The test coil measures the varia-
nuities open to the surface of nonporous material.
tions which reveal discontinuities in the material.
It is accomplished by treating the inspection area All eddy current inspections shall be in accordance
with a fluid (penetrant) that penetrates the sur-
with T.O. 33B-1-1 and MIL-STD-410.
face discontinuity. Surplus penetrant remaining
on the surface is removed and an absorbent mate- 8-33. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. Chemical analy-
rial (developer) is applied to the surface. The sis methods are those in which the elements pre-
developer acts as a blotter and draws some of the sent in metals are determined by the use of
penetrant from the discontinuity to the surface. reagents in solution, by combustion methods, or by
Discontinuities are visible due to color contrast other none-mission methods. Sample metal from
between the penetrant drawn out and the back- any piece shall be such that it represents as nearly
ground surface. Only fluorescent penetrants are as possible the metal of the entire piece. Drilling,
approved for Air Force use. All penetrant inspec- milling and other machining operations for sample
tion materials shall conform to MIL-I-25135. All metal shall be performed without the use of water,
penetrant inspections shall be accomplished in oil, or other lubricants, and cutting speeds shall be
accordance with T.O. 33B-1-1 and MIL-STD-410. such that no burning takes place to cause alterna-
tion of the chemical composition of the test metal.
8-30. Ultrasonic inspection uses a high frequency Method 111. 1 of Federal Method Standard 151A is
sound wave to detect discontinuities in materials.
the controlling document for chemical analysis.
The pulser in the ultrasonic instrument sends an
electrical impulse to a piezoelectric material in the 8-34. SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS. Spec-
search unit (transducer). The transducer changes trochemical analysis includes all methods in which
the electrical impulse into mechanical vibrations measurements of electromagnetic radiations pro-
(sound) and transmits them into the material duced by a sample metal are employed to deter-
being inspected. Any marked change in acoustic mine the chemical composition. Samples shall be
properties, such as a flaw or interface in the mate- so selected as to be representative of the entire
rial, reflects the sound back to the transducer. quantity of metal under inspection. Cutting
Examination of the reflections on a cathode ray speeds in all machining operations shall be such
tube will reveal discontinuities in the material. that no burning takes place to cause alteration of
All ultrasonic inspections shall be accomplished in the chemical composition of the test metal.
accordance with T.O. 33B-1-1, MIL-I-8950, and Method 112.1 of Federal Test Method Standard
MIL-STD-410. 151A governs this type of analysis. The result of
8-31. Magnetic particle inspection is used to
spectrochemical analysis shall be determined to
the number of decimal places shown in the chemi-
detect discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials,
cal requirements for the material.
principally iron and steel. Magnetic particle
inspection is accomplished by inducing a magnetic
field into the material being inspected. A disconti-
nuity will interrupt this field, creating north and
T.O. 1-IA-9
SECTION IX
HEAT TREATMENT
9-1. GENERAL. 9-8. Some typical material applications are listed

in Table 9-1 for general guidance only. Cycle for
9-2. Controlled atmosphere ovens are not which an alloy type is listed may not necessarily
required for heat treatment operations unless be specified for that material.
specified for a particular part.
9-9. SPECIAL HEAT TREATMENT
9-3. A cold oven is defined as any oven where INFORMATION.
the temperature is not over 500F (260C). Load-
9-10. CADMIUM PLATED PARTS. All cad-
ing and unloading a cold oven is possible without mium plate shall be stripped from parts (SPOP 21)
further lowering the temperature.
and cadmium plated detail parts shall be removed
9-4. Parts that are prone to distortion during from assemblies prior to subjecting the part or
heat treatment shall be properly supported and assemblies to any furnace temperature in excess of
temperature raised gradually by steps. Coat fix- 500F (260C). At temperatures above 500F
turing at part contact points and threaded details (260C), stress alloying of molten cadmium will
with PMC 2264 boron nitride coating prior to occur with potentially harmful results on the base
installing part and before heat treatment. Cooling materials.
of these parts shall also be done gradually. Cycles 9-11. TINT TEST FOR DETERMINING COAT-
with A suffix are recommended for this purpose. ING REMOVAL FROM NICKEL BASE AND
9-5. Parts that are not prone to distortion during COBALT BASE ALLOYS.
heat treatment may be loaded into and withdrawn 9-12. Perform test as follows:
from a hot oven.
a. Remove coating from parts using applicable
9-6. Temperature and time are the most critical stripping procedure.
factors in heat treatment. Time required at each
specified temperature begins only after all sec- b. Heat parts and an uncoated, vapor blasted
tions of parts have reached that temperature.
panel of the same material as the parts at
test
1075 +/-25F (579 +/-14C) for 45 to 75 minutes in
Furnace operator shall make allowance for size of
air.
part, number of parts, and furnace input
capacities. c. A uniform color match between the part
and the test piece will indicate complete removal
9-7. Optimum temperatures are given for each of the coating.
cycle, with tolerances included for practical use.
However, it is best to hold to basic temperatures
listed.
Table 9-1. Typical Heat Treatment Application
Cycle No. Type* SPOP No. Possible Alloy Application

1, 1A STR 455-1, 455-2 Low alloy steel, as AMS 6322 and AMS 6415; martensitic
stainless steel, as Type 410 (AMS 5504 and AMS 5613) and
Greek Ascoloy (AMS 5508 and AMS 5616)
2 STR 456 Aluminum
3 STR 457
4, 4A STR 458-1, 458-2 Inconel X
5, 5A STR 459-1, 459-2 Nickel alloys: B-1900 (PWA 663 and PWA 1455); Inconel
713 (PWA 655) Cobalt alloys: Stellite 31 (AMS 5382); WI-52
(PWA 653); MAR-M509 (PWA 647)
6, 6A STR 460-1, 460-2 Greek Ascoloy (AMS 5508 and AMS 5616) (martensitic
stainless steel)
9-1
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table 9-1. Typical Heat Treatment Application Continued

7 STR 461 Waspaloy, Udimet 700
8 STR 455-3
9 STR 459-3 Inconel 600 (nickel alloy); Nimonic 75 (PWA 673) (nickel
alloy); stainless steel, as Types 310, 316, 321, and 347
11 STR 464 Titanium
12, 12A PRE 471, 465 Inconel 718 (nickel alloy), as AMS 5596, AMS 5662, and
AMS 5663
13 STR 466 17-7PH (stainless steel austenite conditioning); Type 430
(ferritic stainless steel), welded with Type 430 filler metal
14 STR 467 Type 430 (ferritic stainless steel), welded with AMS 5680
(Type 347 stainless steel)
15 PRE 468 A-286 (modified Tinidur) stainless steel, as AMS 5525, AMS
5731, AMS 5732, and AMS 5737
17 PRE 470 Incoloy 901 (nickel alloy), as AMS 5660 and AMS 5661
20 SOL 480 HASTELLOY X (nickel alloy)
21 SOL 481 Nickel alloy: HASTELLOY X (AMS 5536 and AMS 5754)
Cobalt alloys: STELLITE 31 (AMS5382); Haynes 188 (AMS
5608, AMS 5772, and PWA 1042); L-605 (AMS 5537 and
AMS 5759)
22 STR 482 Nickel alloys: Inconel 600 (AMS 5540 and AMS 5665); In-
conel 625 (AMS 5599 and AMS 5666); HASTELLOY N;
HASTELLOY X (AMS 5536, AMS 5754, and PWA 1038);
HASTELLOY W Cobalt alloys: STELLITE 31 (AMS 5382);
Haynes 188 (AMS 5608, AMS 5772, and PWA 1042); L-605
(AMS 5537 and AMS 5759); MAR-M509 (PWA 647)
101 SOL 761 Waspaloy (nickel alloy), as AMS 5544, AMS 5706, and AMS
5707
102 SOL 762 Waspaloy (nickel alloy), as AMS 5544, AMS 5706, and AMS
5707
103 STA 763 Waspaloy (nickel alloy), as AMS 5544, AMS 5706, AMS
5707, AMS 5708, and AMS 5709
104 PRE 764 Waspaloy (nickel alloy), as AMS 5596, AMS 5706, AMS
5707, AMS 5708, and AMS 5709
105 SOL 765 Inconel 718 (nickel alloy), as AMS 5596, AMS 5662, and
AMS 5663
106 SOL 766 Inconel 718 (nickel alloy, as AMS 5596, AMS 5662, and
AMS 5663
9-2
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 9-1. Typical Heat Treatment Application Continued

10 PRE 767 Nickel alloys: Inconel 718, as AMS 5596, AMS 5662, and
AMS 5663; Inconel X-750, as AMS 5598, AMS 5670, and
AMS 5671
* PRE Precipitation
SOL Solution
STA Stabilization
STR Stress-relief
9-13. TITANIUM ALLOY PARTS.

WARNING
NOTE
AMS 4901 and 4921 are the only com- Alkaline rust remover causes burns.
mercially pure titanium material Protect eyes and skin from contact.
types used widely in the fabrication of
P&W engine parts. Virtually all
other titanium materials used are NOTE
titanium alloys and are subject to Parts shall be immersed only long
these instructions. enough to obtain optimum results.
9-14. GENERAL. All titanium alloy parts shall Refer to Section V. CLEANING, for
be cleaned by the following procedure prior to solution make-up.
stress-relief. Otherwise, certain impurities that
may be present on the parts during the heating b. Soak in alkaline rust remover (SPS 2, SPS
cycle could cause stress alloying of the parts. The 5, SPS 7, SPS 12, SPS 25, SPS 27, or PS 240) at
thin, hard, blue-gray oxide coating sometimes 180 to 200F (82 to 93C) for to 4 minutes
occurring on titanium alloy surfaces and unaf- maximum.
fected by this cleaning procedure is harmless in
this respect and may be disregarded. c. Pressure rinse over tank with cold water,
then dip rinse in cold water, following with a cold
water pressure rinse.
WARNING d. Rinse in hot PMC 1737 deionized water at
150 to 200F (66 to 93C). Air dry; do not use
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is flam- compressed air.
mable and harmful to eyes, skin, and e. Immediately after completing step d., pro-
breathing passages. Keep ignition tect the parts from all contamination, such as dirt,
sources
away, provide adequate venti- dust, oil mist, fingerprints, etc. Cover parts with
lation, and wear protective clothing. clear plastic sheet or store them in clear plastic
bags until furnace or other operation is begun.
NOTE Use clean white gloves for all handling.
Since only light films of oil or grease 9-15. Type 6A1-4V Titanium Alloy Parts (AMS
will be removed by the cleaning solu- 4911, 4928, 4930, 4935, 4954, 4956, 4967, and
tion, it is essential that as much sur- PWA 1213, 1215, 1262). Parts fabricated of these
face contamination as possible be titanium alloys may be stress-relieved in air only
removed before immersing parts into to 1015+/-15F (546+/-8C). See Cycles and IA.
the cleaning solution. At any higher temperatures, an inert atmosphere
shall be used regardless of any contrary instruc-
a. Remove any visible concentrations of oil, tions stipulated in a particular repair.
grease, dirt, and any other contaminants by wip-
ing with a clean, lint-free cloth dampened with 9-16. SOLUTION, STABILIZATION, OR PRE-
methyl ethyl ketone TT-M-261 or acetone O-A-51. CIPITATION HEAT TREATMENT.
9-3
T.O. 1-1A-9
9-17. GENERAL. Solution heat treatment of 9-21. The expressions AIR COOL and AIR COOL
material (particularly HASTELLOY X) is per- OR FASTER mean that parts shall be cooled
formed to improve ductility and weldability prior quickly enough to prevent metal structure changes
to resizing and repair. Long-time exposure to high that can happen in certain alloys if cooling is too
temperature engine operating environment causes slow. It does not mean to quench in a liquid. Cir-
precipitation of carbides into the grain boundaries. culating fans may be used, but fixturing may be
Carbides, particularly chromium carbides, are thus required if distortion is a problem.
precipitated into the grain boundaries of parts fab-
ricated of HASTELLOY X material and subjected a. AIR COOL is defined as rate of cooling of
for long periods to temperatures of 12000 to 1700F part obtained by removing that part from furnace
(649 to 927C). The solution treatment dissolves at prescribed temperature and allowing it to cool
these carbides and puts them back into metallic in room temperature still air. Definition has been
solution. The cooling cycle, therefore, shall be broadened to include the following situations.
rapid enough to maintain carbides or precipitation (1) In vacuum furnace, by force cooling in
hardeners in solution. Replication and metallurgi-
cal examination may be necessary to verify protective atmosphere.
whether fixturing and cooling rate are adequate to (2) In protective atmosphere furnace, by
obtain desired microstructure and prevent shutting off heat and maintaining atmospheric
cracking. f low rates.
9-18. Stabilization heat treatment is maintaining (3) In retort furnace, by removing retort
a part selected temperature long enough to
at a from furnace and fan cooling.
rearrange the atoms into an improved structure.
(4) In pit furnace, by removing parts from
9-19. Precipitation heat treatment is a selected furnace and cooling in room temperature still air.
temperature and duration that produces beneficial
hardening in certain alloys. It is sometimes b. AIR COOL OR FASTER is defined as cool-
referred to as Aging, or Age Hardening. ing not less than 40F (22C) per minute to 1100F
(593C) and not less than 15F (8C) from 1100 to
9-20. When a sequence of solution, stabilization, 1000F (538C).
or precipitation heat treatment is applied to a
given part, various temperatures are used. The 9-22. Cycle number, type of heat treatment,
final condition obtained is a combined effect of SPOP number, and maximum temperature are
this sequence. listed in Table 9-2.
Table 9-2. Cross-Index for Solution, Stabilization, or Precipitation Heat Treatments
Cycle No. Type SPOP No. Peak Temp., F(C)`

12 Precipitation 471 1350 (732)
12A Precipitation 465 1350 (732)
20 Solution 480 2050 (1121)
21 Solution 481 2150 (1177)
101 Solution 761 1825 (996)
102 Solution 762 1825 (996)
103 Stabilization 763 1550 (843)
105 Solution 765 1750 (954)
106 Solution 766 1750 (954)
* (disregarding tolerance)
9-23. Solution heat treatment Cycles 20 and 21 instructions, as necessary, by cycle or SPOP
are used for various HASTELLOY X parts. Refer- number.
ence to these cycles will be made in the repair
9-4
T. 0. 1-1A-9
NOTE manufacture. The beneficial proper-

These cycles apply only to the repair ties derived from this lower tempera-
of HASTELLOY X parts that require ture treatment could be lost perma-
using one of the following solution nently if subjected to a temperature
heat treatments. The specific cycle higher than 1800F (982C). For reg-
required will be included in the repair ular Hastelloy material, solution heat
procedure. treat shall be performed in accordance
with Cycle 20 (SPOP 480), unless oth-
9-24. CYCLE 20 (SPOP 480). Perform as
erwise directed by a specific repair
follows: procedure.
a. Heat part to 2150 +/-25F (1177 +/-14C) and
hold for 7 to 10 minutes.
CAUTION
NOTE
Do not this cycle for solution heat
use
treating PWA 1038 HASTELLOY X Hydrogen, argon, or air are acceptable
material. This material was solution atmospheres. However, when solu-
treated at 1950F (1066C) at its tion treating is to be followed by weld
manufacture. The beneficial proper- repair that requires complete prior
ties derived from this lower tempera- removal of oxides, hydrogen is pre-
ferred because of its characteristic
ture treatment could be lost perma-
nently if subjected to a temperature and beneficial cleaning action over
higher than 1800F (982C). For the entire part. Hydrogen cleaning
other HASTELLOY alloys, solution removes oxides from all surfaces
heat treat shall be performed per this including those difficult to clean
cycle unless otherwise directed by a mechanically, and to some extent,
specific repair procedure. from the inside of cracks to be welded.
b. Air cool or faster.
a. Heat part to 2050 +/-25F (1121 +/-14C) and
hold for 7 to 10 minutes. 9-26. The following solution, stabilization, or pre-
cipitation heat treatment cycles apply primarily to
certain age-hardenable alloys such as WASPALOY
NOTE and INCONEL materials, for stress-relief, and to
dissolve precipitated carbides and intermetallics
Hydrogen, argon, or air are acceptable (hardeners).
atmospheres; however, when solution
treating is to be followed by weld
repair that requires complete prior NOTE
removal of oxides, hydrogen is pre- These cycles apply only when specif i-
ferred because of its characteristic cally invoked in repair procedures in
and beneficial cleaning action over engine publications. Parts that are
the entire part. Hydrogen cleaning susceptible to distortion during heat
removes oxides from all surfaces, treatment shall be adequately sup-
including those difficult to clean ported, and temperature raised and
mechanically, and to some extent, lowered stepwise. The Suffix A fol-
from the inside of cracks to be welded. lowing a cycle number indicates a
stepwise cycle. Step cycles shall not
b. Air cool or faster. be used for solution heat treatments.
Refer to cautions in solution heat
9-25. CYCLE 21 (SPOP 481). Perform as treat cycles.
follows:
follows:
CAUTION
NOTE
Do not use this cycle for solution heat This is a short-term precipitation
treating PWA 1038 HASTELLOY X (aging) heat treatment for INCONEL
material. This material was solution 718 or other part material specified
treated at 1950F (1066C) at its in engine publication.
9-5
T.O. 1-IA-9
a. Place part in oven and heat to 1350+/-15F a. Heat part to 1450 +/-15F (788 +/-8C) and
(732+/-8C). hold for 4 hours.
b. Hold at 1350F (732C) for 4 hours. b. Cool to 500F (260C) at a rate equivalent
to air cool.
c. Cool to 1200 +/-15F (649 +/-8C) at approxi-
mately 100F (56C) per hour. Hold at tempera- c. Heat part to 1325 +/-15F (718 +/-8C) and
ture for a total of 3 hours, including cool-down hold for 14 hours.
time from 1350F (732C).
d. Cool at a rate equivalent to air cool.
d. Air cool to room temperature. 9-31. CYCLE 101 (SPOP 761). Perform as
9-28. CYCLE 12A (SPOP 465). Perform as follows:
follows:
NOTE CAUTION
This is a short-term precipitation Heating or cooling rate between
(aging) heat treatment for INCONEL 1000F (538C) and 1850F (1010C)
718 or other part material specified shall be at least 40F (22C) per min-
in engine publication. ute to prevent cracking and to control
a. Placepart in cold oven. aging characteristics.
b. Heat to 600F (316C) and hold for 30 NOTE
minutes.
This is a solution heat treatment
c. Increase to 800F (427C) and hold for 30 using an argon atmosphere.
minutes. Place part with thermocouples in retort,
a.
d. Increase to 1000F (538C) and hold for 30 and seal retort.
minutes. b. Purge retort at approximately 150 CFH
e. Increase to 1200F (649C) and hold for 30 argon until dew point reaches -40F (-40C) or
minutes. lower at retort exhaust.
f. Increase to 1350 +/-15F (732 +/-8C) and c. Insert retort into furnace.
hold for 4 hours.
NOTE
g. Cool to 1200 +/-15F (649 +/-8C) at approxi-
mately 100F (56C) Furnace may initially be set higher
per hour. Hold at tempera- than 1850F (1010C).
ture for a total of 3 hours, including cool-down
time from 1350F (732C). d. Heat to 1825 +/-25F (996 +/-14C) using
h. Air cool to temperature. thermocouple for controlling. Do not exceed
lower
room
1850F (1010C) on higher thermocouple. Hold at
9-29. CYCLE 15 (SPOP 468). Perform as temperature for 2 hours unless otherwise
follows: specified.
e. Remove retort from furnace and cool with
NOTE
forced argon to 1000F (538C) in no longer than
Heating and cooling rates are 18 minutes; then complete cooling with argon or
optional. Air is an acceptable air.
atmosphere.
9-32. CYCLE 102 (SPOP 762). Perform
Heat part to 1325 +/-25F (718 +/-14C)
as
a. and follows:
hold for 4 hours.
b. Air cool.
follows:
NOTE
Hydrogen, argon, or a blend of hydro-
gen and argon, or vacuum, are accept-
able atmospheres.
9-6
T.O. 1-1A-9
NOTE
CAUTION This is a precipitation heat treatment
using air, argon, or vacuum.
Heating or cooling rate between
1000F (538C) and 1850F (1010C) a. Place part in cold furnace.
shall be at least 40F (22C) per min-
ute to prevent cracking and to control
b. Heat to 1400 +/-15F (760 +/-8.3C) for 16
aging characteristics. hours.
c. Air cool.
NOTE
This is solution heat treatment
a follows:
using vacuum. Heat cycle shall be
completed in the 0.010 torr range or
lower. CAUTION
Furnace system shall provide for
Heating or cooling rate between
argon forced cooling, in order to sat- 1000F (538C) and 1775F (968C)
isfy cooling rate requirement. shall be at least 40F (22C) per min-
a. Place part, with thermocouples, in furnace. ute toprevent cracking and to control
aging characteristics.
b. Evacuate to 0.009 torr or lower. Static
leak rate shall not exceed 50 microns per hour.
NOTE
This is a solution heat treatment
NOTE
using an argon atmosphere.
Furnace may initially be set higher
than 1850F (1010C). a. Place part with thermocouples in retort,
and seal retort.
c. Heat to 1825 +/-25F (996 +/-14C) using
thermocouple for controlling. Do not exceed
lower b. Purge retort at approximately 150 CFH
1850F (1010C) on higher thermocouple. Hold at argon until dew point reaches -40F (-40C) or
temperature for 2 hours unless otherwise lower, at retort exhaust.
specified.
c. Insert retort into furnace.
d. required rate using forced argon.
Cool at
9-33. CYCLE 103 (SPOP 763). Perform as NOTE
follows: Furnace may initially be set higher
than 1775F (968C).
NOTE
d. Heat to 1750 +/-25F (954 +/- 14C), using
This is a stabilization heat treatment lower thermocouple for controlling. Do not exceed
using air, argon, or vacuum. 1775F (968C) on higher thermocouple. Hold at
Place part in cold furnace. temperature for hour unless otherwise specified.
a.
b. Heat to 1550 +/-15F (843 +/-8.3C) for 4 e. Remove retort from furnace and cool with
hours. forced argon to 1000F (538C) in no longer than
16 minutes; then complete cooling with argon or
c. Air cool. air.
9-34. CYCLE 104 (SPOP 764). Perform as 9-36. CYCLE 106 (SPOP 766). Perform as
follows: follows:
9-7
T.O. 1-IA-9
NOTE
CAUTION Local stress-relief of engine parts fol-
lowing minor repairs is authorized
Heating or cooling rate between only if procedure has been developed
1000F (538C) and 1775F (968C) to be compatible with applicable
shall be at least 40F (22C) per min- parts, material, size, and operating
ute to prevent cracking and to control
environment, and is approved by the
aging characteristics. cognizant engineering authority.
9-39. GENERAL. Parts that have been repaired
NOTE by fusion welding shall ordinarily be stress-
This is solution heat treatment relieved.
a
using vacuum. Heat cycle shall be
completed in the 0.010 torr range or CAUTION
lower.
Furnace system shall provide for The required stress-relief (Cycle 1 or
argon forced cooling, in order to sat-
1A)after welding or brazing Type 410
isfy cooling rate requirement. or Greek Ascoloy materials eliminates
the brittleness in the joint areas. To
a. Place part, with thermocouples, in furnace. avoid cracking, parts shall be handled
Evacuate to 0.009 torr or lower. Static
carefully until stress-relief is
b. accomplished.
leak rate shall not exceed 0.05 torr per hour.
NOTE NOTE
Furnace may initially be set higher On certain parts, experience has indi-
than 1775F (968C). cated that stress-relief is not
required. This permissible omission
Heat to 1750 +/-25F (954 +/-14C), using
c. will be included in appropriate man-
lower thermocouple for controlling. Do not exceed ual repair section for such parts.
1775F (968C) on higher thermocouple. Hold at
temperature for hour unless otherwise specified. 9-40. The following stress-relief cycles are used
throughout manual for various parts. Reference to
d. Cool at required rate using forced argon. these cycles will be made, as necessary, by cycle or
9-37. CYCLE 107 (SPOP 767). Perform as SPOP number.
follows:
NOTE NOTE
Parts may require a cycle different
This isa precipitation heat treatment
using air or argon. from one of the following. This will
result in cycle being included in spe-
a. Place part in cold furnace. cific repair procedure.
b. Heat to 1325 +/-15F (718 +/-8.3C) for 8 Parts that are susceptible to distor-
hours. tion during heat treatment shall be
c. Furnace cool at a rate not to exceed 100F adequately supported, and tempera-
(56C) raised and lowered stepwise.
per hour to 1150 +/-15F (621 +/-8.3C); hold
ture
for 8 hours. The Suffix A following a cycle number
indicates a stepwise cycle.
d. Air cool.
9-41. Cycle number, SPOP number, and maxi-
9-38. STRESS-RELIEF AFTER WELDING. mum temperature are listed in Table 16-3.
9-8
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table 9-3. Cross-Index for Stress-Relief Heat Treatments
Cycle No. SPOP No. Peak Temp., F(C)"

1 455-1 1015 (546)
1A 455-2 1015 (546)
2 456 350 (177)
3 457 900 (482)
4 458-1 1300 (704)
4A 458-2 1300 (704)
5 459-1 1600 (871)
5A 459-2 1600 (871)
6 460-1 1050 (566)
6A 460-2 1050 (566)
7 461 1500 (816)
8 455-3 1010 (543)
9 459-3 1600 (871)
11 464 1150 (621)
13 466 1400 (760)
14 467 1500 (816)
22 482 1800 (982)
* (disregarding tolerance)
9-42. CYCLE (SPOP 455-1). Heat part to d. Cool to 500F (260C) not faster than 100F
1015F +/-15F (546 +/-8C) and hold for 2 hours. (56C) every 15 minutes.
9-46. CYCLE 4 (SPOP 458-1). Heat part to
NOTE 1300 +/-25F (704 +/-14C) and hold for 2 hours.
To minimize distortion, use Cycle 1A
as an alternate. Other cycles are per-
missible provided stress-relief require- NOTE
ment of 1015 +/-15F (546 +/-8C) for 2 To minimize distortion, temperature
hours is met. may be raised and cooled gradually in
accordance with Cycle 4A. Other
9-43. CYCLE 1A (SPOP 455-2). Perform as cycles are permissible provided stress-
follows: relief requirement of 1300 +/-25F
a. Put part in cold oven.
(704 +/-14C) for 2 hours is met.
b. Heat to 600F (316C) and hold for 30 9-47. CYCLE 4A (SPOP 458-2). Perform as
minutes. follows:
c. Increase to 800F (427C) and hold for 30
minutes.
d. Increase to 1015 +/-15F (546 +/-8C) and
b. Heat to 600F (316C) and hold for 30
minutes.
hold for 2 hours.
Cool to 500F (260C) not faster than 100F c. Increase to 800F (427C) and hold for 30
e.
(56C) every 15 minutes. minutes.
9-44. CYCLE 2 (SPOP 456). Heat part to 350 d. Increase to 1100F (593C) and hold for 30
+/-10F (177 +/-6C) and hold for hour. minutes.
9-45. CYCLE 3 (SPOP 457). Perform as follows: e. Increase to 1300F +/-25F (704 +/-15C) and
Put part in cold hold for 2 hours.
a. oven.
b. Heat to 600F (316C) and hold for 30 f. Cool to 500F (260C) not faster than 100F
minutes. (56C) every 15 minutes.
c. Increase to 900 +/-15(482 +/-8C) and hold 9-48. CYCLE 5 (SPOP 459-1). Heat part to
for 4 hours. 1600+/-25F (871 +/-14C) and hold for 2 hours.
9-9
T.O. 1-IA-9
NOTE c. Increase to 800F (427C) and hold for 30

To minimize distortion, temperature minutes.
may be raised and lowered gradually d. Increase 1010F (543+/-8C) and hold for
in accordance with Cycle 5A. Other to
30 minutes.
cycles are permissable provided
stress-relief requirement of 1600 Cool to 500F (260C) not faster than 100F
+/-25F (871 +/-14C) for 2 hours is met. e.
(56C) every 15 minutes.
9-49. CYCLE 5A (SPOP 459-2). Perform as
follows:
9-54. CYCLE 9 (SPOP 459-3). Heat part to
1600 +/-25F (871 +/-14C) and hold for hour.
b. Heat to 700F (371C) and hold for 30 follows:
minutes.
c. Increase to 1000F (538C) and hold for 30
minutes. CAUTION
d. Increase to 1300F (704C) and hold for 30 For titanium parts, a vacuum of 0.5
minutes. microns mercury, maximum, or argon
Increase to 1600 +/-25F (871 +/-14C) and or helium with a dew point no higher
than -60F (-51C) shall be used.
e.
hold for 2 hours.
f. Cool to 500F (260C) not faster than 100F Longer heat treatment at specified
(56C) every 15 minutes. temperature, or shorter heat treat-
ment at higher, temperature may be
9-50. CYCLE 6 (SPOP 460-1). Heat part to required by engine publication for cer-
10500 +/-15F (566 +/-8C) for 2 hours. tain parts.
NOTE a. Heat part to 1150 +/-15F (621 +/-8C) and
To minimize distortion, temperature hold for 1 hour.
may be raised and lowered gradually
in accordance with Cycle 6A. Other NOTE
cycles are permissible provided stress- For materials other than titanium, air
relief requirement of 1050 +/-15F
(566 +/-8C) for 2 hours is met. or argon may be used.
9-51. CYCLE 6A (SPOP 460-2). Perform as b. Air cool.

follows:
a. Put part in cold oven. follows:
b. Heat to 600F (316C) and hold for 30 a. Heat part to 1400 +/-25F (760 +/-14C) in
minutes. air and hold for 2 hours.
c. Increase to 800F (427C) and hold for 30 b. Air cool, faster.
or
minutes.
d. Increase to 1050 +/-15F (566 +/-8C) and 9-57. CYCLE 14 (SPOP 467). Perform as
hold for 2 hours. follows:
e. Cool to 500F (260C) not faster than 100F a. Heat part to 1500 +/-25F (816 +/-14C) and
(56C) every 15 minutes. hold for 30 minutes.
9-52. CYCLE 7 (SPOP 461). Heat part to 1500F
+/-25F (815+/-14C) and hold for 4 hours. NOTE
9-53. CYCLE 8 (SPOP 455-3). Perform as
A protective atmosphere is suggested.
follows: b. Furnace cool at a rate of 50F (28C) per
hour to 1100 (593C), then air cool or faster.
b. Heat to 600F (316C) and hold for 30 9-58. CYCLE 22 (SPOP 482). Previously desig-
minutes. nated Cycle 10.
9-10
T.O. 1-IA-9
9-65. Choice of method depends upon size and

CAUTION shape of joint, part configuration, and accessibil-
ity. Resistance blankets and quartz lamps can be
Parts shall be thoroughly cleaned used to 1350F (732C); induction heaters and
before entering oven. radiant gas burners can be used to 1825F (996C).
NOTE
CAUTION
Hydrogen, argon, vacuum, or air are
acceptable atmospheres; however, Thermocouples shall not be tack
when heat treatment is to be followed welded to titanium parts.
by weld repair, hydrogen is preferable
because of its cleaning action on 9-66. Temperature profile shall be monitored
oxides and impurities difficult to
with tack welded thermocouples to provide accu-
clean mechanically, as within cracks
rate readout for manual or automatic control dur-
cavities.
or
ing heat treat cycle. Thermocouples shall be
a. Place part in cold oven; however, this step located every 2 inches of area that is to be stress-
may be omitted for thin sheet metal parts. relieved. Following the cycle, thermocouples are
broken or ground off, and part blended to original
b. Heat part to 1800 +/-25F (982 +/-14C) and contour.
hold for hour.
Air cool. 9-67. Stress-relief duration and temperature
c.
shall be the same as for a corresponding furnace
9-59. LOCAL STRESS-RELIEF. heat treat, unless otherwise specified in applicable
9-60. GENERAL. Local stress-relief is the appli- engine technical orders.
cation of heat treatment cycle, using a portable
a
heating system, to a part that has been weld 9-68. DESCRIPTION OF METHODS. Local
repaired, usually without disassembly. Elaborate stress-relief methods are defined in the following
fixturing is avoided when stress-relieving minor paragraphs.
areas of large components.
9-69. Resistance. Heaters consist of nichrome
9-61. Approval for local stress-relief is governed wire elements insulated with ceramic fiber and
in part by accessibility, temperature requirement, contained within a flexible wire jacket. These
and configuration and material of part. components are woven into a thermal blanket,
which shall be held in close contact with surface to
9-62. Local stress-relief is especially useful when be stress-relieved. Supplementary flexible heaters
applied to parts on a mounted or partly disassem-
bled engine. may be added to ensure that adjacent parts do not
conduct heat away in such a manner as to make
9-63. Besides avoiding disassembly, local stress- heat distribution non-uniform.
relief provides significant cost and time savings.
9-70. Induction. Requirements include a high
9-64. Typical local stress-relief methods include frequency generator, with a water-cooled copper
the following: induction coil of sufficient number of turns to be
a. Resistance positioned over entire area to be heat treated, such
as a welded patch. Coils shall be insulated from
b. Induction metal contact, which will produce electrical arcing.
Quartz lamp
Typical applications include small weld repair of
c. holes or bosses, or replacement of small detail
CAUTION
J parts.
9-71. Quartz Lamp. Radiant lamp provides
Gas burner shall not be used to
intense infrared heat, which can be easily directed
stress-relieve titanium parts. toward part being stress-relieved. Temperature
Exhaust gases can produce harmful can be controlled by pulsing lamp on and off. Typ-
surface reaction. ical applications include inlet guide vanes, exhaust
struts, intermediate cases, door assemblies, acces-
d. Gas burner radiant heater. sory housing, and thrust reversers.
9-11
TO. 1-1A-9
9-72. Radiant Gas Burner. Good heating pat-

CAUTION terns and temperature control are permitted by
using as burners. Heat treat of several areas can
Gas burner shall not be used to be accomplished simultaneously. Radiant gas
stress-relieve titanium parts. burners are fueled with a mixture of air and natu-
Exhaust gases can produce harmful ral gas.
surface reaction.
9-12
T.O. 1-1A-9
APPENDIX A
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Table A-l. Chemical Symbols
ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC NO. ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC NO.
Aluminum Al 13 Neodymium Nd 60
Antimony Sb 51 Neon Ne 10
Argon A 18 Nickel Ni 28
Arsenic As 33 Nitrogen N 7
Barium Ba 56 Osmium Os 76
Beryllium Be 4 Oxygen 0 8
Bismuth Bi 83 Palladium Pd 46
Boron B 5 Phosphorus P 15
Bromine Br 35 Platinum Pt 78
Cadmium Cd 48 Polonium Po 84
Cesium Cs 55 Potassium K 19
Calcium Ca 20 Praseodymium Pr 59
Carbon C 6 Protactinium Pa 91
Cerium Ce 58 Radium Ra 8
Chlorine Cl 17 Radon(radium emanation) Rn 86
Chromium Cr 24 Rhemium Re 75
Cobalt Co 27 Rhodium Rh 45
Columbium (Niobium) Cb(Nb) Rubedium Rb 37
Copper Cu 29 Ruthenium Ru 44
Dysprosium Dy 66 Samarium Sm 62
Erbium Er 68 Scandium Sc 21
Europium Eu 63 Selenium Se 34
Fluorine F 9 Silicon Si 14
Gadolinium Gd 64 Silver Ag 47
Gallium Ga 31 Sodium Na 11
Germanium Ge 32 Strontium Sr 38
Gold Au 79 Sulphur S 16
Hafnium Hf 72 Tantalum Ta 73
Helium He 2 Tellurium Te 52
Holmium Ho 67 Terbium Tb 65
Hydrogen H 1 Thallium T1 81
Indium In 49 Thorium Th 90
Iodine I 53 Thulium Tm 69
Iridium Ir 77 Tin Sn 50
Iron Fe 26 Titanium Ti 22
Krypton Kr 36 Tungsten W 74
Lanthanum La 57 Uranium U 92
Lead Pb 82 Vanadium V 23
Lithium Li 3 Xenon Xe 54
Lutecium Lu 71 Ytterbium Yb 70
Magnesium Mg 12 Yttrium Yo 39
Manganese Mn 25 Zinc Zn 30
Mercury Hg 80 Zirconium Zr 40
Molybdenum Mo 42
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-2. Decimal Equivalents
DRILL SIZE DECIMALS DRILL SIZE DECIMALS

INCH Mm. NO. OR LTR OF AN INCH INCH Mm. NO. OR LTR OF AN INCH
80 0.0135 1.7 0.066929

79 0.0145 51 0.067
1/64 0.015625 1.75 0.068897
0.4 0.15748 50 0.07
78 0.016 1.8 0.070866
77 0.018 1.85 0.072834
0.5 0.019685 49 0.073
76 0.02 1.9 0.074803
75 0.021 48 0.076
0.55 0.021653 1.95 0.076771
74 0.0225 5/64 0.078125
0.6 0.023622 47 0.0785
73 0.024 2.0 0.07874
72 0.025 2.05 0.080708
0.65 0.02559 46 0.081
71 0.026 45 0.082
0.7 0.027559 2.1 0.082877
70 0.028 2.15 0.084645
69 0.02925 44 0.086
0.75 0.029527 2.2 0.086614
68 0.031 2.25 0.088582
1/32 0.03125 43 0.089
0.8 0.031496 2.3 0.090551
67 0.032 2.35 0.092519
66 0.033 42 0.0935
0.85 0.033464 3/32 0.09375
65 0.035 2.4 0.094488
0.9 0.035433 41 0.096
64 0.036 2.45 0.096456
63 0.037 40 0.098
0.95 0.037401 2.5 0.098425
62 0.038 39 0.0995
61 0.039 38 0.1015
1.0 0.03937 2.6 0.102362
60 0.04 37 0.104
59 0.041 2.7 0.106299
1.05 0.041338 36 0.1065
58 0.042 2.75 0.108267
57 0.043 7/64 0.109375
1.1 0.043307 35 0.11
1.15 0.045275 2.8 0.110236
56 0.0465 34 0.111
3/64 0.046875 33 0.113
1.2 0.047244 2.9 0.114173
1.25 0.049212 32 0.116
1.3 0.051181 3.0 0.11811
55 0.052 31 0.12
1.35 0.053149 3.1 0.122047
54 0.055 1/8 0:125
1.4 0.055118 3.2 0.125984
1.45 0.057086 3.25 0.127952
1.5 0.059055 30 0.1285
53 0.0595 3.3 0.129921
A-2
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-2. Decimal Equivalents -Continued

1.55 0.061023 3.4 0.133858

1/16 0.0625 29 0.136
1.6 0.062992 3.5 0.137795
52 0.635 28 0.1405
1.65 0.06496 9/64 0.140625
3.6 0.141732 A 0.234
27 0.144 15/64 0.234375
3.7 0.145669 6.0 0.23622
26 0.147 B 0.238
3.75 0.147637 6.1 0.240157
25 0.1495 C 0.242
3.8 0.149606 6.2 0.244094
24 0.152 D 0.246
3.9 0.153543 6.25 0.246062
23 0.154 6.3 0.248031
5/32 0.15625 1/4 E 0.25
22 0.157 6.4 0.251968
4.0 0.15748 6.5 0.255905
21 0.159 F 0.257
20 0.161 6.6 0.259842
4.1 0.161417 G 0.261
4.2 0.165354 6.7 0.263779
19 0.166 17/64 0.265625
4.25 0.167322 6.75 0.265747
4.3 0.169291 H 0.266
18 0.1695 6.8 0.267716
11/64 0.171875 6.9 0.271653
17 0.173 I 0.272
4.4 0.173228 7.0 0.27559
16 0.177 J 0.277
4.5 0.177165 7.1 0.279527
15 0.18 K 0.281
4.6 0.181102 9/32 0.28125
14 0.182 7.2 0.283464
13 0.185 7.25 0.285432
4.7 0.185039 7.3 0.287401
4.75 0.187007 L 0.29
3/16 0.1875 7.4 0.291338
4.8 0.188976 M 0.295
12 0.189 7.5 0.295275
11 0.191 19/64 0.296875
4.9 0.192913 7.6 0.299212
10 0.1935 N 0.302
9 0.196 7.7 0.303149
5.0 0.19685 7.75 0.305117
8 0.199 7.8 0.307086
5.1 0.200787 7.9 0.311023
7 0.201 5/16 0.3125
13/64 0.203125 8.0 0.31496
6 0.204 0 0.316
5.2 0.204724 8.1 0.318897
5 0.2055 8.2 0.322834
5.25 0.206692 P 0.323
A-3
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table A-2. Decimal Equivalents Continued

5.3 0.208661 8.25 0.324802

4 0.209 8.3 0.326771
5.4 0.212598 21/64 0.328125
3 0.213 8.4 0.330708
5.5 0.216535 Q 0.332
7/32 0.21875 8.5 0.334645
5.6 0.220472 8.6 0.338582
2 0.221 R 0.339
5.7 0.224409 8.7 0.342519
5.75 0.226377 11/32 0.34375
1 0.228 8.75 0.344487
5.8 0.228346 8.8 0.346456
5.9 0.232283 S 0.348
8.9 0.350393 23/32 0.71875
9.0 0.35433 18.5 0.728345
T 0.358 47/64 0.734375
9.1 0.358267 19.0 0.74803
23/64 0.359375 3/4 0.75
9.2 0.362204 49/64 0.765625
9.25 0.364172 19.5 0.767715
9.3 0.366141 25/32 0.78125
U 0.368 20.0 0.7874
9.4 0.370078 51/64 0.796875
9.5 0.374015 20.5 0.807085
3/8 0.375 13/16 0.8125
V 0.377 21.0 0.82677
9.6 0.377952 53/64 0.828125
9.7 0.381889 27/32 0.84375
9.75 0.383857 21.5 0.846455
9.8 0.385826 55/64 0.859375
W 0.386 22.0 0.86614
9.9 0.389763 7/8 0.875
25/64 0.390625 22.5 0.885825
10.0 0.3937 57/64 0.890625
X 0.397 23.0 0.90551
Y 0.404 29/32 0.90625
13/32 0.40625 59/64 0.921875
Z 0.413 23.5 0.925195
10.5 0.413385 15/16 0.9375
27/64 0.421875 24.0 0.94488
11.0 0.43307 61/64 0.953125
7/16 0.4375 24.5 0.964565
11.5 0.452755 31/32 0.96875
29/64 0.453125 25.0 0.98425
15/32 0.46875 63/64 0.984375
12.0 0.47244 1 1.0
31/64 0.484375
12.5 0.492125
1/2 0.5
13.0 0.51181
33/64 0.515625
17/32 0.53125
13.5 0.531495
A-4
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-2. Decimal Equivalents Continued

35/64 0.546875
14.0 0.55118
9/16 0.5625
14.5 0.570865
37/64 0.578125
15.0 0.59055
19/32 0.59375
39/64 0.609375
15.5 0.610235
5/8 0.625
16.0 0.62992
41/64 0.640625
16.5 0.649605
21/32 0.65625
17.0 0.66929
43/64 0.671875
11/16 0.6875
17.5 0.688975
45/64 0.703125
18.0 0.70866
A-5
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table A-3. Engineering Conversion Factors
LENGTH
1 inch 2.54 Centimeters 0.0833 Foot 0.0278 Yard

1 foot 0.305 Meter 0.333 Yard
1 yard 0.914 Meter 3 Feet
Rod 16 1/2 Feet 5 1/2 Yards
Mile 1.609 Kilometers 5280 Feet 1760 Yards
1 Centimeter 0.3937 Inch 0.0328 Foot
1 Meter 39.37 Inches 3.281 Feet 1.094 Yards
1 Kilometer 1000 Meters 3280.83 Feet 1093.61 Yards 0.62137 Mile
AREA
1 Sq. Inch 6.452 Sq. Centimeters

1 Sq. Foot 144 Sq. Inches 929.032 Sq. Centimeters
1 Sq. Yard 1296 Sq. Inches 9 Sq. Feet 0.836 Sq. Meter
Sq. Rod 272 1/4 Sq Feet 30 1/4 Sq. Yards
Acre 43,560 Sq. Feet 160 Sq. Rods
Sq. Mile 640 Acres
1 Sq. Centimeter 0.155 Sq. Inch
Sq. Meter 1550 Sq. Inches 10.764 Sq. Feet 1.196 Sq. Yards
Sq. Kilometer 0.3861 Sq. Miles 247.104 Acres
VOLUME
Inch 16.39 Cu. Centimeters 0.00433 Gallons*

Cu.
Foot 1728 Cu. Inches 7.48 Gallons* 28.317 Liters 0.037 Cu. Yards
Cu.
Yard 27 Cu. Feet 0.7646 Cu. Meter 202 Gallons*
Cu.
Centimeter 0.001 Liter 0.061 Cu. Inch
Cu.
Meter 35.31 Cu. Feet 1.308 Cu. Yards 264.2 Gallons*
Cu.
Quart* 0.25 Gallons* 57.75 Cu. Inches 0.946 Liter 2 Pints*
Gallon* 0.832702 Imperial Gallon 231 Cu. Inches 0.1377 Cu. Feet 3.785 Liters
3785 Cu. Centimeters
1 Gallon, Imperial 1.20091 U.S. Gallons
Barrel (Std.) 31 1/2 Gallons
1 Barrel (Oil) 42 Gallons
*U.S. Measure
WEIGHT
Ounce 16 Drams 437.5 Grains 0.0625 Pound 28.35 Grams 0.9155 Ounce (Troy)
Pound 16 Ounces 453.593 Grams 0.453593 Kilogram
Ton (Short) 2000 Pounds 907.185 Kilograms 0.892857 Long Ton 0.907185 Metric Ton
Ton (Metric) 2204.62 Pounds 0.98421 Long Ton 1.10231 Short Tons
Ton (Long) 2240 Pounds 1016.05 Kilograms 1.120 Short Tons 1.01605 Metric Tons
1 Gram 15.43235 Grains 0.001 Kilogram
1 Kilogram 2.20462 Pounds
COMPOUND UNITS
gram per square millimeter 1.422 pounds per square inch

kilogram per square millimeter 1.422.32 pounds per square inch
kilogram per square centimeter 14.2232 pounds per square inch
kilogram per square meter 0.2048 pound per square foot
1.8433 pounds per square yard
A-6
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-3. Engineering Conversion Factors Continued
COMPOUND UNITS (Cont)

kilogram meter 7.2330 foot pounds
kilogram per meter 0.6720 pound per foot
1 pound per square inch 0.07031 kilogram per square centimeter
1 pound per square foot 0.0004882 kilogram per square centimeter
1 pound per square foot 0.006944 pound per square inch
1 pound per cubic inch 27679.7 kilograms per cubic meter
1 pound per cubic foot 16.0184 kilograms per cubic meter
1 kilogram per cubic meter 0.06243 pound per cubic foot
1 foot per second 0.30480 meter per second
1 meter per second 3.28083 feet per second
1 meter per second 2.23693 miles per hour
MULTIPLES
Circumference of Circle Diameter X 3.1416

Area of Circle Square of Diameter X 0.7854, or
Square of Radius X 3.1416, or
Square of Circumference X 0.07958
Area of Triangle Base X one-half altitude
Surface of Sphere Circumference X diameter, or
Square of diameter X 3.1416
Volume of Sphere Surface X one-sixth diameter, or
Cube of diameter X 0.5236
Area of Hexagon Square of Diameter of Inscribed Circle X 0.866
Area of Octagon Square of Diameter of Inscribed Circle X 0.828
ENGINEERING UNITS
1 Horsepower kilowatt Hour

33,000 foot pounds per minute 1,000watt hours
550 foot pounds per second 1.34 horsepower hours
746 watts 2,655,220 foot pounds
0.746 kilowatts 3,412 heat units (B.T.U)
1 Horsepower Hour British Thermal Unit
0.746 Kilowatt hours 1,055watt seconds
1,980,000 foot pounds 778 foot pounds
2,545 heat units (B.T.U) 0.000293 kilowatt hour
0.000393 horsepower hour
1 Kilowatt Watt
1,000 watts joule per second
1.34 horsepower 0.00134 horsepower
737.3 foot pounds per second 3.3412 heat units (B.T.U.) per hour
44.240 foot pounds per minute 0.7373 foot pounds per second
56.9 heat units (B.T.U) per minute 44.24 foot pounds per minute
T.O. 1-1A-9
The following weights are approximate and variations must be expected in practice.
Table A-4. Table of Weights Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy
Bars-Flat .0403 .........................................0.5676 .049 .....................................0.18

x
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft .0508 .........................................0.7158 .058 .....................................0.210
x
1/2 .......................................0.578 .0641 .........................................0.9026 x .065 .....................................0.23
1/2 x 2 .......................................1.174 .0808 .........................................1.1382 x .083 .....................................0.29
3/4 x 2 .......................................1.7604 .0907 1.2781 1/16x.032 .............................0.13
3/4 3 .......................................2.6408 .128 ...........................................1.8099 1/16 x .083 .............................0.31
2 ..........................................2.3472 .156 ...........................................2.202 1/8 x .035 ..............................0.15
x 3 ..........................................3.5208 .1875 .........................................2.6481 /8 x .049 ..............................0.20
1/2 x 2 ....................................3.5208 .250 ...........................................3.5215 1/8 .058 ..............................0.24
3/4 3 1/2 7.1883 .375 ...........................................5.2822 1/8 x .065 ..............................0.27
2 x 3 ..........................................7.0416 .500 ...........................................7.212 3/16 x .083 .............................0.35
2 3/4 4 12.9096 Tubing-Round /4 x .035 ..............................0.16
3 x 4 ........................................14.350 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 1/4 x .049 ..............................0.2134
Bars-Hexagon 1/4 x .028 ..................................0.025 1/4 .058 ..............................0.27
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 1/4 x .032 ..................................0.027 1/4 x .065 ..............................0.30
3/8 .............................................0.147 1/4 x .035 ..................................0.03 /4 .083 ..............................0.37
7/16 ...........................................0.20 1/4 x .049 ..................................0.036 5/16 x .083 .............................0.39
1/2 .............................................0.262 1/4 x .058 ..................................0.044 3/8 x .032 ..............................0.17
9/16 ...........................................0.331 1/4 x .065 ..................................0.047 3/8 x .049 ..............................0.25
5/8 .............................................0.409 5/16 x.025 ................................0.027 3/8 x .058 ..............................0.29
3/4 .............................................0.639 5/16 x.028 ................................0.032 3/8 .065 ..............................0.33
................................................1.047 5/16 x .035 ................................0.039 3/8 .083 ..............................0.41
1/4 ..........................................1.620 5/16 .065 ................................0.061 3/8 x .120 ..............................0.58
1/2 ..........................................2.340 3/8 x .025 ..................................0.033 7/16 .095 .............................0.48
Rods-Round 3/8 x .028 ..................................0.037 1/2 .035 ..............................0.19
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 3/8 x .035 ..................................0.0435 1/2 x .049 ..............................0.27
3/16 ...........................................0.032 3/8 x .042 ..................................0.053 1/2 x .058 ..............................0.32
1/4 .............................................0.058 3/8 x .049 ..................................0.063 1/2 .065 ..............................0.36
5/16 ...........................................0.090 7/16 x .035 ................................0.054 1/2 x .083 ..............................0.45
3/8 .............................................0.129 7/16 .049 ................................0.075 5/8 x .065 ..............................0.39
7/16 ...........................................0.176 1/2 x .032 ..................................0.056 5/8 .125 ..............................0.72
1/2 .............................................0.230 1/2 x .035 ..................................0.063 11/14 .095 ...........................0.58
9/16 ...........................................0.291 1/2 x .042 ..................................0.073 3/4 x .035 ...............................0.23
5/8 .............................................0.360 /2 x .049 ..................................0.086 3/4 .049 ...............................0.32
11/14 .........................................0.435 1/2 x .065 ..................................0.11 3/4 x .065 ...............................0.3934
3/4 .............................................0.518 9/16 .032 ................................0.067 3/4 .083 0.53
13/16 .........................................0.608 5/8 x .035 ..................................0.08 3/4 .125 ...............................0.79
7/8 .............................................0.705 5/8 x .042 ..................................0.093 2 .042 .....................................0.29
15/16 .........................................0.809 5/8 x .049 ..................................0.11 7/8 x .049 ...............................0.34
................................................0.921 5/8 x .058 ..................................0.13 2 .049 .:...................................0.36
1/4 ..........................................1.439 5/8 x .065 ..................................0.14 2 .065 .....................................0.48
3/8 ..........................................1.741 11/16 x .049 ..............................0.105 2 x .083 .....................................0.61
1/2 ..........................................2.072 3/4 x .035 ..................................0.096 2 .125 .....................................0.92
3/4 ..........................................2.820 3/4 x .049 ..................................0.1245 2 1/4 x .025 ...............................0.2052
2 ................................................3.683 3/4 x .058 ..................................0.15 2 1/2 x .065 ...............................0.61
2 1/2 ..........................................5.755 3/4 x .065 ..................................0.17 Tubing-Streamline
2 3/4 ..........................................6.964 3/4 x .083 ..................................0.21 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft
3 ................................................8.287 13/16 .032 ..............................0.095 1.500 .250 .020 ...................0.082
3 1/2 ........................................11.550 13/16 .049 ..............................0.13 1.500 x .375 x .020 ...................0.085
4 ..............................................15.200 7/8 x .028 ..................................0.09 1.625 x .375 x .025 ...................0.115
Sheets 7/8 x .035 ..................................0.11 1.875 x .375 x .035 ...................0.16
Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft 7/8 x .049 ..................................0.16 2.00 x .875 x .049 ....................0.27
.0126 .........................................0.1797 15/16 x .032 ..............................0.11 2.01563 .375 x .025 ...............0.12
.016 ...........................................0.2253 15/16 .049 ..............................0.17 2.625 x .375 x .035 ...................0.22
.020 ...........................................0.2817 15/16 x .083 ..............................0.27 3.00 .375 .035 ....................0.25
.0253 .........................................0.3570 x .032 .....................................0.12 3.125 x .375 x .032 ...................0.25
.032 ...........................................0.4501 x .035 .....................................0.13 3.350 x 1.50 x .065 ...................0.61
.0359 .........................................0.5055 x.042 .....................................0.16 4.0625 x 1.71 x .065 .................0.73
A-8
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-5. Table of Weights Brass
Bars-Flat 3/8 0.4493 13/16 1.913

Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 7/16 0.6115 7/8 2.218
/8 x 1/2 0.238 1/2 0.7987 18/14 2.546
1/8 x 3/4 0.358 9/16 1.001 2.897
1/8 x 0.475 5/8 1.248 1/8 3.667
1/8 3/4 0.815 11/16 1.510 3/14 4.086
1/8 x 2 0.935 3/4 1.797 1/4 4.527
6/32 x 0.625 12/16 2.109 5/16 4.991
3/16 x 3/4 0.535 7/8 2.446 3/8 5.478
3/16 x 0.715 15/16 2.808 7/16 5.987
3/16 1/4 0.895 3.195 1/2 6.519
3/16 1/2 1.00 1/8 4.043 9/16 7.073
3/16 x 3/4 1.175 3/16 4.505 5/8 7.651
3/16 x 2 1.385 1/4 4.992 11/16 8.250
3/16 x 2 1/2 1.785 5/16 5.503 3/4 8.873
3/16 x 3 2.055 3/8 6.040 13/14 9.518
1/4 0.9575 1/2 7.188 7/8 10.19
1/4 1/8 1.075 9/16 7.800 15/16 10.88
1/4 x 1/4 1.185 5/8 8.436 2 11.59
1/4 x 3/4 1.585 11/14 9.097 2 1/4 14.67
1/4 x 2 1.885 3/4 9.784 2 1/2 18.11
1/4 2 1/2 2.375 13/16 10.50 23/4 21.91
1/4 3 2.815 7/8 11.23 27/8 23.95
1/4 6 5.65 15/16 11.99 3 26.08
5/16 x 3/4 0.957 2 12.78 3 1/2 36.75
5/16 1.075 2 1/2 19.97 4 46.93
5/16 x 1/4 1.475 3 26.41 5 74.25
5/16 x 1/2 1.975 Bars-Square 6 108.25
5/16 x 3/4 2.075 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft Sheet
5/16 2 2.375 3/16 0.1297 Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft
5/16 x 2 1/2 3.075 1/4 0.2306 .0031 0.1393
5/16 x 3 3.875 9/16 0.3602 .0035 0.1564
5/16 x 4 5.125 3/8 0.5188 .004 0.1756
5/16 6 8.75 7/16 0.7061 .0045 0.1972
3/8 x 1.285 1/2 0.9222 .005 0.2214
3/8 x 1/4 1.575 5/8 1.441 .0056 0.2486
3/8 1/2 2.00 3/4 2.075 .0063 0.2792
3/8 3/4 2.275 3.689 .0071 0.3135
3/8 2 2.675 1/4 5.764 .008 0.3521
3/8 2 1/2 3.475 1/2 8.300 .0089 0.3953
3/8 x 3 4.175 2 14.76 .010 0.4439
3/8 x 4 5.725 Rods-Round .0113 0.4985
3/8 6 8.325 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft .0126 0.5598
1/2 1.795 1/16 0.01132 .0142 0.6286
1/2 1/2 2.685 3/32 0.03625 .0159 0.7059
1/2 2 3.675 1/8 0.04527 .0179 0.7927
1/2 x 2 1/2 4.675 6/32 0.0915 .0201 0.8901
1/2 3 5.675 3/16 0.1019 .0226 0.9995
1/2 x 4 7.705 7/32 0.1475 .0253 1.122
1/2 x 6 11.10 1/4 0.1811 .0285 1.260
5/8 2.156 9/32 0.2375 .032 1.415
5/8 x 2 4.250 9/14 0.2829 .0359 1.589
3/4 x 2.875 11/32 0.3480 .0403 1.785
3/4 x 2 5.750 3/8 0.4074 .0453 2.004
7/8 x 2 1/2 8.325 28/64 0.4185 .0508 2.251
1/4 4.525 12/32 0.4866 .0571 2.527
x 2 7.705 7/16 0.5546 .0641 2.838
Bars-Hexagon 1/2 0.7243 .072 3.187
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 9/16 0.9167 .0808 3.578
3/16 0.1123 5/8 1.132 .0907 4.018
1/4 0.1997 11/14 1.369 .1019 4.512
5/16 0.3120 3/4 1.630 .1144 5.067
A-9
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table A-5. Table of Weights Brass Continued
.1285 5.690 7/8 .065 0.609 .0035 0.00003596

.1443 6.389 .032 0.358 .004 0.00004535
.162 7.175 .035 0.391 .0045 0.00005718
.1819 8.057 x .049 0.567 .005 0.00007210
.2043 9.047 x.065 0.703 .0056 0.00009092
.2294 ................................ 10.16 1/8 x .032 0.404 .0063 0.0001146
.2576 11.41 1/8x.049 0.610 .0071 0.0001446
.2893 12.81 1/8x.058 0.716 .008 0.0001823
.3249 14.39 1/8 x .065 0.797 .0089 0.0002299
.3648 16.15 1/8 x .095 1.132 .010 0.0002898
.4096 18.14 1/8 x .134 1.1537 .0113 0.0003655
.460 20.37 1/4 .020 0.285 .0126 0.0004609
Shim Stock 1/4 x .032 0.451 .0142 0.0005812
Thickness No. Of Ozs Per Sq Ft 1/4 .049 0.681 .0159 0.0007328
.002 1.40 /4 .058 0.800 .0179 0.0009241
.004 2.75 1/4x.065 0.891 .0201 0.001165
.006 4.50 1/4 x .072 0.981 .0226 0.001469
.008 6.00 3/8 x .035 0.543 .0254 0.001853
.010 6.75 3/8 x .049 0.752 .0285 0.002336
.012 9.00 3/8 x .065 0.935 .032 0.002946
Tubing-Round /2 x .032 0.544 .0359 0.003715
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 1/2 .049 0.823 .0403 0.004684
1/8 x .020 0.024 1/2 x .065 1.08 .0453 0.005907
/8 .032 0.034 5/8 .032 0.590 .0508 0.007449
3/16 x .028 0.052 5/8 x .049 0.893 .0571 0.009393
1/4 .032 0.081 5/8 x .065 1.173 .0641 0.01184
1/4 .049 0.114 3/4 x .032 0.636 .072 0.01493
5/16 x .032 0.104 3/4 x .049 0.964 .0800 0.01883
3/8 x .028 0.112 3/4 x .065 1.267 .0907 0.02375
3/8 .032 0.127 7/8 .049 1.035 .1019 0.02994
3/8 x .042 0.162 2 x .032 0.729 .1144 0.03776
3/8 x .065 0.233 2 .035 0.796 .1285 0.04761
7/14 .028 0.133 2 .065 1.455 .1443 0.06004
1/2 x .032 0.173 2 1/4 x .049 1.248 .162 0.07571
1/2 .035 0.188 2 /4 .065 1.643 .1819 0.09547
1/2 x .065 0.327 2 3/8 x .035 0.9275 .2043 0.1204
5/8 x .032 0.220 2 1/2 x .035 0.998 .2294 0.1518
5/8 x .049 0.327 2 1/2 x .065 1.831 .2576 0.1914
5/8 .065 0.421 2 7/8 .1875 5.875 .2893 0.2414
3/4 .025 0.210 3 x .032 1.200 .3249 0.3044
3/4 x .032 0.266 Wire .3648 0.3838
3/4 x .049 0.397 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft .4096 0.4839
7/8 .032 0.312 .0010 0.000002884 .460 0.6102
7/8 .049 0.468 .0031 0.00002852
Table A-6. Table of Weights Bronze
Bars-Hexagon 9/16 ...........................................0.2794 1/2 ..........................................6.438

Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 3/8 .............................................0.4024 3/4 ..........................................8.763
5/16 ...........................................0.3081 1/2 .............................................0.7154 2 ..............................................11.45
3/8 .............................................0.4437 9/16 ...........................................0.9054 2 1/8 ........................................12.92
7/16 ...........................................0.6039 5/8 .............................................1.118 2 1/2 ........................................17.88
1/2 .............................................0.7888 11/16 .........................................1.353 3 ..............................................25.75
9/16 ...........................................0.9983 3/4 1.610 3 1/2 ........................................35.05
5/8 .............................................1.232 13/14 .........................................1.889 4 ..............................................45.78
3/4 .............................................1.775 7/8 .............................................2.191 Sheet
................................................3.155 ................................................2.862 Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft
Rods-Round 1/8 ..........................................3.622 .010 ...........................................0.4406
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 3/16 ........................................4.035 .012 ...........................................0.5552
1/8 .............................................0.04471 1/4 ..........................................4.471 .0159 .........................................0.7006
3/16 ...........................................0.1006 3/8 ..........................................5.410 .0201 .........................................0.8857
1/4 .............................................0.1788 7/14 ........................................5.913 .0253 .........................................1.115
A-10
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-6. Table of Weights Bronze Continued
.032 ...........................................1.410 .050 ...........................................2.238 .0907 .........................................3.997

.0359 .........................................1.582 .0641 .........................................2.825 .1285 .........................................5.662
.0403 .........................................1.776 .0808 .........................................3.567
Table A-7. Table Of Weights -Copper

Bars-Flat Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 9/16 x .134 ................................0.704
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 1/8 .020 ..................................0.026 5/8 x .032 ..................................0.231
1/16 3/4 ..................................0.1809 1/8x.025 ..................................0.030 5/8 .035 ..................................0.251
1/8 x .......................................0.4823 /8 x .028 ..................................0.033 5/8 .042 ..................................0.298
1/8 x 2 .......................................0.9646 1/8 x .032 ..................................0.036 5/8 x .049 ..................................0.343
/4 x .......................................0.9646 1/8 .049 ..................................0.045 5/8 x .065 ..................................0.443
1/4 x 2 1.929 3/16 x .022 ................................0.044 5/8 x .083 ..................................0.547
1/4 x 3 .......................................3.894 3/16 .028 ................................0.055 5/8 x .120 ..................................0.737
1/4 4 .......................................3.858 3/16 x .032 ................................0.061 11/14 .120 ..............................0.812
3/8 .......................................1.447 3/16 x .035 ................................0.065 3/4 .025 ..................................0.220
3/8 2 .......................................2.894 3/16 x .042 ................................0.075 3/4 .028 ..................................0.246
1/2 3/4 ....................................1.425 3/16 x .049 ................................0.083 3/4 .032 ..................................0.280
1/2 x .......................................1.929 7/22 .065 ................................0.132 3/4 x .035 ..................................0.304
5/8 x 1/2 .................................3.675 /4 .028 ..................................0.076 3/4 x .042 ..................................0.362
Rods-Round 1/4 x .032 ..................................0.085 3/4 .049 ..................................0.418
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 1/4 x .035 ..................................0.092 3/4 .058 ..................................0.488
1/4 .............................................0.1894 1/4 .042 ..................................0.106 3/4 .065 ..................................0.542
9/16 ...........................................0.2959 1/4 .049 ..................................0.120 3/4 .083 ..................................0.673
3/8 .............................................0.4261 1/4 x .065 ..................................0.146 3/4 x .120 ..................................0.920
7/16 ...........................................0.580 9/22 .042 ................................0.122 3/4 .134 ..................................1.00
1/2 .............................................0.7576 3/16 .025 ................................0.088 13/16 x .042 ..............................0.396
5/8 .............................................1.184 5/16 x .028 ................................0.097 13/16 .049 ..............................0.452
3/4 .............................................1.705 5/16 x .032 ................................0.110 7/8 x .028 ..................................0.289
7/8 .............................................2.320 5/16 x.035 ................................0.119 7/8 x .032 ..................................0.328
................................................3.030 5/16 x .042 ................................0.139 7/8 .035 ..................................0.358
1/8 ..........................................3.835 5/16 .049 ................................0.158 7/8 .049 ..................................0.492
1/4 ..........................................4.735 5/16 .058 ................................0.180 7/8 .058 ..................................0.576
1/2 ..........................................6.818 5/16 .065 ................................0.196 7/8 .095 ..................................0.901
3/4 ..........................................9.281 3/8 .025 ..................................0.106 7/8 .109 ..................................1.02
2 12.12 3/8 x .028 ..................................0.118 7/8x.120 ..................................1.10
2 1/2 ........................................18.94 3/8 .032 ..................................0.134 .025 .....................................0.297
3 ..............................................27.27 3/8 .035 ..................................0.145 .028 .....................................0.331
Sheet 3/8 x .042 ..................................0.170 x .032 .....................................0.377
Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft 3/8 .049 ..................................0.194 x .035 .....................................0.411
.002 ...........................................0.125 3/8 .065 ..................................0.245 x .042 .....................................0.489
.003 ...........................................0.1434 3/8 x .083 ..................................0.295 x .049 .....................................0.567
.005 ...........................................0.2312 3/8 .095 ..................................0.325 .065 .....................................0.739
.006 ...........................................0.2914 7/16 x .032 ................................0.158 .120 .....................................1.29
.010 ...........................................0.4625 7/16 .035 ................................0.171 1/16 .032 .............................0.403
.0126 .........................................0.5827 7/16 .042 ................................0.202 1/16 x .035 .............................0.438
.0142 .........................................0.6567 7/16 .049 ................................0.232 1/8 .032 ...............................0.425
.0159 .........................................0.7353 7/16 .065 ................................0.295 1/8 .042 ...............................0.553
.0201 .........................................0.9296 1/2 .028 ..................................0.161 1/8 x .049 ...............................0.641
.0226 1.0452 1/2 x .032 ..................................0.182 1/8 .065 ...............................0.838
.0253 1.170 1/2 .035 ..................................0.198 1/8 x .148 1.759
.032 ...........................................1.4799 1/2 .042 ..................................0.234 3/16 x .032 .............................0.453
.0359 1.6602 1/2 x .049 ..................................0.269 1/4 .032 ...............................0.474
.0403 1.8637 1/2 x .058 ..................................0.312 1/4 x .035 ...............................0.517
.0453 .........................................2.09 50 /2 x .065 ..................................0.344 /4 x .049 ...............................0.716
.0508 .........................................2.3493 1/2 x .120 ..................................0.554 1/4 x .065 ...............................0.937
.0571 .........................................2.6407 1/2 x .134 ..................................0.596 1/4 .072 1.03
.0641 .........................................2.9644 9/16 x .032 ................................0.207 1/4x.148 1.98
.0808 .........................................3.7367 9/16 x .035 ................................0.225 .1 5/16 x .032 .............................0.498
.0907 .........................................4.1946 9/16 x .042 ................................0.266 5/16 x .042 .............................0.648
.1285 .........................................5.9427 9/16 x .049 ................................0.306 5/16 .049 .............................0.758
Tubing-Round 9/16 x .120 ................................0.645 3/8 x .028 ...............................0.459
A-11
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-7. Table Of Weights Copper- Continued
3/8 x .032 ...............................0.523 3/4 .032 ...............................0.669 2 1/2 .065 ...............................1.93

3/8 x .035 ...............................0.570 3/4 .042 ...............................0.873 2 3/4 .095 ...............................3.07
3/8 .042 ...............................0.681 3/4 .049 1.014 3 x .120 .....................................4.20
3/8 x .049 ...............................0.790 3/4 x .065 ...............................1.332 Wire
3/8 .065 1.036 3/4 .148 2.884 Size No. of Ft Per Lb
3/8 x .148 2.209 7/8 .032 ...............................0.717 .020 .......................................826.9
7/16 x .035 .............................0.597 7/8 x .042 ...............................0.937 .0253 .....................................516.7
1/2 x .032 ...............................0.571 7/8 x .049 1.088 .032 .......................................323.0
1/2 .042 ...............................0.745 7/8 x .065 1.431 .0359 .....................................256.6
1/2 .049 ...............................0.865 7/8 .148 ...............................3.109 .0403 .....................................203.7
1/2x.058 ...............................1.017 2 .032 .....................................0.766 .0508 .....................................128.2
1/2 .065 ...............................1.135 2 x .035 .....................................0.837 .0625 .......................................84.67
1/2 .148 ...............................2.434 2 x .042 1.00 .064 .........................................80.75
5/8 .032 ...............................0.620 2 x .049 1.163 .072 .........................................63.80
5/8 x .042 ...............................0.809 2 x .065 1.530 .0808 .......................................50.66
5/8 x .049 ...............................0.939 2 x.083 .....................................1.936 .0907 .......................................40.21
5/8 x .058 1.106 2 x .095 .....................................2.202 .1019 .......................................31.85
5/8 x .065 ...............................1.238 2 /4 .049 ...............................1.31 .1285 .......................................20.03
5/8 x .148 ...............................2.659 21/4x.065 1.73 .2576 .........................................4.984
Table A-8. Table of Weights Iron
Angle 5/16x3x3 ...............................6.1 .500 .........................................20.4

Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 3/8 x 1/2 x 1/2 ....................3.35 Sheet-Galvanized
11/16 x ............................0.40 3/8 x 2 1/2 2 1/2 ....................5.90 Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft
1/8 x 3/4 x 3/4 ...........................0.59 5/8x6x6 ...............................24.2 .0156 .........................................0.781
1/8x1x1 .................................0.80 Sheet-Black .0188 .........................................0.906
1/8 x 1/2 1/2 1.23 Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft .025 1.156
1/8 x 3/4 3/4 1.44 .0156 .........................................0.625 .032 1.406
1/8x2x2 1.65 .0188 .........................................0.75 .0375 .........................................1.656
3/16xIx1 ...............................1.16 .025 1.00 .0438 1.9064
3/16 x 1/4 x 1/4 ..................1.48 .032 1.25 .050 ...........................................2.156
3/16 x 1/2 x 1/2 ..................1.80 .0375 1.50 .0625 .........................................2.62
3/16x 1/2x2 .........................2.12 .0438 1.723 .0938 .........................................3.9603
3/16 2 2 1/2 .........................2.75 .050 ...........................................2.00 .125 ...........................................5.1563
3/16 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 ..................3.07 .0625 .........................................2.55 Sheet-Terne Plate
1/4 1/4 x 1/4 1.92 .0781 .........................................3.2 Size Lbs Per Sq Ft
1/4 1/2 x 1/2 ....................2.34 .093 ...........................................3.757 .0156 .........................................0.6377
1/4x2x2 .................................3.19 .125 ...........................................5.1 .0186 .........................................0.7685
1/4 x 2 1/2 2 1/2 ....................4.10 .156 ...........................................6.4 .025 ...........................................1.022
1/4x3x3 .................................4.9 .1875 .........................................7.56 .0313 .........................................1.2795
1/4x4x4 .................................6.6 .250 .........................................10.2 .037 1.5329
5/16x 2 1/2 x3 .........................5.6 .375 .........................................15.178 .050 ...........................................2.044
Table A-9. Table of Weights Lead
Sheet 1/16 ...........................................4.25 1/8 .............................................7.812

Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft 3/52 ...........................................6.031 3/16 11.720
1/32 ...........................................2.10
Table A-10. Table of Weights -Magnesium and Magnesium Alloy

Bars-Flat 2 3 ..........................................4.535 3/4 .............................................0.412
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 2 3/4 x 4 8.320 ................................................0.674
1/2 .......................................0.372 3 x 4 ..........................................9.240 1/4 ..........................................1.043
1/2 x 2 .......................................0.756 Bars-Hexagon 1/2 1.510
3/4 x 2 .......................................1.135 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft Rods-Round
3/4 x 3 .......................................1.700 3/8 .............................................0.095 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft
x 2 ..........................................1.513 7/16 ...........................................0.129 3/16 ...........................................0.021
3 ..........................................2.270 1/2 .............................................0.169 1/4 .............................................0.037
1/2 2 ....................................2.290 9/16 ...........................................0.213 3/16 ...........................................0.058
3/4 x 3 1/2 ..............................4.630 5/8 .............................................0.263 3/8 .............................................0.083
A-12
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-10. Table of Weights -Magnesium and Magnesium Alloy Continued
7/16 ...........................................0.114 13/4 ..........................................1.818 .032 ...........................................0.290

1/2 .............................................0.148 2 ................................................2.385 .0359 .........................................0.3258
3/16 ...........................................0.188 2 1/2 ..........................................3.710 .0403 .........................................0.366
5/8 .............................................0.232 2314 ..........................................4.480 .0508 .........................................0.462
11/16 .........................................0.280 3 ................................................5.340 .0641 .........................................0.582
3/4 ............................................0.334 3 1/2 ..........................................7.450 .0808 .........................................0.733
13/16 .........................................0.392 4 ................................................9.800 .128 ...........................................1.167
7/8 .............................................0.454 Sheets .0907 .........................................1.823
15/16 .........................................0.522 Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft .156 ...........................................1.418
................................................0.593 .0126 .........................................0.1158 .1875 .........................................1.708
1/4 ..........................................0.927 .020 ...........................................0.1814 .250 ...........................................2.270
13/8 1.122 .016 ...........................................0.1451 .375 ...........................................3.405
1/2 ..........................................1.348 .0253 .........................................0.230 .500 ...........................................4.650
Table A-11. Table of Weights -Nickel Chromium Iron Alloy (Inconel)
Rods-Round .250 .........................................11.12 3/4 x .065 ..................................0.519

Size Lbs Per Linear Ft Tubing 7/8 .035 ..................................0.343
1/4 .............................................0.182 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 7/8 .049 ..................................0.472
3/16 ...........................................0.285 1/4 x .028 ..................................0.071 7/8 .058 ..................................0.552
3/8 .............................................0.409 1/4 .035 ..................................0.088 7/8 x .065 ..................................0.613
1/2 .............................................0.728 1/4 x .049 ..................................0.113 .035 .....................................0.393
3/4 .............................................1.638 1/4 x .065 ..................................0.139 x .049 .....................................0.543
................................................2.912 5/16 x .028 ................................0.091 .058 .....................................0.636
1/4 ..........................................4.55 5/16 .035 ................................0.113 .065 .....................................0.708
1/2 ..........................................6.553 5/16 .049 ................................0.150 1/4 .049 ...............................0.686
2 ..............................................11.651 5/16 x .065 ................................0.188 1/4 x .065 ...............................0.897
2 1/2 ........................................18.203 3/8 .028 ..................................0.113 3/8 x .049 ...............................0.757
Sheets 3/8 x .035 ..................................0.139 3/8 x .065 ...............................0.988
Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft 3/8 .049 ..................................0.188 1/2 x .035 ...............................0.597
.018 ...........................................0.84 3/8 x .058 ..................................0.217 1/2 .049 ...............................0.828
.025 1.11 3/8 x .065 ..................................0.236 /2 .065 1.09
.032 1.39 1/2 x .035 ..................................0.191 3/4 .049 ...............................0.969
.037 1.65 1/2 .049 ..................................0.257 3/4 x .065 1.28
.043 1.91 1/2 .058 ..................................0.299 2 .049 .....................................1.11
.050 ...........................................2.22 1/2 x .065 ..................................0.329 2 x .065 1.46
.0625 .........................................2.76 5/8 .049 ..................................0.329 2 1/4 x .049 1.26
.093 ...........................................4.14 5/8 .065 ..................................0.424 2 1/4 x .065 1.65
.125 ...........................................5.56 3/4 .035 ..................................0.292 2 1/2 .049... _1.40
.156 ...........................................6.94 3/4 .049 ..................................0.400 2 1/2 .065 1.84
.1875 .........................................8.32 3/4 .058 ..................................0.468 3 1/4 .120 ...............................4.38
Table A-12. Table of Weights -Nickel Copper Alloy
Rods-Round ................................................3.044 Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft

Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 1/4 ..........................................4.756 .018 ...........................................0.86
1/4 .............................................0.190 1/2 ..........................................6.849 .025 1.15
3/16 ...........................................0.309 2 ..............................................12.178 .032 1.44
3/8 .............................................0.428 2 1/2 ........................................19.027 .037 1.72
1/2 .............................................0.761 Sheets .125 ...........................................5.75
3/4 1.172
Table A-13. Table of Weights Steel
Bars-Flat 1/14 x 3 .....................................0.638 3/16 1/2 ..................................0.319

Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 1/8 x 1/2 ....................................0.2125 3/16x3/4 ..................................0.478
1/14 x 1/2 ..................................0.106 1/8 3/4 ....................................0.3188 3/16 x .....................................0.638
1/14 x 3/4 ..................................0.1594 1/8 x .......................................0.425 3/16 x 1/4 ...............................0.797
1/14 x .....................................0.212 1/8 x 1/2 .................................0.638 3/16 x 1/2 ...............................0.956
1/14 x 112 ...............................0.319 1/8 x 2 .......................................0.850 3/16x 2 .....................................1.28
1/14 2 .....................................0.425 1/8 2 1/2 1.06 3/16 2 1/2 ...............................1.59
1/14 x 2 1/2 ...............................0.531 1/8 x 3 1.27 3/16 3 1.91
A-13
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-13. Table of Weights Steel Continued
1/4 112 ...................................0.425 1/4 x 3 12.75 5/32 ...........................................0.065

1/4 3/4 ....................................0.636 1/4 4 ..................................17.00 3/16 ...........................................0.094
1/4 x .......................................0.850 1/2 x 2 ..................................10.20 7/32 ...........................................0.128
1/4 1/4 1.06 1/2 3 ..................................15.30 1/4 0.167
1/4 x 1/2 .................................1.28 1/2 5 ..................................25.50 9/32 ...........................................0.211
1/4 x 3/4 .................................1.49 2 x 2 1/2 17.00 5/16 ...........................................0.261
1/4 2 1.70 2 x 3 ........................................20.40 11/22 .........................................0.316
1/4x21/2 .................................2.13 2 x 4 ........................................27.20 3/8 .............................................0.376
1/4 x 3 .......................................2.55 2 1/2 x 3 ..................................25.50 7/16 ...........................................0.511
3/16 x 1/2 ..................................0.531 3 x 4 ........................................40.80 1/2 .............................................0.668
3/16 3/4 ..................................0.797 Bars-Hexagon 9/16 ...........................................0.845
5/16 x .....................................1.06 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 5/8 .............................................1.043
5/16 1/4 ...............................1.33 1/4 .............................................0.195 11/16 .........................................1.262
5/16 1/2 ...............................1.59 5/16 ...........................................0.29 3/4 .............................................1.502
5/16 3/4 ...............................1.86 3/8 .............................................0.43 13/16 .........................................1.763
5/16 2 .....................................2.13 7/16 ...........................................0.56 7/8 .............................................2.044
5/16x2 1/4 ...............................2.39 1/2 .............................................0.73 15/16 .........................................2.347
5/16 x 2 1/2 ...............................2.66 9/16 ...........................................0.93 ................................................2.670
5/16 2 3/4 ...............................2.92 5/8 .............................................1.15 1/16 ........................................3.015
5/16 x 3 .....................................3.19 11/16 .........................................1.40 1/8 ..........................................3.380
3/8 x 1/2 ....................................0.638 3/4 1.66 3/16 ........................................3.766
3/8 x 1.28 13/16 1.91 1/4 ..........................................4.172
3/8 1/4 .................................1.59 7/8 .............................................2.25 13/8 ..........................................5.049
3/8 1/2 .................................1.91 13/16 .........................................2.58 7/16 ........................................5.518
3/8 x 2 .......................................2.55 ................................................2.94 1/2 ..........................................6.008
3/8 x 2 /2 .................................3.19 1/16 ........................................3.33 5/8 ..........................................7.051
3/8 x 3 .......................................3.83 1/8 ..........................................3.73 3/4 ..........................................8.178
3/8 3 1/2 .................................4.46 1/4 ..........................................4.60 7/8 ..........................................9.388
3/8 x 4 .......................................5.10 5/16 ........................................5.07 2 ..............................................10.68
3/8 6 .......................................7.65 3/8 ..........................................5.57 2 1/4 ........................................13.52
1/2 x .......................................1.70 1/2 ..........................................6.62 2 5/16 ......................................14.28
1/2 x 1/4 .................................2.13 3/4 ..........................................9.00 23/8 ........................................15.06
1/2 1/2 .................................2.55 2_ 11.78 2 1/2 ........................................16.69
1/2 2 .......................................3.40 Bars-Square 23/4 ........................................20.19
1/2 x 2 1/2 .................................4.25 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 3 ..............................................24.03
1/2 x 3 .......................................5.10 1/8 .............................................0.053 3 1/4 ........................................28.21
1/2 x 3 1/2 .................................5.95 3/16 ...........................................0.120 3 1/2 ........................................32.71
1/2 x 4 .......................................6.80 1/4 .............................................0.212 3 3/4 ........................................37.55
1/2 4 1/2 .................................7.65 5/16 ...........................................0.332 4 ..............................................42.73
1/2x5 8.50 3/8 .............................................0.478 4 1/2 ........................................54.07
1/2 x 6 .....................................10.20 7/16 ...........................................0.651 5 ..............................................66.76
5/8 2 .......................................4.25 1/2 .............................................0.850 5 1/2 ........................................80.78
5/8 2 1/2 5.31 9/16 1.076 6 ..............................................96.13
5/8 3 .......................................6.38 5/8 1.328 7 ............................................130.8
5/8 3 /2 7.44 3/4 1.913 8 ............................................170.9
5/8 4 .......................................8.50 7/8 .............................................2.603 Sheets
5/8 x 6 .....................................12.75 ................................................3.40 Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft
3/4 x .......................................2.55 1/8 ..........................................4.303 .0156 .........................................0.6377
3/4 /2 3.85 1/4 ..........................................5.313 .020 ...........................................0.8952
3/4 x 2 .......................................5.10 5/16 ........................................5.857 .025 ...........................................1.022
3/4 2 /2 .................................6.38 3/8 ..........................................6.428 .03125 .......................................1.2795
3/4 x 3 .......................................7.65 1/2 ..........................................7.650 .0375 .........................................1.5329
3/4 x 4 .....................................10.20 3/4 10.41 .050 ...........................................2.044
3/4 x 5 .....................................12.75 2 13.60 .0625 .........................................2.5549
3/4 x 6 .....................................15.30 2 1/4 ........................................17.21 .0781 .........................................3.1928
x 2 ..........................................6.80 2 1/2 ........................................21.25 .093 ...........................................3.8344
x 2 1/2 ....................................8.50 3 ..............................................30.60 .109 ...........................................4.4557
x 3 ........................................10.20 Rods-Rounds .125 ...........................................5.1096
4 ........................................13.60 Size Lbs Per Linear Ft .156 ...........................................6.377
x 5 ........................................17.00 1/16 ...........................................0.010 .1875 .........................................7.6851
x 6 ........................................20.40 3/32 ...........................................0.023 .250 .........................................10.219
1/4 x 2 ....................................8.50 1/8 .............................................0.042 Tubing-Round
A-14
T.O. 1-1A-9
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft 13/16 .065 ..............................0.5184 1/2 .065 ...............................0.9951
3/16 x.028 ................................0.0476 7/8 .028 ..................................0.2530 1/2 .083 1.255
3/16 x .035 ................................0.0569 7/8 x .035 ..................................0.3137 1/2 x .095 ...............................1.424
1/4 x .028 ..................................0.0663 7/8 x .049 ..................................0.4318 1/2 .120 ...............................1.767
1/4 x .035 ..................................0.0803 7/8 x .058 ..................................0.5056 1/2 x .1875 .............................2.626
1/4 .049 ..................................0.1051 7/8 x .065 ..................................0.5617 9/ 16 x .049 .............................0.7912
1/4 .058 ..................................0.1188 7/8 x .095 ..................................0.7906 19/16x.065.............................1.038
1/4 x .065 ..................................0.1283 7/8 .120 ..................................0.9666 9/16 .095 .............................1.487
5/16 .028 ................................0.0850 15/16 .035 ..............................0.3370 5/8 .049 ...............................0.8239
5/16 x .035 ................................0.1036 15/16 x .049 ..............................0.4645 5/8 x .058 ...............................0.9697
5/16 x .049 ................................0.1378 15/16 x .065 ..............................0.6051 5/8 .065 ...............................1.082
5/16 x .058 ................................0.1575 15/16 x.083 ..............................0.7567 5/8 .083 ...............................1.365
5/16 x .065 ................................0.1716 .028 .....................................0.2904 5/8 .095 ...............................1.551
5/16 x .095 ................................0.2204 .035 .....................................0.3603 5/8 .120 ...............................1.927
3/8 .028 ..................................0.1037 x .049 .....................................0.4972 11/16 .049 ...........................0.8566
3/8 .035 ..................................0.1270 x .058 .....................................0.5829 11/16 .065 ...........................1.125
3/8 x .049 ..................................0.1704 .065 .....................................0.6484 11/16 x .095 ...........................1.614
3/8 x .058 ..................................0.1962 .083 .....................................0.8120 3/4 x .035 ...............................0.6404
3/8 x .065 ..................................0.2150 x .095 .....................................0.9173 3/4 x .049 ...............................0.8892
3/8 .083 ..................................0.2586 .120 1.127 3/4 .058 1.047
3/8 .095 ..................................0.2838 1/16 x .035 .............................0.3837 3/4 .065 1.169
7/16 x .028 ................................0.1223 1/16 x .049 .............................0.5298 3/4 x .083 1.476
7/16 .035 ................................0.1503 1/16 x .065 .............................0.6917 3/4 x .095 1.677
7/16 .049 ................................0.2030 1/8 x .035 ...............................0.4070 3/4 x .120 ...............................2.087
7/16 x .065 ................................0.2583 1/8 .049 ...............................0.5625 3/4 .125 ...............................2.167
7/16 x .083 ................................0.3139 1/8 .058 ...............................0.6603 3/4 .1875 .............................3.126
7/16 x.095 ................................0.3471 1/8 .065 ...............................0.7351 13/16 .049 ...........................0.9219
1/2 .028 ..................................0.1410 1/8 .083 ...............................0.9227 13/16 x .065 ...........................1.212
1/2 .035 ..................................0.1736 1/8 .095 ...............................1.044 13/16 x .095 ...........................1.741
1/2 x .042 ..................................0.2052 1/8 x .120 ...............................1.287 7/8 x .049 ...............................0.9546
1/2 .049 ..................................0.2358 3/16 x .035 .............................0.4304 7/8 x .058 1.124
1/2 .058 ..................................0.2735 3/16 x .049 .............................0.5952 7/8 .065 1.255
1/2 x .065 ..................................0.3017 3/16 x .065 .............................0.7784 7/8 .095 1.804
1/2 .083 0.3693 3/16 x .095 .............................1.107 7/8 x .120 2.247
1/2 x .095 ..................................0.4105 3/16x.120 .............................1.367 15/16 .049 ...........................0.9873
9/16 x.035 ................................0.1969 1/4 .028 ...............................0.3650 15/16 .065 ...........................1.299
9/16 .049 ................................0.2684 1/4 .035 ...............................0.4537 15/16 x .095 ...........................1.867
9/16 x .065 ................................0.3450 1/4 .049 ....................:..........0.6279 2 x.035 .....................................0.7338
9/16 x .095 ................................0.4738 /4 x .058 ...............................0.7376 2 x .049 .....................................1.020
5/8 .028 ..................................0.1783 1/4 x .065 ...............................0.8218 2 .058 .....................................1.202
5/8 .035 ..................................0.2203 /4 .083 ...............................1.034 2 x.065 .....................................1.340
5/8 x .049 ..................................0.3011 1/4 x .095 ...............................1.171 2 .083 .....................................1.698
5/8 .058 ..................................0.3509 1/4 .120 ...............................1.447 2 .095 .....................................1.931
5/8 .065 ..................................0.3883 1/4 .125 ...............................1.500 2 .120 .....................................2.407
5/8 .083 ..................................0.480 1/4 .134 ...............................1.595 2 .125 .....................................2.501
5/8 .095 ..................................0.5372 5/16 x .035 .............................0.4770 2 .1875 ...................................3.626
5/8 x .120 ..................................0.6465 5/16 x .049 .............................0.6605 2 1/8 x .035 ...............................0.7804
11/14 x .035 ..............................0.2437 5/16 x .065 .............................0.8651 2 1/8 .049 ...............................1.085
11/14 x .049 ..............................0.3338 5/16 x .095 1.234 2 1/8 .058 ...............................1.279
11/14 .065 ..............................0.4317 5/16 x.120 1.527 2 1/8 x.065 ...............................1.429
11/14 x .095 ..............................0.6005 3/8 .035 ...............................0.5004 2 1/8 x .095 ...............................2.057
3/4 x .028 ..................................0.2157 3/8 x .049 ...............................0.6932 2 /8 x .120 2.567
3/4 x .035 ..................................0.2670 3/8 x .058 ...............................0.8150 2 1/4 x .035 ...............................0.8271
3/4 x .049 ..................................0.3665 3/8 .065 ...............................0.9085 2 1/4 x .049 ...............................1.151
3/4 x .058 ..................................0.4282 3/8 .083 1.144 2 1/4 x .058 ...............................1.356
3/4 x .065 ..................................0.4750 3/8 x .120 1.607 2 1/4 x .065 ...............................1.515
3/4 x .083 ..................................0.5906 7/16 x .049 .............................0.7259 2 /4 x .083 ...............................1.919
3/4 x .095 ..................................0.6639 7/16 x .065 .............................0.9518 2 1/4 .095 2.184
3/4 x .120 ..................................0.8066 7/16 x .095 .............................1.361 2 1/4 x.120 ...............................2.727
13/14 x .035 ..............................0.2903 1/2 x .035 ...............................0.5470 2 1/4 x .125 ...............................2.834
13/16 .049 ..............................0.3991 /2 .040 ...............................0.7585 2 1/4 x .1875 .............................4.126
13/16 x .058 ..............................0.4669 1/2 x .058 ...............................0.8923 2 3/8 x .049 ...............................1.216
T.Q. 1-1A-9
2 3/8 .065 ...............................1.602 2.047 x .854 .058...................0.8923 .024 .......................................650.9

2 3/8 .095 ...............................2.311 2.215 .823 .035 ...................0.5937 .025 .......................................599.9
2 3/8 .120 ...............................2.887 2.21875 x .921 x .049 ...............0.8239 .028 .......................................478.2
2 1/2 x .049 ...............................1.281 2.386 .994 .049 ...................0.8892 .031 .......................................383.9
2 1/2 x .065 ...............................1.689 2.386 x .994 x .058 1.047 .032 .......................................366.1
2 1/2 x .083 2.140 2.386 .994 x .065 1.169 .035 .......................................306.1
2 1/2 x .095 ...............................2.438 2.726 x 1.136 .035 .................0.7338 .036 .......................................289.3
2 1/2 x .120 ...............................3.047 3.00 .375 x .035 .....................0.7338 .040 .......................................234.3
2 1/2 x .125 ...............................3.167 3.067 x 1.278 .049 .................1.151 .041 .......................................223.
2 3/4 .083 ...............................2.362 3.067 x 1.278 .065 .................1.515 .045 182.7
2 3/4 x .095 ...............................2.691 3.748 1.563 x .083 .................2.362 .047 166.2
2 3/4 .120 ...............................3.367 Wire .049 156.2
2 3/4 .125 ...............................3.501 Thickness No. of Ft Per Lb .0508 .....................................145.3
3 x .095 .....................................2.944 .006 10415. .054 .......................................128.6
3 x .120 .....................................3.687 .008 .....................................5858. .058 .......................................111.5
3 3/4 .120 ...............................4.647 .009 .....................................4629. .0625 .......................................95.98
3 3/4 .15625 ...........................5.991 .010 .....................................3749. .0641 .......................................91.25
3 3/4 .1875 .............................7.127 .011 .....................................2936. .071 .........................................72.32
Tubing-Streamline .012 .....................................2604. .080 .........................................58.58
Size Lbs Per Linear Ft .013 .....................................2218. .0907 .......................................45.58
1.697 .707 x.049 ...................0.6279 .014 1913. .101 .........................................36.11
1.70 .70 .035 .......................0.4537 .016 .....................................1465. .118 .........................................26.04
1.874 .781 x .035 ...................0.5004 .018 .....................................1157. .1285 .......................................22.71
1.875 .786 x .049 ...................0.6932 .020 .......................................937.3 .162 .........................................14.29
2.047 x .854 x .049 ...................0.7585
Table A-14. Table of Weights Zinc
Sheet .032 1.20 .0508 1.87

Thickness Lbs Per Sq Ft .045 1.68 .109 ...........................................3.98
.018 ...........................................0.67 .049 1.87
A-16
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-15. Temperature Conversion Chart
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L9900848
A-17
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-16. Standard Bend Radii for 90' Cold Forming-Flat Sheet
8 8 8
O
O O d
O O
8 O
O O O .4 0
O .i -Y! N
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li
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A-18
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-16. Standard Bend Radii for 90' Cold Forming-Flat Sheet Continued
MATERIAL MATERIAL GAUGE

MATERIAL CONDITION TEMP
0.008 .01 0.016 0.020 0.025 0.032 0.036 0.040 .050 0.063 0.080 .090 0.112 0.125 0.160 0.190 0.250
Corrosion
Resistant ANNEALED ROOM 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.25
Corrosion
Resistant 1/4 HARD ROOM 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.31 0.38
Corrosion
Resistant 1/2 HARD ROOM 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.50 0.62 0.75
Corrosion
Resistant FULL HARD ROOM 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.62 0.75 1.00
Commercially
Pure
AMS 4901 ANNEALED ROOM 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.44 0.56 0.75
Alloy AMS 0.03

4908 ANNEALED ROOM 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.44 0.56 0.75
Alloy Convair
Spec 0-01014 ANNEALED ROOM 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.56 0.62 0.78 0.94 1.25
L9900850
Table A-17. Metal Bending and Bend Radii Bend Allowances Sheet Metal Bend Allowances Per Degree of Bend Aluminum Alloys
Stock Thickness
BEND
RADIUS 0.022 0.032 0.040 0.051 0.064 0.091 0.128 0.187
Bend Allowance per One Degree
1/32 0.00072 0.00079 0.00086 0.00094 0.00104 0.00125 0.00154 0.00200
1/16 0.00126 0.00135 0.00140 0.00149 0.00159 0.00180 0.00209 0.00255
3/32 0.00180 0.00188 0.00195 0.00203 0.00213 0.00234 0.00263 0.00309
1/8 0.00235 0.00243 0.00249 0.00258 0.00268 0.00289 0.00317 0.00364
5/32 0.00290 0.00297 0.00304 0.00312 0.00322 0.00343 0.00372 0.00418
3/16 0.00344 0.00352 0.00358 0.00367 0.00377 0.00398 0.00426 0.00473
7/32 0.00398 0.00406 0.00412 0.00421 0.00431 0.00452 0.00481 0.00527
1/4 0.00454 0.00461 0.00467 0.00476 0.00486 0.00507 0.00535 0.00582
9/32 0.00507 0.00515 0.00521 0.00530 0.00540 0.00561 0.00590 0.00636
5/16 0.00562 0.00570 0.00576 0.00584 0.00595 0.00616 0.00644 0.00691
11/32 0.00616 0.00624 0.00630 0.00639 0.00649 0.00670 0.00699 0.00745
3/8 0.00671 0.00679 0.00685 0.00693 0.00704 0.00725 0.00753 0.00800
13/32 0.00725 0.00733 0.00739 0.00748 0.00758 0.00779 0.00808 0.00854
7/16 0.00780 0.00787 0.00794 0.00802 0.00812 0.00834 0.00862 0.00908
15/32 0.00834 0.00842 0.00848 0.00857 0.00867 0.00888 0.00917 0.00963
1/2 0.00889 0.00896 0.00903 0.00911 0.00921 0.00943 0.00971 0.01017
17/32 0.00943 0.00951 0.00957 0.00966 0.00976 0.00997 0.01025 0.01072
9/16 0.00998 0.01005 0.01012 0.01020 0.01030 0.01051 0.01080 0.01126
19/32 0.01051 0.01058 0.01065 0.01073 0.01083 0.01105 0.01133 0.01179
A-19
TO. 1-1A-9
Table A-17. Metal Bending and Bend Radii Bend Allowances Sheet Metal Bend Allowances Per Degree of Bend Aluminum Alloys
Continued
Stock Thickness
BEND
RADIUS 0.022 0.032 0.040 0.051 0.064 0.091 0.128 0.187
Bend Allowance per One Degree
5/8 0.01107 0.01114 0.01121 0.01129 0.01139 0.01160 0.01189 0.01235
21/32 0.01161 0.01170 0.01175 0.01183 0.01193 0.01214 0.01245 0.01289
11/16 0.01216 0.01223 0.01230 0.01238 0.01248 0.01268 0.01298 0.01344
23/32 0.01269 0.01276 0.01283 0.01291 0.01301 0.01322 0.01351 0.01397
3/4 0.01324 0.01332 0.01338 0.01347 0.01357 0.01378 0.01407 0.01453
Example: To determine bend allowance
Given: Stock 0.064 aluminum alloy, Bend Radius 1/8, Bend Angle 50
Find bend allowance for 1 in column for 0.064 Aluminum opposite 1/8 in column "Bend Radius".
Multiply this bend allowance (0.00268 in this case) by the number of degrees of the desired bend angle:
0.00268 x 50 0.1340 total bend allowance to be added to the length of the straight sides of the
part to determine the total length of the material needed.
A-20
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-18. Bend Set Back Chart
15/32 7/16 13/32 3/8 111/32 5/16 9/32

BEND RADIUS
1/4 7/32 )3/16 5/32 1/8 3/32 1/16 1/32
0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05
ANGLE
J-AMOUNT TO BE DEDUCTED FROM SUM OF FLANGE DIMENSION (A
B.L-BEND LINE. FORMULA: L
D.L.-(B-J) + A L D.L-A+B-J
B). D.L-DEVELOPED LENGTH. .`
A
CLOSED
\
D .L
INSTRUCTIONS: PLACE STRAIGHT EDGE ACROSS CHART CONNECTING RADIUS ON UPPER SCALE AND B.L.
THICKNESS ON LOWER SCALE. THEN LOCATE ANGLE ON RIGHT HAND AND FOLLOW LINE HOR-
IZONTALLY UNTIL IT MEETS STRAIGHT EDGE. SET-BACK ',I IS READ ON DIAGONAL CURVING UNE.
5 OM O' 5
O
C G C G C O GC OC G C
150 150
145 145
140 140
135
1.7
1.5
_160 Yr 135
40
130
125
120
to g0 ,1
DO ---Y,Y I/ If 130
125
120
80
115 115
110 0.6Y 110
105 0.50 105
100 100
95 95
30 /Y 'i
90 0 90
85
O1 Y 85
80
0q0 fm
75
O
.N5 75
70 70
Yo
0
65 o9 65
08
O"
60 0
Y1 60
O
Y6
h
55 55
Off`
to
50 o`ff' 50
0
45 45
40 40
EXAMPLE:
".042-SET-BACK FOR .040 MATERIAL
60' FLANGE ANGLE 0.125 RADIUS
35 35
30 2 B.L.
D.L
30
B.L.
L
A B A
UNE MOD LINE A MOLD UNE B Yf YY
0.120 0.110 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0
THICKNESS (INCHES)
L9805667
A-21
T.O. 1-1A-9
Table A-19. Comparative Table of Standard Gages
1. United States Steel Wire Gage (STL.W.G.) Also known as: National Wire, Standard Steel Wire, Steel Wire, American Steel and
Wire Company, Roebling, Washburn and Moen Gages. Used for bare wire of galvanized, black annealed, bright basic tinned or copper
coated, iron or steel, spring steel wire. Not used for telephone and telegraph wire.
2. British Imperial Standard Wire Gage (I.S.W.G.) or (N.B.S.) Also known as British Imperial Wire or English Legal Standard
Gages. Used for bare copper telephone wires in the U.S. and for all wires and aluminum sheets in England.
3. Browne & Sharpe Gage (B.&S.G.) Also known as American or American Wire Gages. Used for bare wire of brass, phosphor
bronze, German silver, aluminum, zinc and copper (not for copper telephone or telegraph wire). Also resistance wire of German silver
and other alloys, and for insulated wire of aluminum and copper. Also for rods of brass, copper, phosphor bronze and aluminum;
phosphor bronze, aluminum and German silver; brazed brass and brazed copper tubing.
sheets of copper, brass,
4. Birmingham Wire Gage (B.W.G.) Also known as Birmingham, Stubs or Studs Iron Wire Gages. Used for iron and steel telephone
and telegraph wire and strip steel, steel bands, hoop steel, crucible spring steel, round-edged flat wire, and with limited usage for
copper sheets. Also for seamless brass, seamless copper, seamless steel, stainless steel and aluminum tubes, and for boiler tubes.
5. Standard Birmingham Sheet and Hoop Gage (B.G.) Used in England for iron and steel sheets and hoops.
6. United States Standard (Revised) (U.S.S.G.) Also known as U.S. Standard Sheet Metal or U.S. Standard for Steel and Iron Sheets
and Plates Gages. This is a gage based on the weight per square foot of sheets rather than on thickness. It is used for commercial
iron and steel sheets and plates including planished, galvanized, tinned and terne plates, black sheet iron, blue annealed soft steel,
steel plate, hot-rolled sheet steel, cold-rolled sheet steel, hot-rolled monel metal, cold-rolled monel metal.
Other gages in use:
Trenton Iron Company Gage.
Zinc gage for sheet zinc only.
Birmingham Metal Gage-in England for brass sheets. American Steel and Wire Company's music wire gage. Twist Drill and Steel
Wire Gage for twist drill and steel drill rods.
THICKNESS IN DECIMALS OF AN INCH
United States Standard
(Revised) U.S.S.G.
British Standard
Gage United Imperial Birmingham
Number States Standard Browne & Birmingham Sheet and Thickness Weight
Steel Wire Wire Sharpe Wire Hoop Approx. Oz/Sq Ft.
(STL.W.G) (I.S.W.G.) (B.& S.G.) (B.W.G.) (B.G.)
0000000 .4900 .500 .6666
000000 .4615 .464 .580000 .6250
00000 .4305 .432 .516500 .500 .5883
0000 .3938 .400 .460000 .454 .5416
000 .3625 .372 .409642 .425 .5000
00 .3310 .348 .364796 .380 .4452
0 .3065 .324 .324861 .340 .3964
.2830 .300 .289297 .300 .3532
2 .2625 .276 .257627 .284 .3147
3 .2437 .252 .229423 .259 .2804 .2391 160
4 .2253 .232 .204307 .238 .2500 .2242 150
5 .2070 .212 .181940 .220 .2225 .2092 140
6 .1920 .192 .162023 .203 .1981 .1943 130
7 .1770 .176 .144285 .180 .1764 .1793 120
8 .1620 .160 .128490 .165 .1570 .1644 110
9 .1483 .144 .114423 .148 .1398 .1494 100
10 .1350 .128 .101897 .134 .1250 .1345 90
11 .1205 .116 .090742 .120 .1113 .1196 80
12 .1055 .104 .080808 .109 .0991 .1046 70
13 .0915 .092 .071962 .095 .0882 .0897 60
14 .0800 .080 .064084 .083 .0785 .0749 50
15 .0720 .072 .057068 .072 .0699 .0673 45
16 .0625 .064 .050821 .065 .0625 .0598 40
17 .0540 .056 .045257 .058 .0556 .0538 36
18 .0475 .048 .040303 .049 .0495 .0478 32
A-22
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table A-19. Comparative Table of Standard Gages Continued
THICKNESS IN DECIMALS OF AN INCH

United States Standard
(Revised) U.S.S.G.
British Standard
Gage United Imperial Birmingham
Number States Standard Browne & Birmingham Sheet and Thickness Weight
Steel Wire Wire Sharpe Wire Hoop Approx. Oz/Sq Ft.
(STL.W.G) (I.S.W.G.) (B.& S.G.) (B.W.G.) (B.G.)
19 .0410 .040 .035890 .042 .0440 .0418 28
20 .0348 .036 .031961 .035 .0392 .0359 24
21 .03175 .032 .028462 .032 .0349 .0329 22
22 .0286 .028 .025346 .028 .03125 .0299 20
23 .0258 .024 .022572 .025 .02782 .0269 18
24 .0230 .022 .020101 .022 .02476 .0239 16
25 .0204 .020 .017900 .020 .02204 .0209 14
26 .0181 .018 .015941 .018 .01961 .0179 12
27 .0173 .0164 .014195 .016 .01745 .0164 11
28 .0162 .0148 .012641 .014 .015625 .0149 10
29 .0150 .0136 .011257 .013 .0139 .0135 9
30 .0140 .0124 .010025 .012 .0123 .0120 8
31 .0132 .0116 .008928 .010 .0110 .0105 7
32 .0128 .0108 .007950 .009 .0098 .0097 6.5
33 .0118 .0100 .007080 .008 .0087 .0090 6
34 .0104 .0092 .006305 .007 .0077 .0082 5.5
35 .0095 .0084 .005615 .005 .0069 .0075 5
36 .0090 .0076 .005000 .004 .0061 .0067 4.5
37 .0085 .0068 .004453 .0054 .0064 4.25
38 .0080 .0060 .003965 .0048 .0060 4
39 .0075 .0052 .003531 .0043
40 .0070 .0048 .003144 .0038
Table A-20. Melting Points Approximate
ELEMENTS DEGREES
C F
ALUMINUM 660 1220

ANTIMONY 631 1167
BARIUM 850 1562
BERYLIUM 1350 2462
BISMUTH 271 520
CADMIUM 321 610
CALCIUM 810 1490
CARBON 3500 6332
CHROMIUM 1765 3209
COBALT 1480 2696
COPPER 1083 1981
GOLD 1063 1945
IRON 1535 2795
LEAD 327 621
LITHIUM 186 367
MAGNESIUM 651 1204
MANGANESE 1260 2300
MERCURY -39 -38
MOLYBDENUM 2620 4748
T.O. 1-IA-9
Table A-20. Melting Points Approximate Continued
ELEMENTS DEGREES
C F
NICKEL 1446 2635

PHOSPHOROUS (YELLOW) 44 111
PLATINUM 1773 3223
SILICON 1420 2588
SILVER 961 1761
TIN 232 449
TUNGSTEN 3400 6152
VANADIUM 1710 3110
ZINC 420 787
T.O. 1-IA-9
GLOSSARY
A
ACID BRITTLENESS--Brittleness of steel resulting from use of acid solutions to remove scale, clean and
electroplate. Brittleness is caused by the absorption of hydrogen into the metal from the acid solu-
tions (also called hydrogen embrittlement).
AGING--(a) Generally any change in properties with time which occurs at relatively low temperature
(room or elevated) after a final heat treatment of a cold marking operation. Aging is a process in
which the trend is toward restoration of real equilibrium and away from an unstable condition
induced by a prior operation. (b) Specifically the formation of a new phase by cooling a solid solution
to super saturated state and allowing the super saturated solution to partially return to equilibrium
by the formation of a less concentrated solid solution and a new phase.
AIR HARDENING--An alloy which does not require quenching from a high temperature to harden. Hard-
ening of the material occurs simply by cooling in air from above critical temperature. The term refers
only to the ability of the material to harden in air and does not imply any definite analysis or
composition.
AIR COOLING/QUENCHING--Cooling from an elevated temperature in air, still or forced.
ALLOY--A mixture with metallic properties composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a
metal. However, a metal is not designated an "alloy" based on elements incidental to its manufac-
ture. For example; iron, carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen and hydro-
gen are incidental to the manufacture of plain carbon steel. It does not become an "alloy steel" until
the elements are increased beyond regular composition or until other elements (metal) are added in
significant amounts for a specific purpose.
ALLOY ELEMENTS--Chemical elements comprising an alloy, usually limited to the metallic elements
added to modify the basic metal properties.
AMORPHOUS--Non-crystalline.
ANNEALING--Generally it is a controlled heating procedure which leads to maximum softness, ductility
and formability. The annealing procedure is utilized for the following: (a) Remove stresses. (b) Induce
softness. (c) After ductility, toughness, electrical, magnetic, or physical properties. (d) Refine crystal-
(e)
Remove gases. (1) Produce a definite micro-structure.
line structure.
ANNEALING FULL--A controlled heating procedure which leads to maximum softness, ductility and
formability.
ANNEALING, ISOTHERMAL--Heating of a ferritic steel to a austenitic structure (fully or partial) followed
by cooling to and holding at a temperature that causes transformation of the austenite to a relatively
soft ferrite and carbide structure.
ANODIC OXIDE COATING--A thin film of aluminum oxide formed on the surface of aluminum and
aluminum alloy parts by electro-chemical means.
AS CAST--Condition of a casting as it leaves the mold with no heat treatment.
AUSTENITE--A solid solution of iron carbide in gamma iron. It forms when the metal solidifies and
remains a solution until it cools to about 732C (1350F). Theoretically the solution would remain if
the iron or steel were cooled instantaneously from a bright red heat to atmospheric temperature, but
in practice, this degree of rapidity is impracticable, and only a portion of the austenite is preserved by
rapid cooling. Addition of certain alloying elements such as nickel and manganese perserves austenite
below 17C (0F).
Glossary 1
T.O. 1-IA-9
GLOSSARY Continued
B
BARK--The decarburized skin or layer just beneath the scale found after heating steel in an oxidizing
atmosphere.
BASE METAL--The metal to which other elements are added to form an alloy possessing specific
properties.
BESSEMER PROCESS--A process for making steel by blowing air through molten pig iron contained in a
suitable vessel. The process is one of rapid oxidation primarily of silicon and carbon.
BILLET--An ingot or bloom that has been reduced through rolling or hammering to an approximate square
ranging from 1 1/2 inches square to 6 inches square, or to an approximate rectangular cross-section of
equivalent area. Billets are classified as semi-finished products for re-rolling or forging.
BINARY ALLOY--An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor impurities.
BLACK ANNEALING--A process of box annealing of sheets prior to tinning whereby a black color is
imparted to the surface of the product.
BLUE ANNEALING--A process of annealing sheets after rolling. The sheets, if fairly heavy, are allowed
to cool slowly after the hot rolling; if of lighter gage, as is usually the case, they are passed singly
through an open furnace for heating to the proper annealing temperature. The sheets have a bluish-
black appearance.
BLUE BRITTLENESS--Brittleness occurring in steel when in the temperature range of 149 to 371C
(300 to 700F), or when cold after being worked within this temperature range.
BOX ANNEALING--Softening steel by heating it, usually at a sub-critical temperature, in a suitable closed
metal box or pot to protect it from oxidation, employing a slow heating and cooling cycle; also called
closed annealing or pot annealing.
BRIGHT ANNEALING--A process of annealing, usually with reducing gases, such that surface oxidation is
reduced to a minimum, thereby yielding a relatively bright surface.
BRITTLENESS--Brittleness is the property of a material which permits little bending or deformation
without fracture. Brittleness and hardness are closely associated.
BURNING--The heating of a metal to temperatures sufficiently close to the melting point to cause perma-
nent injury. Such injury may be caused by the melting of the more fusible constituents, by the
penetration of gases such as oxygen into the metal with consequent reactions, or perhaps by the
segregation of elements already present in the metal.
BUTT-WELD--The welding of two abutting edges.
C
CARBON FREE--Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.
CARBURIZING (CEMENTATION) --Adding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by heating the metal
below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids, or gases.
CASE--The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been made substantially harder than the interior
by the process of case hardening.
CASE HARDENING--A heat treatment of a combination of heat treatments in which the surface layer of
an iron-base alloy is made substantially harder than the interior by altering its composition by
carburizing, cyaniding, or nitriding.
Glossary 2
T.O. 1-IA-9
GLOSSARY Continued
C (Cont)
CHAPMANIZING--A process for hardening steel by bubbling ammonia through a cyaniding salt bath and
holding the finished part in the gas stream. This method produces a case almost as hard as nitriding
at a time factor of slightly longer than required for cyaniding.
CHARPY IMPACT--An impact test made by measuring in a Charpy machine the energy required to
fracture a standard notched specimen in bending. The values so obtained are merely comparative
between different materials tested by the same method.
COLD DRAWING--The permanent deformation of metal below its recrystallization temperature, by draw-
ing the bay through one or more dies.
COLD ROLLING--The permanent deformation of metal below its recrystallization temperature by rolling.
This process is frequently applied in finishing rounds, sheets, strip, and tin plate.
COLD TREATING--Cooling to sub-zero temperature for various purposes, but primarily to promote trans-
formation of austenite.
COLD WORKING--Plastic deformation of a metal at a temperature low enough hardening.
to insure strain
CORE--The interior portion of an iron-base alloy which is substantially softer than the surface layer as the
result of case hardening. Also, that portion of a forging removed by trepanning; the inner part of a
rolled section of rimmed steel as distinct from the rimmed portion or rim; a body of sand or other
material placed in a mold to produce a cavity in a casting.
CONVERSION COATING (CHEMICAL)--A film intentionally produced on a metal by subjection to a
selected chemical solution for the purpose of providing improved corrosion resistance or to improve
the adhesion of subsequently applied organic coating.
CYANIDING--Surface hardening by carbon and nitrogen absorption of an iron-base alloy article or portion
of it by heating at a suitable temperature in contact with a cyanide salt, followed by quenching.
COOLING--Any decrease in temperature; however, specific term usually applies to reducing metal temper-
ature in a gaseous environment rather than quenching in a liquid.
D
DECALESCENCE--When a piece of steel is heated, the temperature rises uniformly until it reaches a
point between 718C and 732C (1,325F and 1,350F). At this point the rise in temperature suddenly
halts due to the fact that the metal absorbs the heat necessary for the change of state. After this
halt the temperature will continue its normal rate of increase. It is the halting in the temperature
range that is termed decalescence. At the point of decalesence, the carbon and iron are forming a
solid solution and the steel is passing from its annealed condition into its hardened condition.
DECARBURIZATION--The removal of carbon (usually refers to the surface of solid steel) by the (normally
oxidizing) action of media which reacts with carbon. The decarburized area is sometimes referred to
as the bark.
Glossary 3
T.O. 1-IA-9
GLOSSARY Continued
D (Cont)
DEFECTS IN METALS--Damage occurring to metal during manufacture/fabrication process. Some typical
defects are as follows: (a) Blister a defect in metal produced by gas bubbles either on the surface or
formed beneath the surface. Very fine blisters are called pinhead or pepper blisters. (b) Blow hole a
hole produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas which in falling to escape, is held in
pockets. (c) Bursts -ruptures made in forging or rolling. (d) Fin (Flash) a thin fin of metal formed at
the side of a forging or weld where a small portion of the metal is forced out between the edges of the
forging or welding case. (e) Flake -Internal fissures (cracks or clefts) in large steel forgings or large
(MASS) rolled shapes. In a factured surface or test piece, they appear as sizable areas of silvery
brightness and coarser grain size than their surroundings. Sometimes known as "chrome checks" and
"hairline cracks." (f) Ghost (Ferrite ghost) a faint band of ferrite. (g) Lap a surface defect appearing
as a seam caused from folding over hot metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging, but
not welding, them into the surface. (h) Pipe a cavity formed in metal (especially ingots) during
solidification of the last portion of liquid metal causes the cavity or pipe. (i) Scab a rough projection
on a casting caused by the mold breaking or being washed by the molten metal; or occuring where the
skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded. (j) Seam a crack on the surface of
metal which has been closed but not welded; usually produced by blowholes which have become
oxidized. If very fine, a seam may be called a hair crack or hair seam. (k) Segregation a mixture of
compounds and elements, which, when cooled from the molten state, solidify at different tempera-
tures. (1) Ductility the ability of a metal to withstand plastic deformation without rupture. Ductility
is usually determined by tension test using a standard test (2" gauge length) specimen. The test
specimen is loaded in tension to rupture. The specimen is then assembled and measured for length
and diameter at the fracture. The increase in length is expressed as per cent elongation and the
decrease in diameter as per cent reduction of area. The above terms measure ductility and since they
are comparative, considerable experience is required for proper evaluation of material for the purpose
intended.
DUCTILITY--The property that permits permanent deformation before fracture by stress in tension.
E
ELASTIC LIMIT--The elastic limit of a material is the greatest load per unit area which will not produce a
measurable permanent deformation after complete release of load.
ELONGATION--The amount of permanent extension at any stage in any process which continuously
elongates a body.
EMBRITTLEMENT--Loss of ductility of a metal, which may result in premature failure. (see acid
brittleness).
ENDURANCE LIMIT--The highest unit stress at which a material can be subjected to a very large number
of repetitions of loading and still show no evidence of failure. Above this limit failure occurs by the
generation and growth of cracks until fracture results in the remaining section.
ENDURANCE RATIO--The ratio of the endurance limit for cycles of reversed flexural stress to the tensile
strength.
EQUALIZING--Intermediate heat treatment (special) which assists in developing desired properties, pri-
mary use is for equalizing/relieving stresses resulting from cold working.
EUTECTIC ALLOY--An alloy which has a lower melting point than neighboring compositions. More then
one eutectic composition may occur in a given alloy system.
EXFOLIATION--The cracking or flaking off of the outer layer of an object.

EXPOSURE--Heating to or subjecting to an elevating temperature or environment for a certain period of
time.
Glossary 4
T.O. 1-1A-9
GLOSSARY Continued
E (Cont)
ETCHING--Attack of metals structure by reagents. In metallography, the process of revealing structual
details by the preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface. (a) Micro etching is for the
examination of the sample under a microscope and for this purpose the sample must be very carefully
polished (by an experienced person) prior to etching. (b) Macro-etching is for the examination of the
sample under a low power magnifying glass or by unaided eye. High polishing for this purpose is not
absolutely essential; however, a good polish is necessary. (c) Deep-etching is a form of macro-etching
in which the sample with regular cut surface may be immersed in hot hydrocloric acid (50% acqueous
solution) and then examined for major defects such as inclusions, segregations, cracks; etc.
F
FATIGUE--The phenomenon of the progressive fracture of a metal by means of a crack which spreads
under repeated cycles of stress.
FATIGUE LIMIT--Usually used as synonymous with endurance limit.
FERRITE--A solution in which alpha iron is the solvent, and which is characterized by a body centered
cubic crystal structure.
FILLET--A concave junction of two surfaces usually perpendicular.
FLAME HARDENING--A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation
range by means of a high-temperature flame and then cooling as required.
FORGING STRAINS--Elastic strains resulting from forging or from cooling from the temperature.
FORMING--To shape or fashion with hand/tools or by a shape or mold.
FRACTURE TESTING--A test used to determine type of structure, carbon content and the presence of
internal defects. The test specimen is broken by any method that will produce a clean sharp fracture.
The fracture is then examined by eye or with the aid of a low former magnifying glass. A trained/
experienced observer will determine grain size; approximate depth of carburized or decarburized
surface area; the presence of inclusions of dirty steel; and defects such as seams, cracks, pipes bursts
and flakes.
FULLY HARDENED--Applies generally to the maximum hardness obtainable. (In particular, applies to
materials that are hardened by a strain and/or age hardening process).
FUSIBLE ALLOYS--A group of nonferrous alloys which melt at relatively low temperatures. They usually
consist of bismuth, lead, tin, etc., in various proportions, and iron only as an impurity.
G
GALVANIC SERIES--A list of metals and alloys arranged in order of their relative potentials in a given
environment. The galvanic series indicates the tendency of the serval metals and alloys to set up
galvanic corrosion. The relative position within a group sometimes changes with external conditions,
but it is only rarely that changes occur from group to group.
GRAINS--Individual crystals in metal. When metal is in molten state, the atoms have no uniform group-
ing. However, upon solidification they arrange themselves in a geometric pattern.
GRAIN GROWTH--An increase in the grain size of metal.
Glossary 5
T.O. 1-IA-9
GLOSSARY Continued
H
HARDENABILITY--The ability of an alloy to harden fully throughout the entire section thickness either by
cold working or heat treatment. The maximum thickness at which this may be accomplished can be
used as a measure of hardenability.
HARDENING--Hardening accomplished by heating the metal to a specified temperature, then rapidly
cooling by quenching in oil, water, or brine. This treatment produces a fine grain structure, extreme
hardness, maximum tensile strength, and minimum ductility.
HARDNESS--Hardness refers to the ability of a material to resist abrasion, penetration, indentation, or
cutting action. The wearing qualities of a material are in part dependent upon its hardness. Hard-
ness and strength are properties which are closely related for wrought alloys.
HARDNESS TESTING--Test used to determine the ability of a metal to resist penetration. The test
results are usually directly related to tensile and yield strength of the metal involved. An exception
would be case hardness. See Section VIII for typical testing methods.
HEAT TINTING--Heating a specimen with a suitable surface in air for the purpose of developing the
structure by oxidizing or otherwise affecting the different constituents.
HEAT TREATMENT--An operation, or combination of operations, involving the heating and cooling of a
metal or alloy in the solid state for the purpose of obtaining certain desirable conditions or properties.
Heating and cooling for the sole purpose of mechanical working are excluded from the meaning of this
definition.
HOMOGENIZING--Annealing or soaking at very high temperatures in order to reduce alloy segregation by
diffusion.
HOT SHORTNESS--Brittleness in metal when hot. In iron when sulphur is in excess of the manganese
necessary.to combine with it to form manganese sulphide the excess sulphur combines with the iron
to form iron sulphide. This constituent has a lower melting point than the iron and the result can be
that steel may crack during hot working.
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT--See Acid Brittleness.
IMPACT TEST--A test in which one or more blows are suddenly applied to a specimen. The results are
usually expressed in terms of energy absorbed or number of blows (of a given intensity) required to
break the specimen. See Charpy Impact and Izod Impact.
INCLUSION--Particles of impurities, usually oxides, sulphides, silicates, and such which are mechanically
held during solidification or which are formed by subsequent reaction of the solid metal.
INDUCTION HARDENING--A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating above the transformation
range by means of electrical induction and then cooling as required.
M
MACHINABILITY--The cutting characteristic of metal and resulting surface finish using standard cutting
tools and coolant/lubricants. There are various factors that effect the machinability of a metal such
as hardness, grain size, alloy constituents, structure, inclusions; shape, type, condition of tool and
coolant. The standard machinability ratings are usually based on comparison to SAE 1112/Aisi B
1112 Bessemer screw stock which is rated at 100% machinability.
Glossary 6
T.O. 1-1A-9
GLOSSARY Continued
M (Cont)
MAGNA FLUX TESTING--A method of inspection used to detect/locate defects such as cavities, cracks or
seams in steel parts at or very close to the surface. The test is accomplished by magnetizing the part
with equipment specially designed for the purpose and applying magnetic powder, wet or dry, Flaws
are then indicated by the powder clinging to them (see Section VIII for additional data).
MALLEABILITY--Malleability is the property of a material which enables it to be hammered, rolled, or to

be pressed into various shapes without fracture. Malleability refers to compression deformation as
contrasted with ductility where the deformation is tensile.
MARTEMPERING--This is a method of hardening steel by quenching from the austenitizing temperature
into a medium at a temperature in the upper part of or slightly above the martensite range and
holding it in the medium until temperature is substantially uniform throughout the alloy is then
allowed to cool in air through the martensite range.
MARTENSITE--It is the decomposition product which results from very rapid cooling of austenite. The
lower the carbon content of the steel, the faster it must be cooled to obtain martensite.
MECHANICAL HARDNESS--See Hardness.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES--Those properties that reveal the reaction, elastic and inelastic, of a mate-
rial to an applied force, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example,
strength, yield strength, and fatigue limit.
tensile
MECHANICAL TESTING--Testing methods by which mechanical properties are determined.
MECHANICAL WORKING--Subjecting metal to pressure exerted by rolls, presses, or hammers, to change
its form, or to affect the structure and therefore the mechanical and physical properties.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY--The ratio, within the limit of elasticity, of the stress in the corresponding
strain. The stress in pounds per square inch is divided by the elongation in fractions of an inch for
each inch of the original gage length of the specimen.
N
NITRIDING--Adding nitrogen to iron-base alloys by heating the metal in contact with ammonia gas or
other suitable nitrogenous material. Nitriding is conducted at a temperature usually in the range
502-538C (935-1000F) and produces surface hardening of the metal without quenching.
NORMALIZING--Heating iron-base alloys to approximately 55C (100F) above the critical temperature
range, followed by cooling to below that range in still air at ordinary temperatures. This process is
used to remove stresses caused by machining, forging, bending, and welding.
0
OVERHEATING--Heating to such high temperatures that the grains have become coarse, thus impairing
the properties of the metal.
P
PATENTING--Heating iron-base alloys above the critical temperature range followed by cooling below that
range in air, or in molten lead, or a molten mixture of nitrate or nitrites maintained at a temperature
usually between 427-566C (800-1050F),depending on the carbon content of the steel and the
properties required of the finished product. This treatment is applied to wire and to medium or high
carbon steel as a treatment to precede further wire drawing.
Glossary 7
T.O. 1-1A-9
GLOSSARY Continued
P (Cont)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES--Those properties exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for
example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion. This term has often been
used to describe mechanical properties,
but this usage is not recommended.
PHYSICAL TESTING--Testing methods by which physical properties are determined. This term is also
inadvisedly used to mean the determination of the mechanical properties.
PICKLING--Removing scale from steel by immersion in a diluted acid bath.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION--The permanent change in size or shape of a material under stress.
POTENTIOMETER--Potentiometer is an instrument used to measure thermocouple voltage by balancing a
known battery voltage against it.
PROCESS ANNEALING--Heating iron-base alloys to a temperature below or close to the lower limit of the
critical temperature range, followed by coolings desired. This treatment is commonly applied to sheet
and wire and the temperatures generally used are from 549 to 649C (10200 to 1200F).
PROOF STRESS--The proof stress of a material is that load per unit area which a material is capable of
withstanding without resulting in a permanent deformation of more than a specified amount per unit
of gage length after complete release of load.
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT--The proportional limit of a material is the load per unit area beyond which the
increases in strain cease to be directly proportional to the increases in atress.
PYROMETER--An instrument for measuring temperature.
Q
QUENCHING--Rapid cooling by immersion in liquids or gases.
QUENCHING MEDIA--Quenching media are liquids or gases in which metals are cooled by immersion.
Some of the more common are brine (10 percent sodium chloride solution), water 18C (65F), fish oil,
paraffin base petroleum oil, machine oil, air, engine oil, and commercial quenching oil.
R
RECALESCENCE--When steel is slowly cooled from a point above the critical temperature, the cooling
proceeds at a uniform rate until the piece reaches a point between 677 and 704C (1,250 and
1,300F). At this time, the cooling is noticeably arrested and the metal actually rises in temperature
as the change of state again takes place. This change is the opposite of decalescence and is termed
recalescence.
REDUCTION OF AREA--The difference between the original cross-sectional area and that of the smallest
area at the point of rupture. It is usually stated as a percentage of the original area; also called
"contraction of area."
REFINING TEMPERATURE OR HEAT--A temperature employed in case hardening to refine the case and
core. The first quench is from a high temperature to refine the core and the second quench is from a
lower temperature to further refine and harden the case.
S
SCALE--A coating of metallic oxide that forms on heated metal.
SENSITIZING--Developing a condition in stainless steels, which is susceptible to intergranular corrosion.
The condition is usually formed by heating the steel above 800F and cooling slowly, e.g., welding.
Glossary 8
T.O. 1-1A-9
GLOSSARY Continued
S (Cont)
SHEETS COLD ROLLED--The flat products resulting from cold rolling of sheets previously produced by
hot rolling.
SHEETS HOT ROLLED--The f lat-rolled products resulting from reducing sheet bars on a sheet mill, or
slabs, blooms, and billets on a continuous strip-sheet mill.
SOAKING--Holding steel at an elevated temperature for the attainment of uniform temperature through-
out the piece.
SOLIDIFICATION RANGE--The temperature range through which metal freezes or solidifies.
SPALLING--The cracking and flaking of small particles of metal from the surface.
SPHEROIDAL OR SPHEROIDIZED CEMETITE--The globular condition of iron carbide resulting from a
spheroidizing treatment. The initial structure may be either pearlitic or martensitic.
SPHEROIDIZING--Any process of heating and cooling steel that produces a rounded or globular form of
carbide. The spheroidizing methods generally used are: (a) Prolonged heating at a temperature just
below the lower critical temperature, usually followed by relatively slow cooling. (b) In the case of
small objects of high carbon steels, the spheroidizing result is achieved more rapidly by prolonged
heating to temperatures alternately within and slightly below the critical temperature range. (c) Tool
steel is generally spheroidized by heating to a temperature of 749-804C (1380-1480F) for carbon
steels and higher for many alloy tool steels, holding at heat from 1 to 4 hours, and cooling slowly in
the furnace.
STRAIN--The elongation per unit length.
STRESS--The internal load per unit area.
STRESS-RELIEF--This is annealing process which removes or reduces residual stresses retained after
forming, heat treating, welding or machining. The anneal is accomplished at rather low temperatures
for the primary purposes of reducing residual stresses, without material affecting other properties.
T
TEMPERING (ALSO TERMED DRAWING) --Reheating hardened steel to some temperature below the
lower critical temperature, followed by any desired rate of cooling. Although the terms "tempering"
and "drawing" are practically synonymous as used in commercial practice, the term "tempering" is
preferred.
TENSILE STRENGTH--The tensile strength is the maximum load per unit area which a material is
capable of withstanding before failure. It is computed from the maximum load carried during a
tension test and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
TENSION--That force tending to increase the dimension of a body in the direction of the force.
THERMOCOUPLE--Thermocouple consists of a pair of wires of dissimilar metals connected at both ends.
When the two junctions are subjected to different temperatures an electric potential is set up
between them. This voltage is almost in direct proportion to the temperature difference, and hence, a
voltage measuring instrument inserted in the circuit will measure temperature. The voltage measur-
ing instrument is usually calibrated in C or F.
TOLERANCES--Slight deviations in dimensions or weight or both, allowable in the various products.
V
VISCOSITY--Viscosity is the resistance offered by a fluid to relative motion of its parts.
Glossary 9
T.O. 1-IA-9
GLOSSARY Continued
w
WIRE--The product obtained by drawing rods through a series of dies.
WORK HARDNESS--Hardness developed in metal resulting from mechanical working, particularly cold
working.
Y
YIELD POINT--The load per unit of original cross section at which a marked increase in deformation
occurs without increase in load.
YIELD STRENGTH--Stress arbitrarily defined as the stress at which the material has a specified perma-
nent set (the value of 0.2% is widely accepted).
YOUNG'S MODULUS--See Modulus of Elasticity.
Glossary 10

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TO 1-1A-9

26 FEBRUARY 1999 CHANGE 14 - 3 OCTOBER 2015

INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES. DESTROY SUPERSEDED PAGES.

Dates of issue for original and changed pages are:

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 294, CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:

Page *Change Page *Change Page *Change

Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3-16.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 5-7 - 5-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

*Zero in this column indicates an original page.

Section Page Section Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Section Page Section Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued

Section Page Section Page

8-1 General 8-1 IX HEAT TREATMENT 9-1

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page

2-1 Number and Distribution of 4-2 Deleted

Number Title Page Number Title Page

2-1 Soaking Periods for Hardening 2-4 Machinability Rating of Various

LIST OF TABLES - Continued

Number Title Page Number Title Page

LIST OF TABLES Continued

Number Title Page Number Title Page

4-4 Mechanical Properties Magnesi- 6-2 Hot Working and Annealing

LIST OF TABLES Continued

Number Title Page Number Title Page

1-1. PURPOSE. 1-4. The information/instruction contained

Change 1 1-1/(1-2 blank)

FERROUS (STEEL) ALLOYS

may be judged by color depends on the experience 2-20. QUENCHING MEDIUM.

c. To soften the material so that machining, NOTE

NOTE furnaces, a minimum of 9 test thermocouples or 1

RETANGULAR FURNACE CYLINDRICAL BATH CYLINDRICAL AIR FURNACE

SIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

WHEN VOLUME REQUIRES ADDITIONAL TEST LOCATIONS, THEY SHALL BE SYMMETRICALLY

Figure 2-1. Number and Distribution of Thermocouples

2-68. HARDNESS TESTING. 2-73. SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE. Table 2-2 is a

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference

1005 Rod, welding steel and 5030 MIL-R-908, C1 1

1010 Bars, Billets, Blooms, MIL-S-16974

1015, 1016, Bar (General Purpose) 5060 QQ-S-633 (Comp

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

1020 Bars, Billets, Blooms, MIL-S-16974

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

Corten Plate, Sheet and Strip MIL-S-7809

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

1040 Bars QQ-S-633

1045 Tubes (Welded) MIL-T-4377

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

1055 Ingots MIL-S-20145 Gr R

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

1112 Steel, Carbon, Bars 5010

1137 Steel Carbon, Bars, 5024

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

2515 Bars QQ-S-624

3310 Bars QQ-S-624 MIL-S-7397 comp

4037 Bars, Wire 6300

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

Table 2-2. Specification Cross Reference Continued

Ladish D-6-A Alternate designation, D-6-A-V and D-6-A-C.

Page Change Page Change Page *Change