AspenIcarus2006 5-Ref PDF

Aspen Icarus
Reference Guide
2006.5
Icarus Evaluation Engine

(IEE) 2006.5
Version 2006.5
November 2007
Generation No: 13 (G13)
Chapters with “G13” in the footer are new for this edition. Chapter generation numbers are also
indicated in the Table of Contents.
Copyright (c) 2001-2007 by Aspen Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aspen Demand Manager, AspenTech®, the aspen leaf logo and Plantelligence are trademarks or
registered trademarks of Aspen Technology, Inc., Burlington, MA.
All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
companies.
This manual is intended as a guide to using AspenTech’s software. This documentation contains
AspenTech proprietary and confidential information and may not be disclosed, used, or copied without
the prior consent of AspenTech or as set forth in the applicable license agreement. Users are solely
responsible for the proper use of the software and the application of the results obtained.
Although AspenTech has tested the software and reviewed the documentation, the sole warranty for
the software may be found in the applicable license agreement between AspenTech and the user.
ASPENTECH MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
WITH RESPECT TO THIS DOCUMENTATION, ITS QUALITY, PERFORMANCE,
MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Aspen Technology, Inc.

Burlington, MA 02141-2201
USA
Phone: 781-221-4300
Toll Free: (888) 996-7100
Website http://www.aspentech.com
Preface
Aspen Technology’s Icarus Office develops and provides knowledge-based
process evaluation technology, software and services.
Icarus systems are based on a core design, estimating, scheduling and expert
systems technology. They automatically develop preliminary design-based
economic results - early from minimal scope, and refined designs and
economics later in the project. Icarus systems are strategically located and
linked into the project knowledge stream of concurrent design 0 after process
simulation and before detailed design, CAD/CAE, detailed scheduling and
project control. This unique technology provides:
° Key answers quickly
° Dramatic reductions in evaluation time and resources
° The best, most economical process and plant design for funding/
bidding decisions and project evaluation.
Icarus project evaluation systems (including Questimate, Aspen Kbase, Icarus
Process Evaluation and Icarus Project Manager) are in daily use. These
systems have become industry-standard tools and are used by discerning
project evaluators in owner companies and engineering design and
construction firms in more than 1,000 locations in over 30 countries.
The Technology Behind

Icarus Systems
Icarus systems are based on mathematical modeling technology which has
been developed, refined and used since Icarus Corporation was founded in
1969. Aspen Technology purchased Icarus Corporation in 2000.
Stored in Icarus systems are design and cost models for:
° Over 250 kinds of liquid, gas and solids handling and
processing equipment
° More than 60 kinds of plant bulk items
° Approximately 70 kinds of site preparation work
° Nearly a dozen types of buildings.
Installation bulk models, used to develop installation quantities and field
manpower and costs to install equipment and plant bulks, round out the
“bank” of design and cost models. To support these design and cost models,
Icarus systems contain design procedures and costs data for hundreds of
types of materials of construction for general process equipment, vessel shells
and internals, tubing, castings, linings, packings, clad plates, piping, steel and
electrical bulks.
2 iii
Scope of Document
This document is designed as a reference tool for Icarus’ project evaluation
systems. The document is best referenced when you have a question about
system input.
How to Use This Document

This document uses generation numbers to track the history of updated
information within each chapter. New versions of this document are assigned a
new generation number, which increments by 1 (for example, G12).
The purpose of these numbers is to ensure you are looking at the latest
information. If you have a previous version of this document, you can compare
the numbers to confirm you have the most up-to-date information available.
Generation numbers are located on every page in the lower-inside corner as
well as in the Table of Contents. The generation number assigned to the latest
version of this document is located in the Copyright page.
A Note to Icarus System Users

Like Icarus systems, this document was designed using your ideas and
suggestions. Please contact the Aspen Technology Icarus Office if you have
any questions or comments regarding this document.
Related Documentation
In addition to this reference manual, AspenTech provides the following
documentation for Aspen Icarus 2006.5.
• Aspen Engineering Suite 2006.5 Known Issues
• Aspen Engineering Suite 2006.5 What’s New
• Aspen Engineering Suite 2006.5 Installation Guide
• Aspen IPS Installation Guide
• Aspen IPS User Guide
• Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator User Guide
• Aspen Icarus Project Manager User Guide
• Icarus Technology Application Programming Interface
• Manpower Productivity Expert User Guide
iv 2
Online Technical Support
Center
AspenTech customers with a valid license and software maintenance
agreement can register to access the Online Technical Support Center at:
http://support.aspentech.com
You use the Online Technical Support Center to:
• Access current product documentation.
• Search for technical tips, solutions, and frequently asked questions (FAQs).
• Search for and download application examples.
• Search for and download service packs and product updates.
• Submit and track technical issues.
• Search for and review known limitations.
• Send suggestions.
Registered users can also subscribe to our Technical Support e-Bulletins.
These e-Bulletins proactively alert you to important technical support
information such as:
• Technical advisories.
• Product updates.
• Service Pack announcements.
• Product release announcements.
Phone and E-mail

Customer support is also available by phone, fax, and e-mail for customers
who have a current support contract for their product(s). Toll-free charges are
listed where available; otherwise local and international rates apply.
For the most up-to-date phone listings; please see the Online Technical
Support Center at:
http://support.aspentech.com/
Support Centers Hours of Operation
North America 8:00 - 20:00 Eastern time
South America 9:00 - 17:00 Local time
Europe 8:30 - 18:00 Central europe time
Asia and Pacific Region 9:00 - 17:30 Local time
2 v
vi 2
Contents (G11)
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
The Technology Behind
Icarus Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Scope of Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
How to Use This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
A Note to Icarus System Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Related Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Online Technical Support Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
Phone and E-mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Process Equipment Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
List of Process Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Agitators (G6) 1
Agitators (AG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Agitated Tanks (AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Blenders (BL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Kneaders (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Mixers (MX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Compressors (G6) 1
Air Compressors (AC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Gas Compressors (GC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Fans, Blowers (FN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Drivers (G11) 1
Electrical Motors (MOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Turbines (TUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Heat Transfer (G10) 1
Heat Exchangers (HE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Reboilers (RB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Icarus Supported TEMA Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Packing, Linings (G6) 1
Introduction to Packing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introduction to Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Suggested Lining Difficulty Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Contents (G11) iii

Pumps (G10) 1
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Gear Pumps (GP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Pump Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Towers, Columns (G6) 1
Introduction to Towers and Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Double Diameter Towers (DDT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Single Diameter Towers (TW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Vacuum Systems (G6) 1
Condensers (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Ejectors (EJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Vacuum Pumps (VP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Vessels (G10) 1
Horizontal Tanks (HT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Vertical Tanks (VT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Crushers, Mills and Stock Treatment (G6) 1
Crushers (CR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Flakers (FL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Mills (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Stock Treatments (ST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Drying Systems (G6) 1
Crystallizers (CRY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Evaporators (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Wiped Film Evaporators (WFE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Air Dryers (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Dryers (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Drum Dryers (DD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Rotary Dryers (RD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Tray Drying Systems (TDS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Solids Conveying (G10) 1
Conveyors (CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cranes (CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Elevators, Lifts (EL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Feeders (FE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Hoists (HO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Separation Equipment (G7) 1
Centrifuges (CT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Dust Collectors (DC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Filters (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Separation Equipment (SE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Thickeners (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Screens (VS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
iv Contents (G11)
Utility Service Systems (G6) 1
Cooling Towers (CTW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Steam Boilers (STB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Heating Units (HU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Refrigeration Units (RU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Electrical Generators (EG). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Water Treatment Systems (WTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Flares and Stacks (G6) 1
Flares (FLR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Stacks (STK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Introduction to Plant Bulks (G6) 1
Introduction to Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
List of Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Piping (G10) 1
Piping Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pipe Diameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter (Old) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter (New). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Utility Piping Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Utility Station Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Default Piping Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Pipe Materials - Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Pipe Materials - Non-Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Plastic and Resin Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lined Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Icarus Fabrication, Erection and Testing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Valve and Fitting Options for Installation Bulk Piping . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Valve Trim Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Civil (G8) 1
Civil Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Foundation Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Typical Structure Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Soil Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Specifying Seismic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
How Icarus Calculates Wind Load and Seismic Shear . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Example of Equipment Foundation Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Example of Pile Foundation for an Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Steel (G6) 1
Steel Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Instrumentation (G10) 1
Instrumentation Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sensor Loop Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Contents (G11) v
Remote Control Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Transmitter Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Electrical (G11) 1
Electrical Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Schematic of Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Substation Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Electrical & Control Hook-Ups for Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Power Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Wire Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
UK, EU, and JP Country Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Electrical Class/Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
International Electrical Code (IEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Insulation and Fireproofing (G8) 1
Insulation Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Insulation Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Fireproofing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Insulation Schedules - System Default Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Customizing Insulation Specifications . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Paint (G6) 1
Introduction to Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Paint Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How Icarus Systems Paint Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Site Development (G6) 1
Introduction to Site Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Demolition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Earthwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Buildings (G6) 1
Introduction to Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Adding a Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Building Types and Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Default floor Heights/Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Building Construction Range Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Calculating Building Costs and Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Quoted Equipment and Libraries (G6) 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Quoted Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
User Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Material Selections (G10) 1
ASME Design Code - Plate Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ASME Design Code - Clad Plate Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ASME Design Code - Tube Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
ASME Non-Ferrous Tube Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
vi Contents (G11)
BS Design Code - Plate Materials . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BS Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BS Design Code - Clad Plate Materials . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
BS Design Code - Tube Materials . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
JIS Design Code - Plate Materials. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
JIS Design Code - Tube Materials. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
DIN Design Code - Plate Materials . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
DIN Design Code - Tube Materials . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Lining Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Casting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Packing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Units of Measure (G6) 1
Introduction to Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Project Specifications and their Use of Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . 8
Field Manpower Titles and Wage Rates (G11) 1
US Country Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
UK Country Base *** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
JP Country Base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
EU Country Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Engineering (G11) 1
Design and Construction Engineering Disciplines and Wage Rates . . 2
Engineering Expenses and Indirects (Aspen Kbase, IPE, Questimate) . .
10
Standard Engineering Drawing Types (Aspen Kbase and IPE) . . . . . 14
User-Specified Drawing Classifications (Aspen Kbase and IPE) . . . . 15
Construction Equipment(G4) 1
Introduction to Construction Equipment Rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Construction Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Base Indices (G11) 1
Base Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Code Accounts (G10) 1
Introduction to Code Accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Indirect Codes and Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Direct Codes and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Database Relations (G10) 1
Sequence Numbers of Attributes in Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Relationship of Database Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DETAILS Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DESIGN Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
REMARKS Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
PROJDATA Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Contents (G11) vii

NEWCOA Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CERATE Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CRWSCH Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EQRENT Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CSTCTRL Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
CUSSPC Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
REPGRP Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CNTRCT Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
COMPONENT Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
INDIRECTS Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
RTABLE Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Aspen Kbase Indirect Codes and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Attribute Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Icarus Technology (G10) 1
Introduction to Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How Questimate Develops Material Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Project Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Equipment Fabricate/Ship Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Barchart Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Notes for Defining the Standard Control Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Notes for Defining the PLC Control Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Overview of System Input Specifications for Power Distribution . . . . 28
Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Usage Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Reporting of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Project Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Cost Reporting: Currency and System Base Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Construction Overhead - Prime Contractor Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Contracts: Description/Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Vendors/Suppliers of Design & Cost Data (G7) 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Glossary (G5) 1
viii Contents (G11)

Contents (G11) ix
x Contents (G11)
1 Introduction to Process
Equipment (G6)
This chapter contains information on the following topics:

Introduction
Process Equipment Categories
List of Process Equipment
1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-5

Introduction
Chapters 2 through 16 describe the process equipment available in
Icarus systems. The chapters are organized as the equipment appears in
the systems.
• Liquid and gas equipment
• Solids handling equipment
• Off-site and packaged equipment
Process Equipment Categories

Icarus’ process equipment is divided into the following categories. Each
category is assigned an item symbol for identification purposes.
Item Item
Symbol Description Symbol Description
AC Air Compressor HE Heat Exchanger
AD Air Dryer HO Hoist
AG Agitator HT Horizontal Tank
AT Agitated Tanks HU Heating Unit
BL Blender K Kneader
C Condenser LIN Lining
CE Crane M Mill
CO Conveyor MOT Motor/Motor Reducer
CP Centrifugal Pump MX Mixer
CR Crusher P Pump
CRY Crystallizer PAK Packing
CT Centrifuge R Reactor
CTW Cooling Tower RB Reboiler
D Dryer RD Rotary Drum
DC Dust Collector RU Refrigeration Unit
DD Drum Dryer S Scale
DDT Double Diameter Tower SE Separation Equipment
E Evaporator ST Stock Treatment
EG Electric Generator STB Steam Boiler
EJ Ejector STK Stack
EL Elevator T Thickener
F Filter TDS Tray Drying System
FE Feeder TUR Turbine
FL Flaker TW Single Diameter Tower
FLR Flare VP Vacuum Pump
FN Fan VS Screen
FU Furnace VT Vertical Tank
1-6 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

Item Item
Symbol Description Symbol Description
GC Gas Compressor WFE Wiped Film Evaporator
GP Gear Pump WTS Water Treatment System
List of Process Equipment

The following is a list of process equipment by chapter and category. The
process equipment descriptions in chapters 2 through 16 include some of the
entry fields for defining process equipment. The descriptions include the
minimum and maximum values and the defaults. Default values appear
between asterisks (*).
Chapter 2: Agitators
Agitators (AG)
Item Type Description
FIXED PROP Fixed propeller gear motor type agitator
PORT PROP Portable propeller agitator
DIRECT Portable direct drive agitator
GEAR DRIVE Portable gear drive agitator
MECH SEAL Agitator, mechanical seal, variable diameter
ANCHOR Fixed mount, gear drive, anchor, stuffing box
PULP STOCK Pulp stock agitator
ANCHOR REV Sanitary reversing anchor agitator
COUNT ROT Sanitary counter-rotating agitator
HIGH SHEAR Sanitary highshear homogenizing agitator
SAN FIXED Sanitary fixed propeller/turbine mixer
SAN PORT Sanitary port. propeller/turbine mixer
Agitated Tanks (AT)

MIXER Agitated tank - enclosed
REACTOR Agitated tank - enclosed, jacketed
OPEN TOP Agitated tank - open top
FLOAT CELL Floatation machine
COND CELL Floatation conditioning cell
MACH PULP On machine pulper
OFF MACH Off machine pulper

Blenders (BL)
BLENDER Rotary drum blender
ROTARY Rotary double-cone blender
KETTLE Sanitary kettle blender without agitator
ROTARYBOWL Sanitary rotary bowl blender
MSHELSTAG Sanitary multi-shell staggered blender
Kneaders (K)
STATIONARY Stationary upright double-arm kneader
TILTING Tilting double-arm kneader
VAC TILTING Vacuum tilting double-arm kneader
Mixers (MX)
EXTRUDER Cylinder type extruder with variable drive
MULLER EXT Muller type extruder mixer
PAN Pan mixer
PORT PROP Portable propeller mixer
FIXED PROP Fixed propeller gear motor type mixer
SIGMA Double-arm sigma blade mixer
SPIRAL RIB Spiral ribbon mixer
STATIC Static mixer
TWO ROLL Two-roll mixer
HIGH SPEED Sanitary high-speed Norman-type mixer
RIBBON Sanitary ribbon blender
PISTON HOM Sanitary piston-type homogenizer
SHEAR HOM Sanitary shear pump homogenizer
Chapter 3: Compressors
Air Compressors (AC)

CENTRIF M Centrifugal air compressor with motor
CENTRIF T Centrifugal air compressor with turbine
RECIP GAS Reciprocating air compressor with gas engine
RECIP MOTR Reciprocating air compressor with motor
SINGLE 1 S Single reciprocating air compressor - 1 stage
SINGLE 2 S Single reciprocating air compressor - 2 stage

Gas Compressors (GC)
CENTRIF Centrifugal compressor - horizontal
CENTRIF IG Centrifugal - integrated gear
RECIP GAS Reciprocating compressor - integral gas engine
RECIP MOTR Reciprocating compressor
Fans, Blowers (FN)

PROPELLER Propeller fan
VANEAXIAL Vaneaxial fan
CENTRIF Centrifugal fan
ROT BLOWER General purpose blower
CENT TURBO Heavy duty, low noise blower
Chapter 4: Drivers
Electrical Motors (MOT)

OPEN Open drip-proof induction motor
SYNCHRON Synchronous motor
ENCLOSED Totally enclosed induction motor
EXP PROOF Explosion-proof (Class I Division I, hazardous)
VARY SPEED TEFC motor with variable speed drive
Turbines (TUR)
GAS Gas turbine with combustion chamber
CONDENSING Steam turbine driver, condensing type
NON COND Steam turbine driver, non-condensing
Chapter 5: Heat Transfer
Heat Exchangers (HE)

FLOAT HEAD Floating head shell and tube exchanger
FIXED T S Fixed tube sheet shell and tube exchanger
AIR COOLER Air cooling, free standing or rack-mounted
U TUBE U-tube shell and tube exchanger

TEMA EXCH Fixed tube, float. head, or u-tube exchanger
PRE ENGR Pre-engineered (standard) U-tube exchanger
CROSS BORE Cross-bore (all graphite) heat exchanger
SHELL TUBE Graphite tube/CS shell heat exchanger
FIN TUBE Finned double pipe heat exchanger
HEATER STM Bare pipe immersion coil-heating/cooling
SUC HEATER Tank suction
HEATER ELC Electric immersion tank heater
JACKETED Double pipe heat exchanger
SPIRAL PLT Spiral plate heat exchanger
ONE SCREW Thermascrew (Reitz) single screw conveyor
TWO SCREW Twin screw agitated/jacketed heat exchanger
WASTE HEAT Waste heat boiler
PLAT FRAM Plate and frame heat exchanger
CORRUGATED Sanitary double pipe exchanger
HOT WATER Water heater (shell+tube - hot water set)
MULTI P F Sanitary multizone plate+frame exchanger
STM HE MOD Sanitary direct steam heat module
Reboilers (RB)
KETTLE Kettle type reboiler with floating head
U TUBE U-tube kettle type reboiler
THERMOSIPH Thermosiphon type reboiler
Furnaces, Project Heaters (FU)

HEATER A-frame type process furnace
BOX Box type process furnace
PYROLYSIS Pyrolysis unit
REFORMER Box type reformer, without catalyst
VERTICAL Vertical cylindrical process furnace
Chapter 6: Packing, Linings

Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN)
PACKING Packing, variety of vessel packings
ACID BRICK Acid brick lining
MONOLITHIC Castable, refractory or gunned mix
OTHER Lining - other than acid brick, monolithic
Chapter 7: Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps (CP)

API 610 API 610 pump (single or multi-stage)
ANSI Standard ANSI single stage pump
ANSI PLAST Plastic ANSI single stage pump
GEN SERV General service pump
CENTRIF Centrifugal single or multi-stage pump
AXIAL FLOW Axial flow vertical pump
TURBINE Vertical sump pump - turbine impeller
API 610 IL API 610 in line pump
IN LINE General service in line pump
PULP STOCK Low consistency stock pump
MAG DRIVE Standard ANSI magnetic drive pump
CANNED Canned motor pump
- SAN PUMP Sanitary centrifugal pump
- FLUME PUMP Sanitary fluming pump with feeder hopper
Gear Pumps (GP)

GEAR Standard external gear rotary pump
CANNED RTR Canned rotary gear pump
MECH SEAL Mechanical seal gear pump
Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps (P)

SIMPLEX Reciprocating simplex pump - steam driver
DUPLEX Reciprocating duplex pump - steam driver
TRIPLEX Triplex (plunger) pump - motor driver
DIAPHRAGM Diaphragm pump - TFE type
SLURRY Slurry pump
ROTARY Rotary (sliding vanes) pump

RECIP MOTR Reciprocating positive displacement plunger pump
HD STOCK High density stock pump
ROTARYLOBE Sanitary rotary lobe pump
AIR DIAPH Sanitary air diaphragm pump
Chapter 8: Towers, Columns
Double Diameter Towers (DDT)

PACKED Packed double-diameter tower
TRAYED Trayed double-diameter tower
Single Diameter Towers (TW)

PACKED Packed tower
TRAYED Trayed tower
TRAY STACK Tray stack for tray tower
DC HE TW Direct contact heat exchanger tower
TS ADSORB Dual vessel temperature swing adsorber
Chapter 9: Vacuum Systems
Condensers (C)
BAROMETRIC Barometric condenser
Ejectors (EJ)
SINGLE STG One stage ejector non-condensing
TWO STAGE Two stage ejector with one condenser
2 STAGE Two stage ejector non-condensing
4 STAGE B Four stage ejector with two condensers
4 STAGE Four stage ejector with one condenser
5 STAGE B Five stage ejector with one condense

Vacuum Pumps (VP)
WATER SEALS Water-sealed vacuum pump
MECHANICA Mechanical oil-sealed vacuum pump
MECH BOOST Mechanical booster vacuum pump
Chapter 10: Vessels
Horizontal Tanks (HT)

MULTI WALL Multi-wall horizontal drum
HORIZ DRUM Horizontal drum
JACKETED Jacketed horizontal drum
SAN TANK Sanitary horizontal drum
Vertical Tanks (VT)

CYLINDER Vertical process vessel
MULTI WALL Multi-wall vertical process vessel
JACKETED Jacketed vertical process vessel
SPHERE Sphere - pressure or vacuum storage
SPHEROID Spheroid - pressure or vacuum storage
STORAGE Flat bottom storage tank, optional roof
CRYOGENIC Cryogenic storage tank
PLAST TANK Plastic storage tank (FRP or Haveg)
WOOD TANK Wooden storage tank
GAS HOLDER Low pressure gas storage vessel
CONE BTM Cone bottom storage bin
LIVE BTM Live bottom storage bin
CHEST REC Rectangular concrete tile chest
CHEST CYL Cylindrical concrete tile chest
CHEST MTL Metal tile chest
SAN TANK Sanitary vertical cylindrical vessel
SAN HOPPER Sanitary hopper assembly
Chapter 11: Crushers, Mills and Stock

Treatment

Crushers (CR)
CONES Cone crusher - secondary crushing
GYRATORY Gyratory - primary and secondary crushing
ECCENTRIC Overhead eccentric jaw crusher
JAW Swing jaw crusher
ROTARY Rotary crusher
S ROLL LT Single roll crusher - light duty
S ROLL MED Single roll crusher - medium duty
S ROLL HVY Single roll crusher - heavy duty
SAWTOOTH Sawtooth roller crusher
REV HAMR Reversible hammermill
HAMMER MED Non-reversible hammermill, medium hard material
SWING HAMR Non-reversible hammermill, hard material
BRADFORD Bradford (rotary) breaker
S IMPACT Single rotor impact breaker
PULVERIZER Pulverizer - crushing soft material
ROLL RING Ring granulator
Flakers (FL)
DRUM Rotary drum flaker
Mills (M)
ATTRITION Attrition mill
AUTOGENOUS Autogenous mill
BALL MILL Ball mill with initial ball charge
ROD MILL Rod mill with initial rod charge
MIKRO PULV Mikro-pulverizer
ROLLER Roller mill
ROD CHARGR Rod charger for rod mill
Stock Treatment (ST)

REFINER Double disk refiner
DEFLAKE DK Plate or tackle type deflaker
DEFLAKE CN Conical type deflaker
Chapter 12: Drying Systems

Crystallizers (CRY)
BATCH VAC Batch vacuum crystallizer
MECHANICAL Mechanical scraped-surface crystallizer
OSLO Oslo growth type crystallizer
Evaporators (E)
FALL FILM Agitated falling film evaporator
FORCED CIR Forced circulation evaporator
LONG TUBE Long tube rising film evaporator
LONG VERT Long tube vertical evaporator
STAND VERT Standard vertical tube evaporator
STAND HOR Standard horizontal tube evaporator
Wiped Film Evaporators (WFE)

THIN FILM Agitated thin film evaporator
WFE SYSTEM Agitated thin film evaporator - package system
Air Dryers (AD)

AIR DRYER Dual tower desiccant air dryer
Dryers (D)
ATMOS TRAY Atmospheric tray batch dryer
VAC TRAY Vacuum tray batch dryer
PAN Agitated pan batch dryer
SPRAY Continuous spray drying system
Drum Dryers (DD)

SINGLE ATM Single atmospheric drum dryer
DOUBLE ATM Double atmospheric drum dryer
SINGLE VAC Single vacuum rotary drum dryer
S COOKCOOL Rotary drum cooker-cooler

Rotary Dryers (RD)
DIRECT Direct rotary dryer
INDIRECT Indirect rotary dryer
JAC VACUUM Jacketed rotary vacuum dryer
VACUUM Conical rotary vacuum dryer
Tray Drying Systems (TDS)

ATM SYSTEM Atmospheric tray dryer
VACUUM Vacuum tray dryer
TURBO Turbo tray drying system
VAC SYSTEM Vacuum tray dryer with condenser
Chapter 13: Solids Conveying
Conveyors (CO)
OPEN BELT Belt conveyor - open
CLOSED BLT Belt conveyor - covered
APRON Apron conveyor - pans on endless chain
PNEUMATIC Pneumatic conveying system
ROLLER Roller conveyor (non-motorized)
SCREW Screw conveyor in a U-shaped trough
VIBRATING Vibrating conveyor with inclined trough
CENT BKT L Elevator-spaced bucket
CONT BKT L Elevator-continuous bucket
Cranes (CE)
BRIDGE CRN Traveling bridge crane
HOIST Hoist with track beam
Elevators, Lifts (EL)

FREIGHT Freight elevator
PASSENGER Passenger elevator

Feeders (FE)
BELT Volumetric belt feeder
BIN ACTVTR Bin activator
ROTARY Rotary feeder
VIBRATING Vibrating feeder
WT LOSS Loss-in-weight feeder
DUMPER Sanitary dumper
SACK DUMP Sanitary bulk bag unloader
SAN SCREW Sanitary screw feeder
SAN BELT Sanitary weigh belt feeder
Hoists (HO)
HOIST 5-speed electric hoist - motorized trolley
1 SPEED 1-speed electric hoist - no trolley
5 SPEED 5-speed electric hoist - no trolley
HAND GT Hand hoist - manual pull chain trolley
HAND PT Hand hoist - manual trolley
HAND NT Hand hoist - no trolley
Scales (S)
BEAM SCALE Beam scale
BELT Conveyor belt scale
BENCH Bench scale - dial and beam
FULL FRAME Full floor scale - dial and beam
SEMI FRAME Semi frame floor scale - dial and beam
TANK SCALE Tank scale - weigh bridge and saddles
TRACK Track scale for rail cars
TRUCK Truck (lorry) scale
SAN FLOOR Sanitary floor scale - flush mounted
Chapter 14: Separation Equipment
Centrifuges (CT)
ATM SUSPEN Atmospheric suspended basket centrifuge
BATCH AUTO Auto batch filtering centrifuge
BATCH BOTM Batch bottom - suspended centrifuge

TOP UNLOAD Batch top unload centrifuge
BOT UNLOAD Batch bottom unload centrifuge
BATCH TOP Batch top-suspended centrifuge
DISK High-speed disk centrifuge
RECIP CONV Reciprocating conveyor centrifuge
SCROLL CON Scroll conveyor centrifuge
SOLID BOWL Solid bowl centrifuge
SCREEN BWL Screen bowl centrifuge
TUBULAR High-speed tubular centrifuge
VIBRATORY Vibrating screen centrifuge
INVERTING Inverting filter centrifuge
Dust Collectors (DC)

CENTRF PRE Centrifugal precipitator
CLOTH BAY Baghouse with motor shakers
CYCLONE Cyclone dust collector
MULT CYCLO Multiple cyclone dust collector
ELC H VOLT High voltage electrical precipitator
ELC L VOLT Low voltage electrical precipitator
WASHERS Washer dust collector
PULSE SHKR Baghouse with injected pulsed air
Filters (F)
CARTRIDGE Cartridge filter (5 micron cotton)
LEAF DRY Pressure leaf-dry filter
LEAF WET Pressure leaf-wet filter
PLATE FRAM Plate and frame filter
ROTY DISK Rotary disk filter
ROTY DRUM Rotary drum filter
SEWAGE Sewage filter
SPARKLER Sparkler filter
TUBULAR Tubular fabric filter (bank of 3)
SCROLL Scroll discharge centrifugal filter
WHITEWATER White water filter - centrifugal screen
METAL TRAP Sanitary in-line metal trap
RECL REEL Sanitary fluming reclaim reel
SAN AIR Culinary (sterile) air filter
SAN PIPE Sanitary pipe filter
SAN PRESS Sanitary filter press

SAN STEAM Culinary (sterile) steam filter
SAN STRAIN Sanitary pipe strainer
Separation Equipment (SE)

WATER CYCL Water-only cyclone - mineral separation
OIL WATER Oil-water separator - API type
PULP STOCK Pulp stock centrifugal cleaner
Thickeners (T)
THICKENER Thickener/clarifier
Screens (VS)
ONE DECK Single deck rectangular vibrating screen
TWO DECK Double deck rectangular vibrating screen
THREE DECK Triple deck rectangular vibrating screen
HUMMER Hummer type screen for fine separation
SIFTER 1 Single deck circular vibrating screen
SIFTER 2 Double deck circular vibrating screen
SIFTER 3 Triple deck circular vibrating screen
PRESSURE Pressure screen
LD STOCK Low consistency stock pump
BAR Mechanical bar screen
Chapter 15: Utility Service Systems
Cooling Towers (CTW)

COOLING Cooling tower, less pumps, field assembly
COOLING WP Cooling tower, complete, field assembly
Item Description
PACKAGED Packaged cooling tower, factory assembly

Steam Boilers (STB)
BOILER Packaged boiler unit
STM BOILER Field erected boiler unit
Heating Units (HU)

CYLINDER Process heater type dowtherm unit
Refrigeration Units (RU)

CENT COMPR Centrifugal compression refrigeration unit
MECHANICAL Mechanical compression refrigeration unit
Electrical Generators (EG)

PORTABLE Portable electrical generator - diesel
TURBO GEN Electrical generator - steam turbine drive
Water Treatment Systems (WTS)

DEMINERAL Two stage ion exchange water treatment
SOFTENING Hot lime, zeolite water treatment system
AERATOR Surface aerator
Chapter 16: Flares and Stacks
Flares (FLR)
DERRICK Derrick-supported flare stack
GUYED Guyed flare stack
SELF SUPP Self-supported flare stack
HORIZONTAL Horizontal ground flare

THRM OX LC Recuperative thermal oxidizer
STORAGE Vapor control flare for storage/loading
Stacks (STK)
STACK Stack without flare tip

2 Agitators (G6)

Agitators (AG)
Agitated Tanks (AT)
Description of Agitated Tanks
Impeller Types - General Range of Basic Data**
Impeller Type References
Impeller Materials
Blenders (BL)
Kneaders (K)
Mixers (MX)
2 Agitators (G6) 2-1

Agitators (AG)
Description Type
Portable, clamp-on, direct drive with explosion-proof DIRECT
motor. Typically used for rapid disperation or fast
reactions.
Material:
*CS*, SS304, SS316, MONEL, RUBCV
Driver Power:
0.75 - 3 HP [0.75 - 2.22 KW]
Portable, clamp-on, gear drive with explosion-proof GEAR DRIVE
motor. Typically used to keep solids in suspension,
medium viscosity blending and dissolving.
Material:
Driver Power:
0.25 - 5 HP; [0.75 - 3 KW]
2-2 2 Agitators (G6)

Agitators (AG) - continued
Description Type
Fixed mount, top-entering, gear drive, mechanical MECH SEAL
seal, explosion-proof motor. Typically used for low
speed mixing on closed tanks. Shaft enters tank
through a mechanical seal.
Material:
Impeller diameter:
Max: 10 FEET [3.00 M]
Driver power:
Min: 2.00 HP [1.5 KW];
Max: 200 HP [140 KW]
Impeller Speed:
Min: 1,200 RPM [1,000 RPM];
Max: 1,800 RPM [1,500 RPM]
Driver type:
*STD*- Standard motor
VFD- Variable frequency drive
Impeller type:
*MP3B5*
Fixed mount, top-entering, gear drive, anchor, stuffing ANCHOR
box, explosion-proof motor. Typically used for low
speed mixing on closed tanks.
Material:
Driver power:
0.75 - 5 HP [0.75 - 3 KW]
Portable propeller mixer with motor to 7.5 HP PORT PROP
[5.5 KW].
Material:
*CS*, SS
Driver power:
0.33 - 7.5 HP [0.75 - 5.5 KW]
Fixed propeller mixer with motor and gear drive to 100 FIXED PROP
HP [75 KW].
Includes motor, gear drive, shaft and impeller.
Material:
*CS*, SS
Driver power:
2 - 100 HP [1.5 - 75 KW]

Description Type
Top entry (for Open or Closed tanks) and Side entry PULP STOCK
type. Includes motor driver, baseplate, bearings,
speed reducer, seals and a variety of shaft and
impeller configurations.
Material:
*CS*, SS403, SS316, SS321, SS347, 304L, 316L, NI,
INCNL, MONEL, HAST, TI
Driver type:
DRCT - Direct drive, no speed reduction
BELT- Belt driven speed reduction
VFD - Variable frequency drive
GEAR - Gear drive speed reduction
Liquid volume:
Enter Capacity or Impeller Diameter
Impeller diameter:
Enter Capacity or Impeller Diameter
Agitator orientation:
Default: *VTOP*
VTOP - Top entry agitator for open tanks
VTCL - Top entry agitator for closed tanks
SIDE - Side entry agitator
Driver speed:
Max: 3,600 RPM [3,000 RPM, metric units];
Default: *1,800* RPM: [*1,800* RPM, metric units]
Consistency - Air Dried%:
Max: 10.0; Default: *4.0*
Fluid density:
*62.4* PCF [*1000* KG/M3]
Seal type:
Default: *PACK*
PACK - Packing
MECH - Mechanical seal
Sanitary reversing anchor agitator ANCHOR REV
With large paddle, reversing motor, and proximity

sensors. Stainless steel material for sanitation.
If you require a foundation for this item, it must be
added.
Liquid volume:
MIN: 50 GALLONS [0.19 M3],
MAX: 1,000 GALLONS [3.78 M3]
Agitator diameter:
MIN: 32 INCHES [813 MM],
MAX: 72 INCHES [1,825 MM]
Agitator height:

Description Type
Sanitary counter-rotating agitator COUNT ROT
Two-piece agitator with center armed shaft and outer

frame parallel wall rotating opposite each other.
Stainless steel material for sanitation.
added.
Liquid volume:
MIN: 50 GALLONS [0.19 M3];
MAX: 1,000 GALLONS [3.78 M3].
Required to enter capacity.
Agitator diameter:
MIN: 32 INCHES [813
MM], MAX: 72 INCHES [1,825 MM]
Agitator height:
Sanitary highshear homogenizing agitator HIGH SHEAR
Agitator’s perforated disk rotates to create shear for

homogenizing immiscible liquids. Used in the sanitary
industry.
added.
Liquid volume:
MAX: 1,500 GALLONS [5.67 M3].
Required: Enter either liquid volume or driver power.
Seal for shaft:
*NO*- Shaft seal not required
YES- Shaft seal is required
Driver power:
MIN: 0.33 HP [0.25 KW], 40 HP [30 KW].
Required: Enter either liquid volume or driver power.
Driver type:
*WXXDC*- Washdown, direct drive, CS
WVRDC - Washdown, VFD rated, direct drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD controlled, direct dive,
CS
WXXDS - Washdown, direct drive, SS
WVRDS - Washdown, VFD rated, direct drive, SS
WVCDS - Washdown, VFD controlled, direct
drive, SS
TXXDC - TEFC, direct drive, CS
TVRDC - TEFC, VFD rated, direct drive, CS
TVCDC - TEFC, VFD controlled, direct drive, CS
- Continued on next page -

Description Type
HIGH SHEAR - continued
Impeller type:
*INTGH*- Integral head
RSDIH- Rotator stator w/ slotted disintegr. head
RSSQR- Rotator stator w/ high shear screen RSGEN-
Rotator stator w/ GP disintegrating head
Sanitary fixed propeller/turbine mixer. SAN FIXED
Stainless steel material for total washdown capability

and no risk of open container contamination from
paint chips.
added.
Driver power:
MIN: 0.5 HP [0.375 KW], 25 HP [18.5]
Driver type:
*WVRGP*- Washdown, VFD rated, gear drive
WVCGP - Washdown, VFD controlled, gear drive
WXXGP- Washdown, gear drive
Impeller type:
*PROP*- propeller type impeller (not available
above 3 HP [2.22 KW])
TURB- turbine type impeller
No. of impellers:
*1*, MIN: 1, MAX: 2
Angle riser:
*NO*- Angle riser not required
YES- Angle riser is required
Mounting type:
*UNSLF*- Unsealed flange mounting
SLF- Sealed flange mounting
FLWB- Flange with bridge

Description Type
Sanitary port. propeller/turbine mixer SAN PORT
Stainless steel material for total washdown capability

and no risk of open container contamination from
paint chips. Quick-disconnect prop allows for easy
inspection.
Driver type selections allow you to choose between
gear or direct drives. Gear drives feature removable
shafts retained by a positive fit internal shaft coupling.
Direct drives have fixed, non-removable shafts with a
sealed entry at the mounting flange face for superior
sanitation.
added.
Driver power:
MIN: 0.33 HP [0.25 KW],
MAX: 0.75 HP [0.55 KW]
Driver type:
*WVRDN*- Washdown, VFD rated, direct
drive, NI plate
WVRGN- Washdown, VFD rated, gear drive, NI
plate
WVCDN- Washdown, VFD contr, direct drive,
NI plate
WVCGN- Washdown, VFD contr, gear drive, NI
plate

Agitated Tanks (AT)
Small to large, pressure/vacuum, jacket, driver, motor-reducer, agitator and
supports.
For MIXER, REACTOR and OPEN TOP:
Liquid Volume: To secure desired vessel size, specify the diameter and
height directly. A value must be specified if diameter and height are not both
specified. Otherwise, calculated from diameter and height. If both vessel
dimensions and capacity are specified, the system-calculated capacity must
agree with the specified capacity to within +/- 10%.
Skirt or Leg Height: If the capacity is 1000 GAL. [37 M3] or less, the vessel
is designed with 4 FEET [1.25 M] pipe legs. For a capacity greater than 1000
GAL. [37 M3], the vessel is designed with a skirt. The skirt height is calculated
as 1.5 x (vessel diameter) with minimum and maximum heights of 4 and 32
FEET [1.25 and 9.5 M] respectively. Enter “0.0” if hung in open structure.
Manhole Diameter: If no value is specified, a value is calculated as a function
of vessel diameter and height with a maximum manhole diameter of 48
INCHES [1200 MM].
Corrosion Allowance: For CS alloys, the default is 0.125 INCHES [3 MM];
0.0 for all other materials.
Weld Efficiency%: 5- - 100 (For ASME and JIS codes only).
Product Density: *62.4* PCF [*1,000*KG/M3]
Viscosity: *1.0* CPOISE [*1.0* MPA-S]
Description Type
Pressure/vacuum vessel, optional jacket MIXER
Includes top entering impeller and geared motor-

reducer, tank designed for 15 PSIG
[100 KPA].
Application:
Defines vessel function and related pipe/instrum.
model.
<blank>- Standard continuous process
BATCH- Batch process
Shell Material:
For clad plate, specify the backing plate material.
(Cladding is defined below.) Default: *A285C*.
Liquid Volume:
Enter either Capacity or Diameter and Height.
Vessel Diameter:
Vessel Tangent to Tangent Height:

Agitated Tanks (AT) - continued
Description Type
MIXER - continued
Design Gauge Pressure:

Default: *15* PSIG [*100* KPA]
If pressure and vacuum entered, design is for worst
case. Default: Pressure.
Vacuum Design Gauge Pressure:
case. Default: Pressure.
Design Temperature:
*250* DEG F [*120* DEG C]
Operating Temperature:
Default: Design temperature.
Jacket Design Gauge Pressure:
Pressure must be specified to obtain a jacket.
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL - Full jacket
PIPE - Half-pipe jacket
Jacket Thickness:
Jacket pressure or thickness required to obtain jacket.
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Material:
Default: *CS*
CS - Carbon steel
A 515 - A 515
A 204C - C - .5Mo
A 387B - 1Cr - .5Mo
A 387D - 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304 - SS304
SS316 - SS316
SS321 - SS321
SS347 - SS347
SS410 - SS410
SS430 - SS430
304L - 304L
316L - 316L
NI - Nickel
INCNL - Inconel
MONEL - Monel
HAST - Hastelloy

Description Type
MIXER - continued
SEE CARBON STEEL

- Select from types of Carbon Steel
SEE HEAT-TREATED STEEL
- Select from types of Heat Treated Steel
SEE LOW ALLOY STEEL
- Select from types of Low Alloy Steel
SEE HIGH ALLOY STEEL
- Select from types of High Alloy Steel
SEE NON-FERROUS
- Select from types of Non-Ferrous Steel
Driver Type:
Default: *STD*
STD - Standard motor
Cladding Material:
Default: None.
Skirt or Leg Height:
Enter 0.0 if hung in OPEN structure, legs provided if
capacity < 10,000 GAL [37 M3].
Manhole Diameter:
If no value is specified, a value is calculated as a
function of vessel diameter and height with a
maximum manhole diameter of 48 INCHES [1200
MM].
Base Material Thickness:
Base material thickness including corrosion allowance.
Corrosion Allowance:
For CS alloys, the default is 0.125 INCHES [3 MM]; 0.0
for all other materials.
Weld Efficiency%:
5 - 100 (For ASME and JIS codes only).
Stress Relief:
CODE - Provide stress relief if code requires
YES - Provide stress relief
NO - No stress relief required
Cladding Thickness:
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] if cladding material is
specified; otherwise 0.0.
Fluid Depth:
Maximum fluid depth: vessel height less 12 INCHES
[300 MM]

Description Type
MIXER - continued
Fluid Density:
*62.4* PCF [*1,000* KG/M3]
Fluid Viscosity:
*1.0* CPOISE [*1.0* MPA-S]
Impeller Type:
See Impeller Types table later in this chapter.
Stiffening Ring Spacing:
Default stiffeners designed for vacuum only, enter 0.0
if not required.
Number of Body Flange Sets:
Number of sets (pairs) of body flanges of same
diameter as vessel.
Diameter Option:
Defines desired diameter as ID or OD.
Default: See Area Design Basis.
OD- Outside Diameter
ID- Inside Diameter
Open with loose-fitting cover, optional jacket. Includes OPEN TOP
impeller and geared motor reducer, supported by
structural steel spanning tank top, tank without head.
Shell Material:
Liquid Volume:
Enter either capacity or diameter and height.
Vessel Diameter:
Design Temperature:
Default: *68* DEG F [*20* DEG C]
Default: Design Temperature.
Default: no jacket.
Jacket Type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full jacket
PIPE- Half-pipe jacket

Description Type
OPEN TOP - continued
Jacket Thickness:
Default: no jacket.
Jacket Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
A 515- A 515
A 204C- C - .5Mo
A 387B- 1Cr - .5Mo
A 387D- 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
SS321- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI- Nickel
INCNL- Inconel
MONEL- Monel
HAST- Hastelloy
SEE CARBON STEEL
SEE LOW ALLOY STEEL
SEE NON-FERROUS
Driver Type:
Default: *STD*
STD- Standard Motor
Cladding Material:
Default *none*.
Enter 0.0 if hung in OPEN structure, legs provides if
capacity < 10,000 GAL. [37 M3].

Description Type
OPEN TOP - continued
Manhole Diameter:
Max: 48 INCHES [1200 MM].
Default 0.125 INCHES [3.0 MM] for CS; 0.0 for other
material; double if jacketed.
Weld Efficiency:
ASME/JIS codes only, where allowed for thin wall
vessels; Default: Area Basis 50 - 100.
Stress Relief:
Default: See Area Basis
CODE- Provide stress relief if code requires
YES- Provide stress relief
NO- No stress relief required
Cladding Thickness:
specified; otherwise: 0.0.
Fluid Depth:
Maximum fluid depth: vessel height less 12 INCHES
[300 MM].
Fluid Density:
Default: *62.40* PCF.
Fluid Viscosity:
Default: *1.00* CPOISE.
Impeller Type:
See Impellor Types table.
if not required.
diameter as vessel.
Diameter Option:
Defines desired diameters as ID or OD;
OD- Outside diameter
ID- Inside diameter

Description Type
Pressure/vacuum vessel, jacketed. REACTOR
Includes jacket motor gear drive and shaft seal,

agitator, shaft, thermometer well, blow-pipe,
insulation and safety valves. Rating of full vacuum and
design pressure.
Application symbol:
Defines vessel function and related pipe/instrum.
model.
<blank>- Standard continuous process
BATCH- Batch process
Shell Material:
Liquid Volume:
Vessel Diameter:
case.
Default: Pressure.
If pressure and vacuum entered,
design is for worst case. Default: Pressure.
Design Temperature:
Ferrous mat’l: 650 DEG F [340 DEG C];
Other mat’l: 250 DEG F [120 DEG C].
*90* PSIG [*620* KPA]
Jacket Type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full jacket

Description Type
REACTOR - continued
Jacket Material: Default: *CS*

CS - Carbon steel
A 515 - A 515
A 204C - C - .5Mo
A 387B - 1Cr - .5Mo
A 387D - 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304 - SS304
SS316 - SS316
SS321 - SS321
SS347 - SS347
SS410 - SS410
SS430 - SS430
304L - 304L
316L - 316L
NI - Nickel
INCNL - Inconel
MONEL - Monel
HAST - Hastelloy
SEE CARBON STEEL
SEE LOW ALLOY STEEL
SEE NON-FERROUS
Driver Type:
Default: *STD*
STD - Standard motor
Cladding Material:
Default: None.
Enter 0.0 if hung in OPEN structure, legs provided if
capacity < 10,000 GAL [37 M3].
Manhole Diameter:
maximum manhole diameter of 48 INCHES
[1200 MM].

Description Type
REACTOR - continued

Weld Efficiency:
5 - 100 (For ASME and JIS codes only).
Stress Relief:
CODE- Provide stress relief if code
requires
Cladding Thickness:
Fluid Depth:
Maximum fluid depth: vessel height less
12 INCHES [300 MM]
Fluid Density:
*62.4* PCF [*1,000* KG/M3]
Fluid Viscosity:
*1.0* CPOISE [*1.0* MPA-S]
Impeller Type:
See Impeller Types table later in this chapter.
if not required.
diameter as vessel.
Diameter Option:
OD- Outside Diameter
ID- Inside Diameter

Description Type
Pulpers are used for pulping the waste generated by MACH PULP
mill operation or in a paper recycling process. Hence OFF MACH
the two types: on-machine and off-machine pulpers.
Both include a pulping tank with support legs, nozzles
(feed, drain and level control). The pulper itself
consists of an extraction plate, extraction chamber
with flanged outlet, rotor blade, hub, shaft with gear
or V-belt drive, drive motor, motor coupling and an
adapter plate. Multiple rotors can be selected.
MACH PUMP
Application Symbol:
Default: *BATCH*
BATCH - Batch pulper
CONT- Continuous pulper
Tank or Vat Material:
CS, SS304, *SS316*, SS321, SS347, 304L, 316L, NI,
Configuration:
Default: *RECT*
CYLIN- Cylindrical tank
RECT- Rectangular tank
Hydraulic Volume:
Enter pulping rate or hydraulic capacity.
Pulping Rate Air Dried:
Enter pulping rate or hydraulic capacity.
Tank Length or Diameter:
Enter length for rectangular tank or diameter for
cylindrical tank.
Vessel Width:
Rectangular tanks only.
Number of Rotors or Drives:
1-2; Default: *1*.
Consistency Air Dried:
Max: 18; Default: *4.00*
Impeller Type:
Default: *STD*
STD - Standard rotor shaft length
EXTD - Extended rotor shaft length

Description Type
MACH PULP - continued
Impeller Material:
CS, SS304, *SS316*, SS321, SS347, 304L,
316L, NI, INCNL, MONEL, HAST, TI
Driver Type:
Default: *GEAR*
BELT - Belt driven speed reduction
Design Temperature:
*68.0* DEG F [*20.0* DEG C]
Seal for Shaft:
Default: *PACK*
PACK - Packing
Driver Speed:
Max: 3,000 RPM [2,600 RPM];
Default: *1,500* RPM [*1,800 RPM]
Vessel Leg Height:
*10.0* FEET [*3.00* M]
Number of Manholes: Default: *1*.
Manhole Diameter:
maximum manhole diameter of 48 INCHES
[1200 MM].
Default: *18* INCHES [*450* MM]
Application Symbol: Default: *BATCH* OFF MACH
BATCH - Batch pulper
CONT - Continuous pulper
Tank or Vat Material: CS, SS304, *SS316*, SS321,
SS347, 304L, S16L, NI, INCNL, MONEL, HAST, TI.
Configuration: Default: *CYLIN*
CYLIN - Cylindrical tank
RECT - Rectangular tank
Hydraulic Volume: Enter tank capacity or tank
dimensions.
Tank Length or Diameter: Enter tank capacity or
dimensions, diameter for cylindrical, length for
rectangular.
Vessel Height: Enter tank capacity or tank
dimensions.

Description Type
OFF MATCH - continued
Vessel Width:
Enter tank capacity or dimensions, width is for
rectangular tanks only.
Number of Rotors or Drives:
1-2, Default: *1*.
Max: 18; Default: *4.0*.
Impeller Type:
Default: *EXTD*.
<blank> - Standard rotor shaft length
EXTD - Extended rotor shaft length
Impeller Material:
CS, SS304, *SS316*, SS321, SS347, 304L, S16L, NI,
Driver Type: Default: *GEAR*
BELT - Belt driven speed reduction
Design Temperature:
Default: *68.0* DEG F [*20.0* DEG C].
Seal for Shaft:
Default: *PACK*.
PACK - Packing
For CS alloys, the default is 0.125 INCHES [3.0 MM];
0.0 for all other materials.
Driver Speed:
Max: 3,000 RPM [2,600 RPM];
Default: *1,500 RPM [*1,800* RPM].
Vessel +Leg Height:
Default *10* FEET [*3.0* M].
Number of Manholes:
Default: *1*.
Manhole Diameter:
If no values is specified, a value is calculated as a
maximum diameter of 48 INCHES [1,200 MM].
Default: *18* INCHES [*450* MM].

Description Type
Conditioning cell for floatation machine. COND CELL
Material:
Default: *CS*
Cell Volume:
10.0 - 1,500.0 CF [0.3 - 40 M3]
Floatation machine, minerals separation, multi-cell. FLOAT CELL
Floatation machine for selectively separating
minerals by agitation, air dissemination and
chemical adhesion. Includes one row of cells
connected in series with one feed box, one
discharge box and one connection box for each
group of four cells.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Volume Per Cell:
10 - 1,500 CF [0.3
- 40 M3]
Number of Cells: Refers to number per row
connected in series.
Number of Cells Per Motor:
1 - 2; Default: *1*

Description of Agitated Tanks
1 Reynolds Number (RN), dimensionless: RN = (D2N) (FD/FV)
2 Froude Number (FN), dimensionless: FN = g/N2D
3 Power Number (PN), dimensionless: PN = (Pgc/FD) (N3D5)
4 Power Function (PF), dimensionless:
For RN > 300 and for unbaffled tanks,
log PF = log PN - (a-log RN) (log FN) /b
For RN < or = 300 for tanks with or without baffles,
FP = PN
5 Relationships between PF, PN, FN, RN for each impeller listed in the
Impeller Types table are contained in the AT agitated tank model. Power is
derived from PN.
6 General Nomenclature
Variable Description Value
a impeller contant See Impeller Types table
b impeller contant See Impeller Types table
D impeller diameter
FN Froude Number
g local acceleration due to gravity
gc gravitational constant See Chapter 29: Units of
Measure
N rotational speed of impeller
P power to shaft of impeller
PN Power number
RN Reynolds number
FD fluid density
FV fluid viscosity

Impeller Types - General Range of Basic
Data**
Impeller Reynolds Number Baffles
Type Low -
No. Symbol Type D/d L/d E/d High No. B/D Ref
1 T6FB Turbine with 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 1-106 4 0.17 1
six flat blades.
B=0.25d;
Blade Height =
0.2d
2 T6FB2 Same as No.1 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 1-106 4 0.10 1
3 T6FB3 Same as No.1 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 1-106 4 0.04 1
4* T6FB4 Same as 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 1-106 0 - 1
No.1;a=1,
b=40
5 T6CB Turbine with 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 1.8-106 4 0.10 1
six curved
blades. Blade
sizes same as
No.1
6 T6AB Turbine with 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 3-106 4 0.10 1
six arrowhead
blades. Blade
size same as
No.1
7 STDR Shrouded 2.4 0.74 0.9 20,000- 0 - 2
turbine with six 90,000
blades. 20
blade deflector
ring.
8 STDR2 Similar to No.7, 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 2.5-106 0 - 1
but not
identical.
9 ST Same as No.8, 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 10-106 4 0.10 1
but no deflector
ring.
10 AT8B45 Axial turbine 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 1.8-106 4 0.10 1
with eight
blades at a 45
degree angle.
See No.11.
11 AT4B60 Axial turbine 3 3 0.50 15- - - 3
with four 60,000
blades at a 60
degree angle.
B=0.25d.

Impeller Types - General Range of Basic Data** - continued
Impeller Reynolds Number Baffles
Type Low -
No. Symbol Type D/d L/d E/d High No. B/D Ref
12 AT4B45 Axial turbine 5.2 5.2 0.87 600- 0 - 3
with four 40,000
blades at a 45
degree angle.
See No. 11
13 P4B Paddle with 3 3 0.50 200 - 0 - 3
four blades. 70,000
14 P2B3 Paddle with two 3 2.7-3.9 0.70-1.3 2-106 4 0.10 1
blades. See
No.13.
15 MP3B2 Marine 3.3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 2.5-106 0 - 1
propeller with
three blades.
Pitch-2d;
a=1.7; b=18.
16 MP3B5 Same as 4.5 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 2.5-106 0 - 1
No.15, but
pitch=1.05d;
a-2.3; b=18.
17* MP3B6 Same as 4.5 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 2.5-106 0 - 1
No.15, but
pitch=1.04d;
a=0; b=18.
18 MP3B7 Same as 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 2.3-106 4 0.10 1
No.15, but
pitch=d
19* MP3B8 Same as 3 2.7-3.9 0.75-1.3 2.5-106 0 - 1
No.15, but
pitch=d;
a=2.1; b=18.
20 MP3B9 Same as 3.8 3.5 1.0 300- 0 - 4
No.15, but 500,000
pitch=d
21 HRA Helical ribbon. 1.05 1.5 - 0.7-23 0 - 5
Ribbon
width=d/
8.5;helical
screw=D/30.
* Surface effects are important. Froude number is included for Reynolds

Numbers great than 300.
**System will permit extension beyond these ranges. Please check your
results.

Impeller Materials
If Component Impeller Material
CLAD Match cladding
GLSCS SS316 blades/shaft
Other Match steel
Impeller Type References

Ref Reference for Impeller Type
1 Rushton, J. H., E. Costich, and H. J. Everett, Presented at Annual Meeting of
the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Detroit, 1947.
2 Olney, R. B., and G. J. Carlson, Chemical Engineering Progress, 43, 473,
1947.
3 Hixson, S. Q., and S. J. Baum, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 34, 194,
1942.
4 Stoops, C. E., and C. L. Lovell, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 35, 845,
1943.
5 Gray, J. B., Chemical Engineering Progress, 59, 55, 1963.
Legend for Impellers

B - Baffle width
D - Tank diameter Motor/Reducer
d - Impeller diameter
E - Impeller elevation
above tank bottom.
H - Tangent-to-tangent
height of tank.
12
L - Liquid level in tank. INCH
Min.
H L
E
d
B

Blenders (BL)
Rotary, batch, dry or semi-dry solids, motor and speed reducer.
Description Type
Rotary drum. BLENDER
For batch blending of dry or semi-dry solids. Includes

motor and drive.
Material:
*CS*, SS
Blender Volume:
1 - 450 CF [0.03 - 12 M3]
Product Density:
MAX: 200 PCF [3,200 KG/M3];
Default: *50* PCF [*800* KG/M3]
Driver Speed:
Default: *1,800* RPM
Rotary double-cone. .ROTARY
For batch blending of dry solids. Includes motor and

drive.
Material:
*CS*, SS316
Blender Volume:
5 - 350 CF [0.02 - 9 M3]
Driver Speed:
30 x Hz RPM
Material:
GSLCS
Blender Volume:
2 - 165 CF [0.06 - 2.5 M3]
Driver Speed:
30 x Hz RPM
Sanitary kettle blender without agitator. KETTLE
Used for “gentle” blending or folding of viscous

mixtures. Add agitator separately.

added.
Liquid Volume:
MIN: 50 GALLONS [0.19 M3], MAX: 600 GALLONS
[0.19 M3]

Blenders (BL) - continued
Description Type
KETTLE - continued
*68 DEG F
[20 DEG C]
Cover Type:
*LFTHG*- Lift-off or hinged cover
NONE- No cover required
Lift off cover to 80 GAL [0.3 M3], else hinged cover.
Jacket option:
*NO*- Jacket not required
YES- Jacket is required
Mounting type:
*RIM*- Rim mounting
LEGS- Leg type mounting
Sanitary rotary bowl blender. ROTARY-
BOWL
Consists of a stainless steel drum with motor

drive mounted on a frame. Used for wet or dry
mixtures.
If you require a foundation for this item, it must

be added.
Material:
SS304, *SS316*
Liquid Volume:
MAX: 160 GALLONS [0.6 M3]
Mounting type:
*FIXD*- Fixed type blender
PORT- Portable type blender on casters

Blenders (BL) - continued
Description Type
Sanitary, multi-shell, staggered blender MSHELSTAG
Continuous, “zig-zag” type blender combines the

action of a rotating, eccentric drum with multiple
recycling. Used for either uniform solids-solids
blending (e.g., blending vitamins into cereals) or, if
SOL-LIQ is selected in the Application field, solids-
liquids blending (e.g., coating food particles with
sweeteners). Solids are fed through an inlet chute. If
SOL-LIQ is selected, a dispersion head is included for
liquid injection.
Although not included on the inputs, this piece of

equipment either operates at 50% (recommended) or
at 100% of its capacity. When the capacity is
specified, the system selects a model that can provide
the capacity while operating at 50% of the model's
rated capacity. However, if a diameter is specified, the
system provides the rated capacity in the results.
be added.
Material: SS304, *SS316*

Flow rate:
MIN: 250.0 LB/H [115.0 KG/H],
MAX: 500,000.0 LB/H [227,000.0 KG/H]. Enter
diameter or capacity. Capacity limits are at default
density and residence time.
Blender diameter:
MIN: 8 INCHES [200 MM], 40 INCHES
[1,000 MM].
Blender type:
*SOL-SOL*- Solids-solids blending
SOL-LIQ- Solids-liquids blending
Driver type:
*WVRDC*- Washdown, VFD rated, direct
drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD controlled, direct
drive, CS
Product residence time:
MIN: 1.00 MINUTES,
MAX: 3.00 MINUTES, Default: *1.50 MINUTES*
Product density:
MIN: 30.0 PCF [480.0 KG/M3],
MAX: 300.0 PCF [4,800.0 KG/M3}; Default: *40 PCF
[640 KG/M3].*

Kneaders (K)
Jacket, motor, motor reducer, cover, nozzles and agitator.
Description Type
Stationary, upright double-arm.
STATIONARY
Material:
*CS*, SS304, SS316, MONEL
Liquid Volume:
100 - 750 GALLONS [0.4 to 2.8 M3]
Tilting, double-arm. TILTING
Material:
Liquid Volume:
10 - 500 GALLONS [0.5 to 1.8 M3]
Vacuum, tilting, double-arm. VAC TILTNG
Material:
Liquid Volume:
10 - 500 GALLONS [0.5 to 1.8 M3]

Mixers (MX)
Typically used for keeping solids in suspension, for dissolving solids and for
mixing and/or reacting two or more feed streams.
Description Type
Cylinder type extruder with variable drive. EXTRUDER
Material:
*CS*
Driver power:
5 - 40 HP [4 - 30 KW]
Driver speed:
Max: 60 x HZ; Default: *30 x HZ*
Extruder muller type with open motor. MULLER EXT
Material:
*CS*
Driver Power:
3 - 75 HP [2.22 - 55 KW]
Driver Speed:
Pan includes motor and drive. PAN
Material:
*CS*
Mixer Volume:
4 - 40 CF [0.2 - 1.1 M3]
Driver speed:
Portable propeller mixer with motor to 7.5 HP PORT PROP
[5.5 KW].
Includes motor driver.
Material:
*CS*, SS
Driver power:
0.33 - 7.5 HP [0.75 - 5.5 KW]
Fixed propeller mixer with motor and gear drive to 100 FIXED PROP
HP [75 KW].
This item is a top entering mixer including a gear

drive, TEFC motor, shaft and impeller.
Material:
*CS*, SS
Driver power:
2 - 100 HP [1.5 - 75 KW]

Mixers (MX) - continued
Description Type
Sigma double-arm non-vacuum mixer with motor and SIGMA
drive.
Material:
*CS*
Driver power:
2 - 100 HP [2.22 - 6.0 KW]
Mixer Volume:
1 - 70 CF [0.05 - 1.9 M3]
Driver speed:
Spiral ribbon includes motor and drive. SPIRAL RIB
Material:
*CS*
Driver power:
5 - 50 HP [4 - 37.5 KW]
Mixer Volume:
10 - 395 CF [0.3 - 11 M3]
Driver speed:
Static mixer used for instantaneous mixing of STATIC
two fluid streams.
The unit includes the main pipe housing, the
mixer elements and the flanges at both ends.
Pipe material:
A 53, A 106, *304P*, 304LP, 316P, 316LP, 316PS
(SS316 sanitary pipe, MAX: 8 INCHES [200 MM]),
321P, NI, MONEL, INCNL, TI
Flow type:
*TRNS*, TURB, LAMN, PLUG (default for sanitary
material)
Pipe diameter:
0.5 - 12.0 IN DIAM [12 - 300 MM DIAM]

Description Type
STATIC - continued
Note: For non-sanitary material, use any pipe

diameter in the above range; for sanitary
material, use only the following:
INCHES MM
0.50 15
0.75 20
1.00 25
1.50 40
2.00 50
2.50 65
3.00 80
4.00 100
Enter liquid flow rate or diameter and length.
Number of elements:
Default varies with flow type.
Element material:
CS, SS, NI, MONEL, TI, HAST, HASTC, PD; Default:
*SS304*
Design temperature Inlet:
*68.0* DEG F [*20.0* DEG C]
Fluid density:
*62.4* PCF [*300* KG/M3]
Fluid viscosity:
*1.0* CPOISE [*1.0* MPA-S]
Design gauge pressure Inlet:
15.0 PSIG [100 KPA]

Description Type
Two roll includes motor and drive. TWO ROLL
Material:
*CS*
Driver power:
50 - 300 HP [37.5 - 224 KW]
Driver speed:
Sanitary high-speed Norman-type mixer HIGH SPEED

For dissolving solids or semi-solids. Pulls product from
the top center of the square tank (shape ensures
complete hydration) down to the high-speed impeller,
which forces it out to the side of the tank and back up
to the surface.

added.
Material:
SS304, *SS316*
Liquid Volume:
MAX: 300 GALLONS [1.13 M3]
Impeller type:
FRZN- Frozen food mixing
*NFRZ*- Non-frozen food mixing
Driver type:
*WXXBC*- Washdown, belt drive, CS
WVRBC- Washdown, VFD rated, belt drive,
CS
WVCBC- Washdown, VFD controlled, belt
drive, CS
Sanitary ribbon blender RIBBON
Provides means for mixing, homogenizing, and

drying a wide variety of products. Includes base
unit, direct drive motor, jacket, and stainless
steel legs. Cover has four safety interlock
sensors, as well as a manual control ball valve
for air supply. For sanitary reasons, material of
construction is stainless steel (carbon steel may
be specified for legs).

added.

Description Type
RIBBON - continued
Material:
SS304, *SS316*
Blender type:
*1SHAFT* - Single shaft blender
2SHAFT - Twin shaft blender (available only for
capacities of 500 - 750 GALLONS [1.9 - 2.85 M3]
Liquid volume:
MAX: 3,800 GALLONS [14.3 M3]
Driver power per shaft:
MIN: 1 HP [0.75 KW],
MAX: 150 HP [112 KW]
For twin shaft type, this is the driver power for each
shaft.
Driver type:
*WXXDC*- Washdown, direct drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD controlled,
direct drive, CS
WXXIC- Washdown, indirect drive, CS
WVCIC- Washdown, VFD control, indirect
drive, CS
HXXCZ- Hydraulic drive with hydraulic
system (available for twin shaft
only)
No indirect drivers < 180 GALLONS [0.68 M3] or < 7.5
HP [5.5KW]
Cover type:
NONE- Cover not required
STD- Standard cover is required
LCHTS- Load chute for twin shaft blender only
Default: STD for twin shaft, NONE for single shaft
Jacket option:
NO- Jacket not required
*YES* - Jacket required
Not applicable for twin shaft blender type.
Leg material:
CS- Carbon steel
*SS*- Stainless steel
Not applicable for twin shaft blender type.
Seal for shaft:
*STD*- Standard shaft seal
MECO- Clean-In-Place steam proof seal
Applicable for twin shaft only

Description Type
RIBBON - continued
Operating temperature:
MIN: 68 DEG F [20 DEG C]
Sanitary piston-type homogenizer PISTON HOM
Homogenizing valve employs cavitation, shear,

and impingement forces to reduce gobule/
particle size as the product passes through it.
Material is SS316 for sanitary reasons.
be added.
Liquid flow rate per hour:
MIN: 15 GPH [0.057 M3/H],
MAX: 9,900 GPH [37.4 M3/H] @ 2000 PSIG
[13800 KPA], 2000 GPH (7.5 M3/H) @ 10, 000
PSIG [68,900 KPA]
Driver power:
MIN: 3 HP [2.22 KW],
MAX: 250 HP [180 KW]
Plunger diameter:
MIN: 0.625 INCHES [16 MM],
MAX: 3.5 INCHES [90 KW]. Maximum is
influenced by capacity and gauge pressure (see
table below). Required: enter either plunger
diameter or gauge pressure.
Plunger Diameter
@ 2000 PSIG @ 10000 PSIG
[13800 KPA] [68900 KPA]
Gauge Gauge
Capacity Pressure Pressure
GPH M3/H INCHES MM INCHES MM
15 .057 0.625 16 0.625 16
2000 7.5 ---- ---- 1.5 1
401
6000 22.7 3.52 902 ---- ----
9000 37.4 3.1253 803 ---- ----
1 Maximum capacity at highest maximum operating pressure
2
Maximum diameter
3 Maximum capacity at lowest maximum operating pressure
Operating gauge pressure:

MIN: 2,000 PSIG [13,800 KPA], 10,000 PSIG
[68,900 KPA]
Required: enter either plunger diameter or
gauge pressure.

Description Item
Sanitary shear pump homogenizer. SHEAR HOM
For continuous, in-line and controlled batch

course processing. Material of construction is
SS316 for sanitary reasons.
Liquid flow rate:

MIN: 10 GPM [0.64 L/S],
MAX: 575 GPM [36.0 L/S]
Cooler option:
*NONE*- No cooler is required
COOL- Cooler is required
Driver power:
MIN: 5.5 HP [4.0 KW],
MAX: 100 HP [75 KW]
Driver type:
TVRZC- TEFC, VFD rated, CS
*TVCZC*- TEFC, VFD controlled, CS
Number of stages:
*1*, MIN: 1, MAX: 3
The shear pump homogenizer is provided with 3
stages; however, if only 1 or 2 stages are required,
then the other stages are blocked.

3 Compressors (G6)

Fans, Blowers (FN)
3 Compressors (G6) 3-1

For plant or instrument air.
For all air compressors, capacity is at inlet temperature and pressure.
Description Type
Packaged unit including motor driver. CENTRIF M
Includes inlet air filter, inlet throttle valve, bypass

throttle valve, bypass silencer, compressor*,
intercoolers**, aftercooler, automatic condensate
removal system with condensate bypass valve, lube oil
system, continuous baseplate, spacer coupling and
guard, induction motor, vibration shutdown system,
protection and regulation system, compressor
mechanical test run and check valve.
*The nominal 110 PSIG discharge machines have four
stages of compression. The nominal 325 PSIG
discharge machines have five stages of compression.
**The four stage machines have three intercoolers.
The five stage machines have four intercoolers.
Material:
*CS*, CI (Cast iron)
Actual gas flow rate:
1,000 - 25,000 CFM [1,700 - 42,400 M3/H]
Design gauge pressure Outlet:
15 - 325 PSIG [104 - 2,258 KPA]
3-2 3 Compressors (G6)

Air Compressors (AC) - continued
Description Type
CENTRIF M - continued

-50 - 200 DEG F [-45 - 90 DEG C];
Default:
*68* DEG F [*20* DEG C]
Packaged unit including turbine driver. CENTRIF T
Includes the same items as CENTRIF M except

the compressor driver is a steam turbine instead
of AC induction motor.
Material:
*CS*, CI (Cast iron)
1000 - 25000 CFM [1,700 - 42,400 M3/H]
15 - 325 PSIG [105 - 2,240 KPA]
-50 - 200 DEG F [-45 - 90 DEG C];
Integral gasoline engine driver, base plate, coupling, RECIP GAS
reciprocating gas compressor for compression of large
volumes of air to high pressure, less coolers, filters,
condensate removal (not a packaged unit).
Material: *CS*
Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,300 KPA]
Driver power:
100 - 10000 HP [75 - 7100 KW]

Air Compressors (AC) - continued
Description Type
Motor driven reciprocating gas compressor, with RECIP MOTR
speed reducer, pulsation dampers for
compression of large volumes of air to high
pressure, less coolers, filters, condensate
removal (not a packaged unit).
Material: *CS*
Design gauge Pressure outlet:
Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,300 KPA]
Driver Power:
Max: 15,000 HP [11,000 KW]
Single stage, non-lubricated, packaged SINGLE 1 S
reciprocating compressor for oil-free air; includes
motor and drive, coupling, base plate, cooler.
Material:
*CS*
75 - 1,100 CFM [130 - 1,850 M3/H]
90 - 150 PSIG [620 - 1,000 KPA]
-50 - 200 DEG F [-45 - 90 DEG C];
Default:*0* PSIG [*0* KPA]
Two stage, non-lubricated, packaged SINGLE 2 S
reciprocating air compressor for oil-free air;
includes motor and drive, coupling, base plate,
and cooler.
Material:
*CS*
80 - 700 CFM [140 - 1,150 M3/H]
150 - 500 PSIG [1,040 - 3,400 KPA]
-50 - 200 DEC F [-45 - 90 DEG C];
Default: *68* DEG F [*20* KPA]

For process gas streams:
° Centrifugal (motor, turbine, gasoline engine, no driver)
° Reciprocating (motor, turbine, no driver) - with gear reducer,
couplings, guards, base plate, compressor unit, fittings, interconnecting
piping, vendo-supplied instruments, lube/seal system; less intercoolers
and interstage knock-out drums.
For all gas compressors, capacity is at inlet temperature and pressure.
Description Type
Axial (inline) centrifugal gas compressor with driver CENTRIF
(motor, turbine or gasoline driven engine); excluding
intercoolers and knock-out drums.
Casing material:
See “Casting Materials” in Chapter 28 for
a complete list of materials. Default: *CS*.
Actual gas flow rate Inlet:
500 - 200000 CFM [850 - 339000 M3/H]
-200 - 200 DEG F [-125 - 90 DEG C];
Default - *68* DEG F [*20* DEG C]
Max: 2000 PSIG [13750 KPA]
Molecular weight:
Default: *29*
Specific heat ratio:
Default: *1.4*
Compressibility factor Inlet:
Default: *1*
Compressibility factor Outlet:
Default: *1*
Maximum interstage temperature:
Specify the maximum temperature reached during
compression before inter-cooling.
Max: 400 DEG F [200 DEG C]; Default: *350* DEG F
[*175* DEG C]
Intercooler outlet Temperature:
Specify the interstage inlet temperature after cooling.
-50 - 150 DEG F [-45 - 65 DEG C]; Default: *90* DEG
F [*30* DEG C]

Gas Compressors (GC) - continued
Description Type
CENTRIF - continued
Driver type:
Default: *NONE*
NONE - No driver
GAS ENGINE - Gas engine driver
MOTOR - Motor driver
TURBINE - Turbine driver
Turbine gauge pressure:
Max: 1,600 PSIG [11,000 KPA];
Default:
*300* PSIG [*2050 KPA]
Gear reducer type:
Default: gear reducer included if driver type specified;
otherwise none.
YES - Gear reducer required
NO - No gear reducer
Lube oil system:
Default: *YES*
YES - Lube system required
NO - No lube oil system
Integral gear centrifugal gas compressor with CENTRIF IG
driver (motor, turbine or gasoline engine),
scrolls (inter-stage piping), bull gear, coupling,
guard; may include lube oil system, intercoolers,
aftercooler: excludes filter and silencers.
Casing material:
See “Casting Materials” in Chapter 28 for a
complete list of materials. Default: *CS*.
500 - 70,000 CFM [850 - 118,900 M3/H]
-0.4 -100 PSIG [-2.7 - 689 KPA];
Default: *0.0* PSIG [*0.0* KPA]
32 - 200 DEG F [0 - 90 DEG C];
Max: 700 PSIG [4825 KPA]
Design temperature Outlet:
-200 - 200 DEG F [-125 - 90 DEG C]
Number of impellers:
2-4

Description Type
CENTRIF IG - continued
Gas type option:

Sets default gas properties and makes adjustments for
explosive gases.
Default: *AIR*.
AIR - Air
O2GAS - Oxygen
N2GAS - Nitrogen
ARGAS - Argon
FLGAS - Flammable gas
NONFL - Non-flammable gas
Molecular weight:
Default based on chosen gas type.
Default based on chosen gas type.
Default: *1.0*.
Compressibility factor Outlet:
Default: *1.0*.
Intercooler required:
Default: *YES*
YES - Cooler required
NO - None required
After cooler Required:
Default: *NO*.
YES - Cooler required
NO - None required
Specify the maximum temperature reached during
compression before inter-cooling.
Max: 400 DEG F [200 DEG C].
Intercooler outlet temperature:
The interstage inlet temperature after intercooling.
- 5- - 150 DEG F [-45 - 65 DEG C];
Default: *90* DEG F [*30* DEG C].
Driver type:
Default: *NONE*
NONE - No driver
GAS ENGINE - Gas engine driver
MOTOR- Motor driver
TURBINE- Turbine driver

Description Item
CENTRIF IG - continued
Turbine gauge pressure:

Max: 1,600 PSIG [11,000 KPA];
Default: *300* PSIG [*2,050* KPA].
Lube oil system:
Default: *YES*
YES- Lube system required
NO- No lube oil system
Shop assembly option:
Partial assembly denotes multiple
skids field connected wither intercoolers.
Default:
*FULL*.
FULL- Full shop assembly
PART- Part shop assembly
NONE- No shop assembly
Motor or turbine-driven reciprocating process gas RECIP MOTR
compressor. Includes motor, gear reducer and
pulsation dampers. Does not include intercoolers or
aftercoolers.

Max: 200,000 CFM [339,000 M3/H]
Inlet Temperature:
-200 - 200 DEG F [-125 - 90 DEG C];
Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,000 KPA]
Molecular weight:
Default: *30*
Default: *1.22*
Specify the maximum temperature
reached during compression before inter-cooling.
Max: 400 DEG F [200 DEG C];
Default: *270* DEG F
[135 DEG C].

Description Type
RECIP MOTR - continued
Intercooler outlet temperature:

The interstage inlet temperature after
intercooling. -50 - 150 DEG F
[-45 - 65 DEG C];
Default:
*95* DEG F [*35* DEG C].
Driver Type:
Default: *NONE*
NONE- No driver
MOTOR- Motor driver
Turbine Press. - Gauge:
Max: 1,600 PSIG [11,000 KPA];
Default: *300* PSIG [*2,050* KPA]
Gear Reducer Symbol:
Default: gear reducer included if driver type specified,
otherwise none.
YES- Gear reducer required
NO- No gear reducer
Lube Oil System:
Default: *YES*
YES- Lube system required
NO- No lube oil system
Reciprocating gasoline engine drive includes integral RECIP GAS
gas engine driver, gear reducer, baseplate, coupling,
interstage pots and coolers.
Material:
*CS*
Max: 6,000 PSIG [4,100 KPA]
Driver power:
Min: 100 HP;
Max: 10,000 HP
Design temperature inlet:
Default: *68* DEC F [*20* DEG C]

Fans, Blowers (FN)
The distinction between the terms fan, blower and compressor is confusing;
however, a distinction may be made based upon the mechanical construction
of the machine and the pressure rise from inlet to outlet produced by the
machine.
The Air Moving and Conditioning Association, Incorporated (AMCA) has made
12.25 INCHES of water pressure rise the cut-off between fans and blowers.
Assuming an inlet pressure of 0 PSIG, a 12.25 INCHES of water pressure rise
corresponds to a compression ratio of 1.3. Machinery used for compression
ratios greater than 1.03 are called blowers or compressors. A pressure of
12.25 INCHES of water corresponds to 0.44 PSIG. It is common practice,
however, to call any centrifugal gas-moving machine a fan if its construction is
of sheet metal and the rotating element is wheel rather than an impeller.
Single-stage fans are made with pressure rises of 50 INCHES of water, and
two-stage fans with pressure rises up to 100 INCHES of water. Centrifugal
blowers (or turbo-blowers) are primarily of cast iron construction and the
rotating element is an impeller. Centrifugal blowers normally produce pressure
rises in the range of 1 to 40 PSI. Centrifugal blowers may be single- (one
impeller) or multi-stage (two or more impellers). A gas-moving machine that
produces a pressure rise of more than 40 PSI is called a compressor. Another
difference between compressors and blowers is that the
design pressure of a blower is never more than 100 PSIG, while compressors
are frequently designed for more than 100 PSIG. It should be noted, however,
that in the range of 1 to 40 PSI pressure rise with a design pressure less than
100 PSIG, the terms are used interchangeably.
With driver, listed in ascending capacity.
Description Type
Single or multi-stage centrifugal turbo blower. CENT TURBO
Heavy duty, low noise blower. For moving up to
150,000 CFM of air or other gas through a
system with a pressure drop from 1 to 10 PSI.
Typical applications include: supplying air to
wastewater treatment plant aeration basins;
supplying air to blast furnaces, cupolas and
converters; pneumatic conveying and supplying
combustion air. This item is a centrifugal turbo
blower.
Material:
*CS*
100 - 40,000 CFM [170 - 67,950 M3/H]
0.5 - 30.0 PSIG [3.5 - 205 KPA]
Speed:
900 - 3,600 RPM

Fans, Blowers (FN) - continued
Description Type
Centrifugal fan. CENTRIF
Applications include: pulling a gas stream through a
baghouse, supplying combustion air to boilers and
furnaces, boosting the pressure of the combustion
gases from a boiler to push the gasses up the boiler
stack, pneumatic conveying, solids drying and
classifying and ventilation.
Centrifugal fans are used to move gas through a low

pressure drop system. The maximum pressure rise
across a centrifugal fan is about 2 PSI. The most
typical materials of construction are carbon steel sheet
or plate casing, aluminum or carbon steel wheel (or
impeller) and carbon steel shaft. Fans may be
fabricated from a variety of other materials such as
stainless steel and FRP. Centrifugal fans are classified
according to the design of the wheel. The different
wheels are: radial blade type, forward-curved,
backward-curved, backward-inclined and airfoil.
Centrifugal fans are manufactured in sizes that range
from less than 100 CFM to 1,000,000 CFM.
Material:
*CS*
700 - 150,000 CFM [1,200 - 254,800 M3/H]
Fan outlet gauge pressure:
0 - 15 IN H2O [0 - 3,700 PA];
Default:
*6* IN H2O [*1,500* PA]
Propeller fan. PROPELLER
Material:
*CS*
1,000 - 15,000 CFM [1,700 - 25,400 M3/H]

Fans, Blowers (FN) - continued
Description Type
Rotary blower. ROT BLOWER
This general purpose blower includes inlet and
discharge silencers. Applications include: pneumatic
conveying, combustion air, exhausting vapors,
instrument air and aeration of fluids.
A rotary blower is a positive displacement machine.

That is, a constant volume of inlet air (or other gas) is
compressed regardless of any changes in the
discharge pressure required by the system. The rotary
blower moves air in the following manner. Two figure
eight shaped impellers are mounted on parallel shafts
inside a casing and rotate in opposite directions. As
each impeller passes the blower inlet a volume of gas
is trapped, carried through to the blower discharge
and expelled against the discharge pressure. The
casing of the rotary blower is cast iron and the
impellers are ductile iron. Rotary blowers are
manufactured in standard sizes.
Material:
*CS*
100 - 4,000 CFM [170 - 6,700 M3/H]
2 - 15 PSIG [15 - 100 KPA];
Speed: 900 - 3,600 RPM
Vaneaxial fan. VANEAXIAL
Material:
*CS*
2,300 - 40,000 CFM [3.950 - 67,900 M3/H]

4 Drivers (G11)

Power Level
Standard Motor Sizes
Synchronous Motor Speeds (RPM)
Turbines (TUR)
4 Drivers (G11) 4-1

Electrical motors serve as the primary means of driving the rotating
equipment, for example, pumps, compressors and fans.
Motors are built in a wide range of enclosure types, rotating speeds and
horsepowers. Selection of a particular motor warrants careful consideration of
the motor’s application. The considerations at the site (temperature, air-borne
particles, moisture, oil vapor, dust, abrasive or conducting particles, corrosive
fumes or explosive gases), and the specific use of a motor (e.g., pump,
compressor or crusher driver) determine the hazards involved and the
protective measures required for safe operation. These considerations led to
motor classification by enclosure types.
Description Type
Standard open drip-proof motors with vent openings OPEN
for indoor service:
Driver Power:
0.75 - 50,000 HP [0.75 - 37,000 KW]
Enclosure Type:
Default: *STD*
STD- Standard indoor service (open drip- proof with
vent openings)
WPI- Normal outdoor service (weather-
protected (rain, snow, air-borne particles)
WPII- Severe outdoor service (outside
weather-protected service)
4-2 4 Drivers (G11)

Electrical Motors (MOT) - continued
Description Type
OPEN - continued
Driver Type:
Default: *STD*
STD- Standard motor
Speed:
Range: (15 x HZ) - (60 x HZ) RPM; Default: *
(30 x HZ)* RPM
Synchronous motors with high efficiency at low speed SYNCHRON
for large HP [KW] requirements, reciprocating
compressors, pump compressors, pumps,
crushers and mixers.
Driver Power:
200 - 20,000 HP [150 - 15,000 KW]
Enclosure Type:
Default: Water cooled if greater than 8,000 HP
[6,000], else standard.
STD- Standard outdoor service
WPI- Normal outdoor service
WPII- Severe outdoor service
TEWAC- Water cooled
Speed:
Range: (3.7 x HZ) - (30 x HZ) RPM; Default: *
(30 x HZ)* RPM
Totally-enclosed fan-cooled motors (TEFC) ENCLOSED
The TEFC motor is especially suitable for outdoor use

involving severe environmental conditions. It can also
withstand severe operating conditions (heat, lint and
dirt) when used indoors.
The TEFC is a totally enclosed machine constructed to

prohibit the exchange of air between the inside and
outside of the casing. It is cooled by means of a fan
integral with the machine but external to the electric
parts. TEFC motors are available from 1 - 500 HP. For
severe service conditions requiring up to 200 HP, TEFC
motors are less costly and provide better protection
than weather-protected motors. Except for some
specially designed enclosures, the TEFC motor
provides the best protection against moisture,
corrosive vapors, dust and dirt.
4 Drivers (G11) 4-3

Description Type
ENCLOSED - continued
Driver Power:
0.75 - 10,000 HP [0.75 - 7,100 KW]
Driver Type:
Default: Water cooled (TEWAC) if greater than
300 HP [224 KW], else fan cooled (TEFC).
STD- Standard motor
Speed:
Range: (20 x HZ) - (60 x HZ) RPM; Default: *(30 x
HZ)* RPM.
Explosion-proof motors for Class I Division 1 EXP PROOF
hazardous use.
Explosion-proof motors are required when the location

of the motor is classified according to the NEC
(National Electrical Code) as a Class I, Division 1,
Hazardous Area. Class I represents an area containing
flammable gases or vapors and Division 1 specifies
that hazardous atmospheres can occur under normal
operation conditions. The source of a hazardous
atmosphere is generally leakage from process
equipment (e.g., pumps or compressors) handling
combustible volatile liquids or combustible gases.
An explosion-proof motor is basically a TEFC motor

with heavier construction and more careful machining.
An explosion-proof motor has an enclosure designed
to withstand the explosion of a gas or vapor occurring
within it and to prevent the ignition of the atmosphere
surrounding the machine by sparks, flashes or
explosions from within. Explosion proof motors are
available up to 3,000 HP at 3,600 RPM.
Driver Power:
0.75 - 4,000 HP [0.75 - 2,800 KW]
Driver Type:
Default: *STD*
STD- Standard motor
Speed:
Range: (20 x HZ) - (30 x HZ) RPM; Default: *(30 x
HZ)* RPM.
4-4 4 Drivers (G11)

Description Type
TEFC motor integral with variable speed drive. VARY SPEED
Includes handwheel control of sheaves with a built-in
indicator and TEFC motor as an integral part of the
unit.
This component is used when there is an optimum

speed at which to run a process machine (e.g., pumps,
fans, mixers, dryers and crushers).
A mechanical speed drive permits the adjustment of

output speed by mechanical means (manually
adjusted). The motor speed (input speed) is geared
down by a system of pulleys to supply lower shaft
speeds (output speed) to process equipment. Available
output speeds range from approximately 5 - 4,000
RPM. Pulley ratios of input to output speeds range
from 2:1 through 10:1. Mechanical variable speed
drives typically range from 0.5 to 50 HP. Speed
adjustment can be either manual, by turning a
handle, or automatic. Although the mechanical
variable speed motor provides high efficiency
over the entire speed range, it does not supply a
high degree of accuracy in speed regulation.
(Variable frequency driver available with OPEN,

ENCLOSED, EXP PROOF.)
Low Speed:
(.09 x HZ) - (9.6 x HZ) RPM
High Speed:
(1.4 x HZ) - (58 x HZ) RPM
Driver Power:
0.5 - 400 HP [0.75 - 300 KW]
4 Drivers (G11) 4-5

Power Level
Power is supplied to a motor at a voltage level as follows.
Voltage Level (3 Phase Service)
Motor Size US Country Base UK Country Base
Less than 1 HP [0.75 KW] 110 V 240v
1 HP to under MDP (*200* HP) Low Voltage Low Voltage

[.75 KW to under MDP (*150* KW)] *230/480* V *415* V
MDP (*200* HP) to 4,000 HP 4,160 V 3,300 V

[MDP (*150* KW) to 3,000 KW]
Greater than 4,000 HP [3,000 KW] 13,800 V 11,000 V

Frequency 60 Hertz 50 Hertz
10000 - 37000 KW: Increments of

1000 KW
4-6 4 Drivers (G11)

Standard Motor Sizes
HP KW
0.125 0.75 118 500 4000
0.25 1.11 125 530 4500
0.333 1.50 132 560 5000
0.5 2.22 140 560 5600
0.75 3.0 150 600 6300
1 4.0 160 630 7100
1.5 5.5 170 670 8000
2 7.5 180 710 9000
3 11.0 190 750 10000
5 15.0 200 800
7.5 18.5 212 900
10 22.0 224 1000
15 30.0 236 1120
20 37.5 250 1250
25 45.0 265 1400
30 55.0 280 1600
40 75.0 300 1800
50 80 315 2000
60 80 335 2240
75 85 375 2500
100 95 400 2500
125 100 425 2800
150 106 450 3150
200 112 475 3550
200 - 500 HP:increments of 50

4 Drivers (G11) 4-7

Synchronous Motor Speeds (RPM)
60 Hertz Service 50 Hertz Service
1800 1500
1200 1000
900 750
720 600
600 500
514 428
450 375
400 333
360 300
327 272
300 250
277 231
257 214
240 200
225 187
4-8 4 Drivers (G11)

Turbines (TUR)
Description Type
Steam turbine driver includes condenser and CONDENSING
accessories.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Power Output:
10 - 30,000 HP [8 - 22,300 KW]
Steam Gauge Pressure:
Max: 1,600 PSIG [11,000 KPA];
Speed:
Max: 3,600 RPM; Default: *3,600* RPM
Non-condensing type steam turbine driver includes NON COND
accessories.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Power Output:
10 - 30,000 HP [8 - 22,300 KW]
Max: 1,600 PSIG [11,000 KPA];
Speed:
Max: 3,600 RPM;
4 Drivers (G11) 4-9

Description Type
Gas turbine includes fuel gas combustion chamber and GAS
multi-stage turbine expander.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Power Output:
1,000 - 370,000 HP [750 - 276,000 KW
Turbo expander includes only the expander (turbine) TURBOEXP

part and any spare cartridges. It does not include
compressor (booster) part. So, all input/output
variables in the model refer to an expansion process,
and the resulting cost and weight data belong only to
the expander part.

Range: 5 - 200,000 CFM [8.5 - 339,800 m3/hr]
Required field
Range: (>0) - 3000 PSIG [(>0) - 20,684 kPag]
Required field
Range: -450 to 600 DEG F [-267 to 315 DEG C]
Range: 0 - 1 ,000 PSIG [0 - 6,894 kPag]
Required field
Power output:
Range: (>0) - 2,000 HP [(>0) - 1,500 kW]
Molecular weight:
Range: 1 - 500
Default: *29*
Default molecular weight is that of air
Range: 1.04 - 2
Default: *1.4*
Default specific heat ratio is that of air
Range: 0.05 - 3
Default: *1*
Default compressibility factor assumes an ideal gas
Isentropic efficiency:
Range: 30 - 100 PERCENT
Default: *85* PERCENT
Number of spare cartridges:
Min: 0
Default: *0*
4-10 4 Drivers (G11)

5 Heat Transfer (G10)

Reboilers (RB)
Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU)
TEMA Exchanger Construction Nomenclature
Icarus Supported TEMA Types
5 Heat Transfer (G10) 5-1

Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. In
the terminology of chemical engineering, a fluid may be either a gas or a
liquid. Therefore, when we say we are transferring heat from one fluid to
another, we can mean either a gas-gas exchanger, a liquid-liquid exchanger or
a gas-liquid exchanger.
Heat exchangers may be called by other names depending upon their specific
purpose. If a process fluid is being cooled with water, the term “cooler” is often
used. If a gaseous process fluid is cooled with water until it becomes a liquid,
the term “condenser” is used. If a liquid process fluid is heated (usually with
steam) until it turns into a gas, the term “vaporizer” is used. If a process fluid
is heated (usually with steam) the term “economizer” is used. If two process
fluids exchange heat, the term heat exchanger is used.
The most common type of heat exchanger, and therefore, the kind described
here, is the shell and tube heat exchanger. The shell and tube heat exchanger
consists of a bundle of tubes. Each tube is usually 3/4 or INCH in outside
diameter and 20 to 40 FEET long. The tube bundle is held in a cylindrical shape
by plates at either end called “tube sheets.” The tube bundle is placed inside a
cylindrical shell. The design of the shell and tube heat exchanger is such that
one fluid flows inside the tubes, while the other fluid flows over the outside of
the tubes. Heat is transferred through the tube walls. The size of a heat
exchanger is defined as the total outside surface area of the tube bundle.
Wide variety of materials: floating head, fixed tube sheet, U-tube exchangers,
multiple shells/passes, TEMA Class B and other types.
5-2 5 Heat Transfer (G10)

Heat Exchangers (HE) - continued
Description Type
Air cooler with variety of plenum chambers, louver AIR COOLER
arrangements, fin types (or bare tubes), sizes,
materials, freestanding or rack- mounted, multiple
bays and multiple services within a single bay.
Bare tube area 1st service:

Primary or single service. Total bare tube surface area
for primary service. If the exchanger is a single
service, then this is the total bare tube surface area.
The surface area is for all bays.
Tube material 1st service:
Primary or single service; Default: *A 179*. See
Chapter 28 for tube materials.
Design gauge pressure 1st serv.:
Inlet temperature 1st service:
Tube outside diameter 1st serv.:
Default: *1.0* INCHES [*25.0* MM]
Tube wall thickness 1st service:
The wall thickness of tubing used for primary or single
services, in inches or BWG rating. For grooved tubes,
specify the thickness under the groove. Thickness may
be entered as a positive signed value in decimal
INCHES [MM] or as a negative signed integer value of
BWG (-1 to -24 BWG). If no value is specified, the
system calculates a value based on tube material,
temperature and pressure of service, with minimum of
0.1080 INCHES [2.74 MM] per API 661 code.
Corrosion allowance 1st service:
Default: 0.0, except CS: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM]
Tube length:
Range: 4 - 60 FEET [1.25 - 18.0 M]
Bay width:
Max: 30.0 [9.0 M]
Height: This is the leg height for air coolers at grade.
Default: *0.0* (rack mounted)
Number of walkways:
Default: *2*. Does not apply to IPM and Questimate.
Plenum type symbol:
Default: *TRNS*
PANL- Panel shaped plenum
TRNS- Transition shaped
NONE- No plenum

Description Type
AIR COOLER - continued
Louver type symbol:

Default: *FACE*
FACE- Face louvers only
SIDE- Side louvers only
BOTH- Face + side louvers
NONE- No louvers
Fin type symbol:
Default: L-footed if temperature below
400 DEG F [205 DEG C], esle embedded.
E - Embedded
L - L-foot tension wound
W - Wheel
X - Extracted
NONE - Bare tubes
Fin pitch:
Number of fin tubes per INCH [per 25 MM],
ignore if bar tube specified. Range: 6.0 - 20.0;
Default: *10.0*
Fin material symbol:
Ignore this field for bare tubes. Default: *AL*.
AL - Aluminum fins
CS - Carbon steel fins
CU - Copper fins
SS - Stainless steel fins
Tube fin height:
Ignore this field for bare tubes;
Range: 0.250 - 2.50 INCHES [10.0 - 65.0 MM];
Default: *0.625* INCHES [*15* MM]
Number of tube rows:
Max: 13
Tube pitch:
Default: *2.25* INCHES [55.0 MM]
Number of fans per bay:
Range: 1-3
Fixed tube sheet shell and tube exchangers. FIXED T S
TEMA type BEM fixed tube sheet
The fixed tube sheet shell and tube heat exchanger is

applicable to trim cooler and other low temperature
applications, as well as services where the shell side
fluid is non-fouling, such as steam, dowtherm and
gasses. A fixed tube sheet heat exchanger has its tube
sheets fixed to both ends of the shell, with or without a
shell expansion joint.

Description Type
FIXED T S - continued
Fixed tube sheet heat exchangers are more

economical to fabricate than floating head heat
exchangers, but unless an expansion joint is placed in
the shell the difference in temperature between the
shell and tubes must be small or the unequal thermal
expansion of the shell and tube bundle will cause
unacceptable mechanical stresses. The fixed tube
sheet design also does not allow the tube bundle to be
removed. Therefore, fixed tube sheet heat exchangers
are limited to clean services and services where the
dirt and scale on the outside surface of the tubes is
easily cleaned by chemical means.
Heat transfer area:

Enter either heat transfer area or number of
shells, tubes/shell and tube data.
Number of shells:
shells, tubes/shell and tube data.
Tube material:
Default: A 214 to 900 DEG F [482 DEG C],
304S for higher temperatures. See Chapter 28 for
tube materials.
Tube design gauge pressure:
Tube design temperature:
Default: 400 DEG F [200 DEG C] for copper alloys;
other material: 640 DEG F [340 DEG C]
Tube operating temperature:
Default: design temperature
Tube outside diameter:
0.25 - 6.0 INCHES [6 - 150 MM];
Shell material:
Default: A285C to 900 DEG F [482 DEG C], SS304 for
higher temperatures. See Chapter 28 for materials.
Shell design gauge pressure:
Shell design temperature: Default: 400 DEG F [200
DEG C] for copper alloys; *650* DEG F [*340* DEG C]
for other materials.

Description Type
Shell operating temperature:

Tube side pipe material:
See Chapter 18 for pipe materials.
Shell side pipe material:
Number of tubes per shell:
Enter either heat transfer area or number of shells,
tubes/shell and tube data.
Tube length extended:
8 - 60 FEET [2.5 - 18 M];
Default: *20* FEET [*6* M]
Tube gauge:
Enter tube gauge or thickness, not both,
including corrosion allowance; 1 - 24 BWG
Tube wall thickness:
including corrosion allowance; 0.02 - 0.34 INCHES
[0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Tube corrosion allowance:
Default: 0.0025 INCHES [0.06 MM] for CS, 0.0 for
other materials
Tube seal type:
Default: *SEALW*
EXPND- Expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints
SEALW- Seal welded tube joints
STRNW- Strength welded tube joints
Tube pitch:
1.25 x tube outside diameter
Tube pitch symbol:
Default: *TRIANGLE*
DIAMOND- Diamond tube pitch
SQUARE- Square tube pitch
TRIANGULAR- Triangular tube pitch
Shell diameter:
Max: 192.0 INCHES [4,875.0 MM]
Shell wall thickness:
Shell thickness including corrosion allowance.
Shell corrosion allowance:
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] for CS,
0.0 for other materials.

Description Type
Expansion joint:
Default: *NO*
NO- No expansion joint in shell
YES- Expansion joint required in shell
Tube sheet material:
See Chapter 28 for tube materials.
Tube sheet corrosion allowance:
Default: lesser of 50 x tube corrosion
allowance or 0.25 INCHES [6 MM].
Channel material:
Default: tubesheet material. See Chapter
28 for materials.
Cladding thickness:
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] if cladding material
specified, otherwise 0.0.
Cladding material:
See Chapter 28 for material selection.
Cladding location:
Default: *SHELL*
SHELL- Cladding on shell side only
TUBE- Cladding on tube side only
BOTH- Cladding on both shell and tube sides
Number of tube passes:
Default: *1*
Number of shell passes:
Default: *1*
Stress relief:
Weld X-ray:
Max: 100; Default: *20*
TEMA type:
Default: BEM for 1 shell pass, BFM for 2 shell passes.
Vendor grade:
Default: *HIGH*
STAND - Standard vender
HIGH - Specialty vender - high grade/custom work
Regulation type:
Japanese country base only. Required government
regulation and testing; Default: *NONE*
NONE - No special regulations
PV - Pressure vessel regulations
HPG - High pressure gas regulations

Description Type
Floating head shell of 48 INCHES [1200 MM] FLOAT HEAD
maximum and exchanger.
Applicable to any heat exchange application, but not
normally used for clean and/or low temperature
services where the fixed tube sheet exchanger is
usually the more economic choice.
The floating head heat exchanger accommodates the
differential thermal expansion of tube bundle and
shell, and also allows the tube bundle to be completely
removed from the shell. The floating head heat
exchanger is consequentially specified for services
where the shell size of the tube bundle is subject to
fouling and services which involve large temperature
differentials between shell side and tube side fluids.
Heat transfer area:

Number of shells:
tube/shell and tube data.
Tube material:
Default: A 214 to 900 DEG F [482 DEG C],
304S for higher temperatures. See chapter 28 for tube
materials.
650 DEG F [340 DEG C] other material
0.25 - 6.0 INCHES [6 - 150 MM];
Shell material:
Default: A285C to 900 DEG F [482 DEG C], SS304 for
higher temperatures
Default: 150 PSIG [1,000 KPA]

Description Type
FLOAT HEAD - continued
Shell design temperature:

Default: 400 DEG F [200 DEG C] for cooper alloys;
650 DEG F [340 DEG C] for other material
See Pipe Materials in Chapter 18.
See Pipe Materials in Chapter 18.
Enter either heat transfer area or number
of shells, tubes/shell and tube data.
8 - 60 FEET [2.5 - 18 M];
Tube gauge:
including corrosion allowance; 1-24 BWG
including corrosion allowance; 0.02 - 0.34 INCHES
[0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Default: 0.0025 INCHES [0.06 MM]
for CS, 0.0 for other materials
Tube seal type:
Default: *SEALW*
SEALW- Seal welded tube joints
Tube pitch:
Default: 1.25 x tube outside diameter
Tube pitch symbol:
Default: *TRIANGULAR*
TRIANGLE- Triangular tube pitch
Shell diameter:
Max: 192.0 INCHES [4,875.0 MM]

Description Type
FLOAT HEAD - continued
Expansion joint:
Default: *NO*
NO - No expansion joint in shell
YES - Expansion required in shell
See Tube Materials in Chapter 28.
Default: Lesser of 50 x tube corrosion allowance, or
0.25 INCHES [6 MM].
Channel material:
Default: tubesheet material. See Tube Materials in
Chapter 28.
Cladding thickness:
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] if cladding material
Cladding material:
See cladding material in Chapter 28.
Cladding location:
Default: *SHELL*
SHELL - Cladding on shell side only
TUBE - Cladding on tube side only
BOTH - Cladding on both shell and tube sides
Default: *2*
Default: *1*
Stress relief:
CODE - Provide stress relief if code required
Weld X-ray:
Max 100; Default: *20*
TEMA type:
Default: BES for 1 shell pass, BFS for 2 shell passes.
Vendor grade:
Default: *HIGH*
STAND - Standard vendor
HIGH - Specialty vendor - high grade/custom work
Regulation type:
For Japanese country base only. Required
government regulation and testing. Default: *NONE*
PV - Pressure vessel regulations
HPG - High pressure gas regulations

Description Type
U-tube shell and tube exchangers. TEMA type BEU U- U TUBE
Tube.
U-tube shell and tube exchangers are normally used in
those services where the tubeside fluid is non-fouling
or where the deposits formed are easily removed with
chemical cleaning. Since the tube bundle is
removable, the fluid in the shell side can be fouling.
Since the U-tube design eliminates one tube sheet,
these exchangers are often used for high pressure
applications.
As the name indicates, all the tubes are U-shaped.
Consequentially, there is only one tube sheet. The
tube side fluid enters one leg of the U-tube and exits
from the other leg. The U-tubes are free to expand
inside the exchanger shell; thus, a large temperature
differences between shell side and tube side fluids can
be handled. The U-tube bundle is usually removable
for inspection and cleaning. The inside of the U-tubes
are hard to clean because of the U-bend. U-tube heat
exchangers are unsuitable for handling erosive fluids
because the U-bends rapidly wear out.
Heat transfer area:

Number of shells:
Tube material:
Default: *A 214* to 900 DEG F [482 DEG C], *304S*
for higher temperatures. See Chapter 28 for tube
data.
Default: *400* DEG F [*200* DEG C] for copper
alloys; other material: *650* DEG F [*340* DEG C]
Range: 0.25 - 6.0 INCHES [6 - 150 MM];
Shell material:
Default: *A285C* to 900 DEG F [482 DEG C],
SS304 for higher temperatures

Description Type
U TUBE - continued

Default: *400* DEG F [*200* DEG C] for
copper alloys; *650* DEG F [*340* DEG C] other
materials
Range: 8 - 12 FEET [2.5 - 36 M];
Default: *40*Feet [*12* M]
Tube gauge:
Enter tube gauge or thickness, not both, including
corrosion allowance. Range: 1-24 BWG
corrosion allowance. Range:0.02 - 0.34 INCHES
[0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Default: *0.0025* INCHES [*0.06* MM] for CS, *0.0*
Tube seal type:
Default: *SEALW*
EXPD - Expanded tube-to tubesheet joints
SEALW - Seal welded tube joints
STRNW - Strength welded tube joints
Tube pitch:
Tube pitch symbol:
Shell diameter:
Max: 192 INCHES [4,875 MM]
Default: *0.125* INCHES [*3* MM] for
CS, *0.0* for other materials

Description Type
U TUBE - continued
Expansion joint:
Default: *NO*
NO - No expansion joint in shell
YES - Expansion joint required in shell
Default: Lesser of 50 x tube corrosion allowance, or
*0.25* INCHES [*6* MM]
Channel material:
See Chapter 28 for materials.
Cladding thickness:
Default: *0.125* INCHES [3 MM] if cladding material
is specified; otherwise *0.0*
Cladding material:
See Chapter 28 for cladding materials.
Cladding location:
Default: *SHELL*
SHELL - Cladding on shell side only
TUBE - Cladding on tube side only
BOTH - Cladding on both shell and tube sides
Default: *2*
Default: *1*
Stress relief:
Default: See Project Design Basis.
Weld X-ray:
TEMA type:
*BEU* for 1 shell pass, *BFU* for 2 shell passes.
Vendor grade:
Default: *HIGH*
STAND - Standard vendor
HIGH - Specialty vendor - high grade/custom work
Regulation type:
Japanese country base only. Required government
regulations and testing.
Default: *NONE*.
PV- Pressure vessel regulations
HPG- High pressure gas regulations

Description Type
Fixed tube, float. head, u-tube exchanger TEMA EXCH
This model merges the three TEMA heat exchangers,

which are retained for compatibility purposes (in
earlier system versions, changing the type of TEMA
heat exchanger required that one delete the entry and
specify another heat exchanger).
Heat transfer area: Enter either heat transfer area

or no. of shells, tubes/shell and tube data.
Number of shells: Enter either heat transfer area or
no. of shells, tubes/shell and tube data.
Front end head type: Use front head type, shell type
and rear head type to construct TEMA type symbol.
Front head type options:
A- Channel and removable cover
B- Bonnet integral cover
C- Tubesheet channel integral, remov. cover
N- Tubesheet channel integral, remov. cover
Shell TEMA symbol: Use front head type, shell type
and rear head type to construct TEMA type symbol.
Shell type options:
E- One pass shell
F- Two pass shell with longitudinal baffle
G- Split flow
H- Double split flow
J- Divided flow
X- Cross flow
Rear end head type:
Use front head type, shell type and rear head type to
construct TEMA type symbol. Rear head type options:
L - Fixed tubesheet, channel removable cover
M - Fixed tubesheet, bonnet integral cover
N - Fixed tubesheet, channel integral, remov.
P - Outside packed floating head
S - Floating head with backing device
T- Pull through floating head
U - U-tube bundle
W - Externally sealed floating tubesheet
Heat exchanger design option:
*<BLANK>*- Standard exchanger design
TBWNB- Tube bundle design only, w/o system bulks
Design/cost option for TBWNB only

Description Type
TEMA EXCH - continued
Tube material: Default: CS to 900 DEGF [482 DEGC],

or else SS; see Proj Basis spec for welded/smls.
CS- Carbon steel
A 179- Seamless CS
A 214- Welded carbon steel
A 209- C - .5Mo
A213C- 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si
A213F- 5Cr - .5Mo
304LW- 304L welded
316LW- 316L welded
321S- SS321 seamless
347S- SS347 seamless
C 20- Carpenter 20
TI50A- Titanium
NI200- Nickel
INCNL- Inconel
MONEL- Monel
*150 PSIG [1,000 KPA]*
Default: 400 DEGF [200 DEGC] for copper alloys;
other mat’l: 650 DEGF [340 DEGC
*1.0 INCHES [25 MM]*, MIN: 0.25 INCHES [6 MM],
MAX: 6.0 INCHES [150 MM]
Shell material:
Default: A285C to 900 DEGF [482 DEGC], SS304 for
higher temperatures.
CS- Carbon steel
A 515- A 515
A204C- C - .5Mo
A387B- 1Cr - .5Mo
A387D- 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
SS321- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI- Nickel

Description Type
INCNL- Inconel
*150 PSIG [1,000 KPA]*
Default: 400 DEGF [200 DEGC] for copper alloys; 650
DEGF [340 DEGC] other mat’l
A 53- A 53
A 106- A 106
A333C- 3.5Ni
A335C- A.25Cr - .5Mo - Si
304P- SS304
304LP- 304L
316P- SS316
316LP- 316L
321P- SS321
AL- Aluminum
NI- Nickel
MONEL- Monel
INCNL- Inconel
TI- Titanium
HAST- Hastelloy
See materials listed above for Tube side pipe material
Enter either heat transfer area or no. of shells, tubes/
shell and tube data.
For U-tube: MIN: 8 FEET [2.5M], MAX: 120 FEET
[36M], else
MIN: 4 FEET [1.25M], MAX: 60 FEET [18M]
Tube gage:
MIN: 1 BWG,
MAX: 24 BWG
corrosion allowance.
MIN: 0.02 INCHES [0.6 MM],
MAX 0.34 INCHES [8.6 MM]
corrosion allowance.

Description Type

Default: 0.0025 INCHES [0.06 MM] for CS, 0.0 for
other materials.
Tube seal type:
*SEALW*- Seal welded tube joints
Tube pitch:
Default: 1.25 x tube outside diameter.
Tube pitch symbol:
Shell diameter:
Shell thickness including corrosion all.
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] for CS, 0.0 for other
materials.
Expansion joint:
*NO*- No expansion joint in shell
YES- Expansion joint required in shell
CS- Carbon steel
A 515- A 515
A204C- C - .5Mo
A387B- 1Cr - .5Mo
A387D- 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
SS321- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI- Nickel
INCNL- Inconel
Default: lesser of 50 x tube corr. all., or 0.25
INCHES [6 MM].
Channel material:
Default: tubesheet material

Description Type
Cladding thickness:
specified; otherwise: 0.0
Cladding material:
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI200- Ni 200
NI201- Ni 201
MONEL- Monel
INCNL- Inconel
I800- Ni-Fe-Cr
I825- Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu
C 20- Carpenter 20
TI- Titanium
HASTB- Hastelloy B
HASTC- Hastelloy C
Cladding location:
*SHELL*- Cladding on shell side only
Number of tube passes: * 1*
Number of shell passes: * 1*
Stress relief:
Default: see Area Design Basis.
Weld X-ray:
* 20*, MAX: 100
Vendor grade:
STAND- Standard vendor
*HIGH*- Specialty vendor for high grade or
custom work
Regulation type:
only for Japanese country base, which requires
government regulation and testing.
*NONE*- No special regulations
PV- Pressure vessel regulations (Japan)
HPG- High pressure gas regulations (Japan)
- Continued next page -

Description Type
The following three options can be found under "Heat exchanger design option".
• Blank Standard exchanger design

• TBWNB Tube bundle design only, w/o system bulks
• STABN Stabbed-in tube bundle design only, w/o system bulks
The third option (STABN) is available in the 2004 release. The "Standard exchanger
design" option would cost a regular heat exchanger (shell, tubes, baffles, etc.) and its
bulks, while TBWNB would cost a "tube bundle design only without any system bulks."
TBWNB would not generate any shell and heads, but it will include tubes, internals/
baffles, and tube sheet.
The STABN option is a variation of TBWNB with the following major differences from
TBWNB.
In STABN:
• The tube bundle is horizontally installed (stabbed) into the vertical vessel (tower),
in a way that the tube-side flow inlet/outlet headers stay outside the vessel beyond
the tubesheet.
• The front head is also included to act as a cap of the inlet/outlet headers for the
tube-side flow.
• STABN also costs a reboiler tub and support arrangement for the tube bundle. The
reboiler tub inside the vessel is designed to bear the liquid held-up in the tub
around the tube bundle to avoid the dry-out. The tub is designed to
contain and bear the hydrostatic load of the liquid held-up. The overall hydrostatic
load on the tub bottom is eventually supported by an I-beam design running in the
middle of the vessel along its diameter.

Description Type
Pre-engineered (standard) U-tube exchanger for use PRE ENGR
as a sample cooler or other miscellaneous application.
Heat transfer area:

tubes and tube data. Range: 3.50 - 120.0 SF
[0.33 - 11.0 M2]
Tube material:
Default: *CA443*
A 179- Seamless CS 304LW- 304L welded
A 192- Seamless CS 316W- 316 welded
A 214- Welded carbon 316LW- 316L welded
steel CA122- Cu seamless
304S- 304 seamless CA706- Cu-Ni seamless
304LS- 304L seamless CA715- Cu-Ni seamless
316S- 316 seamless CA443- Admiralty brass
316LS- 316L seamless CA444- Admiralty brass
304W- 304 welded CA445- Admiralty brass
Range: 0.5 - 1.5 INCHES
[12.0 - 38.0 MM]; Default: *0.75* INCHES [*19* MM]
Shell material:
Default: *A285C*
A285C- Carbon steel
A 516- A-516
SS304- SS304
304L- 304L
SS316- SS316
316L- 316L

Description Type
PRE ENGR - continued

Number of tubes:
Enter either heat transfer area or number of tubes and
tube data.
Enter either heat transfer area or number of tubes and
tube data. Range: 4.00 - 16.0 FEET [1.20 - 4.80 M]
Tube gage:
including corrosion allowance. Range: 16 - 20 BWG
corrosion allowance; Range: 0.035 - 0.065 INCHES
[0.900 - 1.65 MM]
for CS, *0.0* for other materials
Tube pitch:
Default: *.25 x tube outside diameter*
Tube pitch symbol:
Shell diameter:
Range: 4.00 - 10.00 INCHES
[102.0 - 254.0 MM]
Default: *0.125* INCHES [*3* MM] for CS, *0.0* for
other materials

Description Type
Electric immersion tank heater. HEATER ELC
Material:
Default: *CU*
CU- Copper
SS304- SS304
Power output:
Range: 6 -200 KW
Heating/cooling coil with spiral or serpentine coil of HEATER STM
bare pipe, use as tank heater or column tray cooler to
keep the contents of a tank from solidifying or
becoming too viscous to pump.
This item is a steam coil. A steam coil is a long length

of pipe that covers the bottom of a tank usually in a
spiral or serpentine pattern. Steam is passed through
the coil to heat the contents of the tank. If cooling
water was passed through the coil instead of steam,
this item would be a cooling coil.
This is normally a field fabricated item.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel316LP- 316L
SS- Stainless steel321P- SS321
A333C- 3.5 NiCU- Copper
A335C- 1.25 Cr - .5 Mo - SiNI- Nickel
A335F- 5 Cr - .5 MoMONEL- Monel
304LP- 304LINCNL- Inconel
316P- SS316
Heat transfer area:
Range: 1 - 25,000 SF [0.1 - 2,300 M2]
Pipe diameter:
Range: 1 - 6 IN DIAM [25 - 150 MM DIAM]
Bare-tube double-pipe heat exchanger. JACKETED
Applicable to any heat transfer application where only

a small amount of heat transfer surface area is
required.
This item is a hairpin heat exchanger. One or more

finned or bare U-shaped tubes are supported
concentrically inside a U-shaped
shell.

Heat Exchangers (HE) - continued.
Description Type
JACKETED - continued
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Heat transfer area:
10 - 1,000 SF [1 - 90 M2]
Tube length:
Range: 8 - 25 FEET [2.5 - 7.5 M];
Default: *1*
1- 1 tube per shell
7- 7 tubes per shell
Design gauge pressure:
Max: 6,000 PSIG [40,000 KPA]
Design temperature:
Max: 1,200 DEG F [645 DEG C]
Longitudinal finned double-pipe heat exchanger. FIN TUBE
Hairpin sections are connected in series or parallel.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Heat transfer area:
Enter total heat transfer area (i.e., total extended
surface or finned tubes).
Range:
70 - 10,000 SF [7 - 920 M2]
Tube length:
Range: 8 - 25 FEET [2.5 - 7.5 M];
Number of fins:
Range: 12 - 48; Default: *24*
Max: 6,000 PSIG [40,000 KPA]
Default: *1*
1- 1 tube per shell
7- 7 tubes per shell

Description Type
All-graphite heat exchanger. CROSS BORE
Material:
Default: *GRAPH*
Heat transfer area:
Range: 8 - 150 SF [1.0 - 13.5 M2]
Rietz type thermascrew conveyor with motor ONE SCREW

and drive.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
Heat transfer area:
10 - 400 SF [1 - 37 M2]
Twin screw thermascrew conveyor with motor TWO SCREW
and drive.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
Heat transfer area:
10 - 400 SF [1 - 37 M2]
Graphite tube with carbon steel shell exchanger. SHELL TUBE
Heat transfer area:

Range: 80 - 9,730 SF [7.5 - 870 M2]
Tube length:
Range: 6 - 20 FEET [2 - 6 M]

Description Type
Spiral plate heat exchanger. SPIRAL PLT
Material:
Default:*SS304*
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
TI- Titanium
HAST- Hastelloy
Heat transfer area:
Range: 40 - 1,330 SF [4 - 123 M2]
Range: 150 - 300 PSIG [1,000 - 2,000 KPA];
Default: 150 PSIG [1,000 KPA]
Tank suction heater without tank. SUC HEATER
Material:
Default: *CS*
Heat transfer area:
Range: 135 - 4,000 SF [13 - 370 M2]
Waste heat boiler for generation of steam, hot WASTE HEAT

gas or liquid heating medium.
A waste heat boiler is used to generate steam

from heat that would otherwise be wasted. A
waste heat boiler is essentially the convection
section only of a normal water-tube gas or
liquid boiler. The heating medium is a hot gas
or liquid produced by exothermic chemical
reactions, regeneration of cracking catalyst,
etc. The flow rate is used only to calculate
piping diameters for the P&ID.
A steam production rate can be entered in this
field. If other flow types are needed, piping
diameters may need to be revised. The
equipment cost is determined solely by the
heat transfer area.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Flow Rate:
Steam production rate (lb/hr or kg/hr)
Heat transfer area:
Range: 1,300 - 10,000 SF [125 - 925 M2]

Description Type
Plate and frame heat exchanger. PLAT FRAM
Plate material:
Default: *SS304*
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
S04L- 304L
S16L- 316L
HAST- Hastelloy
Heat transfer area:
Range: 10 - 2,000 SF [1.0 - 185 M2]
Number of plates:
Max: 500
Max: 350 PSIG [2,410 KPA];
Design temperature:
Sanitary corrugated double pipe exchanger CORRUGATED
Used to heat, cool, and pasteurize a variety of food

products, like concentrates and dairy by-products.
Tube material:
*SS316*- SS316
AL6XN- High Cr, Mo+Ni. Super-austentic
stainless steel.
Double pipe size:
Inch-Pound Metric
Symbol Outer Inner Outer Inner
Tube Tube Tube Tube
3x20 3 Inches 2 Inches 75 MM 50 MM
4x25 4 Inches 2.5 Inches 100 MM 60 MM
4x30 4 Inches 3 Inches 100MM 75 MM
5x30 5 Inches 3 Inches 125 MM 75 MM (Close-up of piping)
6x40 6 Inches 4 Inches 150 MM 100 MM
Total tube area:

Required: any two must be entered: total area, tube
length/pass, number of passes.
Tube length per pass:
Any two must be entered: total area, tube length/
pass, number of passes.

Description Type
CORRUGATED - continued

Any two must be entered: total area, tube length/
pass, number of passes.
Frame option:
*INCL*- Frame is included
HUNG- Frame is not included
Water heater (shell+tube - hot water set) HOT WATER
Used mainly with a plate heat exchanger to

provide hot water for heating various process
liquids. Steam is supplied to the shell side. Since
this is a sanitary item, material of construction is
SS316.
Water flow rate:

MAX: 400 GPM [25 L/S]
Temperature rise:
MAX: 50 DEG F [27 DEG C]
SS skid water pipe required:
*NONE*- Not included
INCL- Included
Expansion tank:
INCL- Included
Condensate return pump:
INCL- Included
Sanitary multi-zone plate+frame exchanger MULTI P F
Plates are of the vertical flow type. Alternate plates

can be inverted to obtain desired flow arrangement.
Frame consists of a head and end support connected

by a top carrying bar and a bottom guide bar to form a
rigid unit supporting the plates.
Plate material:
*SS*- SS304
TI- Titanium

Description Type
MULTI P F - continued
Frame material:
Default: SS for plate areas equal to or less than 1.87
SF [0.174 M2], else SSCLD.
SS- Stainless steel. Only available for plate areas
equal to or less than 1.87 SF [0.174 M2]
SSCLD- SS clad carbon steel. Only available for plate
areas greater than 1.87 SF [0.1737 M2].
CS- Carbon steel. Available for all plate areas.
Area per plate:
MIN: 0.27 SF [0.025 M2], MAX: 6.0 SF [0.557 M2].
The maximum number of plates will depend upon the
area per plate. There are seven standard plate areas:
Plate Area Max. No. of Plates

SF M2 In All Zones
0.27 0.025 152
0.92 0.085 200
1.81 0.168 150
1.87 0.173 200
3.75 0.348 420
5.6 0.520 600
6.0 0.557 550
Plate area Zone 1:

Required: enter the total area or no. of plates for zone
1, other zones optional.
Number of plates Zone 1:
Required: enter the total area or no. of plates for zone
1, other zones optional.
Plate area Zone 2:
Enter either total area or no. of plates for Zone 2.
Plate area Zone 3:

Description Type
Sanitary direct steam heat module STM HE MOD
A custom-built skid that injects steam directly

into a product. The skid includes a steam filter
and separator, as well as instrumentation for
temperature and flow control. Local temperature
and pressure indication is provided. The module
also includes a regulator for the steam pressure,
automatic isolation values, and piping on the
skid.
Material of construction is SS316.
Liquid flow rate:

Input required. GPM [L/S].
Temperature rise:
Input required. DEG F [DEG C].
Specific heat:
Default: *0.85* BTU/LB/F [*3.56* KJ/KG/K]

Reboilers (RB)
Reboilers are a special kind of shell and tube heat exchanger specifically
designed to add heat to distillation columns.
Liquid from the bottom of the distillation column flows over the reboiler tubes
picking up heat from a hot fluid, such as steam, which is flowing inside the
reboiler tubes. The liquid from the column is vaporized and returned to the
column.
These are similar to the shell and tube heat exchanger, except that the shell is
considerably larger than the tube inside. The design provides space for vapor-
liquid disengagement so that only vapor is returned to the distillation column,
not a vapor-liquid mixture.
Description Type
Kettle reboilers with floating head. KETTLE
Kettle reboilers are used when the hydrostatic head

above the reboiler varies, when the operating pressure
is in the high vacuum range or when there is a low
percentage of volatiles (e.g., less than 5%) in the feed
to the reboiler.
A “Kettle” reboiler is a shell and tube heat exchanger

used to supply heat to a distillation column. Liquid
from the bottom of the column enters the shell of the
reboiler through nozzles in the underside of the shell.
In order for liquid entering the shell side of the reboiler
to get out it must overflow a weir at the end of the
tube bundle. The weir is slightly taller than the tube
bundle, thus, the reboiler tubes are always
submerged. Part of the tower bottoms entering the
reboiler vaporizes and returns to the tower via a vapor
line called the riser. A large vapor space is provided
above the tube bundle to allow for vapor liquid
disengagement. The portion of entering liquid which is
not vaporized overflows the weir and is removed from
the reboiler. The “Kettle” reboiler is a floating head
type exchanger.
Heat transfer area:

Number of shells:
Tube material:
Default: *A 214* to 800 DEG F [482 DEG C], *304S*
for higher temperatures

Reboilers (RB) - continued
Description Type
KETTLE - continued
Heat exchanger design option:

*<BLANK>*- Standard exchanger design
TBWNB- Tube bundle design only, w/o system bulks
Design/cost option for TBWNB only
Default: *400* DEG F [*200 DEG C] for copper alloys;
other material: *650* DEG F [*340* DEG C]
Default: 0.25 - 6.0 INCHES [6 - 150 MM];
Shell material:
Default: *A285C* to 900 DEG F [482 DEG C],
*SS304* for higher temperatures
alloys; *650* DEG F [*340* DEG C] other material
Range: 8 - 60 FEET [2.5 - 18 M];
Tube gage:
corrosion allowance. Range: 1 - 24 BWG
corrosion allowance. Range: 0.02 - 0.34 INCHES
[0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Default: *0.0025* INCHES [0.06 MM] for CS, *0.0*
for other materials

Description Type
KETTLE - continued
Tube pitch:
Tube pitch symbol:
Shell diameter:
Max: 192 INCHES [4,875 MM];
Default: *1.5 x port diameter*
Shell wall thickness including corrosion allowance.
other materials.
Default: Lessor of 50 x tube corrosion allowance or
0.25 INCHES [6 MM].
Cladding thickness:
Cladding material: See Chapter 28 for cladding
materials.
Cladding location:
Default: *SHELL*
Number of tube passes: Default: *2*
Duty:
Default: 0.004 x surface area (SF); 0.01262 x surface
area (M2).
Vaporization:
Specific gravity tower bottoms:
Default: *0.50*
Molecular weight bottoms:
Default: *100*
Heat of vaporization:
Default: *150* BTU/LB [*350* KJ/KG]

Description Type
KETTLE - continued
Stress relief:
Default: See Area Design Basis
TEMA type: Default: *BKT*
Horizontal or vertical thermosiphon reboilers. THERMOSIPH
If a shell diameter is not specified, a value is

calculated from the surface area, number of shells,
tubes per shell, tube diameter, tube pitch, etc.
The thermosiphon reboiler is the most common

reboiler used. However, the thermosiphon reboiler can
not be used when the hydrostatic head above the
reboiler varies, when the operating pressure is in the
high vacuum range or when there is a low percentage
of volatiles (for example, less than 5%) in the feed to
the reboiler.
The vertical thermosiphon reboiler, like the kettle
reboiler, is a shell and tube heat exchanger used to
supply heat to a distillation column. The thermosiphon
reboiler operates in the following manner. Liquid from
the bottom of the column or from a trapout tray flows
into the bottom of the reboiler through a pipe called
the downcomer.
The column bottoms are partially vaporized in the
reboiler and a two phase mixture is returned to the
column through a pipe called the riser. The difference
in density between the liquid in the downcomer and
the two phase mixture in the reboiler and riser causes
the tower bottoms to flow through the reboiler by
natural circulation. Usually about 25% of the tower
bottoms are vaporized in the thermosiphon reboiler.
Thermosiphon reboilers are classified as either vertical
or horizontal according to their erected position.
The tower bottom enter the bottom head of the
vertical thermosiphon, flow upward through the tubes
and leave the top head. The heating fluid, usually
steam, passes through the shell side. Vertical
thermosiphons are available only as fixed tube-sheet
exchangers.

Description Type
U TUBE - continued

alloys; *650* DEG F [*340* DEG C] other material.
Range: 8 - 120 FEET [2.5 - 36 M];
Default: *40* FEET [*12 M]
Tube gage:
corrosion allowance. Range: 1 - 24 BWG
corrosion allowance. Range: 0.02 - 0.34 INCHES
[0.6 - 8.6 MM].
Default: *0.0025* INCHES [*0.06* MM] for CS, *0.0*
Tube pitch:
Default: *1.25 x tube outside diameter*
Tube pitch symbol:
Default: *TRIANGDIAMOND- Diamond tube pitch
Shell diameter:
Default: *1.5 x port diameter *ULAR*
other materials.

Description Type
U TUBE - continued

Default:
Lesser of 50 x tube corrosion allowance, or 0.25
INCHES [6 MM].
Cladding thickness:
Default: *0.125* INCHES [*3* MM] if cladding
material is specified; otherwise: *0.0*
Cladding location:
Default: *SHELL*
Number of tube passes: *2*
Duty:
Default: 0.004 x surface area (SF)
[0.01262 x surface are (M2)]
Vaporization:
Specific gravity tower bottoms:
*0.5*
Molecular weight bottoms:
*100*
Heat of vaporization:
*150* BTU/LB [*350* KJ/KG]
Stress relief:
TEMA type:
Default: *BKU*

Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU)
Furnaces are commonly used to heat a process fluid to a high temperature
(600 - 1200 DEG F). Furnaces are also called fired heaters or direct fired
heaters because the source of heat is oil or gas fueled burners.
Furnaces are usually cylindrical (vertical heater) or rectangular (box heater) in
shape. The burners may be located in the sides or floor of the furnace. The
walls of the furnace are refractory (an insulating heat resistant material) lined.
The furnace will have one or more smoke stacks. The process fluid being
heated flows through horizontal tubes in a box furnace or vertical tubes in a
vertical furnace. The amount of heat absorbed by the process fluid defines the
size of the furnace. Use absorbed duty for calculations.
Description Type
Gas or oil fired for preheating, cracking; bridge walls BOX
separate radiant and convection sections; horizontal
burners
Box furnaces are the choice when a large amount of
heat must be transferred to a process stream. Some
specific applications are:
• Pre-heating crude before it goes to the atmospheric
or vacuum
• topping units
• Heating for catalytic cracking
• Providing heat for hydrocarbon cracking for
ethylene
• Providing heat for viscosity breaking.
A box furnace is so named because the combustion
chamber is box shaped. The radiant and convection
sections of the box type furnace are separated by one
or more walls called bridge walls. The box furnace is
normally fired from end wall mounted burners; that is,
the burners are mounted parallel to the floor and
perpendicular to the tubes of the furnace. Box type
furnaces are usually designed for large heat duty,
typically above 170 MMBTU/HR. The burners may be
fired with oil or gas. The box furnace can be used to
provide heat input to several different process streams
simultaneously.
Material:
See Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *CS*
Duty:
Max: 500 MMBTU/H [145 MEGAW]
Standard gas flow rate:
Aspen Kbase and Icarus Process Evaluator only. For
liquid process fluid, enter liquid flow in GPM [L/S] in
place of gas flow.
Process type:
GAS- Gas process fluid
LIQ- Liquid process fluid

Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) - continued
Description Type
BOX - continued

Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,000 KPA];
Design temperature:
Max: 1,500 DEG F [815 DEG C];
A-frame process heater with sloping walls, radiant HEATER
section along sides and roof of cabin, convection
section in duct above roof of radiant section and
vertical floor-mounted burners. For use as hot oil
heater, pre-heater or cracking. Includes integral
stacks.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Duty:
liquid process fluid, enter liquid flow GPM [L/S] in
place of gas flow.
Process type:
Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,000 KPA];
Design temperature:
Max: 1,500 DEG F [815 DEG C];
Pyrolysis. PYROLYSIS
Material:
Duty:
place of gas flow.
Process type:

Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) - continued
Description Type
PYROLYSIS - continued

Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,000 KPA];
Design temperature:
Max: 1,500 DEG F [815 DEG C];
Box-type reformer without catalyst. REFORMER
Material:
Duty:
place of gas flow.
Process type:
Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,000 KPA];
Design temperature:
Max: 1,500 DEG F [815 DEG C];
Gas or oil fired vertical cylindrical type for low heat VERTICAL
duty range moderate temperature with long contact
time.
Material:
Duty:
For liquid process fluid, enter liquid flow in GPM [L/S]
in place of gas flow.
Process type:
Max: 6,000 PSIG [41,000 KPA];
Design temperature:
Max: 1,500 DEG F [815 DEG C];

TEMA Exchanger Construction
Nomenclature

Icarus Supported TEMA Types
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
U - TUBE FLOAT HEAD FIXED-T-S
Front End
Stationary Head
Types A, B, C A, B, C A, B, N
Shell Types E, F, G, H, J, X E, F, G, H, J, X E, F, G, H, J, X
Rear End Head

Types U P, S, T, W L, M, N
Reboilers
Front End Stationary U-TUBE THERMOSIPH KETTLE
Head Types
Front End
Stationary Head
Types
A, B, C A, B, C, N A, B, N
Shell Types
K, E**, J* K
Rear End Head
Types U L, M, N, P*, S*, T*, U* T
TEMA CLASS B: Equipment cost includes shell, tube bundle, nozzles and saddles.
* Horizontal only **Vertical only

6 Packing, Linings (G6)

Introduction to Packing
Introduction to Lining
Acid Brick
Castable Refractories and Gunning Mixes
Fluorocarbon Linings
Glass Linings
Refractory Brick
Resin Linings
Rubber Linings
Lead Linings
Zinc Linings
Suggested Lining Difficulty Adjustments
6 Packing, Linings (G6) 6-1

Introduction to Packing
There are two types of packing used in packed tower:
• Packing that is chemically suitable to perform a mass transfer operation (e.g.,
activated alumina for desulfurization or desiccation.
• Packing constructed of inert material to provide surface area for mass transfer.
Inert packing is most commonly used since it can be utilized repeatedly without
significant deterioration. The majority of inert packings used are of the ring or
saddle type.
Ring packings are commonly made of metal or plastic except for Raschig rings, which
are generally ceramic. Ring packings are used mostly in distillation because of their
excellent turndown properties and availability in press-formed metals of all types.
Usually ring-type packings are used in handling organic materials when there are no
major corrosion problems. Unfortunately rings do not promote most redistribution of
liquids, and the Raschig ring occasionally promote liquid maldistribution.
Saddle type packings are commonly made from ceramic or plastic, seldom from metal.
Saddles are used largely in absorption and regeneration operations because they
provide good liquid redistribution and are available in ceramic and plastic, which yield
good corrosion resistance at very low cost. Saddles are usually used for aqueous
systems when corrosion is a major factor.
Qualities that are desirable in the selection of tower packings are:
• High percentage of void space.
• Irregularity of shape to prevent pattern packing.
• Low resistance to material flow (low pressure drop).
• Large active surface exposed per unit volume (high surface area per
cubic foot/meter).
• Complete utilization of surface for mass transfer.
• Suitably shaped to produce turbulent contact between phases.
• Large number of interstitial transfer points per unit volume.
• Good internal liquid distribution characteristics.
• Wide operating range with little efficiency variation.
• Mechanically strong to withstand normal loads in service and
physical handling.
• Minimum weight and low side thrust on the tower shell.
• Available in a wide variety of materials.
• Minimum investment per year of service life.
• Clean design to minimize stagnant area and fouling.
• Capable of easy removal from tower and cleaning.
The packing factor, F, is a standard parameter that provides a capacity rating
for packings, by correlation of pressure drop versus gas flow rate through the
packing. It represents a ratio of a specific packing surface to the bed voidage
space in the packed bed. Low packing factors are desirable.
Size 3:1.0CPR, 0.5PPR, 1.0PPR, 1.5PPR, 2.0PPR
6-2 6 Packing, Linings (G6)

0.5SPR, 1.0SPR, 1.5SPR, 2.0SPR
The Pall ring is especially useful for distillation operations at any pressure. The
Pall ring is also used in absorption and stripping operations, particularly in high
pressure absorbers with small diameter shells where the ability to handle high
liquid and gas rates allow for major cost savings.
Pall rings are Raschig rings that have their wall opened with the projections
bent inward, permitting complete access to the interior for both gas and liquid
flow. This design makes possible greater capacity, lower pressure drop, high
gas and liquid rates, greater efficiency, better maintenance of distribution,
lower liquid hold-up and less entrainment than the conventional Raschig ring.
Pall rings are available in carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys,
copper, monel, nickel and inconel. Plastic Pall rings are available in
polypropylene, glass reinforced polypropylene and halar. Diameter sizes range
from 0.5 to 2.0 INCHES.
Size 3:1.0CRR, 1.5CRR, 2.0CRR, 3.0CRR
1.0PRR, 1.5PRR, 2.0PRR, 3,0PRR
1.0SRR, 1.5SRR, 2.0SRR, 3.0SRR
1.0KRR, 1.5KRR, 2.0KRR, 2.0KRR
Raschig rings, perhaps the most commonly used packing, are useful in distillation,
absorption and stripping operations. They provide increasing efficiency as loading
increases to the point of incipient flooding, beyond which their operation becomes
unstable. They are not suggested for use when high efficiencies are required or when
liquid loading approaches flooding.
Raschig rings are small hallow cylinders. They are the least efficient inert
packing available because their construction does not promote much liquid
distribution, occasionally may promote liquid maldistribution, lends itself to
pattern packing, and does not provide much turbulent contact between
phases. They are available in carbon steel, stainless steels, stoneware,
porcelain, karbate and plastics. Diameter sizes range from 1.0 to 3.0 INCHES.
Size 3:0.5CIS, 1.0CIS, 1.5CIS, 2.0CIS
0.5PIS, 1.0PIS, 1.5PIS, 2.0PIS
There are widely used in the manufacturing of sulfuric acid, CO2 absorption in the pulp
and paper industry, cooling and drying of chlorine and removal of noxious fumes in may
industries.
The Intalox saddle is a packing that offers large total surface area per cubic
foot, minimum resistance to liquid and gas flow, high percentage of void
space, a low packing factor, excellent liquid distribution, maximum
randomness and high efficiency with a large capacity in mass transfer
operations. These qualities make Intalox saddles especially effective in
distribution and absorption operations. Saddles are available in ceramics and
plastics. Ceramics are chemical stoneware and chemical porcelain, of which
chemical porcelain is preferred since it is mechanically stronger, non-porous,
iron-free and inert to chemical attack. Plastic saddles are available in
polypropylene, linear polyethylene, rigid PVC, CPVC, glass reinforced
polypropylene, kynar and halar. Diameter sizes range from 0.25 to 3.0
INCHES.
Size 3:0.5CBS,.75CBS, 1.0CBS, 1.5CBS
0.5PBS,.75PBS, 1.0PBS, 1.5PBS

0.5FBS,.75FBS, 1.0FBS, 1.5FBS
0.5SBS,.75SBS, 1.0SBS, 1.5SBS
0.5KBS,.75KBS, 1.0KBS, 1.5KBS
These items are used with slightly less efficiency than Intalox saddles for
distillation, stripping and absorption operations.
A Berl saddle is a negatively warped surface resembling a saddle. Berl saddles
have one shortcoming. Their efficiency changes with changes in loading. As
loading approaches flooding, mass transfer becomes unstable and
unpredictable. However, they do promote good liquid distribution, have a high
percentage of void space and provide a large surface area for mass transfer.
They are available in stoneware, porcelain, ceramics, plastics, stainless steel,
carbon steel and in karbate. Diameter sizes range from 0.5 to 1.5 INCHES.
Size 3:ALMNA
Activated aluminas are used for desiccation of liquids and gasses, desulfurization,
catalytic applications and as scavengers for various contaminants such as fluorides.
Activated aluminas are manufactured in granular and ball forms as crystals
and gels. They are highly porous and inert.
Size 3:ACT-C
Activated carbon is effectively and economically utilized in decolorization, odor
removal, solvent recovery, refining gasses and liquids, catalysts and
adsorption. Its major uses are in solution purification, such as the clean-up of
cane, beet and corn sugar solutions, and for the removal of tastes and odors
from water supplies, vegetable and animal fats and oils, alcoholic beverages,
chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Also commonly used in the recovery of
gasoline from natural gas, recovery of benzol from manufactured gas and the
recovery of solvents vaporized in industrial processes such as the manufacture
of rayon, rubber products, film and plastics. Other common uses are removing
impurities from gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, ammonia, and CO2
and removing organic sulfur compounds, H2S, and other impurities (Fe, Cu)
from manufactured and synthesis gases.
Activated carbons can be divided into two main classes:
• Those used for adsorption of gases and vapors, for which a granular material,
providing great surface area and pore volume is generally employed.
• Those used in purification of liquid, for which a powdered material is desired.
Many carbonaceous materials treated with oxidizing gases (e.g., coal, lignite,
sawdust) may be used for the manufacture of activated carbon depending on
its desired application. Activation is a physical change where the surface of the
carbon is greatly increased by the removal of hydrocarbons.
Size 3: M107YA, M107YB, M107YC, M76YA, M76YB, M76YC,
M76XA, M76XB, M76XC, M62YA, M62YB, M62YC,
M35YA, M35YB, M35YC, M35XA, M35XB, M35XC
Structured packing consists of layers of corrugated (crimped) steel sheets
stacked parallel to each other in sections that are typically 8 to 12 inches high.
The sheets are typically grooved and perforated and are arranged at a fixed
angle with respect to the vertical axis. For a given packing type, changing this
angle of orientation will alter the packing factor while maintaining the surface
area per unit volume and weight per unit volume. When installed in a column,

these sections, or "elements", are placed at a predetermined angle to each
other (horizontal rotation). This angle is typically 90°.
At low liquid rates, structured packing is typically more efficient than random
packing due to greater surface area per unit volume. Although the actual
packing cost is significantly greater for structured packing, the increased
efficiency allows for a smaller, less expensive column. Structured packing is
also more desirable because it is less prone to distribution problems and it
gives a lower pressure drop per theoretical stage. As the liquid rate increases
(beyond 20 gpm/ft2), the advantage of structured packing diminishes
significantly.
Introduction to Lining
A lining is material that lines the inside surface of a tank, tower, furnace, or
other piece of process equipment and protects that piece of equipment from
destruction by high temperature, corrosion or abrasion. Some of the common
lining types follow.
Acid Brick
These linings are used in Acid Service (pH less than 4.5) to protect a
membrane coating from deterioration due to abrasion or high temperature (T
greater than 150 DEG F). Red Shale Brick (RSB) is the cheapest and can be
used in low temperature service. When a more refractory material is desired,
acid resistant fireclay (30% alumina) is used.
Acid brick can be installed with two different mortars. Silica mortar is more
economical but can not be used in all applications. Furfural based mortar is
more expensive but is resistant to a wider range of materials.
Castable Refractories and Gunning Mixes

These materials can be installed in varying thicknesses. For thicknesses
greater than 4 INCHES, it is necessary to use anchors to hold the refractory to
the metal surface. Gunning mixes have higher material costs and lower labor
cost than castables; thus, installed costs of the two are approximately equal.
Fifty percent alumina gunning mix is useful in services involving severe
abrasion, reducing atmospheres and moderate temperatures. Typical
applications are cyclones, fluid catalytic cracking, naphtha reforming and
coking.
Ninety percent alumina castable and 90% alumina gunning mix are useful for
applications with temperatures higher than 50% alumina gunning mixes.
Fluorocarbon Linings
Fluorocarbon linings are resistant to a wide variety of corrosive chemicals at
temperatures up to 180 DEG F. The most common fluorocarbon linings are TeflonTM and
KynarTM.

Glass Linings
Glass linings are shop installed and are all satisfactory for a wide range of
corrosive services at temperatures up to 450 DEG F.
Refractory Brick
These linings are used in high temperature service. Selection of the type brick
to be used is a function of the process temperature, expected degree of
chemical attack and expected degree of abrasion.
Insulating firebrick has lower thermal conductivity and heat capacity than
refractory firebrick. It is generally used as a backing for refractory firebrick.
Since it is relatively non-resistant to chemical attack and abrasion, it is used as
the inner lining only when no erosion or abrasion is expected. Insulating
firebrick is ASTM Group 26 material (good to 2,600 DEG F).
Sixty percent alumina firebrick is a high alumina refractory useful for operating
conditions involving thermal cycling and chemical attack. Sulfuric acid
processing and spent acid regeneration are two applications for this material.
Ninety percent alumina firebrick is a high alumina refractory useful in
operating conditions involving thermal shock, slagging, corrosion and high
temperatures. Typical applications for this material are hydrotreating and
sulfur burners.
Resin Linings
Resin linings are used in a variety of corrosive services at operating
temperatures up to 250 DEG F. These linings offer good solvent resistance.
Some common resis linings are asphaltic resin, epoxy resin and phenolic resin.
Resin linings may be applied by spray gun, brush or roller.
Rubber Linings
These linings are satisfactory in a wide range of corrosive services at
temperatures less than 150 DEG F. Rubber linings are almost always applied in
the vendors shop. The most common rubber linings are butyl rubber, natural
rubber and neoprene.
Lead Linings
Lead sheet was used extensively in the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Today,
new process technology has nearly eliminated the use of lead as a lining
material.
Zinc Linings
Zinc is frequently applied to water tanks for cathodic protection. The zinc can be flame
sprayed (also called metallizing) or painted onto the carbon steel base material. Flame
spraying is the process whereby metallic zinc is vaporized in a flame and sprayed onto
the steel base material. The hot zinc does not merely coat the carbon steel, it forms an
alloy with the steel several mils deep.

Zinc can also be supported in an epoxy base paint and brushed, rolled or sprayed onto
the steel.

See Material Selections chapter for a complete list.
Description Type
Variety of vessel packing materials including rings, PACKING
saddles and other formed shapes, crushed materials,
adsorbents, resins, etc.
Packing type:
See Chapter 28 for packing materials.

Description Type
Brick and mortar for acid service applied to protect a ACID BRICK
membrane coating from deterioration under
abrasive or high pressure service.
Lining material:
Default: *25RSB*
25RSB- 2.5 INCHES [62 MM] red shale
45RSB- 4.5 FINCHES [112 MM] red shale
80RSB- 8.0 INCHES [200 MM] red shale
25AFC- 2.5 INCHES [62 MM] Al f-clay
45AFC- 4.5 INCHES [112 MM] Al fclay
90AFC- 9.0 INCHES [225 MM] Al fclay
Mortar type:
Default: *FUR*
FUR- Furfural base motar
SIL- Silicone base motar
Lining adjustment:
See “Suggested Lining Difficulty Adjustment.”
Range:
1 - 10; Default: *4*
Castable refractory or gunned mixes. MONOLITHIC
Lining material:
Default: *GUNIT*
GUNIT- Gunite on wire mesh
GUNA5- Gunn. 50% Al anchored
GUNA9- Gunn. 90% Al anchored
CASA9- Cast. 90% Al anchored
GUN50- Gunn. 50% Al no anchor
GUN90- Gunn. 90% Al no anchor
CAS90- Cast. 90% Al no anchor
Lining thickness:
Max: 9 INCHES [225 MM];
Default: 4 INCHES [100 MM]

Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) - continued
Description Item
MONOLITHIC - continued
Lining adjustment:
See “Suggested Lining Difficulty
Adjustment.” Range: 1 - 10; Default: *4*
Brick: 60%, 90% alumina firebrick, insulating OTHER
firebrick; abrasion resistant, replaceable linings:
ceramic, rubber, steel, alloy; coatings: organic, glass
and metallic.
Lining material:
See Chapter 28 for lining materials.
Default:
*EPLCS*
Lining adjustment:
See “Suggested Lining Difficulty
Adjustment.” Range: 1 - 10; Default: *4*
Suggested Lining Difficulty

Adjustments
Work Item Difficulty Adjustment
Lining a straight tank 1
Typical lining 4
Lining a large horizontal vessel 6
(<5000 GALLON [19 M3] capacity)
Lining a small horizontal vessel 8
(<5000 GALLON [19 M3] capacity)
Small, obstructed area 10

7 Pumps (G10)

Gear Pumps (GP)
Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps (P)
Pump Efficiencies
7 Pumps (G10) 7-1

Includes pump, baseplate, driver; general types:
API-610 type: High (60xHZ), low (30xHZ) speed.
ANSI type: ANSI B123.1 or American Voluntary Standard, single stage
centrifugal, process and general service; horizontal, end
suction, centerline discharge; high (60xHZ), medium (30xHZ),
low (20xHZ) speed.
CENTRIF type: Single and multiple stage centrifugal pumps, horizontal, split
casing (not barrel or cartridge type), for process or general
service when flow, head and pressure conditions exceed
general service; electric, turbine, gasoline engine drives.
General Service: Cast iron pumps for general service; high (60xHZ), medium
(30xHZ) speed.
IN LINE type: Mounted for service on the line; high (60xHZ), medium
(30xHZ), low speed (20xHZ).
Description Type
Available in a wide variety of alloys and exotic ANSI
materials including carbon steel casings with stainless
steel impellers (SF = stainless fitted) for flows to 2000
GPM [125 L/S], and additionally in FRP for flows to 500
GPM [31 L/S].
Casing material:
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 2,000 GPM [125 L/S]
7-2 7 Pumps (G10)

Centrifugal Pumps (CP) - continued
Description Type
ANSI - continued
Fluid head:
MAX: 75 FEET [25 M] at 20 x HZ; 200 FEET
[60 M] at 30 x HZ; 575 FEET [175 M] at
60 x HZ.
Speed:
Range: 1,200 - 3,600 RPM;
Default: *1,800* RPM.
Fluid specific gravity:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default *1.0*
Driver type:
NONE- No driver
*MOTOR*- Standard motor driver
VFD- Variable frequency motor driver
TURBINE, - Turbine driver
GAS ENGINE- Gas engine driver
Seal type:
PACK- Packing
*SNGL*- Single mechanical seal
TNDM- Tandem mechanical seal
DBLE- Double mechanical seal
Design temperature:
MAX: 500 DEG F [260 DEG C];
Fluid viscosity:
Default: *1.0* CPOISE [*1.0* MPA-S]
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
Steam gauge pressure:
Steam pressure for turbine drivers only.
Default: *400* PSIG [*2,800* KPA].
Primary seal pipe plan:
*11*- API primary seal piping plan number 11
12- API primary seal piping plan number 12
7 Pumps (G10) 7-3

Description Type
ANSI - continued
Secondary seal pipe plan:

Default: *NONE*
51- API secondary seal piping plan number 51
Cooling water pipe plan:
Default: *NONE*
A- API cooling water piping plan A
B- API cooling water piping plan B
C- API cooling water piping plan C
D- API cooling water piping plan D
E- API cooling water piping plan E
F- API cooling water piping plan F
G- API cooling water piping plan G
H- API cooling water piping plan H
J- API cooling water piping plan J
K- API cooling water piping plan K
L- API cooling water piping plan L
Pipe plan pipe type:
Default: *WELD*
TUBE- Tubing
THRD- Threaded pipe/fittings
*WELD*- Welded pipe/fittings
WFLG- Welded/flanged pipe fittings
Pipe plan material type:
Default: Based on casing material.
A 106- A 106
304P- SS304
316P- SS316
Plastic ANSI single stage pump. ANSI PLAST
Liquid flow rate:

Capacity limit: 250 GPM [15 L/S] at 30 x HZ; 500 GPM
[31 L/S] at 60 x HZ.
Fluid head:
MAX: 90 FEET [27 M] at 30 x HZ, 350 FEET [105 M] at
60 x HZ]; Default: *75* FEET [*25* M]
Speed:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Default: *1,800* RPM
Range: 0.2 - 50; Default: 1.0
7-4 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
ANSI PLAST - continued
Driver type:
Default: *MOTOR*
NONE- No driver
MOTOR- Standard motor driver
Seal type:
Default: *SNGL*
PACK- Packing
SNGL- Single mechanical seal
Design temperature:
Default *120* DEG F [*50* DEG C]
Fluid viscosity:
Pump efficiency:
Range: 1 - 100
Steam pressure for turbine drivers only. Default:
*400* PSIG [2,800 KPA].
API 610 type available in a variety of casing materials. API 610
Casing material:
Fluid head:
MAX: 200 FEET [60 M] at 30 x HZ; 700 FEET [210 M]
at 60 x HZ RPM. Default: *75* FEET [*25* M] RPM
Speed:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Default: *1,800*
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Driver power:
MIN: >0
If you specify a driver power greater than 300 HP with
a MOTOR driver type, Icarus generates a Totally
Enclosed Water Cooled (TEWAC) motor. In IPE and
Aspen Kbase, Icarus also generates additional piping
lines for cooling water and an additional temperature
control loop.
7 Pumps (G10) 7-5

Description Type
API 610 - continued
Driver type:
Default: MOTOR
NONE- No driver
Seal type:
Default: *SNGL*
PACK- Packing
Design temperature:
Fluid viscosity:
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
Steam pressure for tubine drivers only. Default:
*400* PSIG [*2,800* KPA].
*11*- API primary seal piping plan number 11
Secondary seal pipe plan: Default: *NONE*
7-6 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
API 610 - continued

Default: *NONE*
Pipe plan pipe type:
Default: *WELD*
TUBE- Tubing
THRD- Threaded pipe/fittings
*WELD*- Welded pipe/fittings
WFLG- Welded/flanged pipe fittings
Pipe plan material Type:
Default: Based on casing material.
A 106- A 106
304P- SS304
316P- SS316
API 610 in-line pump API 610 IL
Casing material:
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 450 GPM [38 M] at 30 x HZ,
900 GPM [56 L/S] at 60 x HZ.
Fluid head:
MAX: 125 FEET [38 M] at 30 x HZ, 500 FEET [152 M]
at 60 x HZ; Default: *75* FEET [*25* M]
Speed:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Default: *1,800* RPM.
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Driver type:
NONE- No driver
7 Pumps (G10) 7-7

Description Type
API 610 IL - continued
Seal type:
PACK- Packing
Design temperature:
Fluid viscosity:
Default: *1.0* CPOISE [*1.0* MPA-S].
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
Default: *11*
2- No primary seal piping plan
Secondary seal pipe plan:
Default: *NONE*
51- API second seal piping plan number 51
Default: *NONE*
7-8 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
Vertical axial flow pump for flows greater than AXIAL FLOW
1600 GPM [100 L/S].
Includes pumping unit and motor driver.
Material:
Liquid flow rate:
Max GPM <1,300,000/head [FT],
Max L/S <25,000/head [M].
Fluid head:
MAX: 75 FEET [25 M]; Default: *75* FEET [*25* M]
Temperature:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Horizontal pump with canned motor. CANNED
Casing material:
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 400 GPM [25 L/S]
Fluid head:
MAX: 200 FEET [60 M]; Default: *75* FEET [*25* M]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Design temperature:
Fluid viscosity:
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
Single and multistage centrifugal pumps available in a CENTRIF
variety of casing materials.
For process or general service when flow/head

conditions exceed general service; horizontally split
casing not a cartridge or barrel pump.
Casing material:
Default: *CS*
Fluid head:
7 Pumps (G10) 7-9

Description Type
CENTRIF - continued

Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: 1.0
Driver type:
*NONE*- No driver
MOTOR- Standard motor driver
Seal type:
PACK- Packing
Design temperature:
Fluid viscosity:
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
*400* PSIG [*2,800* KPA].
General service, cast iron for flows to 2000 GPM GEN SERV
[125 L/S].
Casing material:
Default: *CI*
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 2,000 GPM [125 L/S]
Fluid head:
MAX: 200 FEET [60 M] at 30 x HZ, 275 FEET [80 M] at
60 x HZ; Default: *75* FEET [*25* M]
Speed:
0.2 - 5.0; Default: *5.0*
Driver type:
NONE- No driver
7-10 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
GEN SERV - continued
Seal type:
PACK- Packing
Design temperature:
Fluid viscosity:
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
*400* PSIG [*2,800* KPA].
General service in-line pump. IN LINE
Includes pump and motor driver.
Casing material:
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: GPM x head [FEET] < 43,000, L/S x head
[M] < 825.
Fluid head:
Speed:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Driver type:
NONE- No driver
Seal type:
PACK- Packing
Design temperature:
Fluid viscosity:
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
7 Pumps (G10) 7-11

Description Type
Vertical motor with turbine impeller for wet pits, TURBINE
tanks and sumps.
Includes pumping unit and motor driver.
Material:
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: Flow (GPM) x Head (FT) < 430,000 [Flow (L/S) x
Head (M) < 8250]
Fluid head:
Default: *75* FEET [*25* M]; MAX: Flow (GPM) x
Head (FT) < 430,000 [Flow (L/S) x Head (M) < 8250]
Temperature:
Default: *120* DEG F [*50* DEG C]; MAX: 500 DEG
F [260 DEG C]
Fluid Specific Gravity:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Low consistency stock pump. PULP STOCK
Casing material:
*CI*- Cast iron
SS316- SS316
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 100 - 28,000 GPM [6.4 - 1,765 L/S]
Fluid Head:
Range: 15 - 350 FEET [4.6 - 106 M]
Speed:
Fluid specific gravity.:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: 1.0
Driver type:
NONE- No driver
VFD- Variable frequency driver
Design temperature:
Consistency Air Dried: Percent by weight of air dried
(AD)
solids in fluid. Range: 0.0 - 6.0; Default: *1.0*
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
*400*PSGI [*2,800 KPA].
7-12 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
Standard ANSI magnetic drive pump. MAG DRIVE
Casing material:
*SS*- Stainless steel
C 20- Carpenter 20
HASTC- Hasteloy C
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 300 GPM [18.9 L/S] at 30 x HZ, 600 GPM
[37.8 L/S] at 60 x HZ
Fluid head:
MAX: 200 FEET [60 M] at 30 x HZ, 400 FEET [120 M]
at 60 x HZ; Default: *75* FEET [*25* M]
Speed:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Default: *3,600* RPM
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1*
Driver type:
VFD- Variable frequency driver
NONE- No driver
MAX: 275 PSIG [1,895 KPA]
Design temperature:
Fluid viscosity:
Default: *1* CPOISE [*1* MPA-S]
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
Sanitary centrifugal pump SAN PUMP
For use as a product mover in a wide range of

sanitary and industrial applications. Material of
construction is SS316.
Pump size selection:
Symbol Inlet Outlet

Inch- Inch-
Pound Metric Pound Metric
25x20 2.5 INCHES 65 MM 2 INCHES 50 MM
30x20 3 INCHES 75 MM 2 INCHES 50 MM
30X25 3 INCHES 75 MM 2.5 INCHES 65 MM
40X30 4 INCHES 100 MM 3 INCHES 75 MM
40X40 4 INCHES 100 MM 4 INCHES 100 MM
7 Pumps (G10) 7-13

Description Type
SAN PUMP - continued SAN PUMP
Required: select pump size or enter capacity and head.
Fluid head: MAX: 365 FEET [109 M] (at maximum
speed)
Speed Maximum Head

Inch- Pound Metric
*30xHZ* 92 FEET 28 M
60XHZ 365 FEET 63 M
Required: enter capacity and head or select pump size.

Liquid flow rate: MAX: 1,000 GPM [62.5 GPM] (at
maximum
speed)
Speed Maximum Head

Inch- Pound Metric
*30xHZ* 610 GPM 38.4 L/S
60XHZ 1,000 GPM 63 L/S
Required: enter capacity and head or select pump

size.
Speed
Inch- Pound Metric

Default 1,800 RPM 1,500RPM
MIN: 1,800 RPM 1,500RPM
MAX: 3,600 RPM 3,000 RPM

*45 PSIG [310 KPA]*, MAX: 45 PSIG [310 KPA]
Design temperature:
*68 DEG F [20 DEG C]*, MAX: 120 DEG F [50 DEG C]
*1.0*, MIN: 0.25, MAX: 5.0
Pump efficiency:
MIN: 10, MAX: 100
Driver type:
*TXXDC*- Standard TEFC motor
WXXDC- Washdown TEFC motor
WVRDC- VFD rated motor only (no controller)
WVCDC- VFD rated motor with controller
Seal type:
SNGW- Single mechanical seal w/ water cooling
DBLW- Double mechanical seal w/ water cooling
7-14 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
Sanitary fluming pump with feeder hopper FLUME PUMP
For transferring delicate food products, like

mushrooms and cranberries. Uses water as a
protective cushion. Material of construction is
SS304.
Liquid flow rate:

MAX: 4,150 GPM [260 L/S]. Includes water and
product.
Required: enter either diameter; head and
capacity; or head and product rate.
Maximum head decreases as capacity increases.
At the maximum capacity of 4,150 GPM [260 L/
S], the maximum head is 45 FEET [13.7 M].
Product rate:
MAX: based on maximum capacity (4,150 GPM
[260 L/S]), specific gravity, and H20/product
ratio. Required: enter either diameter; head and
capacity; or head and product rate.
Inlet and outlet diameter:
MIN: 4 INCHES [100 MM], MAX: 10 INCHES [250 MM]
Fluid head:
*35* FEET [*10.7* M], MAX: 110 FEET [33.5 M]
Maximum head decreases as capacity increases.
The pump is dead-headed at 110 FEET [35.5 M].
At the maximum capacity of 4,150 GPM [260 L/
S], the maximum head is 45 FEET [13.7 M].
Water to product weight ratio: *10*
Design pressure gauge:
*45 PSIG [310 KPA]*, MAX: 45 PSIG [310 KPA]
Design temperature:
*68 DEG F [20 DEG C]*, MAX: 120 DEG F [50 DEG C]
*1.0*, MIN: 0.2, MAX: 5.0 (of water-product mixture).
Pump efficiency:
MIN: 10, MAX: 100
7 Pumps (G10) 7-15

Centrifugal Pumps (CP) - continued.
Description Type
FLUME PUMP - continued.
Hopper length: Minimum hopper length depends on

diameter:
Diameter Minimum Hopper Length

4 INCHES [100 MM] 2.0 FEET [0.610 M]
6 INCHES [150 MM] 3.5 FEET [1.067 MM]
8 INCHES [200 MM] 5.0 FEET [1.524 M]
10 INCHES [250 MM] 6.0 FEET [1.829 M]
Enclosure type:
OPEN- Closed frame unit
*CLOSE*- Open frame unit
7-16 7 Pumps (G10)

Gear Pumps (GP)
For the pumping of viscous fluids, such as polymers and resins. Standard
rotary pumps can pump fluids with viscosities as great as 250,000 CP and
special designs are available to handle viscosities up to 1,000,000 CP.
The principal of operation is that as two rotors rotate, projections on the rotors
mesh and unmesh. They unmesh on the suction side of the pump creating a
cavity which is filled with liquid. As the rotors continue to turn, the liquid is
trapped between the projections of the rotors and the pump casing. The liquid
is carried to the discharge side of the pump in these pockets. At the discharge
side, the rotors mesh and the liquid is squeezed out of the pump.
Includes pump, baseplate, driver (optional).
Description Type
Standard external gear rotary pump GEAR
For pumping of viscous fluids to 300 GPM [18 L/
S], such as polymers and resins; standard type
external gear rotary pump.
Includes motor driver.
Material:
*CS*- Carbon steel
CI- Cast iron
SS- Stainless steel
BRONZ- Bronz
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 300 GPM [18 L/S].
Viscosity:
MAX: 30,000 CSTOKE [30,000 MM2/S];
Default: *32* CSTOKE [*32* MM2/S].
Speed:
MAX: 600 RPM; Default: *90* RPM.
Canned rotor gear pump CANNED RTR
Explosion-proof motor, to 570 GPM [35 L/S].
Material:
*SS316*
Liquid flow rate:
40 - 570 GPM [3 - 35 L/S]
Speed:
MAX: 1,800 RPM; Default: *1,800* RPM
Viscosity:
Default: *32* CSTOKE [*32* MM2/S]
7 Pumps (G10) 7-17

Gear Pumps (GP) - continued
Description Type
Mechanical seal gear pump MECH SEAL
With mechanical seal, to 480 GPM [30 L/S]. Includes
motor driver.
Material:
*GSLCS* (Glass-lined CS)
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 35 - 480 GPM [3 - 30 L/S].
Speed:
MAX: 1,800 RPM; Default: *1,800* RPM.
7-18 7 Pumps (G10)

Piston, Other Positive
Displacement Pumps (P)
Description Type
Reciprocating simplex with steam driver. SIMPLEX
Material:
Default: *CS*
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 5.5 - 910 GPM [0.4 - 56 L/S]
Fluid head:
MAX: 1,000 FEET [300 M]
Temperature:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Driver power:
Range: 3 - 10 HP [2.22 - 7.5 KW]
Reciprocating duplex with steam driver. DUPLEX
Material:
Default: *CS*
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 1,000 GPM [62 L/S]
Fluid head:
MAX: 1,000 FEET [300 M]
Temperature:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Driver power:
Range: 2 - 100 HP [1.5 - 7.5 KW]
Triplex (plunger) with pump-motor driver. TRIPLEX
Material:
Default: *CS*
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 1,000 GPM [62 L/S]
Fluid head:
MAX: 1,000 FEET [300 M]
Temperature:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default *1.0*
Driver power:
Range: 2 -100 HP [1.5 - 75 KW]
7 Pumps (G10) 7-19

Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps (P) - continued
Description Type
Diaphragm pump - TFE type. DIAPHRAGM
Includes motor driver. For the low capacity
pumping of hazardous, toxic or abrasive
liquids. Although diaphragm pumps are made
with capacities of 100 GPM, generally they
handle 25 GPM or less. Diaphragm pumps are
also frequently used as metering pumps.
A diaphragm pump is a type of reciprocating

pump. A reciprocating rod flexes a diaphragm
fabricated of metal, rubber or plastic. The
flexing of the diaphragm produces the
pumping action.
The advantage of the diaphragm pump is that
no packing or seals are exposed to the liquid
being pumped.
Material:
*CS*- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 0.012 - 600 GPM [1.3 - 37.5 L/S]
Temperature:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Slurry pump. SLURRY
Material:
Default: *SS316*
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 1.5 - 25 GPM [0.1 - 1.5 L/S]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Temperature:
7-20 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
Rotary (sliding vanes) pump. Includes motor driver. ROTARY
Material:
Defaults*
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 10 - 750 GPM [0.7 - 47 L/S]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Temperature:
Material:
BRONZ
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 25 - 450 GPM [1.6 - 28 L/S]
Temperature:
Reciprocating plunger pump. RECIP MOTR
Includes motor driver. Plunger pumps are used for

pumping hydraulic fluid, hydraulic de-scaling of steel,
water flooding of oil fields, salt water disposal,
pumping of propane, butane and other volatile liquids,
and for process pumping requiring high pressures.
This item is an electric motor driven plunger, power
pump. A power pump is a reciprocating pump driven
through a crankshaft. Although the RECIP-MOTR pump
is driven by an electric motor, a power pump may be
driven by a steam or gas turbine, a gas engine, or a
diesel engine as well. A plunger pump is a
reciprocating pump that displaces liquid from a
cylinder by the reciprocating motion of a long, slender,
solid rod called a plunger. On the back-stroke of the
plunger, the cylinder fills with liquid and on the
forward-stroke, the liquid is expelled. The capacity of a
plunger pump is determined by the diameter, stroke
and number of plungers. Plunger pumps are made
from two to nine plungers and in two basic
configurations, horizontal and vertical depending on
whether the plungers are arranged horizontally or
vertically in the machine. Typically, discharge
pressures of plunger pumps fall in the range from
1,500 to 6,000 PSIG, although pressure as high as
20,000 PSIG can be handled in some.
7 Pumps (G10) 7-21

Description Type
RECIP MOTR - continued
Material:
Liquid flow rate:
Min: 0.01 GPM [0.4 L/S]
Temperature:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*
Driver power:
MAX: 1,000 HP [750 KW]
High density stock pump with twin intermeshing HD STOCK
screws.
Casing material:
*SS316*, SS317
Stock flow rate air dried:
Flow rate of air dried (AD) solids in pumped fluid.
MAX: 1,500 TPD [56 TON/H]
MAX: 160 PSIG [1,100 KPA] to 550 TPD [20 TON/H],
else 100 PSIG [688 KPA].
Design temperature:
Consistency air dried:
Percent by weight of air dried (AD) solids in fluid.
Pump efficiency:
Range: 10 - 100
Driver type:
NONE- No driver
Speed:
Default: *1,800* RPM [*1,500* RPM]
*400* PSIG [*2,800* KPA].
7-22 7 Pumps (G10)

Description Type
Sanitary rotary lobe pump ROTARYLOBE
Used for a wide range of fluids (low or high viscosity,

non-lubricating or abrasive), this pump forwards
fluids, yet has a low impact on solids and a relatively
constant discharge pressure.
Pump size selection:
Symbol Nominal Flow Rate / Diameter

GPM/INCHES L/S MM
06- 15 6 / 1.5 0.37 / 40
15 - 15 15 / 1.5 0.9 / 40
18 - 15 18 / 1.5 1.1 / 40
30 - 15 30 / 1.5 1.8 / 40
60 - 25 60 / 2.5 3.7 / 65
130 - 3 130 / 3 8.2 / 80
220 - 4 220 / 4 13.8 / 100
320 - 6 320 / 6 20.2 / 150
420 - 8 420 / 8 26.5 / 200
520 - 8 520 / 8 32.8 / 200
Required: select pump size or enter capacity and exit

pressure.
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 520 GPM [32.8 L/S]
pressure.
MAX: 200 PSIG [1,375 KPA]
pressure.
Impeller speed:
MAX: 10 x Hz RPM
*1.0*, MIN: 0.2, MAX: 5.0
Fluid viscosity:
*1.0 CPOISE [1.0 MPA-S]*
Design temperature:
*68 DEG F [20 DEG C]*
Seal type:
*MECH*- Single mechanical seal
ORNG- O-ring seal
Relief cover type:
*STD*- Standard cover
MAN- Manual relief cover
7 Pumps (G10) 7-23

Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps (P) - continued.
Description Type
Sanitary air diaphragm pump AIR DIAPH

added.
Inlet and outlet diameter:

MIN: 1 INCHES [25 MM DIAM], MAX: 3 INCHES DIAM
[75 MM DIAM]
Enter either inlet/outlet diameter or capacity
and head.
Liquid flow rate:
MAX: 220 GPM [13.7 L/S] at 20 FEET [6 M]
Enter either inlet/outlet diameter or capacity and
head.
Fluid head:
MAX: 210 FEET [64 M] at 60 GPM [3.7 L/S]
MAX: 110 PSIG [750 KPA]
Design temperature:
MIN: 68 DEG F [20 DEG C], MAX: 300 DEG F [148
DEG C]
*1.0*, MIN: 0.2, MAX: 5.0
Pump Efficiencies
Pump Type Default Efficiency
Centrifugal Pumps < 50 GPM = 60%
All Other Pumps 82%
Hi-Density Stock Pump Calculated using an empirical correlation.
7-24 7 Pumps (G10)

8 Towers, Columns (G6)

Introduction to Towers and Columns
Tower/Column Applications
Tower/Column Internals
Description of Towers/Columns
Materials of Construction
Shell and Head Design
8 Towers, Columns (G6) 8-1

Introduction to Towers and
Columns
Towers are classified according to the type of “internals” in the tower, and
according to the function performed by the tower.
• Towers may contain trays. If the tower contains trays, the vessel is called a
tray tower, or, synonymously, a tray column.
• Tower may contain packing. If the tower contains a packing, the vessel is called a
packed tower, or packed column.
• If the feed to the tower is a hydrocarbon mixture and the tower separates this
mixture into two factions or streams, one stream containing the more volatile
components of the feed and the other stream the less volatile components of the
feed, the tower is called a fractionation tower. Other names for a fractionation
tower are: fractionation column, fractionator, distillation tower and
distillation column.
• If the feed to the tower is liquid, and the tower removes an undesirable gas which is
dissolved in the feed, the tower is called a stripping tower. Other names for a
stripping tower are stripping column and stripper.
• If the feed to the tower is a gas mixture containing one or more undesirable
components which are removed within the tower by absorbing them with a suitable
solvent, the tower is called an absorption tower. Other names for an absorption
tower are: absorption column and absorber.
• If the feed to the tower is a gas or liquid mixture containing one or more
undesirable components, which are removed within the tower by adsorbing them
onto solid catalyst pellets, the tower is called an adsorption tower. Other names for
an adsorption tower are: adsorption column and adsorber.
• If the feed to the tower is a liquid mixture containing one or more undesirable
components which are removed by absorbing them with another liquid, the tower is
called an extraction tower or extraction column.
Towers are similar to vertical process vessels in that they are erected vertically
and they are cylindrical in shape with heads at each end of the cylinder.
Towers are, however, normally much taller then vertical process vessels.
Typically the length to diameter ratio of a tower ranges from 3:1 to 20:1.
Towers typically range in diameter from 3 to 20 FEET and in height from 20 to
150 FEET.
Tower/Column Applications
Towers are commonly used for the following purposes:
• Distillation
• Stripping
• Absorption
• Adsorption
• Extraction.
A description of these items follows.
Distillation — a process which separates a mixture of materials into two or
more desired parts. The device which performs this operation may be called a
8-2 8 Towers, Columns (G6)

distillation tower, distillation column or fractionator. The operation of a
distillation column depends on the fact that different materials boil at different
temperatures. For example, water boils at 212 DEG F and ethyl alcohol (the
active ingredient in liquor) boils at 173 DEG F. Distillation is not a new
concept. The material which boils at the lower temperature is called the light
or more volatile component. The material with the higher boiling point is called
the heavy or less volatile component. In the case of ethyl alcohol and water,
we are dealing with a two component or binary mixture. This is not the usual
case. More commonly, the feed to a distillation column is a multi-component
mixture. For example, crude oil contains hundreds of different components.
The purpose of distilling crude oil is to separate it into what are called fractions
or cuts. Each fraction or cut is not a pure component, but a mixture of
components which may be used as is or refined further. Crude distillation
normally is used to produce these fractions: raw gasoline, raw kerosene, gas
oil and reduced crude.
Stripping — The process of extracting a material dissolved in a liquid phase
and transferring it into a gas phase is called stripping or desorption. The
stripping process is carried out in a device called a stripping tower or stripping
column. The removal of ammonia from water is an example of the stripping
process. Water with ammonia dissolved in it passes down the stripping tower.
Air passing upward through the tower strips the ammonia from the water and
the ammonia - air mixture exits from the top of the tower.
Absorption — The process of transferring a material from the gas phase to
the liquid phase is called absorption. The liquid into which the gaseous
component dissolves is called the absorbent. The device in which the
absorption process takes place is called an absorption tower, absorption
column or absorber. The removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from
the natural gas with deithanolamine (DEA) is an example of the absorption
process. Natural gas, CO2 and H23 pass upward through the tower. DEA
passing downwards absorbs the CO2 and H2S.
Adsorption — The process of transferring a material from either the gas or
liquid phase to the solid phase is called adsorption. The solid to which the
liquid or gaseous component attached itself is called the adsorbent. The device
in which the adsorption process takes place is usually called an adsorption
tower, adsorption column or adsorber. If the purpose of the adsorber is to
remove water, the term drying tower or dryer is often used.
Extraction — The process of transferring material from one liquid phase to
another immiscible liquid phase is called liquid - liquid extraction, solvent
extraction or simply extraction. Immiscible liquids are liquids which do not
dissolve in each other, for example, oil and water. If the two immiscible liquids
are contacted counter currently, the contacting device is called an extraction
column, extraction tower or extractor.
Tower/Column Internals
Trays — May be divided into two major categories; crossflow trays and
counter flow trays. Crossflow trays get their name because liquid flows across
the tray to a downcomer while vapor rises through perforations in the tray
deck. There are three types of crossflow trays in common use today. They are
the bubble cap, sieve tray, and valve tray. The bubble cap trays were used
almost exclusively until about 1950. Since then, the use of bubble cap trays
has almost disappeared because their complicated construction makes them

heavy (resulting in heavier and more expensive tray supports) and expensive
to fabricate.
Bubble cap trays get their name because vapor rises through holes in the tray
and is collected underneath bubble caps. Each cap has slots in it through which
the vapor from the tray below bubbles into the liquid on the tray.
Sieve trays are the cheapest trays to fabricate because of their simple design.
They consist of a perforated plate through which vapor rises from the tray
below, a weir to hold a liquid level on the tray, and a downcomer which acts as
a downspout to direct the liquid to the tray below. The operation of the sieve
tray depends on the vapor velocity through the perforations being high enough
to keep the liquid flowing across the tray and not down through the same
perforations the vapor is rising through. The drawback to the sieve tray is that
it has a narrow operating range compared to the bubble cap tray and the valve
tray. Too low a vapor velocity and the liquid falls through the holes to the plate
below - a condition called dumping. Too high a velocity and vapor doesn’t
bubble through the liquid on the tray. Instead, the vapor pushes the liquid
away from the hole so that there is no liquid-vapor contact. This condition is
called coning.
Valve trays have liftable caps which operate like check valves. These caps
make valve trays more expensive than sieve trays but they also increase the
operating range of the tray. At low vapor velocities, the caps close and prevent
dumping.
The other major category of trays is the counterflow type. These trays have no
downcomers. The liquid falls through the same openings in the tray that the
vapor from the tray below rises through. This type of tray is not widely used.
The most popular of the counterflow type tray is the Turbogrid tray.
Packings — The second major category of tower internals is packings.
Packings serve the same purpose as trays; they bring a gas or vapor stream
into intimate contact with a liquid stream. Trays accomplish this by providing a
very large wetted surface area for the gas or vapor to flow by. Packed towers
would normally be selected instead of tray towers in the following instances:
1 For columns less than 2 FEET in diameter, packing is generally cheaper.
2 If highly corrosive fluids are being handled, packings are often
advantageous because they can be made of ceramic, carbon, plastic or
other highly resistant metallic or non-metallic material.
3 Packed towers are low pressure drop devices, therefore, they are often used for
vacuum distillations.
The major disadvantages of packed towers are:
1 They have a narrower operating range than tray towers.
2 A packed tower must have a larger diameter than a tray tower to handle
the same feed rate.
The most common types of packings are: Rashig rings, Berl saddles, Intalox
saddles and Pall rings.
Adsorption towers are packed towers; however, their function is to transfer a
material from the liquid or gas phase onto the surface of the solid adsorbent.
Adsorbents are not packing types. Adsorbents are generally either a granular
material or else spherical or cylindrical shaped pellets. Some common
adsorbents are: Fuller’s earthes (natural clays), activated clay, alumina,
activated carbon and silica gel.

Description of Towers/Columns
“Towers” and “columns” are interchangeable name for the same device. These
devices have one of two functions. One is to separate a mixture into two or
more desired parts. The other function is to transfer a material from one phase
to another phase.
Towers are classified according to the function performed. Examples are
distillation, stripping or extraction. Towers are also classified by the type of
device installed inside (internals) so the tower can perform its desired
function. Tower internals consist of either trays or packings.
Towers are always erected vertically. They are usually tall and cylindrical in
shape. Sometimes they are designed with the top of the tower one diameter
and the bottom a different (usually larger) diameter. This gives the tower a
“Coke bottle” shape and is called a double diameter tower.
The cylindrically shaped body of the tower is called the shell. The shell is
closed at both ends with dome-shaped covers called heads. There are three
head designs in common use:
• Torispherical, the most common of which is the ASME flanged and dished
head
• Ellipsoidal, also called elliptical, elliptical dished or 2:1 ellipsoidal (because
the ratio of the length of the major to the minor axis of this head is 2:1)
• Hemispherical.
Which kind of head to use is an economic decision. The torispherical head is
the cheapest to fabricate, but is the thickest for a given pressure. The
ellipsoidal head is more expensive to fabricate than the torispherical, but is
thinner at the same pressure. The hemispherical head is the most costly to
fabricate, but is the thinnest for a given pressure. Thus, the material cost
decreases from the torispherical to hemispherical because the head gets
thinner, but the fabricating costs increase. At pressures below 150 PSIG the
torispherical head is generally the cheapest. From 150 PSIG to 500 PSIG, the
ellipsoidal is usually selected. Above 150 PSIG, the hemispherical head
becomes an economically viable alternative.
Openings are provided in the shell and heads of a tower so that process fluids
can enter and leave. Other openings in the tower are provided for drains,
purge connections and sample connections. These openings into the tower are
called nozzles.
Nozzles range in diameter from 1 INCH for small drains, vents and sample
connections to 24 INCHES [1,200 MM] or more for large process connections.
The small (1 INCH) connections are usually made with pipe couplings, not with
welding necks and flanges.
Workers must be able to enter the tower after it is erected to install and
maintain the internals. Openings in the tower provided for this purpose are
called manholes or manways. Manholes are just nozzles large enough for a
man to pass through. Manholes range in diameter from 18 - 24 INCHES [1,200
MM].
A tower is normally supported by a steel cylinder the same diameter as the
tower called a skirt. The skirt is welded to the tower at one end and bolted to
the foundation at the other.

In addition to nozzles, manholes and skirts, other appurtenances may be
attached to the tower. These other externals may include insulation clips for
the support of insulation, lifting lugs which are eyelets to which rigging is
attached so that the tower can be lifted and placed on its foundation, and
various structural steel members for the support of platforms and ladders.
Materials of Construction
The tower shell and heads are usually fabricated out of carbon or low alloy
steel plate.
As the name implies, the primary alloying element in carbon steel is carbon.
All the other alloying elements in carbon steel are limited to concentrations
less than 0.5%. The most common materials of construction for towers are the
carbon steels A515 and A516.
Low alloy steel contain one or more alloying elements besides carbon in
concentrations from 0.5% to 10%. Alloying elements in concentrations greater
than 10% make the steel a high alloy steel.
When extremely corrosive materials are to be handled, the tower may be
fabricated out of a high alloy steel such as one of the stainless steels, a non-
ferrous metal such as titanium or monel, or a non-metal such as FRP
(fiberglass reinforced polyester). However, because these materials are either
very expensive or else have design limitations such as low strength, claddings
and linings are commonly used for corrosion resistance. Clad plate consists of
a thin layer of corrosion resistant metal permanently bonded to an inexpensive
carbon or low alloy steel backing. Linings differ from claddings in that there is
not a permanent continuous bond between the corrosion resistant material
and the backing material, and the corrosion resistant material is usually not a
metal. Common lining materials are brick, cement, rubber and glass.
Shell and Head Design

Typically, many companies normally require that tower shells and heads be
designed according to the latest edition of Section VIII Division 1 of the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Towers manufactured in the United States
will carry the ASME code stamp certifying that the vessel has been designed
and fabricated to code standards. Towers manufactured outside the United
States are to be designed and fabricated according to code standards as well,
but need not carry the code stamp.
Towers which are unusually large, or towers which are required to operate at a
very high pressure may be designed according to Section VIII Division 2 of the
ASME Code. Division 2 requires complete stress analysis of the process vessel.
This complete analysis allows the vessel to be designed with much smaller
safety factors. This results in a vessel which has a thinner shell and head and
is therefore cheaper to fabricate than the same vessel designed according to
the rules of Division 1. Since a Division 2 design results in a cheaper vessel,
why aren’t all process vessels designed according to the rules of Division 2?
Again it is a question of economics. A Division 2 design is so complex that the
money spent in extra engineering time for the vessel can easily exceed the
savings realized in the fabrication of the vessel. Only in very large or thick
walled vessels is the economic advantage of a Division 2 clear-cut.

Pressure/vacuum,
includes vessel
shell, heads,
transition section,
single base
material, lined or
clad, nozzles,
manholes (one
manhole below and
above tray stack or
packed section and
one manhole every
tenth tray or 25
FEET [7.6 M] of
packed height),
stiffening rings if
desired, base ring,
lugs, skirt or legs;
tray clips, tray
supports (if
designated),
distributor piping,
plates, packing (if packing designated); variety of applications for plate and
packed towers: absorption, desorption, distillation or stripping (via kettle or

thermosiphon reboiler defined separately), extraction; applications for packed
towers: gas and liquid adsorption; sections can be trayed, packed, empty.
Systems with automatic installation bulks (Aspen Kbase and Icarus Process
Evaluator) generate platforms for towers. A tower begins with one 360
DEGREE platform for the first 25 FEET [7.6 M], or fraction thereof, of exposed
height, plus one 90 DEGREE platform for every additional 25 FEET [7.6 M], or
fraction thereof, of exposed height. If the tower is in a structure, the system
subtracts the height of the structure from the total tower height (Bottom T-T
height + Skirt height) to calculate the total exposed height. To place a tower
in a structure, make the area type OPEN or EX-OPEN (see Chapter 36 for area
type descriptions), or else use the Structure tag number to assign the tower
to the open steel structure (OPN-STL-ST) available under steel plant bulks.
(See Single Diameter Towers for tray stacks.)
Description Type
Packed double diameter tower. PACKED
Application:
Defines vessel function and related
pipe/instrumentation model.
Default: *ABSORB*
ABSORB- Absorption
DESORB- Desorption
DISTIL- Distillation with thermosiphon reboiler
(not included)

Double Diameter Towers (DDT) - continued
Description Type
PACKED - continued
DIS-RB- Distillation with kettler reboiler (not included)

EXTRAC- Extraction
GAS-AD- Gas adsorption
LIQ-AD- Liquid adsorption
STRIPP- Stripping with thermosiphone reboiler (not
included)
STR-RB- Stripping with kettle reboiler (not included)
Base material Bottom:
For clad plate, specify the backing plate material
(cladding is defined below). See Chapter 28
for materials.
Design gauge pressure Bottom.:
Default: Specified top section pressure, or 50 PSIG
[350 KPA]: negative for vacuum.
Design temperature Bottom:
Default: Specified top section temp or 250 DEG F [120
DEG C].
Packing material Bottom:
Default: *NONE*
Packing height Bottom:
Default: *0.0* FEET [*0.0* M]
Cladding material Bottom:
Default: *NONE*
Skirt height:
Default: 1.5 x bottom diameter; enter 0.0 if vessel
hung in OPEN structure.
Manhole diameter Bottom:
Thickness Bottom section:
Corrosion allowance Bottom:
Cladding thickness Bottom:
Stiffening ring spacing Bottom:
if not required.

Description Type
PACKED - continued
Base material Top:

(cladding is defined below). See Chapter 28 for
materials. Default: *A 515*
Design gauge pressure Top:
Default: Specified bottom section pressure or 50 PSIG
[350 KPA]; negative for vacuum.
Design temperature Top:
Default: Specified bottom section temperature or 250
DEG F [120 DEG C].
Packing material Top:
Default: *NONE*
Packing height Top:
Default: *0.0* FEET [*0.0* M]
Cladding material Top:
Default: *NONE*
Pipe material Top:
Manhole diameter Top:
Thickness Top section:
Corrosion allowance Top:
Default 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] for CS, 0.0 for other
materials.
Cladding thickness Top:
Stiffening ring spacing Top:
if not required.
Wind or seismic design:
Default: Vessel designed for wind and seismic loads
defined in project basis.
W+S- Wind and seismic design required
WIND- Wind design only
SEIS- Wind/seismic design
NONE- Delete wind and seismic design

Description Type
PACKED - continued
Fluid volume:
Max: 100; Default: *20*; For seismic design, fluid
volume as a% of vessel volume (water assumed).
Vacuum design gauge pressure:
case. Default: pressure.
Weld efficiency:
50 - 100; ASME/JIS codes only, where allowed for thin
wall vessels; Default: Area Design Basis.
Stress relief:
Molecular weight Overhead prod:
Default: 50 for distillation and stripping applications;
otherwise 30.
Number body flange sets Bottom:
diameter as vessel.
Number body flange sets Top:
diameter as vessel.
Diameter option:
Defines desired diameter as ID or OD;
ID- Inside diameter
ASME design basis:
Default: *D1NF*, applicable only for
ASME code design.
D1NF- ASME Division 1 - no fatigue analysis
D1F- ASME Division 1 - with fatigue analysis

Description Type
Trayed double diameter tower. TRAYED
Available tray types include: bubble cap, sieve, turbo
grid, valve and clips and supports without trays.
Tray type:
Default: *VALVE*
VALVE- Valve trays
BUBBL- Bubble cap trays
TURBO- Turbo grid trays
SIEVE- Sieve trays
NONE.- No trays
Application:
Defines vessel function and related pipe/
instrumentation model; Default: *DISTIL*
ABSORB- Absorption
DESORB- Desorption
(not included)
DIS-RB- Distillation with kettle reboiler
(not included)
EXTRAC- Extraction
STRIPP- Stripping with thermosiphon reboiler
(not included)
STR-RB.- Stripping with kettle reboiler (not included)
Base material Bottom:
materials. Default: *A 515*.
Design gauge pressure Bottom:
Default: Specified top section pressure, or 50 PSIG
Design temperature Bottom:
Default: Specified top section temperature or 250 DEG
F [120 DEG C].
Bottom tray material or packing:
Specify tray material for trays or packing material for
packed sections. See Chapter 28 for materials.
Default: *A 515*.
No. trays/Packed height Bottom:
Enter number of trays for trayed sections or packing
height for packed sections. Default: *0.0*

Description Type
TRAYED - continued
Cladding material Bottom:

Default: *NONE*.
Pipe material Bottom:
Skirt height:
Default: 1.5 x bottom diameter; enter 0.0 if vessel
hung in OPEN structure.
Manhole diameter Bottom:
Corrosion allowance Bottom:
materials.
Cladding thickness Bottom:
Stiffening ring spacing Bottom:
if not required.
Base material Top:
(cladding if defined below). See Chapter 28 for
Design gauge pressure Top:
Default: specified bottom section pressure or 50 PSIG
Design temperature Top:
Default: specified bottom section temperature or 250
DEG F [120 DEG C].
Top Tray material or packing:
Specify tray material for trays or packing material for
packed section. Default: *NONE*.
Number trays/Packed height Top:
Enter number of trays for trayed sections or packing
height for packed sections. Default: *0.0*.
Cladding material Top:
Default: *NONE*.
Pipe material Top:
Manhole diameter Top:

Description Type
TRAYED - continued

Corrosion allowance Top:
materials.
Cladding thickness Top:
Stiffening ring spacing Top:
if not required.
Default: vessel design for wind and seismic loads
defined in Project Basis.
SEIS- Seismic design only
Fluid volume:
For seismic design; fluid volume as a% of vessel
volume (water assumed); Max: 100; Default: *20*.
Weld efficiency:
Range: 50 - 100; ASME/JIS codes only, where allowed
for thin wall vessels; Default: Area Basis.
Stress relief:
Molecular weight Overhead prod:
Default: 50 for distillation and stripping applications;
otherwise - 30.
Number body flange sets Bottom:
diameter as vessel.
Number body flange sets Top:
diameter as vessel.

Description Type
TRAYED - continued
Diameter option:
ID- Inside diameter
ASME design basis:
Applicable only for ASME code design.
See following entries for fatigue data.
D2F- ASME Division 2 with fatigue analysis
Start Stop cycles x 1000:
ASME fatige only. Thousands of start-up cycles during
the full equipment life; Min: 0.02;
Default: *1.0*.
Pressure cycles x 1000:
ASME fatigue only. Thousands of deviations from
design pressure during equipment life.
Default: *0*.
Pressure amplitude:
ASME fatigue only. Amplitude of pressure deviation as
percent of design pressure. Default: *0*.
Number of hydrostatic tests:
ASME fatigue only. Number of hydrostatic tests during
the full equipment life. Default: *20*.
Temperature cycles x 1000:
design temperature in equipment life. Default: *0*.
Temperature amplitude:
ASME fatigue only. Amplitude of temperature deviation
as a percent of design temperature.
Tray thickness:
Default: 0.1875 INCH [4.5 MM].

Pressure/vacuum includes vessel shell, heads, single base material (lined or
clad), nozzles, manholes, jacket and nozzles for heating or cooling medium,
base ring, lugs, skirt or legs; tray clips, tray supports (if designated),
distributor piping, plates, packing (if packing designated); variety of
applications for plate and packed towers: absorption, desorption, distillation or
stripping (via kettle or thermosiphon reboiler defined separately), extraction;
applications for packed towers: gas and liquid adsorption; trayed, packed,
empty.
Systems with
automatic installation
bulks (Aspen Kbase
and Icarus Process
Evaluator) generate
platforms for towers. A
tower begins with one
360 DEGREE platform
for the first 25 FEET
[7.6 M], or fraction
thereof, of exposed
height, plus one 90
DEGREE platform for
every additional 25
FEET [7.6 M], or
fraction thereof, of
exposed height. If the
tower is in a structure,
the system subtracts
the height of the
structure from the total
tower height (Bottom
T-T height + Skirt height) to calculate the total exposed height. To place a
tower in a structure, make the area type OPEN or EX-OPEN (see Chapter 36
for area type descriptions), or else use the Structure tag number to assign
the tower to the open steel structure (OPN-STL-ST) available under steel plant
bulks.
If the number of platforms is greater than or equal to six, then the number of
manholes is equal to one plus the number of platforms. If the number of
platforms is less than six, the number of manholes is equal to one plus
approximately one for every 18 trays (for small towers, tray spacing is about
12 INCHES, so there would be one manhole for about every 18 FEET).
Description Type
Packed single diameter tower. PACKED
If a packing type is not specified, a packed column is

designed and costed with distributor and support
plates for average density packing.

Single Diameter Towers (TW) - continued
Description Type
PACKED - continued
Application:
instrumentation model; Default: *ABSORB*
ABSORB- Absorption
DESORB- Desorption
DISTIL - Distillation with thermosiphon reboiler
(not included)
(not included)
EXTRAC- Extraction
(not included)
Shell Material:
materials.
Default: *A 515*.
case. Default: pressure *15* PSIG [*100* KPA].
Design Temperature:
otherwise material: 650 DEG F [340 DEG C].
Packing Type:
If packing type is not specified, no packing will be
provided. See Chapter 28 for packing materials.
Total Packing Height:
Max: tangent to tangent height less 1.0 FEET [0.3 M].
Demister Thickness:
Max: 12.0 INCHES [300 MM].
SS304 mist pad 12 PCF [192 KG/M3] with top and
bottom support grids.

Description Type
PACKED - continued
Cladding Material:
Default: *NONE*.
Skirt Height: Enter 0.0 skirt height if tower hung in
OPEN structure; Default: 1.5 x diameter.
Wind or Seismic Design: Default: Vessel designed
for wind and seismic loads defined in Project Basis.
Fluid Volume:
volume (water assumed). Max: 100; Default: *20*.
Manhole Diameter:
Max: 48 INCHES [1,200 MM].
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] for CS; 0.0 for other
material. Double if jacketed.
diameter as vessel.
Weld Efficiency:
ASME/JIS Codes only, where allowed for thin wall
vessels; Default: Area Basis; Range: 50 - 100.
Stress Relief:
Cladding Thickness:
specified, otherwise - 0.0.
if not required.
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Type:
Default: *FULL*.
FULL- Full jacket
PIPE.- Half-pipe jacket

Description Type
PACKED - continued
Jacket Thickness:
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Material:
See Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *CS*.
Head Type:
ELLIP- 2:1 ellipsoidal
HEMI- Hemispherical
TORI- Torispherical (ASME)
Molecular Weight Overhead Prod:
Default: 50 for distillation and stripping applications,
otherwise 30.
Diameter Option:
Defines desired diameter as ID or OD; Default: See
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
ASME Design Basis:
Start Stop Cycles x 1000:
the full equipment life; Min: 0.02; Default: *1.0*.
Pressure Cycles x 1000:
design pressure during equipment life. Default: *0*.
Pressure Amplitude:
Number of Hydrostatic Tests:
Temperature Cycles x 1000:
Temperature Amplitude:
ASME fatigue only. Amplitude of temperature
deviation as a percent of design temperature.

Description Type
Trayed single diameter tower. TRAYED
Available tray types include: bubble cap, sieve, turbo
grid, valve and clips and supports without trays.
Tray Type:
Default: *VALVE*
VALVE- Valve tray
SIEVE- Sieve trays
NONE- No trays
Application:
instrumentation model; Default: *DISTIL*.
ABSORB- Absorption
DESORB- Desorption
(not included)
(not included)
EXTRAC- Extraction
(not included)
Shell Material:
(cladding is defined below). Default: *A 515*.
Default: 15 FEET [4.5 M] plus tray stack height.
case. Default: pressure *15* PSIG [*100* KPA].
Design Temperature:
otherwise material: 650 DEG F [340 DEG C].
Tray Material:
See Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *A285C*.
Number of Trays:
Min: 2

Description Type
TRAYED - continued
Tray Spacing:
Range: 12 - 30 INCHES [305 -760 MM]; Default: *24*
INCHES [*600* MM].
Demister Thickness:
Max: 12 INCHES [300 MM]
Cladding Material:
Default: *NONE*.
Skirt Height:
Enter 0.0 skirt height if tower hung in OPEN structure;
Default: 1.5 x diameter.
Wind or Seismic Design:
Fluid Volume:
Manhole Diameter:
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM] for CS; 0.0 for other
material. Double if jacketed.
diameter as vessel.
Weld Efficiency:
ASME/JIS Codes only, where allowed for thin wall
vessels; Range: 50 - 100; Default: Area Basis.
Stress Relief:
CODE, YES, NO; Default: See Area Design Basis.
Cladding Thickness:
if not required.
Jacket Design Gauge Pressure: Jacket pressure or
thickness required to obtain jacket. Default: No
jacket.

Description Type
TRAYED - continued
Jacket Type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full jacket
Jacket Thickness:
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Material:
Head Type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
TORI- Torishpherical (ASME)
Molecular Weight Overhead Prod:
Default: 50 for distillation and stripping applications,
otherwise 30.
Diameter Option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
Tray Thickness:
Default: *0.187* INCHES [*4.50* MM];
Max: 0.375 INCHES [9.00 MM]
ASME Design Basis:
Start Stop Cycles x 1000:
the full equipment life; Min: 0.02; Default: *1.0*.
Pressure Amplitude:

Description Type
TRAYED - continued
Temperature Cycles x 1000:

Temperature Amplitude:
ASME fatigue only. Amplitude of temperature
deviation as a percent of design temperature.
Tray stack only, for single- and double-diameter TRAY STACK
towers.
Optional tray types include: bubble-cap, turbo
grid, seive and valve.
Tray Material:
Number of Trays: Min: 1.
Tray Type:
SIEVE- Sieve trays
VALVE- Valve trays
Tray Thickness:
Default: *0.187* INCHES [*4.50* MM];
Max: 0.375 INCHES [9.00 MM]
Tray Spacing:
Range: 12 - 30 INCHES [305 - 750 MM];
Default: 24 INCHES [600 MM].
Direct contact heat exchanger tower includes DC HE TW
distributors, packing supports, nozzles; may include
packing.
Shell Material:
materials.
Default: *A 515*.
Gas Flow Rate Inlet:
Range: 30,000 - 300,000 LB/H
[13,610 - 136,000 KG/H]; Enter either flowrate or
diameter and height.
Vessel Diameter:
Enter either flowrate or diameter and height.

Description Type
DC HE TW - continued

case. Default: pressure 15 PSIG [100 KPA].
Design Temperature:
other material: 650 DEG F [340 DEG C].
Enter maximum gas temperature.
Packing Type Section 1:
Default: *68PVC*. See Chapter 28 for packing
materials.
Packing Height Section 1:
Max: Tangent to tangent height less 1.0 FEET [0.3 M].
Default: None for OPEN top, else 68PVC.
See Chapter 28 for packing materials.
Max: Tangent to tangent height less height of packing
No. 1.
Cladding Material:
Default: *NONE*.
Skirt Height:
Enter 0.0 skirt height if tower hung in OPEN
structure; Default: 1.5 x diameter.
WIND- Wind display only
Fluid Volume:
For seismic design, fluid volume as a% of vessel
Manhole Diameter:

Description Type
DC HE TW - continued

material, double if jacketed.
diameter as vessel.
Weld Efficiency:
vessels; Default: See Area Basis; Range: 50 - 100%.
Stress Relief:
Cladding Thickness:
if not required.
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full jacket
Jacket Thickness:
Jacket pressure or thickness required to obtain
jacket. Default: No jacket.
Jacket Material:
Head Type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
OPEN- Open top/TORI bottom
Diameter Option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter

Description Type
Temperature swing adsorption unit includes vessel TS ADSORB
pair(s), distributors, packing supports, and valve skid;
may include heater (steam or electric), packing.
Shell Material:
materials.
Default: *A 515*.
Gas Flow Rate Inlet:
Enter either flowrate or diameter and height; Range:
30,000 - 300,000 LB/H [13,610 - 136,000 KG/H].
Vessel Diameter:
Number of Vessel Pairs:
Number of vessel pairs in configuration, one vessel per
pair absorbing at a time.
case. Default: pressure 15 PSIG [100 KPA].
Design Temperature:
other material: 650 DEG F [340 DEG C].
See Chapter 28 for packing materials; Default:
*13XMS*.
Max: Tangent to tangent height less 1.0 FEET [0.3 M].
Default: *ALMNA* (Alumina).
Max: Tangent to tangent height less height of packing
No. 1.
Cladding Material:
Default: *NONE*.
Skirt Height:
Enter 0.0 skirt height if tower hung in OPEN structure;
Default: 1.5 x diameter.

Description Type
TS ADSORB - continued

WIND- Wind design only`
Fluid Volume:
Manhole Diameter:
diameter as vessel.
Weld Efficiency:
vessels; Range: 50 - 100%; Default: See Area Basis.
Stress Relief:
Cladding Thickness:
if not required.
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Type: Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full jacket
Jacket Thickness:
Default: No jacket.
Jacket Material:

Description Type
TS ADSORB - continued
Head Type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
OPEN- Open top/TORI bottom
Heater Type:
*ELEC*- Electric heater
STEAM- Steam heater
NONE- No heater
Applies to steam gas heater only
Diameter Option:
ID- Inside diameter

9 Vacuum Systems (G6)

Condensers (C)
Ejectors (EJ)
Vacuum Pumps (VP)
9 Vacuum Systems (G6) 9-1

Condensers (C)
Barometric condenser
Description Type
Barometric for condensing of motive steam between BAROMETRIC
ejector stages.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Water flow rate:
Range: 200 - 5,000 GPM [15 - 315 L/S]
Material:
CI
Water flow rate:
Range: 40 - 5,000 GPM [3 - 315 L/S]
Material:
RBLCS (rubber lined carbon steel)
Water flow rate:
Range: 200 - 3,000 GPM [12 - 180 L/S]
9-2 9 Vacuum Systems (G6)

Ejectors (EJ)
100 PSIG [690 KPA] steam
Description Type
One stage of non-condensing ejection. SINGLE STG
Single stage ejectors may be used to produce
pressures as low as 2 INCHES Hg ABS, but are
normally used in the pressure range from atmospheric
to 3 INCHES Hg ABS. Ejectors are used to generate
low pressure for vacuum distillation, vacuum
crystallization and evaporation and to produce chilled
water.
Ejectors use a high pressure motivating fluid, usually

steam, to produce a vacuum. The single stage ejector
consists of three basic parts: nozzle, mixing chamber
or suction head, and diffuser. Although ejectors can be
fabricated from a variety of material, usually the
nozzle is stainless steel and the mixing chamber and
diffuser are cast iron or steel. Ejectors are easily
recognized by the long thin hour-glass shape of the
diffuser.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
HAST- Hastelloy
Air ejection rate:
Range: 10 - 10,000 LB/H [4.6 - 4,530 KG/H]
Suction absolute pressure:
Range: 20 - 400 MM HG [2,670 - 53,300 PA]
Two ejection stages with barometric intercondenser .TWO STAGE
Two stage ejectors are used to produce suction
pressures from 4 to 0.5 INCHES Hg ABS. Two stage
ejectors have the same process applications as single
stage ejectors.
This item is a two stage ejector with a barometric type
intercondenser. A two stage ejector is simply two
single stage ejectors arranged in series. Two stages
can produce a higher vacuum than a single stage
ejector. The first stage evacuates the equipment item
to which it is attached and compresses these gases
and vapors to an intermediate pressure.
The motive steam and condensable vapors ejected by
the first stage are condensed in the barometric
condenser to reduce the load on the second stage. The
second stage ejector takes the non-condensable
gasses from the first stage and compresses them to
atmospheric pressure so that they may be released to
the atmosphere.

Ejectors (EJ) - continued
Description Type
TWO STAGE - continued
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
HAST- Hastelloy
Air ejection rate:
Range: 10 - 150 LB/H [4.6 -68 KG/H]
Range: 10 - 200 MM HG [1,340 - 26,600 PA]
Non-condensing two single stage ejectors without 2 STAGE
intercondenser. A two stage non-condensing ejector is
less expensive than a two stage condensing ejector on
an installed basis. The non-condensing ejector may be
used for an application where the condensing ejector
is used. Therefore, the non-condensing ejector is
preferred where the lower initial capital investment
out-weighs the higher operating cost due to the higher
steam consumption.
This item is a two stage non-condensing ejector. Two

single stage ejectors are arranged in series without an
intercondenser. Hence, the second stage condenser
must handle the motive steam from the first stage
ejector and the gases evacuated from the process
vessel. This results in a larger second stage ejector
and increased steam consumption over a two stage
condensing unit.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
HAST- Hastelloy
Air ejection rate:
Range: 10 - 120 LB/H [4.6 - 50 KG/H]
Range: 5 - 100 MM HG [670 - 13,3000 PA]

Description Type
Four stages of ejection with barometric condenser 4 STAGE B
between third and fourth ejector.
Four stage ejectors are used to produce suction
pressures from 4 to 0.2 MM Hg ABS. Four stage
ejectors are used to produce suction for vacuum
distillation, vacuum crystallizers and vacuum
evaporators.
This item is a four stage ejector with one barometric
condenser between the third and fourth ejectors. The
condenser is used only between those stages where
the condensing temperature of the steam is greater
than the temperature of the cooling water available.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
HAST- Hastelloy
Air ejection rate:
Range: 10 - 110 LB/H [4.6 - 48 KG/H]
Range: 0.5 - 10 MM HG [67 - 1,330 PA]
Four stages of ejection with barometric condensers, 4 STAGE
between second and third and between third and
fourth ejector. Four stage ejectors are used to produce
suction pressure from 4 to 0.2 MM Hg ABS. Four stage
distillation, vacuum crystallizers, and vacuum
evaporators.
This item is a four stage ejector with two barometric
condensers. Four ejectors are arranged in series with
one condenser between the second and third ejectors
and the other between the third and four ejectors.
Condensers are used only between those ejectors
where the condensing temperature of the steam is
greater than the temperature of the cooling water
available.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
HAST- Hastelloy
Air ejection rate:
Range: 10 - 110 LB/H [4.6 - 48 KG/H]
Range: 0.25 - 5.0 MM HG [33 - 660 PA]

Description Type
Five stages of ejection with barometric condenser 5 STAGE B
between fourth and fifth ejector.
Five stage ejectors are used to produce suction
pressures from 0.4 to 0.02 MM Hg ABS. Five stage
distillation, vacuum crystallizers and vacuum
evaporators.
This item is a five stage ejector with one barometric
condenser between the fourth and fifth ejectors.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
HAST- Hastelloy
Air ejection rate:
Range: 10 - 110 LB/H [4.6 - 48 KG/H]
Range: 0.5 - 1.0 MM HG [7 - 130 PA]

Vacuum Pumps (VP)
Includes pump, motor and drive unit.
Description Type
Water-sealed vacuum pump. WATER SEAL
Ultimate pressure: 500 MM HG [66,660 PA].
Water-sealed 500 MM HG [PA] vacuum, explosion
proof motor.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
Range: 30 - 4,000 CFM [55 - 6,750 M3/H]
Mechanical oil-sealed vacuum pump. MECHANICAL
First stage: 0.01 MM HG [1.35 PA]
Second stage: 0.0003 MM HG [0.04 PA].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Range: 30 - 700 CFM [55 - 1,150 M3/H]
Number of stages:
Mechanical booster includes motor and drive. MECH BOOST

Ultimate pressure 0.0001 MM HG [0.0135 PA].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
Range: 120 - 2,000 CFW [205 - 3,375 M3/H]

10 Vessels (G10)

Vertical Tanks (VT)
10 Vessels (G10) 10-1

Horizontal vessels are commonly used as settling drums, surge tanks, reactors
and distillate drums. A settling drum is used for phase separation between two
immiscible liquids. The L/D ratio of a settling drum is normally four. A surge
tank or surge drum is used to maintain a constant flowrate of liquid to a
downstream piece of equipment when the flowrate of liquid from the upstream
piece of equipment is fluctuating. The fluctuations in flow rate are absorbed by
the surge drum by allowing the liquid level in this drum to rise and fall.
Horizontal drums are frequently filled with catalyst and used as reactors.
Placing catalyst in horizontal vessels allows shallow bed depths and large
cross-sectional areas. A typical example of horizontal vessels being used as
reactors is the Claus reactor. A distillate or reflux drum provides space for
overhead condensables from a distillation column to separate from vapors.
Surge drums and distillate drums are normally vertical. If there is settleable
water in the feed to these vessels, however, the vessel is erected with a
water pot.
The horizontal vessel is a pressure vessel fabricated according to the rules of
the specified code (i.e., Section VIII Division 1 of the ASME Code) and erected
in the horizontal position. Although the horizontal vessel may be supported by
lugs in an open steel structure, the more usual arrangement is for the vessel
to be erected at grade and supported by a pair of saddles.
Cylindrical, pressure/vacuum, code design and construction, includes heads,
single wall (base material, clad/lined), saddles/lugs, nozzles and manholes.
Description Type
Horizontal pressure/vacuum drum. HORIZ DRUM
Use minus pressure for vacuum design.
The capacity excludes the volume of the heads. If

both the vessel dimensions and capacity are specified,
the system-calculated capacity must agree with the
specified capacity to within plus or minus 10% to
avoid an error condition.
10-2 10 Vessels (G10)

Horizontal Tanks (HT) - continued
Description Type
HORIZ DRUM - continued
To secure desired vessel size, specify the diameter and

height directly. A value must be specified if vessel
diameter and/or vessel height (or length) are not
specified. If vessel diameter and height (or length) are
specified, the vessel volume is calculated from these
dimensions. If only vessel capacity is specified, a
straight side length-to-diameter ratio is chosen by the
system, considering cost and practicability.
(Default ratio is 2:1.)
Application:
Defines vessel function and related
piping/instrumentation model. Default: *blank*blank-
Standard continuous process vessel BATCH- Batch
process vessel
STORAGE- Storage vessel
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock-out drum
Shell material:
(Cladding is defined below.) See Chapter 28 for
materials.
Default: *A 515*.
Liquid volume:
Enter either capacity or diameter and length. The
capacity excludes the volume of the heads.
If both the vessel dimensions and capacity are
specified, the system-calculated capacity must agree
with the specified capacity to within plus or minus
10% to avoid an error condition.
To secure desired vessel size, specify the diameter and
height directly.
A value must be specified if vessel diameter and/or
vessel height (or length) are not specified. If vessel
diameter and height (or length) are specified, the
vessel volume is calculated from these dimensions.
If only vessel capacity is specified, a straight side
length-to-diameter ratio is chosen by the system,
considering cost and practicability.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-3

Description Type
Vessel diameter:
Enter either capacity or diameter and length. A value
must be specified if vessel capacity is not specified. If
both capacity and height (or length) are specified, the
diameter is calculated from these values.
Vessel tangent to tangent length:
Enter either capacity or diameter and length. A value
both vessel capacity and diameter are specified, the
height (or length) is calculated from these values.
case; Default: *15* PSIG [*100* KPA] pressure.
Design temperature:
Default: 650 DEG F [340 DEG C] ferrous material; 250
DEG F [120 DEG C] other material.
Default: design temperature. The operating
temperature is used in the calculation of piping and
insulation thickness.
Cladding material:
Manhole diameter:
Max: 48 INCHES [1,200 MM]; Default: *18* INCHES
[*450* MM].
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*.
Allowance for internals:
Specify an allowance for internals as a percent of basic
vessel weight. Default: *0.0*. This value adjusts
vessel weight and cost accordingly.
Diameter of drip leg:
Drip leg (boot) diameter and height must be specified
if required.
Height of drip leg:
Drip leg (boot) diameter and height must be specified
if required.
Base material thickness:
Corrosion allowance:
materials.
10-4 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
Weld efficiency:
vessel; Default: Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
Stress relief:
Cladding thickness:
specified, otherwise: 0.0.
Stiffening ring spacing:
if not required.
Head type:
If no value is specified, the system selects the tori
spherical type and calculates its thickness. If the head
is thicker than the vessel shell, the system selects the
2:1 ellipsoidal type head thickness. If the head is still
thicker than the shell, the system selects the
hemispherical type head.
HEMI- Hemispherical
Number of body flange sets:
diameter as vessel.
Diameter option:
Defines desired diameter as ID or OD; Default - see
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
Multi-wall design for high pressure service with total MULTI WALL
wall thickness of individual, thin, heat-shrunk cylinders
(maximum 2 INCHES [50 MM] thick) heat shrunk,
pressure vacuum design and construction according to
user-designated design code standard.
This item is a horizontal process vessel, the total wall

thickness of which is made up of individual cylinders.
Each individual cylinder is no more than two inches
thick. The composite is made as follows. A cylinder is
fabricated with a diameter slightly larger than the
innermost cylinder.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-5

Description Type
MULTI WALL - continued
This cylinder is expanded thermally, slipped over the

inner cylinder and as it cools, a tight shrink fit is
obtained. This procedure is repeated until the total
wall thickness is built up.
Application:
Defines vessel function and related piping/
instrumentation model. Default: *blank*blank-
Standard continuous process vessel
BATCH- Batch process vessel
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock-out drum
Shell material:
(Cladding is defined below.) See Chapter 28 for
Liquid volume:
Enter either capacity or diameter and length.
Vessel diameter:
case. Default: *15* PSIG [*100* KPA].
Design temperature:
Default: design temperature.
Cladding material:
See Chapter 28; for cladding materials.
Manhole diameter:
Default: *18* INCHES [450 MM];
Max: 48 INCHES [1,200];
Number of manholes: Default: *1*.
Specify an allowance for internals as a percent of
basic vessel weight. Default: *0.0*.
Drip leg (boot) diameter and length must be specified
if required.
10-6 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
Height of drip leg:

if required.
material.
Weld efficiency:
vessels; Default: Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
Stress relief: Default: See Area Design Basis.
Cladding thickness:
if not required.
Head type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
diameter as vessel.
Diameter option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
Jacketed horizontal pressure/vacuum drum. JACKETED
Application:
instrumentation model.
Default: *blank*
blank- Standard continuous process vessel
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock-out drum
10 Vessels (G10) 10-7

Description Type
Shell material:
For clad plate, specify the backing plate material. See
Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *A 515*.
Liquid volume:
Vessel diameter:
case; Default: *15* PSIG [*100* KPA].
case; Default: pressure.
Design temperature:
DEG F [120 DEG C] other materials.
Cladding material:
Jacket design gauge pressure:
Default: *90* PSIG [*620* KPA].
Jacket type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full jacket
Jacket material:
Manhole diameter:
Default: *18* INCHES [450 MM]; Max: 48 INCHES
[1,200];
vessel weight. Default: *0.0*.
if required.
Height of drip leg:
if required.
10-8 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type

Weld efficiency:
vessels; Default: Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
Stress relief: Default: See Area Design Basis.
Cladding thickness:
if not required.
Head type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
diameter as vessel.
Diameter option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
Sanitary horizontal drum SAN TANK
Stainless steel material for sanitary storage. As a

sanitary tank, it is built to sanitary standards,
including polished stainless steel. The tank is not
a pressure vessel.
Shell material: SS304,*SS316*

Liquid volume:
MAX: 9,000 GALLONS [34 M3]
Vessel diameter:
MAX: 10 FEET [3 M]
10 Vessels (G10) 10-9

Description Type
SAN TANK - continued
Vessel length:
MAX: 15 FEET [4.5 M]
*68 DEG F [20 DEG C]*
Head type:
*TORI*- Torispherical (ASME)
CON15- 15 degree cone head
Jacket type:
*NONE*- No jacket
DMPLE- 90 PSIG [620 KPA] dimple jacket
10-10 10 Vessels (G10)

Vertical Tanks (VT)
Vertical process vessels are typically used as either surge drums or knock out
drums. When used as surge drums, they act like shock absorbers, maintaining
a constant flowrate of liquid out of the vessel regardless of the flowrate into it.
If liquid flows in faster than the constant rate it flows out, the vessel fills with
liquid. If liquid flows in slower than the constant rate it is removed, then the
liquid level drops. The liquid level is constantly fluctuating in order to absorb
these variations in flow and maintain a constant flowrate out. When a vertical
process vessel is used as a knock out drum, a mixture of gas and liquid flows
into the vessel and this mixture is separated into its gas and liquid components
within the vessel. The gas then flows out the top of the vessel and the liquid
flows out the bottom.
Vertical process vessels, as their name indicates, are erected in the vertical
position. They are cylindrical in shape with each end capped by a domed cover
called a head. The length to diameter ratio of a vertical vessel is typically 3:1.
Typically, vertical process vessels hold less than 5000 GALLONS.
Vertical tanks include: process, storage applications liquid, gas, solid
processing and storage; pressure/vacuum code design for process and certain
storage vessel types; includes heads, single wall, saddles, lugs, nozzles,
manholes, legs or skirt, base ring, davits where applicable.
Description Type
Pressure/Vacuum Service CYLINDER
Cylindrical vertical pressure/vacuum vessel.

Application:
instrumentation model. Default: *blank*
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock-out drum
Shell material:
Default: *A 515*.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-11

Vertical Tanks (VT) - continued
Description Type
CYLINDER - continued
Liquid volume: Enter either capacity or diameter and

height. The capacity excludes the volume of the
heads. If both the vessel dimensions and capacity are
specified, the system calculated capacity must agree
with the specified capacity to within plus or minus
10% to avoid an error condition. To secure desired
vessel size, specify the diameter and height directly. A
value must be specified if vessel diameter and/or
vessel height (or length) are not specified. If vessel
diameter and height (or length) are specified, the
vessel volume is calculated from these dimensions.
(Default is 2:1.) If only vessel capacity is specified, a
straight side length-to-diameter ratio is chosen by the
system, considering cost and practicability.
Vessel diameter:
Enter either capacity or diameter and height. A value
both vessel capacity and height (or length) are
specified, the diameter is calculated from these
values. If both vessel capacity and diameter are
specified, the height (or length) is calculated from
these values.
Vessel tangent to tangent height:
See Diameter.
case; Default: *15* PSIG [*100* KPA].
case; Default: pressure.
Design temperature:
Default: 650 DEG F [340 DEG C] ferrous material, 250
10-12 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
Skirt height:
Skip if legs required, enter 0.0 if hung in OPEN
structure; Default: 1.5 x diameter. If the capacity is
10,000 GALLONS [37 M3] or less, the vessel is
designed with 4-feet [1.25 M] pipe legs. For a capacity
greater than 10,000 GALLONS [37 M3], the vessel is
designed with a skirt. The skirt height is calculated as
1.5 x vessel diameter, with minimum and maximum
calculated heights of 4 - 32 FEET [1.25 - 9.5 M].
Vessel leg height:
Skip if skirt required, enter 0.0 if hung in OPEN
structure; Default: *4* FEET [1.25 M].
See Skirt Height.
Fluid volume:
Manhole diameter: Max: 48 INCHES [1,200 MM];
Default: 18 INCHES [450 MM].
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*.
Default: *0.0*; Specify an allowance for internals as a
percent of basic vessel weight.
Demister thickness:
Default: 0.125 INCHES [3 MM for CS, 0.0 for other
materials.
diameter as vessel.
Weld efficiency:
vessels; Defaults: Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-13

Description Type
Stress relief:
Cladding material:
If no cladding material is specified, the system
assumes that the vessel is not clad regardless of any
input for cladding thickness.
Cladding thickness:
specified, otherwise 0.0. See Cladding Material.
if not required.
Head type:
If no value is specified, the system selects the
torispherical type head and calculates the thickness. If
the head is thicker than the vessel shell, the system
selects the 2:1 ellipsoidal type head and recalculates
the head thickness. If the head is still thicker than the
shell, the system selects the hemispherical type head.
HEMI- Hemispherical
Head thickness Top:
Head thickness Bottom:
Diameter option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
ASME design basis:
Applicable only for ASME code design. See following
entries for fatigue data. Default: *D1NF*.
Start stop cycles x 1000:
ASME fatigue only. Thousands of start-up cycles
during the full equipment life. Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
10-14 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type

Pressure amplitude:
ASME fatigue only. Amplitude of process deviation as
ASME fatigue only. Amplitude of temperature as a
percent of design temperature. Default: *0*.
Multi-wall design for high pressure service. Total wall MULTI WALL
thickness of individual thin heat shrunk cylinders
(maximum 2 INCH [50 MM] thick each).
Application:
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock-out drum
Shell material:
See Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *A 515*.
Liquid volume:
Vessel diameter:
If pressure and vacuum entered, design is for
worst case.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-15

Description Type
Design temperature:
Skirt height:
structure; Default: 1.5 x diameter.
Vessel leg height:
Skip if skirt required, enter 0.0 if hung in OPEN
structure; Default: *4* FEET [*1.25* M].
Fluid volume:
Max: 100; Default: *20*; For seismic design; fluid
volume as a% of volume (water assumed).
Manhole diameter:
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*.
Demister thickness:
materials.
diameter as vessel.
Weld efficiency:
10-16 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
Stress relief:
Default: see Area Design Basis.
Cladding material:
Cladding thickness:
if not required.
Head type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
Head thickness Top:
Diameter option:
Defines desired diameter as ID or OD; Default: see
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
ASME design basis:
Default: *D1NF*.
during the full equipment life.
Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
Default: *0*.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-17

Description Type
Pressure amplitude:
Jacketed, cylindrical, vertical pressure/vacuum vessel. JACKETED
Application:
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock-out drum
Shell material:
(Cladding is specified below.) Default: *A 515*.
Liquid volume:
Vessel diameter:
Design temperature:
10-18 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type

Jacket type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full jacket
Jacket material:
Skirt height:
structure; Default: *1.5 x diameter*.
Vessel leg height:
Skip if skirt required. Enter 0.0 if hung in OPEN
structure; Default: *4* FEET [*1.25* M].
Fluid volume:
Max: 100; Default: *20*; For seismic design; fluid
volume as a% of vessel volume (water assumed).
Manhole diameter:
Demister thickness:
diameter as vessel.
Weld efficiency:
10 Vessels (G10) 10-19

Description Type
Stress relief:
Cladding material:
Cladding thickness:
if not required.
Head type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
Head thickness Top:
Diameter option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
ASME design basis:
Default: *D1NF*.
Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
10-20 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
Default: *0*.
Pressure amplitude:
Number of hydrostatic Tests:
High Pressure Gas/Liquid Storage SPHERE
Sphere pressure/vacuum design to 3000 PSIG [20500

KPA].
This item is used by chemical, rubber, petroleum and

paper industries for storing large volumes of
anhydrous ammonia, betana, butane and other gases
at high temperature.
A spherical tank is elevated and supported by legs

fabricated from structural steel columns or pipe.
Sphere sizes range as high as 90 FEET in diameter and
are typically constructed of high strength steel. These
tanks are commonly used for high pressure storage of
gases and volatile liquids, typically in the range of 5 -
250 PSIG. Storing volatile liquids at high pressures
raises the boiling point of the liquid and therefore
minimizes or eliminates that need for costly
refrigeration equipment to liquify the material being
stored.
Uses Type 16 foundation (Individual Column Footing).
Shell material:
10 Vessels (G10) 10-21

Description Type
SPHERE - continued
Liquid volume:
Enter either capacity or diameter.
Vessel diameter:
Enter either capacity or diameter.
-15 - 3,000 PSIG [-100 - 20,5000];
Default: 15 PSIG [100 KPA].
Design temperature:
Max: 1,500 DEG F [815 DEG C];
Manhole diameter:
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*.
materials.
Cladding material:
Cladding thickness:
Diameter option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
ASME design basis:
Default: *D1NF*.
10-22 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
SPHERE - continued

Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
Pressure amplitude:
Spheroid to 750000 GALLONS [2840 M3]. Field SPHEROID
erected.
This item is commonly used for storage of gasolines

and other volatile liquids.
Spheroids vary in shape and size, but generally fall
into one of the following categories:
• Hemispheriod: Spherical segments comprising the

roof and bottom of the tank are joined to a
cylindrical middle section. Hemispheriods are used
for pressures up to 5 PSI and capacities to 25,000
barrels. For capacities to 50,000 barrels the roof
and bottom are noded.
• Hortonspheriod: Spherical segments are joined
together in a somewhat elliptical shape.
Hortonspheroids are capable of handling storage at
pressure from 5 to 30 PSIG.
Hortonspheroids and hemispheroids are designed to
rest on a prepared grade conforming to the shape of
the bottom (usually sand).
10 Vessels (G10) 10-23

Description Type
SPHEROID - continued
Spheroidal shaped tanks are often more economical

than cylindrical pressure vessels for storage at
pressures greater than 0.5 PSI.
Uses Type 16 foundation (Individual Column

Footing).
Shell material:
Liquid volume:
Range: 60,000 - 750,000 GALLONS [230 - 2,840 M3];
Vessel diameter:
Vessel height:
Range: 0.0 - 15 PSIG [0.0 - 100 KPA];
Design temperature:
Manhole diameter:
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*.
Default: Specify an allowance for internals as a
percent of basic vessel weight. Default: *0.0*.
materials.
Cladding material:
10-24 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
SPHEROID - continued
Cladding thickness:
Diameter option:
Default - see Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
Near-Atmospheric Liquid Storage STORAGE
Field erected storage tank.
Note on Painting: The system assumes that once the

tank is assembled in the field it will be sandblasted
and primed inside and out, and a finish coat applied
on the outside only. Use Bulk Adjustments to override
these values.
The available roof types are FLAT, FLOAT, CONE, LIFT, Flat roof tank
OPEN, INFLT, and INCN.
Use minus pressure for vacuum design. Field erected.
Floating roof tanks are frequently used in the storage

of kerosene and jet fuels. Floating roofs may be
installed inside a tank with a fixed roof or used as a Floating roof tank
tank’s only
cover. Typically constructed from polyurethane foam
blocks or nylon cloth impregnated with rubber or
plastic, floating roofs are designed to completely
contact the surface of the storage products and
thereby eliminate the vapor space between the
product level and the fixed roof.
This feature makes floating roofs desirable for the

following reasons:
1. Reduction of evaporation and breathing

losses.
2. Reduction of tank corrosion.
3. Increased safety from fire or explosion.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-25

Description Type
STORAGE - continued
Floating root tanks are suitable for storage of products

having vapor pressures from 2 to 15 PSIA. Products
that boil at temperatures under the normal range of
atmospheric conditions should not be stored in floating
roof tanks.
Cone roof tank

Cone roof tanks are used for storage of low pressure
products (e.g., oil, diesel and asphalt.) Cone roof
tanks are usually field fabricated out of carbon steel.
Roofs are sloped upward to the center at a slight
angle. Typically, ranging from 50,000 - 1,000,000
GALLONS capacities, they are used for storage of low
vapor pressure products (less than 2 PSIA) when
evaporation looses and breathing losses are not
considered important.
Lifter roof tanks are generally field fabricated. They

Lifter roof tank
have a minimum capacity of 40,000 GALLONS [152
M2]. Lifter roof tanks can be specified with pressure
from 0 - 0.05 PSIG
[0 - 0.3 KPA] and a maximum temperature of 250
DEG F [120 DEC C]. The default temperature is *68*
DEG F [*20* DEG C].
Open top tanks are designed and constructed

according to user-generated design code standards.
Open top tanks have a maximum temperature of 250 Open top tank
DEG F [120 DEC C]. The default temperature is *68*
DEG F [*20* DEG C].
Shell material: For clad plate, specify the backing

plate material (cladding is defined below). See
Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *A285C*.
Capacity units: Unit of measure for the capacity
entry. Enter capacity unit symbol as entered in project
specifications. If units are not changed, enter
GALLONS [M3] or BARRELS [M3].
Liquid volume (gallons/barrels): Enter either
capacity (see capacity unit entry for units) or diameter
and height.
Vessel diameter: Enter either capacity or diameter
and height.
Vessel height: Enter either capacity or diameter and
height.
Roof type:
Default: *FLAT*
FLAT- Flat roof tank
CONE- Cone roof tank
10-26 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
STORAGE - continued
FLOAT- Floating roof tank

LIFT- Lifter
OPEN- Open roof tank
INFLT- Internal floater with flat roof
INCN- Internal floater with cone roof
Bottom type:
Default: *FLAT*
FLAT- Single flat bottom
DBL- Double bottom
0.0 - 2.5 PSIG [0.0 - 17 KPA];
Default: *0.05* PSIG [*0.35* KPA].
Design temperature:
Manhole diameter:
Specify an allowance for internals as a percent of
basic vessel weight. Default: *0.0*.
other materials.
Cladding material:
Cladding thickness:
Default: *0.125* INCHES [*3* MM] if cladding
material is specified; otherwise: *0.0*.
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*.
Diameter option:
Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
Flame arrestor diameter:
Range: 1.0 - 8.0 IN DIAM [25.0 - 200.0 MM DIAM].
Conservation vent diameter:
Range: 1.0- 8.0 IN DIAM [25.0 - 200.0 MM DIAM].
10 Vessels (G10) 10-27

Description Type
Cryogenic storage tank - double wall, superinsulated. CRYOGENIC
Shell material:
See Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *SS304*.
Liquid volume:
Range: 300.0 - 60,000.0 GALLONS
[1.20 - 227.00 M3].
Vessel diameter:
If both pressure and vacuum are entered, design is for
worst case. Default: 250.0 PSIG [1,720 KPA].
If both pressure and vacuum are entered, design is for
worst case. Default: pressure.
Design temperature:
Default: -320.0 DEG F [-195 DEG C].
Min: -14.70 PSIG [-100.0 KPA];
Default: -14.70 PSIG [-100.0 KPA]
Jacket material:
Skirt height:
Skip if legs are required. Enter ‘0.0’ if hung in OPEN
structure. Default: 1.5 x diameter.
Vessel leg height:
Skip if legs are required. Enter ‘0.0’ if hung in OPEN
structure. Default: 1.5 x diameter.
Fluid volume:
volume (water assumed).
Manhole diameter:
Max: 48.0 INCHES [1,200.0 MM];
Default: 18.0 INCHES [450.0 MM]
10-28 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
CRYOGENIC - continued

vessel height.
materials.
Weld efficiency:
vessels. Range: 50 - 100; Default: Area Basis.
Stress relief:
NO- No stress relief
Default stiffeners designed for vacuum only, enter
‘0.0’ if not required.Head type:
HEMI- Hemispherical
Diameter option:
ID- Inside diameter
Flat bottom dome top. FRP to 30000 GALLONS [113 PLAST TANK
M3], HAVEG to 7000 GALLONS [26 M3].
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Storage Tank: Filament-
wound with a biosphere - a polyester resin (e.g., Atlac
282). Flat bottom and dome top under 2.5 PSIG [16.7
KPA], otherwise dished heads.
Haveg Storage Tank.
Material:
Default: *FRP*
FRP- FRP
HAVEG- Haveg
Liquid volume:
Volume or diameter + height required input Range:
1,000 - 30,000 GALLONS [3.8 - 113 M3]
10 Vessels (G10) 10-29

Description Type
PLAST TANK - continued
Vessel diameter:
Volume or diameter + height input.
Max: 12.0 FEET [93.6 M].
Vessel height:
Volume or diameter + height required input.
Range: 0.00 - 15.00 PSIG [0 - 100 KPA];
Temperature:
Wooden storage tanks to 50000 GALLONS [1890 M3]. WOOD TANK
Material: Default: *CYPRS*

CYPRS- Cypress
REDWD- Redwood
PINE- Pine
FIR- Fir
Liquid volume:
Range: 800 - 50,000 GALLONS [3.1 - 189 M3].
Vessel diameter:
Range: 0.0 - 0.05 PSIG [0.0 - 0.3 KPA].
Temperature:
Near-Atmospheric Gas Storage GAS HOLDER
Telescoping gas holder.

Low pressure gas vessel.
Shell material:
Gas volume:
Vessel diameter:
Vessel height:
10-30 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
GAS HOLDER - continued

Range: 0.0 - 2.5 PSIG [0.0 - 17 KPA];
Design temperature:
Manhole diameter:
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*.
Cladding material: See Chapter 28 for materials.
Cladding thickness:
Diameter option:
Default: - See Area Design Basis.
ID- Inside diameter
Atmospheric Solid/Liquid Storage CONE BTM
Cone bottom, flat top storage bin.
Shell material:
Liquid volume:
Vessel diameter:
Vessel height:
10 Vessels (G10) 10-31

Description Type
CONE BTM - continued

Min: 0.0 PSIG [0.0 KPA];
Default: 0.05 PSIG [0.35 KPA].
Design temperature:
Default: 68 DEG F [20 DEG C] to 0.05 PSI [0.35 KPA];
else 650 DEG F [340 DEG C] ferrous, 250 DEG F [120
DEG C] other.
Vessel leg height:
Enter ‘0.0’ if bin hung in OPEN structure;
Default: *4* FEET [*1.25* M].
Manhole diameter:
other materials.
diameter as vessel.
Stress relief:
Cladding material:
Cladding thickness:
Default *0.125* INCHES [*3* MM] if cladding material
is specified; otherwise: *0.0*.
Head thickness Top:
10-32 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
CONE BTM - continued
Diameter option:
ID- Inside diameter
ASME design basis:
Default: *D1NF*.
Start Stop cycles x 1000:
Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
Default: *0*.
Pressure amplitude:
design temperature in equipment life.
Default: *0*.
Live bottom storage bin. LIVE BTM
Shell material:
See Chapter 28 for materials. Default: *A285C*.
Solid volume:
10 Vessels (G10) 10-33

Description Type
LIVE BTM - continued
Vessel diameter:
MAX: 15 FEET [4.69 M]
Vessel height:
Design temperature:
Vessel leg height:
Enter ‘0.0’ if bin hung in OPEN structure;
Manhole diameter:
other materials.
diameter as vessel.
Stress relief:
Cladding material:
Cladding thickness:
Default *0.125* INCHES [*3* MM] if cladding material
is specified; otherwise: *0.0*.
Diameter option:
ID- Inside diameter
10-34 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
Tile Chests
Tile chests provide tile lined tanks for storage of

liquids, suspensions or slurries. Although tile chests
are used in the chemical industry, they
are predominantly used in pulp and paper mills for
storing fiber suspensions at various stages of
processing. Chests can be rectangular or cylindrical
and may be concrete or metallic. Various designs are
available depending on the nature of the fluid — high
density, low density.
Tile Chests, rectangular concrete include the following CHEST REC

options:
• Single tile chest
• Group of tile chests
• One chest in a group of chests.
Grouping option: PARTGRP is used for one chest in

assemblage, WHLGRP to define an entire assemblage.
Default: *PARTGRP*.
SINGLE- Tile chest is a single stand-alone item
PARTGRP- One chest of a multi-group assemblage
WHLGRP- Entire multi-group assemblage
Inside length:
Enter either chest dimensions or capacity.
Vessel height:
Inside width:
Chest volume:
Enter either chest dimensions (length height, width) or
capacity; Min: 30000 GALLONS (114M3);
Max: 1300000 GALLONS (4921 M3). If Grouping
Option is WHLGRP, enter capacity of entire group;
otherwise enter capacity of this chest.
Tile or lining type:
Default: *25RSB*
25RSB- 2.5 INCHES [62 MM] red shale brick
10 Vessels (G10) 10-35

Description Type
CHEST REC - continued
Tile or lining:
Percent of chest surface to be lined,
100% = one side; 200% = inside + outside. Max:
200; Default: 100.
Configuration:
Default: *OPEN*
OPEN- Open top chest
CLOSED- Chest has a roof
Installation option:
Default: *GRADE*
GRADE- Tile chest is constructed on grade
STRUCT- Tile chest is within a structure
Capacity of group:
For PARTGRP chest only, capacity of entire group;
Default: 4x chest capacity.
Number of chests in group:
For WHLGRP chest only, enter number of chests in
entire assemblage. Default: *4*.
Number of partitions lengthwise:
Number of full length partitions parallel to length
dimension (may be fraction).
Number of partitions widthwise:
Number of width wide partitions parallel to width
dimension (may be fraction).
Soil type:
SOFT CLAY- Bearing: 2000 PSF [100 KN/M2]
FIRM CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [200 KN/M2]
WET SAND- Bearing: 4000 PSF [200 KN/M2]
SAND+CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [200 KN/M2]
DRY SAND- Bearing: 600 PSF [300 KN/M2]
SAND- Bearing: 8000 PSF [400 KN/M2]
GRAVEL- Bearing: 12000 PSF [600 KN/M2]
SOFT ROCK- Bearing: 16000 PSF [800 KN/M2]
HARDPAN- Bearing: 20000 PSF [1000 KN/M2]
MED-ROCK- Bearing: 30000 PSF [1400 KN/M2]
HARD ROCK.- Bearing: 80000 PSF [3800 KN/M2]
Product density:
Default: *62.4* PCF.
Exclude excavation:
Exclude portion of calculated quantity if not required
or common with other items. Max: 100; Default:
*0.0*.
10-36 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
CHEST REC - continued
Footings exclusion:
Exclude portion of calculated quantity if not required or
common with other items. Max: 100; Default: *0.0*.
Floor exclusion:
Wall length exclusion:
Wall width exclusion:
Tile Chests, Cylindrical CHEST CYL
Low density tile chest with a capacity range of 3000 to

300000 GALLONS [12 to 1135 M3]. Chest is available
in concrete or metallic materials of construction. If the
user enters no dimensions (diameter, height, width,
length), the capacity range is 3000 to 300000
GALLONS [12 to 1135 M3].
High density tile chest with a capacity range of 30000

to 1300000 GALLONS [114 to 4921 M3]. Chest is
available in concrete or metallic materials of
construction.
Shape symbol:
Default: *CYLLD*
CYLLD- Cylindrical chest, low density stock
CYLHD- Cylindrical chest, high density stock
Inside diameter:
Chest dimensions or capacity required.
Vessel height:
Chest dimensions or capacity required.
Chest volume:
Enter either dimensions (diameter, height) or
capacity; Min: 3000 GALLONS [12 M3]; Max: 300000
GALLONS [1135 M3]
10 Vessels (G10) 10-37

Description Type
CHEST CYL - continued

Default: *25RSB*
25RBS- 2.5 INCH [62 MM] red shale brick
45RSB- 4.5 INCH [112 MM] red shale brick
Tile or lining:
Percent of chest to be lined. 100% = one side; 200%
= inside + outside. Max: 200; Default: *100*.
Configuration:
Default: *OPEN*
OPEN- Open top chest
CLOSED- Chest has a roof
Installation option:
Default: *GRADE*
GRADE- Tile chest is constructed on grade
STRUCT- Tile chest is within a structure
Soil type:
SOFT CLAY- Bearing: 2000 PSF [100 KN/M2]
FIRM CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [200 KN/M2]
WET SAND- Bearing: 4000 PSF [200 KN/M2]
SAND+CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [200 KN/M2]
DRY SAND- Bearing: 600 PSF [300 KN/M2]
SAND- Bearing: 8000 PSF [400 KN/M2]
GRAVEL- Bearing: 12000 PSF [600 KN/M2]
SOFT ROCK- Bearing: 16000 PSF [800 KN/M2]
HARDPAN- Bearing: 20000 PSF [1000 KN/M2]
MED-ROCK- Bearing: 30000 PSF [1400 KN/M2]
HARD ROCK.- Bearing: 80000 PSF [3800 KN/M2]
Product density:
Default: *62.4* PCF [1,000 KG/M3].
Exclude excavation:
or common with other items. Max: 100;
Default: *0.0*.
Footings exclusion:
or common with other items. Max: 100;
Default: *0.0*.
Floor exclusion:
or common with other items. Max: 100; Default:
*0.0*.
10-38 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
Shell material: CHEST MTL
(Cladding is defined below.) ©©Default: *A285C*.
Liquid volume:
Vessel diameter:
Vessel height:
Default: *25RSB*
Tile or lining:
Percent of chest surface to be lined. 100% = one side;
200% = inside + outside. Max: 200;
Default: *100*.
Roof type:
Default: *FLAT*
FLAT- Flat roof tank
CONE- Cone roof tank
FLOAT- Floating roof tank
LIFT- Lifter
OPEN- Open top tank
INFLT- Internal floater with flat roof
INCN- Internal floater with cone roof
Range: 0 - 2.5 PSIG [0 - 17.0 KPA];
Ignore this field for open top tanks.
Design temperature:
Manhole diameter:
Default: *18* INCHES [450.0 MM].
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*.
10 Vessels (G10) 10-39

Description Type
Corrosion allowance: CHEST MTL
other materials.
Cladding material:
Cladding thickness:
Default: *0.125* INCHES [*3* MM] for cladding
material, otherwise *0.0*.
Specific gravity:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default: *1.0*.
Diameter option:
Bottom type:
Default: *FLAT*
FLAT- Single flat bottom
DBL- Double bottom
Sanitary vertical cylindrical vessel SAN TANK
Since this is a sanitary item, the tank is built to

sanitary standards, including polished stainless steel.
This is not a pressure vessel.
Shell Material:
SS304,*SS316*
Application:
The application symbol defines vessel function and
related pipe/instrum. model.
*SURGE*- Surge tank
MIX- Mixing tank
Liquid Volume:
MAX: 5,000 GALLONS [18.9 M3]
Vessel Diameter:
MAX: 9.25 FEET [2.8 M]
Vessel Height:
MAX: 10 FEET [3 M]
MIN: 68 DEG F [20 DEG C]
Cover type:
*OPEN*- Open top
FLAT- Loose flat top
FIXED- Fixed flat top with bridge
DISH- Dished top with manway and agitator nozzle
10-40 10 Vessels (G10)

Description Type
SAN TANK - continued
Bottom type:
WELL- Well bottom
SLOPE- Sloped bottom
TORI- Torispherical bottom
*CON15*- 15 degree cone bottom
CON30- 30 degree cone bottom
Jacket type:
*NONE*- No jacket
DMPLE- 90 PSIG [620 KPA] dimple jacket
10 Vessels (G10) 10-41

10-42 10 Vessels (G10)
11 Crushers, Mills and Stock
Treatment (G6)

Crushers (CR)
Flakers (FL)
Mills (M)
Stock Treatment (ST)
11 Crushers, Mills and Stock Treatment (G6) 11-1

Crushers (CR)
Includes motor and drive unit.
Description Type
Cone crusher for secondary and fine crushing for hard CONE
and medium hard materials such as limestone, stone
and rock.
The cone crusher is a type of gyratory crusher. A

conical head is gyrated by means of an eccentric
driven through gears and a countershaft. The gyratory
motion causes the conical head to approach and
recede from the walls of the crushing chamber. The
material receives a series of rapid blows as it passes
through the crushing cavity.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Mantle diameter:
Range: 20 - 84 INCHES [510 - 2,130 MM].
Crusher type:
Default: *STAND*
STAND- Standard head
SHORT- Short head
11-2 11 Crushers, Mills and Stock Treatment (G6)

Crushers (CR) - continued
Description Type
Primary and secondary crushing of hard and medium GYRATORY
hard materials such as limestone, stone and rock.
A conical head is gyrated by means of an eccentric

driven through gears and a countershaft. The gyratory
motion causes the conical head to approach and
recede from the walls of the crushing chamber. The
material receives a series of rapid blows as it passes
through the crushing cavity.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Mantle diameter:
Range: 20 - 120 INCHES [510 - 3,045 MM].
Crusher type:
Default: *PRIME*
PRIME- Primary crushing
SECOND- Secondary crushing
Overhead eccentric jaw crusher for primary and ECCENTRIC
secondary crushing of hard, tough and abrasive
materials, such as quartz, rock, glass and ferroalloys.
Includes hydraulic toggle, motor and motor drive
sheave and V belts.
A moving jaw opens and closes against a vertical or

slightly inclined fixed jaw by means of a toggle to
crush the feed material. In single-toggle machines the
moving jaw has an almost circular motion at the
upper-end of the jaw plate and an elliptical movement
at the lower-end. This motion causes the jaw plates to
wear faster than double-toggle machines but also
assists the flow of material through the crushing
chamber. The trend is towards single-toggle machines
because the increased wear is usually outweighed by
the lower initial cost of the single-toggle machine.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 25 - 1,620 TPH [23 - 1,460 TON/H].
Product size:
Range: 1 - 16 INCHES [25 - 400].

Description Type
Swing jaw crusher for primary and secondary JAW
crushing of hard and/or abrasive materials such
as quartz rock, glass and ferroalloys.
A moving jaw is opened and closed by means of

a pair of toggles against a vertical or slightly
inclined fixed jaw crushing the feed material.
(See ECCENTRIC crusher for additional
information.)
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 70 - 610 TPH [65 - 550 TON/H].
Product size:
Range: 2 - 8 INCHES [50 - 200 MM].
Rotary crusher for coarse, soft materials, such ROTARY
as gypsum, phosphate rock, pitch, mica,
cocoanut shells.
A toothed cone rotates inside a toothed shell.

The clearance between the teeth on the cone
and the teeth on the shell determines the
product size.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Driver power:
Range: 2 - 25 HP [1.5 - 18.5 KW].
Single roll crushers are manufactured in light, S ROLL LT
medium and heavy duty constructions for the
primary crushing of friable materials such as
coal; medium hard materials such as coal,
phosphate rock and shale; and hard materials
such as cement rock, iron ore and limestone.
Single roll crusher for light duty primary and

secondary crushing for coal and other friable
materials.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 140 - 1,470 TPH
[125 - 1,330 TON/H].
Product size:
Range: 2 - 6 INCHES [50 - 150 MM].

Description Type
S ROLL LT - continued
Single roll crusher for medium duty primary and/or S ROLL MED
materials.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 105 - 840 TPH [95 - 760 TON/H].
Product size:
Range: 2 - 8 INCHES [50 - 200 MM]. S ROLL HVY
Single roll crusher for heavy duty primary and/or

materials.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 175 - 1,000 TPH [155 - 900 TON/H].
Product size:
Range: 2 - 8 INCHES [50 - 200 MM].
Sawtooth crusher. Size reduction in tearing via SAWTOOTH
toothed rollers for lumpy and friable materials, such as
plastics, shale, charcoal, shells and bark.
The particles are crushed between two rollers with

sawtooth-like projections.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Driver power:
Range: 5 - 40 HP [4 - 30 KW].
Reversible hammermill for secondary reduction of hard REV-HAMR
and medium hard minerals, stone, rock, limestone,
low-silica ores/chemicals.
Tertiary reduction of friables materials in closed circuit
crushing.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 20 - 450 TPH [18 - 408 TON/H].

Description Type
Non-reversible hammermill for secondary crushing of HAMMER
bituminous and sub-bituminous coals, lignite, gypsum MED
and some medium-hard minerals.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 15 - 40 TPH [13 - 36 TON/H].
Non-reversible hammermill for hard materials (cement SWING HAMR
rock, limestone).
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 30 - 180 TPH [27 - 160 TON/H].
Rotary breaker for simultaneous sizing and cleaning of BRADFORD
run-of-mine coal.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 450 - 1,500 TPH [400 - 1360 TON/H].
Single rotor impact breaker for primary and secondary S IMPACT
breaking of non-abrasive quarry rock and similar
materials.
Crusher flow rate:

Range: 250 - 1,000 TPH [225 - 900 TON/H].
Fine and medium crushing of soft non-abrasive PULVERIZER

materials.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 300 - 8,500 LP/H [140 - 3,855 KW].
Driver power:
Range: 3 - 75 HP [2.22 - 55].

Description Type
Ring granulator for primary and secondary crushing of ROLL RING
bituminous and sub-bituminous coals, lignite, gypsum
and some medium hard minerals.
Heavy cast steel rings, toothed and/or plain, at the
end of rotating arms crush solid material by a
combination of impact breaking and rolling
compression.
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Crusher flow rate:
Range: 50 - 2,000 TPH [45 - 1,800 TON/H].
Flakers (FL)
Includes motor and drive.
Description Type
Drum flaker to 200 SF [18 M2] of surface. DRUM
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Surface area:
Range: 10 - 250 SF [1 - 23 M2].
Mills (M)
Includes mill, motor, bearings, gears, lube system and vendor-supplied
instruments.
Description Type
Attrition mill to 300 HP [224 KW]. ATTRITION
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Driver power:
Range: 5 - 300 HP [4 - 224 KW].
Driver speed:
Max: 3,600 RPM

Mills (M) - continued.
Description Type
Wet or dry autogenous mills. AUTOGENOUS
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Application:
Default: *WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Ball mill includes initial ball charge. BALL MILL
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Application:
Default: *WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Rod mill includes initial rod charge. ROD MILL
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Application:
Default: *WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Micro-pulverizer to 30 HP [22 KW]. MIKRO PULV
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Driver power:
Range: 7.5 - 30 HP [5.5 - 22 KW].
Driver speed:
Max: 3,600 RPM
Roller mill to 400 HP [300 KW]. ROLLER
Material:
Default: *CS*.
Application:
Default: *WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Rod charger for rod mill. ROD CHARGR

Stock Treatments (ST)
Description Type
Refiners are used for the refining of fibers either from REFINER
Kraft pulping or secondary fiber operations.
The refiner is a double-disk type with rotor and stator

in a quick opening hinged housing. The shaft is
supported on anti-friction grease-lubricated bearings,
packing box, electro-mechanical plate positioning. Also
included is the drive consisting of the gear box,
electric motor, coupling and guard.
Material:
Default: *SS316*
SS316- SS316
SS304- SS304
Stock flow rate:
Enter stock flow rate (bone dry) or plate diameter.
Range: 5 - 2000 TPD [.20 - 75 TON/H].
Plate diameter:
Enter stock flow rate (bone dry) or plate diameter.
Range: 12 - 60 INCHES [305 - 1,520 MM].
CSF - ml of water:
CSF = Canadian Standard Freeness.
Default: *120*.
Deflakers reduce and disperse flakes into finer size,
and are mainly used in pulp mill operations.
The unit can be designed for a wide range of capacities

and solids concentration. Due to the intermeshing
stator and rotor design, the unit can also be used in
high shear mixing operations. Two designs are
available:
• Plate type — includes stator and rotor plate tackles
housed in a body with quick hinged door opening DEFLAKE DK
for easy maintenance, electric motor driver,
coupling, packing seal, external rotor/stator
adjustment mechanism, built in junk trap.
Material:
Default: *SS316*
SS316- SS316
SS304- SS304
Hydraulic capacity:
Enter hydraulic capacity or rotor diameter.
Range: 5.0 - 2000 GPM [0.3 - 125.0 LS].

Stock Treatments (ST) - continued
Description Type
DEFLAKE DK - continued
Rotor diameter:
Enter hydraulic capacity or rotor diameter.
Range: 4 - 30 INCHES [100 - 750 MM].
Deflaker speed:
Range: 1 - 10; Default: *4*.
• Concentric conical type — includes shell and plug DEFLAKE CN
tackles housed in body, electric motor driver,
external rotor/stator adjustment mechanism, built
in junk trap and lube oil system.
Material:
Default: *SS316*
SS316- SS316
SS304- SS304
Hydraulic capacity:
Range: 5 - 2,000 GPM [0.3 - 125.0 L/S].
Deflaker speed:
Range: 1 - 10; Default: *4*.

12 Drying Systems (G6)

Crystallizers (CRY)
Evaporators (E)
Air Dryers (AD)
Dryers (D)
Drum Dryers (DD)
Rotary Dryers (RD)
12 Drying Systems (G6) 12-1

Crystallizers (CRY)
Description Type
Batch vacuum crystallizer unit for small scale BATCH VAC
production of crystals. Includes cone bottom agitated
tank, steam jet ejectors and direct contact condenser
to 8200 GALLONS [25.8 M3].
Energy requirements are lower for a batch vacuum

unit than for a continuous vacuum unit, however, for
the same capacity, batch units must be larger than
continuous units and are therefore more expensive.
A warm saturated solution is fed to a cone bottom

tank. The pressure in the tank is then reduced using
stream-jets. The solution flashes and the flashed
solvent is condensed in a direct contact condenser.
The non-condensables which pass through the direct
contact condenser are vented to the atmosphere by
the steam-jet equipment. While the solution is
flashing, agitators in the crystallizer keep the forming
crystals in the suspension and keep the contents of the
tank at a uniform concentration. When the
supersaturation of the flashed solution has been
removed (by the formation of the crystals), the tank is
emptied.
Material:
*CS*.
CS- Carbon steel
RBLCS- Rubber-lined CS
SS304- SS304
Liquid volume:
Range:
850 - 8,200 GALLONS [2.7 - 25.8 M3].
Mechanical scraped-surface crystallizer, jacketed, MECHANICAL
spiral ribbon scraper, trough, stacked in lengths of 40
FEET [12 M]. Includes motor and drive.
For the relatively small-scale production of crystals

from a supersaturated solution. The scraped-surface is
used where a slight change in the temperature of a
solution means a large change in its solubility. When
the required rate of heat removal is greater then
200,000 BTU/HR, the scraped surface crystallizer is
usually not economical.
The scraped-surface crystallizer consists of a 24-inch
wide trough with a semi-circular bottom, a cooling
jacket on the outside and a spiral ribbon scraper/mixer
the length of the trough.
12-2 12 Drying Systems (G6)

Crystallizers (CRY) - continued
Description Type
MECHANICAL - continued
Crystals growing on the walls off the trough are

scraped off and suspended in the mother liquor. These
units are manufactured in lengths of 10 to 40 FEET. If
lengths greater than 40 are required, the units are
stacked one on top of another and the solution
cascades from one level to the next.
Material:
*CS*, CI
CS- Carbon steel
CI- Cast iron
Length:
Range: 20 - 1,000 FEET [6.1 - 300 M]
Material:
SS (Stainless steel)
Length:
Range: 20 - 550 FEET [6.1 - 165 M]
Oslo growth type crystallizer to 6,900 TPD [260 OSLO
TONH]. Large scale crystal production. Includes
interconnecting piping, recirculating pump and
accessories.
This piece of equipment, also called a growth
crystallizer or classified-suspension crystallizer,
operates in the following manner. The feed stream
plus a recycle stream of saturated solution are
pumped through a heat exchanger and heated. The
solution enters a vaporization chamber and a portion
of the solvent is flashed, thus cooling the solution and
raising the concentration of the solute. This
supersaturates the solution. The supersaturated
solution is then fed to the bottom of a suspension or
crystallizing chamber where it contacts already formed
crystals. Through the formation of new crystals and
the growth of existing crystals, the supersaturation of
the solution is removed. Additionally, as the solution
moves upward through the suspension chamber, the
small crystals are carried upward while the large
crystals settle to the bottom, thus classifying the
crystals by size. The large crystals are removed from
the bottom of the suspension chamber while the
solution, no longer saturated, is mixed with fresh feed,
fed to the heat exchanger, and the events described
above are repeated.
Material:
Default: *CS* (Carbon steel)
Crystallizer rate:
Max: 6,900 TPD [260 TON/H]

Evaporators (E)
Description Type
Agitated falling film evaporator to 150 SF [13 M2] FALL FILM
includes motor and drive.
Material:
Default: *SS304*
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Heat transfer area:
Range: 4 - 150 SF [0.4 - 13 M2]
Forced circulation evaporator to 10000 SF [925 M2] FORCED CIR

includes interconnecting piping, circulating pumps and
drivers.
Material:
Heat transfer area:
Range: 100 - 10,000 SF [10 -925 M2]
Tube material:
CS tubes with CS shell, Cu. or Ni tubes with CI shell.
CS- Carbon steel
CU- Copper
NI- Nickel
Material:
CI (Cast iron)
Heat transfer area:
Range: 155 - 8,000 SF [14 - 740 M2]
Tube material:
CS tubes with CS shell, Cu or Ni tubes with CI shell.
CS- Carbon steel
CU- Copper
NI- Nickel
Long tube rising film evaporator to 35 SF [3.2 M2] LONG TUBE
includes interconnecting piping.
Material:
SS steel tubes with SS shell.
Heat transfer Area:
Range: 18 - 35 SF [1.7 - 3.2 M2]

Evaporators (E) - continued
Description Type
Long tube vertical evaporator to 50000 SF [4640 M2] LONG VERT
variety of tube and shell materials.
Karbate tubes with rubber-lined CS shell, CU tubes

with other shell materials.
Material:
Surface area:
Range: 400 - 50,000 SF [38 - 4,640 M2]
Material:
CI (Cast iron)
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 25,000 SF [10 - 2,320 M2]
Material:
CU
Surface area:
Range: 200 - 3,000 [19 - 275 M2]
Material:
RBLCS
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 2,700 SF [10 - 250 M2]
Standard vertical tube evaporator to 7000 SF STAND VERT
[650 M2]
CS tubes with CS shell, Cu tubes with CI shell, Pb shell

with Pb-lined CS shell.
Material:
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 6,000 SF [10 - 555 M2]
Material: CI (Cast iron)

Surface area:
Range: 100 - 6,000 SF [10 - 555 M2]
Material: PBLCS (Lead-lined CS)

Surface area:
Range: 200 - 7,000 SF [19 - 650 M2]

Evaporators (E) - continued
Description Type
Standard horizontal tube evaporator to 10000 SF [920 STAND HOR
M2].
CS tubes with CS shell, Cu tubes with CI shell.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 10,000 SF [10 - 920 M2]
Material:
CI (Cast iron)
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 6000 SF [10 - 555 M2]

Description Type
Agitated thin film evaporator with explosion-proof THIN
motor and drive. FILM
Material:
Default: *SS316*
Heat transfer area:
Range: 0.95 - 27 SF [0.1 - 2.5 M2]
Packaged system including condenser and stand. WFE SYSTEM
Material:
Default: *SS316*
Heat transfer area:
Range: 0.2 - 12 SF [0.02 - 1.1 M2]

Air Dryers (AD)
Description Type
Dual tower, desiccant type, for drying of air to -40 AIR DRYER
DEG F [-40 DEG C] dew point; includes desiccant.
Material:
Gas flow rate:
Max: 50,000 CFM [84,900 M3/H]

Dryers (D)
Includes solid materials.
Description Type
Atmospheric tray batch dryer. ATMOS TRAY
Material:
Default: *CS*
Tray area:
Range: 30 - 200 SF [2.8 - 18.5 M2]
Material:
SS
Tray area:
Range: 30 - 250 SF [2.8 - 23 M2]
Vacuum tray batch dryer. VAC TRAY
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Tray area:
Range: 40 - 200 SF [3.8 - 18.5 M2]
Agitated pan batch dryer for sensitive materials. PAN

Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
304CD- CS clad with 304 SS
316CD- CS clad with 316 SS
Surface area:
Range: 12 - 180 SF [1.1 - 16.7 M2]
Diameter:
Range: 3 - 10 FEET [0.9 - 3.0 M]
Pan depth:
Range: 18 - 36 INCHES [450 - 900 MM]
Driver power:
Range: 3 - 40 HP [2.22 - 30 KW]

Dryers (D) - continued
Description Type
Continuous spray drying system. Includes supports, SPRAY

heater, filter, atomizer, fan, driver, instrumentation,
interconnecting piping, cyclone and accessories to
9000 LB/H [4080 KG/H] evaporative capacity (water).
Material:
Default: *CS*
Evaporation rate:
Range: 700 - 9,000 LB/H [320 - 4,080 KG/H]

Drum Dryers (DD)
Description Type
Single atmospheric drum dryer for drying of solids on SINGLE ATM
web material.
on steam-heated rotating drum.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Tray area:
Range: 10 - 200 SF [1 - 18 M2]
Double atmospheric drum dryer for drying of solids on DOUBLE ATM
web material on pair of steam heated drums.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Tray area:
Range: 25 - 400 SF [2.4 - 35 M2]
Single vacuum rotary drum dryer for drying of SINGLE VAC

sensitive solids under vacuum.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Tray area:
Range: 10 - 200 SF [1 - 18 M2]
Rotary drum cooker-cooler. S COOKCOOL
Use to blanch foods like pasta or corn, cook foods like

meats or poultry, or cool foods like bagged soup.
Material:
SS304, *SS316*
Dryer drum diameter:

Drum Dryers (DD) - continued
Description Type
S COOKCOOL - continued
Only 60 INCH (1525 MM) and 72 INCH (1825

MM) diameters are available.
Food flow rate: MAX: 303,000 LB/HR (137,437
KG/HR) at default product density 50 LB/CF (800
KG/M3). The maximum capacity any model can
handle depends upon the product density, and is
thus volumetric in nature; densities higher than
the default can realize capacities above 303,000
lb/hr (137,437 KG/HR), while densities lower
than the default realize maximum capacities
below 303,000 lb/hr (137,437 KG/HR).
Cooler length: MIN: 4 FEET [1.2M] for 60 INCH
[1,525 MM] and 8 FEET [2.4 M] for 72 INCH
[1,825 MM] drum dia., MAX: 16 FEET [4.8 M]
Product density: MIN: 50 PCF, MAX: 303,000 LB/
HR [137,437 KG/HR] at product density 50 LB/CF
(800 KG/M3).
Cook time: If drum diameter is specified, default
cooking time is 1 MINUTE, which is the minimum
allowable cooking time, and therefore the
cooking time that results in the maximum
allowable capacity. If capacity is specified, the
default cooking time is computed based on the
capacity, cooker length, and drum diameter.
MIN: 1 MINUTE, MAX: 12 MINUTES.
Driver power:
Default: based on drum diameter, food capacity
and cooker length.
Driver type:
*WVRDC*- Washdown, VFD rated, direct drive,
CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD controlled, direct drive,
CS

Rotary Dryers (RD)
Description Type
Direct contact of hot gas with moist solids with DIRECT
maximum surface area of 2000 SF [185 M2].
Material:
Default: *CS*
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 2,000 SF [10 - 185 M2]
Indirect contact of hot gases with moist solids with INDIRECT
maximum surface area of 2000 SF[185 M2].
Material:
Default: *CS*
Surface area:
100 - 2,000 SF [10 - 185 M2]
Jacketed rotary vacuum dryer with explosion-proof JAC VACUUM
motor.
Maximum capacity of 500 CF [14.1 M3].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
Flow rate:
8 - 500 CF [0.25 - 14.1 M3]
Conical rotary vacuum dryer with maximum capacity VACUUM
of 400 CF.
[11.3 M3].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Flow rate:
3 - 400 CF [0.1 - 11.3 M3]

Description Type
Atmospheric tray dryer with painted steel chamber. ATM SYSTEM
Material:
Default: *SS316*
Tray surface area:
Range: 80 - 300 SF [7.5 - 27.5 M2]
Batch tray dryer with vacuum and no trays. VACUUM
Material:
Default: *CI*
Tray surface area:
Range: 20 - 75 SF [1.9 - 6.9 M2]
Material:
SS304
Tray surface area:
Range: 20 - 80 SF [1.9 - 7.0 M2]
Turbo tray drying system with auxiliaries except TURBO
heating system.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Tray surface area:
Range: 60 - 20,000 SF [6 - 1,850 M2]
Heating medium:
Default: *blank*
H-AIR- Hot air
STEAM- Steam
blank- Other heating medium
Batch tray dryer with vacuum pump and condenser. VAC SYSTEM
Material:
Default: *CI*
Tray Surface Area:
Range: 13 - 70 SF [1.3 - 6.5 M2]

13 Solids Conveying (G10)

Conveyors (CO)
Definitions and Samples of Conveyor Section Types
Cranes (CE)
Feeders (FE)
Hoists (HO)
Scales (S)
13 Solids Conveying (G10) 13-1

Conveyors (CO)
Description Type
Open belt conveyor for transporting solid materials OPEN BELT
over long distances. Because the belt material is
reinforced rubber, materials at temperatures above
150 DEG F are normally not handled.
Includes grade-level support steel, belt tensioning
device, motors and drives.
An endless moving belt is used to transport solids

either horizontally or on an incline. The belt may be
flat, but is typically troughed in order to increase the
carrying capacity of the belt.
Belt Width:
Range: 18 - 120 INCHES [450 - 3,000 MM]
Product Density:
MAX: 20
0 PCF [3,200 KG/M3];
Driver Power per Section:
Driver power per section if conveyor has multiple
sections.
13-2 13 Solids Conveying (G10)

Conveyors (CO) - continued
Description Type
OPEN BELT - continued
Conveyer Speed:
MIN: 20 FPM [370 M/H]
Vertical lift (+) or drop (-): Difference in elevation
between feed and discharge: lift (positive), drop
(negative). Default: *0.0* FEET [*0.0* M]
Height Grade Section:
Grade section has this uniform, nominal height for
entire length. Default: *6* FEET [*2* M].
Length Grade Section:
Default length = conveyor length, if length of other
two section type = 0.0.
Height Slope Section:
Slope section varies from grade section height to this
designated height.
Length Slope Section:
two section types = 0.0.
Height Above Grade Section:
Above grade section varies from slope section height
to this designated height.
Length Above Grade Section:
Cantilever Length:
Cantilever length may be specified only for the end of
an elevated section. Default: *0.0* FEET [*0.0* M]
Tower Bent Spacing:
Tower (bent) spacing applies to elevated sections only.
Gallery Enclosure:
Default: *NO GALLERY*
GALLERY- Gallery enclosure for conveyor and walks
NO GALLERY- No gallery enclosure
Number of Motors:
Default: 1 per MILE [1 per 1.6 KM]
Number of Walkways:
Default: 1 if no gallery, 2 if conveyor has gallery
enclosure.
Walkway Width:
Default: 36 INCHES [910 MM] if no gallery, 54 INCHES
[1370 MM] if gallery enclosure.

Description Type
Same as open belt conveyor but enclosed with CLOSED
corrugated sheet BLT
metal canopy enclosing the belt to protect the belt and

the materials from the elements. Canopy is also used
to control dust when transporting material with fines.
Belt Width:
Range: 18 - 120 INCHES [450 - 3,000 MM]
Product Density:
MAX: 200 PCF [3,200 KG/M3];
Driver Power per Section:
Driver power per section if conveyor has multiple
sections.
Speed:
MIN: 20 FPM [370 M/H]
Vert Lift (+) or drop (-): Difference in elevation
(negative). Default: 0.0 FEET [0.0 M].
Height Grade Section:
Grade section has this uniform, nominal height for
entire length. Default: *6* FEET [*2* M]
Length Grade Section:
Height Slope Section:
Slope section varies from grade section height to this
designated height.
Length Slope Section:
Height Above Grade Section:
Above grade section varies from slope section height
to this designated height.
Length Above Grade Section:
Cantilever Length:
Cantilever length may be specified only for the end of
an elevated section. Default: *0.0* FEET [*0.0* M]
Tower Bent Spacing:
Tower (bent) spacing applies to elevated sections only.

Description Type
CLOSED BLT - continued
Gallery Enclosure:
Default: *NO GALLERY*
GALLERY- Gallery enclosure for conveyor and walks
NO GALLERY- No gallery enclosure
Number of Motors:
Default: 1 per MILE [1 per 1.6 KM]
Number of Walkways:
Default: 1 if no gallery, 2 if conveyor has gallery
enclosure.
Walkway Width:
Default: 36 INCHES [910 MM] if no gallery, 54 INCHES
[1370 MM] if gallery enclosure.

Definitions and Samples of Conveyor
Section Types
Section 1: A conveyor section at uniform nominal height (H1) above grade. The
section on “post-type” legs and has a total length L1.
Section 2: A conveyor section where height varies from the nominal grade height
(H1) to some elevation above grade (H2). The section is supported on “bents” or
“tower-type” supports and has a total length L2.
Section 3: A conveyor section where height varies from one elevated height (H2) to a
second elevated height (H3). The section is supported on “bents” or “tower-type”
supports and has a total length L3.
Samples of Combined Sections
Sections 1, 2 and 3 Section 1 and 3

Description Type
Apron to 50 FEET [15 M] includes motor and drive, APRON
open pans mounted between endless chains, not
enclosed (open), and floor-mounted support steel.
The apron conveyor is suitable for conveying coarse

solids. The open apron conveyor is limited to material
temperatures less than 600 DEG F.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Conveyer Length:
Range: 7 - 50 FEET [2.2 - 15 M]
Conveyer Width:
Range: 18 - 54 INCHES [450 - 1,350 MM]
Conveyer Flow Rate:
Range: 20 - 200 TPH [17 - 142 TON/H]
Driver Power:
Range: 2 - 20 HP [1.5 - 15 KW]
Product Density:
MAX: 200 PCF [3,200 KG/M3];
Pneumatic conveying system for moving granular PNEUMATIC
materials horizontally and vertically to areas that are
either far away or otherwise hard to reach
economically with mechanical conveyors. Includes
TEFC motor, blower, base, coupling, check valve,
instrumentation and filter piping.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
AL- Aluminum
Conveyer Length:
Range: 100 - 1,200 FEET [30 - 360 M]
Tube Diameter:
Range: 3 - 4 INCHES [75 - 100 MM]
Conveyer Flow Rate:
Range: 2 - 15 TPH [2 - 13 TON/H]
Product Density:
Range: 20 - 60 PCF [325 - 960 KG/M3];

Description Type
Roller conveyor for moving firm flat-bottomed unit ROLLER
loads, (e.g., drums, pallets and boxes). Inclines or
declines should not be more than 5o. Especially
suitable for conveying unit loads in a curved path.
Rollers supported in frame.
Material:
Conveyer Length:
Range: 4 - 25 FEET [1.3 - 7.5 M]
Conveyer Width:
Range: 12 - 20 INCHES [300 - 500 MM]
Roller Spacing:
Range: 3 - 4 INCHES [75 - 100 MM]
Screw conveyor for conveying granular or fine solids SCREW
horizontally or up an incline. Screw conveyor capacity,
however, decreases rapidly as the angle of incline
increases. Includes motor, drive and helical screw in
U-shaped trough.
The crew conveyor consists of a helical screw inside

an enclosed U-shaped trough. As the screw rotates,
the material is moved forward. Screw conveyors are
inexpensive, easy to maintain and can easily be made
dust-tight.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS305- SS305
SS316- SS316
Conveyer Length:
Range: 10 - 1,000 FEET [3.1 - 300 M]
Screw Diameter:
Range: 6 - 24 INCHES [155 - 600 MM]
Product Density:
MAX: 100 PCF [1,600 KG/M2]
Vibrating conveyor for moving granular materials VIBRATING
horizontally or on slight incline. Includes motor and
drive, carrying trough, support base and drive
springs.
The material being transported should have a high

friction factor on steel as well as a high internal
friction factor. Material must be dense so that air
resistance will not retard the flight of the solid particle
as it is thrown forward, and the material should not
aerate.

Description Type
VIBRATING - continued
Friable materials can be handled because the

movement of the material is gentle. The conveyor can
be made dust-tight and materials of construction may
be used to allow the handling of materials at
temperatures up to 2000 DEG F.
A vibrating conveyor consists of a carrying trough,

supporting base, drive springs and a drive system. The
drive system and springs impart an oscillating motion
to the trough which causes the material to move
forward in a hopping motion.
Material:
Pan Width:
Range: 12- 36 INCHES [300 - 900 MM]
Spaced bucket centrifugal discharge elevator includes CENT BKT L
motor, drive and bucket contents discharged by
centrifugal motion.
For the vertical lifting of free-flowing fine or small

lump materials such as coal, sand and dry chemicals.
This elevator should not be used for materials that are
degraded by breakage or for fluffy materials.
This equipment item consists of evenly spaced buckets

attached to an endless belt or chain enclosed in a
supporting casing. This is called a centrifugal
discharge elevator because the contents of the
buckets are thrown into the discharge chute by
centrifugal force as the bucket rounds the head shaft.
Material:
Conveyer Length:
Range: 12 - 120 FEET [4 - 36 M]
Bucket Width:
Range: 6 - 16 INCHES [150 - 400 MM]
Conveyer Flow Rate:
Range: 16 - 156 TPH [14.5 - 141 TON/H]
Product Density:
MAX: 100 PCF [1,600 KG/M3];

Description Type
Continuous bucket elevator, buckets closely spaced CONT BKT L
with back of preceding bucket serving as gravity
discharge chute for dumping bucket. Includes motor
and drive.
The slower speed and gentler discharge make this

type of elevator more suitable for materials which are
degraded through breakage, and for fluffy materials.
This equipment item is the same as the spaced bucket

centrifugal discharge elevator except buckets are
closely spaced with the back of the preceding bucket
serving as a discharge chute for the bucket with is
dumping as it rounds the head shaft. Close bucket
spacing allows the same capacity to be achieved as
slower elevator speeds.
Thus, bucket discharge is by gravity rather than
centrifugal force.
Material:
Conveyer Length:
Range: 12 - 100 FEET [4 - 36 M]
Bucket Depth:
Range: 8 - 24 INCHES [200 - 600 MM]
Conveyer Flow Rate:
Range: 40 - 216 TPH [36 - 195 TON/H]
Product Density:
MAX: 100 PCF [1,600 KG/M3];
Sanitary horizontal conveyor S BELTCONV
Material:
*SS304*, SS316
Conveyer length:
Range: 6 - 20 FEET [1.8 - 6 M]
Belt width: Available sizes:
18 INCH [450 MM]
24 INCH [600 MM]
30 INCH [750 MM]
36 INCH [900 MM]
Conveyer type:
*INSPC*- Inspection type conveyor
BIDIR- bi-directional type (reversing belt conveyor)
Driver power: Default *1* HP
Driver type:
*WVRDC*- Washdown, VFD rated, direct drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD controlled, direct drive, CS

Description Type
Sanitary vertical conveyor S VERTICAL
Material:
*SS304*, SS316
Vertical lift (+) or drop (+): MIN: - 40 FEET [-12.2 M];
MAX: 40 FEET [12.2 M] Difference in elevation
(negative)
18 INCH [450 MM]
24 INCH [600 MM]
30 INCH [750 MM]
36 INCH [900 MM]
Length of lead-in section:
Default and MIN: *2* FEET [.6 M]
Length of the conveyor at feed end before lift or drop
Length of lead-out section: Default and MIN: *2* FEET
[.6 M]
Length of the conveyor at discharge end before lift or
drop
Driver power:
Default *1* HP
Driver type:
Sanitary vibratory conveyor S VIBRATRY
Material:
*SS304*, SS316
Conveyer length:
Range: 6 - 40 FEET [1.8 - 12.2M]
18 INCH [450 MM]
24 INCH [600 MM]
30 INCH [750 MM]
36 INCH [900 MM]
Belt support:
*NONE*- No belt support will be provided
BSUP- Belt support will be provided

Description Type
S VIBRATRY - continued

Driver type:
Number of lane dividers: Default *0*; MAX: 2
Dewatering screen:
*NONE*- De-watering screen pair not included
DWAT- De-watering screen pair included
Pneumatic gate:
*NONE*- Full-width pneumatic screen not included
PNUM- Full-width pneumatic screen included
Discharge type:
*NONE*- No discharge exists
DROP- Drop-out type discharge
BIAS- Bias type discharge
Sanitary incline conveyor S INCLINE
Material: *SS304*, SS316

Length of incline section: MIN: 2 FEET [.600 M];
MAX: 40 FEET [12.2 M]
Belt width:
Available sizes:
18 INCH [450 MM]
24 INCH [600 MM]
30 INCH [750 MM]
36 INCH [900 MM]
Length of lead-in section: Default and MIN: *2* FEET
[.6 M]
Length of the conveyor at feed end before lift or drop
Length of lead-out section: Default and MIN: *2* FEET
[.6 M]
Length of the conveyor at discharge end before lift or
drop
Driver type:

Cranes (CE)
Description Type
Travelling bridge crane includes trolley, hoists, BRIDGE CRN
bridge, bridge rail, end trucks and drivers; not
included are building crane supports or travelling
rails (see Plant Bulk — Steel - Mill Building) to
200 TONS [175 TON].
Material:
Crane Capacity:
Range: 5 - 200 TONS [5 - 175 TON]
Includes hoist trolley and track beam to 30 TONS HOIST
[25 TON].
Material:
Crane Capacity:
Range: 0.5 - 30 TONS [0.5 - 25 TON]

Description Type
Freight elevator for lifting personnel, equipment and FREIGHT
supplies in process buildings and open steel
structures. Capacity to 10 TONS [10 TON] and 200
FEET [60 M] lift. Includes geared motor drive at 150
FPM [2750 M/H].
Elevator Capacity:
Range: 2 - 10 TONS [2 - 10 TON]
Height:
Range: 20 - 200 FEET [7 - 60 M]
Elevator for lifting personnel and small tools in process PASSENGER
buildings and open steel structures. Capacity to 5
TONS [5 TON] and 200 FEET [60 M] lift. Includes
geared variable stage drive at 2 00 FPM [3650 M/H].
Elevator Capacity:
Range: 1 - 5 TONS [1 - 5 TON]
Height:
Range: 20 - 200 FEET [7 - 60 M]

Feeders (FE)
Description Type
Volumetric belt feeder to 4800 CFH [135 M3/H]. BELT
Material:
Feeder Rate:
Range: 120 - 4,800 CFH [3.5 - 135 M3/H]
Bin activator. BIN ACTVTR
Material:
Diameter:
Range: 3 - 15 FEET [1.0 - 4.5 M]
Rotary vane feeder with diameter to 36 INCHES [900 ROTARY
MM]. Includes motor and drive.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Rotary Feeder Diameter:
Range: 3 - 36 INCHES [80 - 900 MM]
The model assumes 40 LBS/CF for capacity

related calculations.
The model also assumes that each diameter unit
has a maximum volumetric capacity. For
example, a 4 INCH diameter has 0.013 CF/rev
and a 20 INCH diameter has 2.7 CF/rev.
The model calculations handle the following
two cases:
If Rate (LBS/H) and RPM are not specified then:
For Dia <= 20, RPM=45
For Dia > 20, RPM=30
Assume 50% fill, so Rate is:
CF/Rev*RPM*0.5*(40 LBS/CF)*(60 Min/Hr)
If Rate is specified then:
RPM = Rate/(40 LBS/CF)/(CF/rev)/(60 Min/Hr)
Horsepower is estimated from diameter. For
example, a 3 INCH diameter has 0.333 HP and a
30 INCH diameter has 5.0 HP.

Feeders (FE) - continued
Description Type
Vibrating feeder. VIBRATING
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Length:
Range: 5 - 14 FEET [1.6 - 4.2 M]
Feeder Width:
Range: 12 - 72 INCHES [3.5 - 1,800 MM]
Loss-in-weight. Gravimetric weigh belt for free-flowing WT LOSS
feeding/proportioning of solids. Includes motor and
variable speed drive.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Flow Rate:
Range: 5 - 2,400 LB/H [2.3 - 1,085 KG/H]
Sanitary dumper. DUMPER
Lifts vats, combos, and tubs. Heavy duty stainless

steel construction is non-corrosive to withstand rigors
of daily washdown. Material of construction is SS316.
Dump height:
MIN: 3 FEET [0.914 M]; MAX: 17 FEET [5.18 M] for
INLIN lift, 14 FEET [4.26 M] for OFF lift.
Container type:
*55GD*- 55 GALLON [0.2 M3] drum
140GD- 140 GALLON [0.5 M3] drum
CTOTE- Corrugated tote
WOODC- Wood crate
3642B- SS bin 36 x 42 INCHES [914 x 1066 MM]
FBOX- Fiber box 18 x 18 x 36 INCHES [457 x 457 x
914 MM]

Description Type
DUMPER - continued
Lift type:
*INLIN*- Inline hydraulic lift
OFF- Offset electric lift
Retainer hold down:
*MAN*- Manual mechanism
AUTO- Automatic mechanism
AUTOB- Automatic mechanism and hydraulic box
retainer
Hydraulic power pack:
*NONE*- External hydraulic power pack
INCL- Self-contained hydraulic power pack
Sanitary bulk bag unloader SACK DUMP
Sack size:
*1,500 LBS [681 KG], MAX: 4,000 LBS [1,814 KG]
Discharge type:
*GRAV*- Gravity discharge
SCREW- Flexible screw conveyor
Control type:
*MAN*- Manual control
LIW- Loss-in-weight control
Frame loading type:
*FORK*- Fork lift loading
HOIST- Electric hoist and trolley
Sanitary screw feeder SAN SCREW
Includes a hopper with a screw feeder to convey dry,

fine, or wet solids. The screw feeder is controlled as
specified by the user. Material of construction is
SS316.
Flow rate:
Enter mass rate/vol. rate
MAX: 5600LB/H [2540KG/H] at 35PCF[560KG/M3] -
DRY-VOL
Volumetric rate:
Enter mass rate or vol. rate; MAX varies with density,
product and control type.
MAX: 160 CFH [4.5 M3/H]

Description Type
SAN SCREW - continued
Product density:
*35 |PCF [560 |KG/M3]
Product type:
*FINE*- Fine powders only
DRY- Dry particulates; fine, coarse powders
WET- Wet, dry particulates; fine, coarse
powder
Control type:
*VOL*- Volumetric control
LIW- Loss-in-weight control
Extended auger length:
*12 |INCHES [304 MM]*, MIN: 12 |INCHES
[304 MM]
Enclosure type:
*WASH*- Washdown enclosure
EXPR- Explosion-proof enclosure
Sanitary weigh belt feeder SAN BELT
Provides flow control for food and other solid

materials not requiring total material
containment. Material of construction is SS316.
Flow Rate:
MAX: 90,000 LB/H [40,800 KG/H]
Required: enter rate or width.
Feeder Width:
Two available widths: 12 INCHES [300 MM], 24
INCHES [600 MM]. Required: enter rate or
width.
Enclosure type:
*CLOSE*- Closed frame unit
OPEN- Open frame unit

Hoists (HO)
Description Type
5-speed electric hoist with motor driven trolley. The HOIST
trolley suspends the hoist from an I-beam. The hoist is
propelled along the I-beam by the motor driven
trolley. An electric hoist used for repetitive or
high-speed lifting.
Material:
Hoist Capacity:
Range: 1 - 12 TONS
[1 - 10 TON]
Single speed electric hoist, no trolley. Used for 1 SPEED
repetitive or high-speed lifting.
Material:
Hoist Capacity:
Range: 1 - 14 TONS
[1 - 12 TON]
5-speed electric hoist, no trolley. Used for repetitive or 5 SPEED
high-speed lifting.
Material:
Hoist Capacity:
Range: 1 - 13 TONS
[1 - 11 TON]
Hand hoist, geared manual pull-chain driven trolley. HAND GT
For intermittent service, especially maintenance work.
Material:
Hoist Capacity:
Range: 1 - 12 TONS [1 -10 TON]
Hand hoist, manually-pulled trolley. The hoist is HAND PT
moved to a new position on the I-beam by manually
pulling the trolley. For intermittent service, especially
for maintenance work.
Material:
Hoist Capacity:
Range: 1 - 12 TONS
[1 - 10 TON]

Hoists (HO) - continued
Description Type
Hand hoist, no trolley. The hand hoist without trolley HAND NT
is a portable lifting device which is suspended from a
hook and operated by a hand chain. For intermittent
service, especially for erection and maintenance work.
Material:
Capacity:
Range: 1 - 18 TONS [1 - 16 TON]
Beam scale to 2000 LBS [900 KG]. BEAM SCALE
Material:
Scale Capacity:
Range: 300 - 2,000 LBS [135 - 900 KG]
Conveyor belt scale. BELT
Material:
Belt Width:
Range: 18 - 72 INCHES [450 - 1,800 MM]
Bench, dial, and beam to 3000 LBS [1350 KG]. BENCH
Material:
Scale Capacity:
MAX: 3,000 LBS [1,350 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam full frame to 8000 LBS [3600 FULL FRAME
KG].
Floor, dial, and beam full frame to 8000 LBS [3600

KG].
Material:
Scale Capacity:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [3,600 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam semi-frame to 8000 LBS [3600 SEMI FRAME
KG].
Material:
Scale Capacity:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [3,600 KG]

Description Type
Tank scale, weigh bridge and saddles 150000 LBS TANK SCALE
[68000 KG].
Material:
Scale Capacity:
Range: 10,000 - 150,000 LBS [4,500 - 68,000 KG]
Track scale, for weighing rail cars to 300 TONS [265 TRACK
TON].
Material:
Weight Capacity in Tons:
Range: 150 - 300 TONS [130 - 265 TON]
Truck scale, for weighing trucks/lorries to 60 TONS TRUCK
[54 TON].
Material:
Range: 30 - 60 TONS [25 - 54 TON]
Sanitary floor scale - flush mounted SAN FLOOR
The sanitary floor scale is a deck provided in a

frame, located inside a small pit so that the top
of the scale is flush with the floor. Weigh cells
and instrumentation in the frame measure the
weight and display it on a nearby local panel.
Material of construction is stainless steel.
Scale Capacity:
MAX: 10,000 LBS [4,500 KG]
Platform Size:
3X3- 3x3 FEET [0.9x0.9 M] platform
4X4- 4X4 FEET [1.2x1.2 M] platform

Description Type
SAN FLOOR - continued
Local digital indicator:

*INCL*- Includes logical digital indicator
NONE- Remote indicator only
Deck surface:
*PLAIN*- Glass bead sandbase
TREAD- Tread plate
Deck lift:
*AUTO*- Automatic deck lift
NONE- No deck lift
Floor installation:
*NEW*- No floor alteration necessary
EXIST- Alter the existing floor

Scales (S)
Description Type
Beam scale to 2000 LBS [900 KG]. BEAM SCALE
Material:
Scale Capacity:
Range: 300 - 2,000 LBS [135 - 900 KG]
Conveyor belt scale. BELT
Material:
Belt Width:
Range: 18 - 72 INCHES [450 - 1,800 MM]
Bench, dial, and beam to 3000 LBS [1350 KG]. BENCH
Material:
Scale Capacity:
MAX: 3,000 LBS [1,350 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam full frame to 8000 LBS [3600 FULL FRAME
KG].
Material:
Scale Capacity:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [3,600 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam semi-frame to 8000 LBS [3600 SEMI FRAME
KG].
Material:
Scale Capacity:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [3,600 KG]
Tank scale, weigh bridge and saddles 150000 LBS TANK SCALE
[68000 KG].
Material:
Scale Capacity:
Range: 10,000 - 150,000 LBS [4,500 - 68,000 KG]

Scales (S) - continued
Description Type
Track scale, for weighing rail cars to 300 TONS [265 TRACK
TON].
Material:
Range: 150 - 300 TONS [130 - 265 TON]
Truck scale, for weighing trucks/lorries to 60 TONS TRUCK
[54 TON].
Material:
Range: 30 - 60 TONS [25 - 54 TON]
Sanitary floor scale - flush mounted SAN FLOOR
The sanitary floor scale is a deck provided in a frame,

located inside a small pit so that the top of the scale is
flush with the floor. Weigh cells and instrumentation in
the frame measure the weight and display it on a
nearby local panel.

Scale Capacity: MAX: 10,000 LBS [4,500 KG]
Platform Size:
3X3 - 3x3 FEET [0.9x0.9 M] platform
4X4 - 4X4 FEET [1.2x1.2 M] platform
Local digital indicator:
*INCL* - Includes logical digital indicator
NONE - Remote indicator only
Deck surface:
*PLAIN* - Glass bead sandblasted
TREAD - Tread plate
Deck lift:
*AUTO* - Automatic deck lift
NONE - No deck lift
Floor installation:
*NEW* - No floor alteration necessary
EXIST - Alter the existing floor

14 Separation Equipment (G7)

Centrifuges (CT)
Filters (F)
Thickeners (T)
Screens (VS)
14 Separation Equipment (G7) 14-1

Centrifuges (CT)
Description Type
Atmospheric suspended basket. ATM SUSPEN
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Driver Power:
Range: 2 - 30 HP [1.5 - 22 KW]
Automatic batch filtering centrifuge to 60 INCHES BATCH AUTO

[1520 MM].
Material: Default: *CS*

CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
HASTC- Hastelloy C
Centrifuge diameter:
Range: 24 - 60 INCHES [610 - 1,520 MM]
Centrifuge capacity:
Range: 3 - 30 CF [0.085 - 0.84 M3]
14-2 14 Separation Equipment (G7)

Centrifuges (CT) - continued.
Description Type
Batch bottom-suspended filtering centrifuge with BATCH BOTM
diameter to 48 INCHES [1210 MM].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Range: 20 - 48 INCHES [510 - 1,210 MM]
Batch bottom-driven centrifuge, top unloading, TOP UNLOAD
explosion-proof motor with diameter to 56 INCHES
[1420 MM].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
RBLCS- Rubber-lined carbon steel
SS316- SS316
HASTC- Hastelloy C
Centrifuge capacity:
Range: 2 - 20 CF [0.06 - 0.56 M3]
Range: 18 - 56 INCHES [460 - 1,420 MM]
Batch bottom-driven centrifuge, bottom unloading, BOT UNLOAD
fixed speed hydraulic driver with diameter to 56
INCHES [1420 MM].
Material:
Default: *SS316*
Range: 12 - 56 INCHES [305 - 1,420 MM]
Batch top-suspended filtering centrifuge with diameter BATCH TOP
to 50 INCHES [1260 MM].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
RBLCS- Rubber-lined carbon steel
Range: 20 - 50 INCHES [510 - 1,260 MM]

Centrifuges (CT) - continued
Description Type
High speed disk clarifier centrifuge, stack of rotating DISK
conical disks to shorten sedimentation path, batch
removal of solids and diameter to 20 INCHES [500
MM].
Material:
Default: *CS*
Range: 10 - 20 INCHES [250 - 500 MM]
Reciprocating conveyor, with continuous filtering RECIP CONV
centrifuge for free-draining granular solids, horizontal
bowl, removal by reciprocating piston and diameter to
50 INCHES [1250 MM].
Material:
Range: 15 - 50 INCHES [375 - 1,250 MM]
Material:
Range: 20 - 50 INCHES [500 - 1,250 MM]
Scroll conveyor with continuous filtering centrifuge, SCROLL CON
solids removal by scroll conveyor and diameter to 75
INCHES [1875 MM].
Material:
Range: 15 - 75 INCHES [375 - 1,875 MM
Material:
Range: 15 - 50 INCHES [375 - 1,250 MM]
Solid bowl with diameter to 54 INCHES [1370 MM]. SOLID BOWL
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
Bowl diameter:
Range: 18 - 54 INCHES [460 - 1,370 MM]
Dowl length:
Range: 28 - 132 INCHES [720 - 3,350 MM]

Centrifuges (CT) - continued
Description Type
Screen bowl with diameter to 54 INCHES [1370 MM]. SCREEN BWL
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
Bowl diameter:
Range: 18 - 54 INCHES [460 - 1,370 MM]
Bowl length:
Range: 28 - 132 INCHES [720 - 3,350 MM]
High speed tubular sedimentation centrifuge, bottom TUBULAR
entry, batch solids removal and diameter to 6 INCHES
[150 MM].
The following rates are shown to assist in selecting the

proper equipment item, however, rates outside this
range may be input.
TPH = 110-325, TON/H = 91-263.
Material:
Bowl diameter:
Range: 4 - 6 INCHES [105 - 150 MM]
Continuous filtration vibratory centrifuge with solids VIBRATORY
removal by vibratory screen for dewatering of coarse
solids with screen diameter to 56 INCHES [1420 MM].
Material:
Screen diameter:
Range: 48 - 56 INCHES [1,220 - 1,420 MM]
Inverting filter centrifuge. INVERTING
Material: Default: *SS316*

Centrifuge diameter: Range: 12 - 52 INCHES [305 -
1,320 MM]
Centrifuge capacity: Range: 0.2 - 12 CF [0.0056 -
0.34 M3]

Description Type
Centrifugal precipitator includes driver and CENTRF PRE
interconnecting piping with flow rate to 10,000 CFM
[16,990 M3].
Material:
Default: *CS*
Gas flow rate:
Range: 500 - 10,000 CFM [850 - 16,990 M3/H]
Cloth bay baghouse includes hopper bottom, airlocks CLOTH BAY

and electrical motor shakers. Cloth area to 12,000 SF
[1,110 M2].
Fabric filters are used for high efficiency 99+%,

cleaning of small particles (less than one micron).
Fabric filters are an excellent choice where feed
conditions may vary because efficiency is unaffected
by varying flowrates, particulate loading, or particle
size distribution. Baghouses are not a good choice if
the gas contains free moisture or if condensation will
occur in the baghouse. Baghouses are limited to a
maximum temperature of 550 DEG F.
Shaker type filters are generally used for:

• Low CFM
• Low particulate loading
• Intermittent operation.
Pulse type units are used for:

• Large CFM
• High particulate loading
• Continuous operation.
The “cloth bay” dust collector is commonly called a

baghouse or fabric filter. Dust laden gas is ducted into
a rectangular (small units may be cylindrical)
enclosure. The dirty gas must pass through cloth
tubes or bags to get out of the baghouse. Baghouses
are characterized by the method used to clean the
filter bags. Two options are available - shaker and
pulse type cleaning, which are a function of the air-to-
media ratio.

Dust Collectors (DC) - continued
Description Type
CLOTH BAY - continued
The air-to-media ratio, also called the air-to-cloth

ratio, is the CFM of gas passing through one square
foot of filter fabric. Shaker type baghouses are limited
to air-to-media ratios of less than 4:1. Dirty gas flows
from the inside to the outside of the filter bags in a
shaker type unit. In order to remove the collected
dust, the flow of dirty gas is stopped and an electric
motor shakes the bags.
Pulse type units have their filter bags supported over a

cylindrical wire cage and dirty gas flows from the
outside of the bags to the inside. Pulse type units
operate with air-to-cloth ratios from 4:1 to 15:1. Filter
bags are cleaned by injecting a pulse of compressed
air into the bags being cleaned. The pulse of air
expands the bags violently and throws off the dust
collected on the bag’s outside surface. The pulse type
baghouse does not have to be taken off-line for
cleaning.
With both types of baghouse, the dust is collected in

hopper bottoms and removed through an airlock.
The air-to-media ratio, also called the air-to-cloth

ratio, is the CFM of gas passing through one square
foot of filter fabric. Shaker type baghouses are limited
to air-to-media ratios of less than 4:1. Dirty gas flows
from the inside to the outside of the filter bags in a
shaker type unit. In order to remove the collected
dust, the flow of dirty gas is stopped and an electric
motor shakes the bags.
Pulse type units have their filter bags supported over a

cylindrical wire cage and dirty gas flows from the
outside of the bags to the inside. Pulse type units
operate with air-to-cloth ratios from 4:1 to 15:1. Filter
bags are cleaned by injecting a pulse of compressed
air into the bags being cleaned. The pulse of air
expands the bags violently and throws off the dust
collected on the bag’s outside surface. The pulse type
baghouse does not have to be taken off-line for
cleaning.
With both types of baghouse, the dust is collected in

hopper bottoms and removed through an airlock.

Description Type
CLOTH BAY - continued
Today, most filter bags are manufactured from

synthetic fibers. The materials in most common use
are acrylics, nylon 6, nylon 66, “nomex” nylon,
“Teflon,” polypropylene and polyesters (e.g.,
“dacron”). The baghouses in the system have
polyester bags. Polyester has moderate all-around
chemical resistance and good strength and abrasion
resistance. Polyester may be used at a minimum
continuous service temperature of 300 DEG F.
Material:
Surface Area:
Range: 100 - 12,000 SF [10 - 1,110 M2]
Flow rate:
Enter surface area, flow rate, or boiler capacity (coal-
fired boiler aplx. only)
Air/media ratio:
Range: 1 - 4 CFM/SF [19 - 70 M2/H/M2]
Air temperature:
Boiler capacity:
Max: 3,400 MMBTU/H [1,000 MEGAW]
Baghouse with injected pulsed air Compressor for air PULSE SHKR
pulse injection not included.
Material:
Surface Area:
Range: 100 - 6,000 SF [10 - 557 M2]
Flow Rate:
Max: 250,000 CFM [420,000 M3/H]
Air/media ratio:
Range: 5 - 15 CFM/SF [91 - 270 M3/H/M2]
Air temperature:
Boiler capacity:

Description Type
Cyclone for gas/solid separation. Diameter to 60 CYCLONE
INCHES [1,500 MM].
Collection efficiency varies with particle size.
From the table above we see that cyclones are a good

choice for medium size particles. Cyclones can be
fabricated from a wide variety of internals and can also
be refractory lined. Therefore cyclones can be used for
the removal of particles from corrosive and/or high
temperature (1,800 DEG F) gas streams.
The cyclone has a cylindrically shaped upper section

and long tapering conical lower section. Dirty gas
enters the top section through a tangential nozzle.
This imparts a swirling motion to the gas. The
entrained particles are thrown to the wall of the
cyclone by centrifugal force. The particles descend by
gravity along the wall to the bottom of the cone where
they are discharged.
The gas spirals downward to the bottom of the cone

then reverses direction and moves upward to the gas
exit at the top center of the cyclone. Increasing the
diameter of a cyclone increases its capacity but
capacity of a single cyclone is limited to about 50,000
CFM. When larger flowrates must be handled several
cyclones are arranged in parallel.
Material Selection:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Diameter:
Range: 3 - 60 INCHES [75 - 1,500 MM]
Flow Rate:
Range: 70 - 40,000 CFM [120 - 67,900 M2/H]
Pressure drop:
Default: *2.5* IN-H20 [*625* PA] to *27,000*
CFM [*45,870* M3/H]; or *6* IN-H20 [*1,500* PA]
Air Temperature:

Description Type
Multiple cyclone with flow rate to 20,000 CFM [33,980 MULT CYCLO
M3/H].
Material:
Gas flow rate:
Range: 900 - 20,000 CFM [1,530 - 33,980 M2/H]
High voltage electrical precipitator ELC H VOLT
Gas flow rate:

Min: 600 CFM [1,020 M3/H]
Required: gas flow rate or boiler capacity
(for coal-boiler application only)
Boiler capacity:
Max: 3,400 MMBTU/H [1,000 MEGAW]
Required: gas flow rate or boiler capacity (for coal-
boiler application only)
Removal efficiency:
Min: 80.0%; Max: 99.99%
Required: removal efficiency or particle load (for coal-
boiler application only)
Particle size (microns):
Default: *0.600* microns
Particle resistance x10E10:
Default: *2* OHM-IN [*5* OHM-CM]
SO3 Concentration (ppm): Default: *4.50* ppm
Low voltage electrical precipitator ELC L VOLT
Material:
Gas flow rate:
Range: 600 - 20,000 CFM [1,020 - 33,980 M3/H]
Washer dust collector WASHERS
Material:
Default: *CS*
Gas flow rate:
Range: 600 - 20,000 CFM [1,020 -33,980 M3/H]
Air temperature:

Filters (F)
Description Type
Cartridge filter to 1,200 GPM [75 L/S] with 5 micron CARTRIDGE
cotton filter.
Cartridge filters are generally used as a final filtering

element for the removal of small particles, such as
pipe scale, down to 10 microns
in size from a liquid stream containing a low
concentration of these solids.
A cartridge filter consists of a tank containing one or

more filter elements or cartridges which are tubes of
wound natural or synthetic fibers. Liquid flows through
the cartridges and the suspended solids are trapped
by the fibers. As the filter gets dirtier, pressure drop
builds to a point where the cartridges must be
replaced. The cartridges are disposable. They are not
cleaned and reused.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 30 - 1,200 GPM [1.9 - 75 L/S]
Pressure leaf-dry filter with leaf area to 600 SF [55 LEAF DRY
M2].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
Surface area:
Range: 50 -600 SF [4.7 - 55 M2]
Pressure leaf-wet filter with leaf area to 600 SF [55 LEAF WET
M2].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
Surface area:
Range: 50 - 600 SF [4.7 - 55 M2]

Filters (F) - continued
Description Type
Automatic plate and frame filter with capacity to 50 CF PLATE
[1.4 M3]. FRAM
Material:
Default: *RBLCS*
RBLCS- Rubber-line CS
PPLCS- Polyprop. lined CS
SS316- SS316
Frame capacity:
Range: 10 - 50 CF [0.3 - 1.4 M3]
Plate size:
Range: 36 - 48 INCHES [900 - 1,200 MM];
Default: 48 INCHES [1,2000 MM]
Disk Filter. General Features: The filter is a vacuum ROTY DISK
type (from drop leg), consisting of segmented disks
with polypropylene filter bags, suction valve, vat
(optional) with stiffeners, discharge trough, drive
motor, base plate, rotor and bearing support. The
following variations are available.
Standard Disk Filter (for general chemical industry) —

This filter additionally includes a paddle agitator for
the vat, worm and gear reducer for filter drum, air
blow discharge mechanism and cleaning showers.
Thickener (as in pulp and paper mills) — includes the

general features and in addition, has repulper, flushing
pipe, hood with mounting flange, inspection and
service doors, knock off and cleaning showers
(including nozzles, header, hoses, valves). The filtrate
valve (double solution type) and the drive reducer is a
helical gear.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
RBLCS- Rubber lined CS
EPLCS- Epoxy lined CS
Application:
Default: *MD RATE*
LO RATE- Low filtration rate
MD RATE- Medium filtration rate
HI RATE- High filtration rate
THCKNR- Used as a thickening device

Description Type
ROTY DISK - continued
Solid flow rate:

Enter solid flow rate or surface area.
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 900 SF [10 - 80 M2]
Solids handling rate:
Default: 0.30 TPD/SF [0.12 TPH/lM2]
Number of disks:
Min: 1; Default: *3*.
Liquid flow rate:
Flowrate of feed stream
Percent of solids in the feed stream.
Range: 0.50 - 5.00; Default: *15*.
Tank or vat material:
Default: *NONE*
NONE- No vat will be provided
CS- Carbon steel vat
SS316- Stainless steel vat
Drum Filter. General Features: The filter is a vacuum ROTY DRUM
type (from drop leg), multi compartment cylinder shell
with internal filtrate piping with polypropylene filter
cloth, feed box with inlet and drain nozzles, suction
valve, rake-agitated vat (optional) with stiffeners,
discharge trough, driver consisting of rotor, drive
motor base plate, worm, gear reducer and two pillow
block bearing with supports. In addition to the
standard filter, the following variations are available.
Thickener (as in pulp and paper mills) — includes the

above general features and, in addition, has repulper,
flushing pipe, hood with mounting flange, inspection
and service doors, knock off and cleaning showers
(including nozzles, header, hoses, valves). The
distinguishing features are air-assisted scraper
discharge, filtrate valve (double solution type), steel
filter cloth and the drive reducer is a helical gear.
Brown Stock and Bleach Washers — in addition to the

thickener features, the washers have multiple showers
for washing.
Lime Mud Filter and Dregs Washer — essentially

includes the same general features as the general
washer, but with pre-coat for easier filtration.

Description Type
ROTY DRUM - continued
Material: Default: *CS*

CS- Carbon steel
SS316- SS316
EPLCS- Epoxy lined CS
Application: Default: *MD RATE*
LO RATE- Low filtration rate
MD RATE- Medium filtration rate
HI RATE- High filtration rate
THCKNR- Used as a thickening device
Solid flow rate:
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 2,000 SF [10 - 185 M2]
Solids handling rate:
Default: 0.50 TPD/SF [0.20 TPH/lM2]
Number of disks:
Min: 1; Default: *3*.
Liquid flow rate:
Flowrate of feed stream
Range: 0.50 - 5.00; Default: *20*.
Tank or vat material: Default: *NONE*
NONE- No vat will be provided
CS- Carbon steel vat
SS316- Stainless steel vat
Scroll discharge centrifugal filter for dewatering fine SCROLL
solids (0 to 28 mesh) or medium coarse solids (.375
INCH [10 MM] to 28 mesh).
Material:
Feed size selection:
FINE- Fine solids
MEDIUM- Medium solids
Sewage filter with area to 600 SF [55 M2]. SEWAGE
Material:
Default: *CS*
Surface area:
Range: 100 - 600 SF [10 - 55 M2]

Description Type
Sparkler with area to 110 SF [10 M2]. SPARKLER
Material:
Default: *SS316*
SS316- SS316
Surface area:
Range: 8 - 110 SF [
0.75 - 10.2 M2]
Sparkler volume:
Range: 0.5 - 15 CF [0.02 - 0.4 M3]
Sparkler diameter:
Design gauge pressure Gas flow rate MAX*
Range: 18 - 33 INCHES [450 - 825 MM]
Inlet
Tubular fabric filters (bank of three) with automatic or TUBULAR
150 PSIG [1,033 KPA] 60,000 CFM [103,000 M3/H]
manual cleaning/backwashing. Flow rate to 3400 GPM
275 PSIG
[210 L/S]. [1,895 KPA 86,500 CFM [146,900 M3/H]
720 PSIG [4,956 KPA] 155,000 CFM [263,000 M3/H]
For filtering liquid streams such as cooling tower water
and tank car loading lines. The wide selection of filter
media available allows particles from 1 micron to
2,000 microns in size to be removed. Because tubular
filters can be backwashed, liquid streams with high
solids concentrations can be handled.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Liquid flow rate:
Range: 100 - 3,400 GPM [6.5 - 210 L/S]
Mesh size:
Default MIN MAX
Range: 60 - 700
Design gauge MESH Inlet range of 0.25 PSIG [1.75 KPA] -
pressure
Mode of operation:
150 PSIG [1,033 KPA]
Automatic
0.0175 psicleaning and0.0175
backwashing
psi option available.
2.0 psi
Default: *NONE*
[0.00012 N/mm2] [0.00012 N/mm2] [0.01379 N/mm2]
NONE- No auto operation
Design gauge pressure Inlet range of 150 PSIG [1,033 KPA] -
AUTO- Auto clan/backwash
275 PSIG [1,895 KPA]
White water filter including centrifugal screening WHITEWATER
0.25 psi 0.25 psi 3.0 psi
basket, internal showers and distributors.
[0.00172 N/mm2] [0.00172 N/mm2] [0.02068 N/mm2]
Design flow
Liquid gaugerate:
pressure Inlet range of 275 PSIG [1,895 KPA] -
720 PSIG [4,956 KPA]
Maximum flow varies: 4750 GPM [300 L/S]
0.50
at psi consistency, 2500
0.001 0.50 GPM
psi [157 L/S] at5.0 psi
0.1.
[0.00345 N/mm2]
Consistency Air Dried: [0.00345 N/mm2] [0.03447 N/mm2]
Range: 0.001 to 0.1; Default: 0.1

Description Type
Compressed gas filter COMPRSGAS
Removes particulates from compressed gas. Supplied

with standard 10 micron filter.

Min: 0.25 PSIG [1.75 KPA]; Max: 720 PSIG [4,965
KPA]
Specified inlet pressure dictates maximum gas flow
rate and pressure drop.
Gas flow rate and Pressure Drop:
Maximum gas flow rate, which varies with inlet
pressure (see chart), is at standard conditions.
*at MAX Pressure Drop

Temperature: Default: *60* DEG F [*15.5* DEG C];
Max: 100 DEG F [37.5
DEG C]. Maximum gas flow rate is achieved at 60 DEG
F.
Pressure drop: Range varies with temperature and
inlet pressure. The following defaults and MIN/MAX
values are applicable only to air at default temperature
of 60 DEG F [15.5 DEG C]. For other gases and/or
other temperatures, appropriate molecular weight and
temperature corrections will be applied to the pressure
drop.
Molecular weight:
Default gas is air with a molecular weight of 28.96.

Description Type
Sanitary in-line metal trap METAL TRAP
Protects against iron contamination and reduces

abrasive wear to equipment by trapping particles via
gravity and magnetic separating action. Material of
construction is SS316.

added.
Pipe diameter:
MIN: 2 INCH [50 MM], MAX: 4 INCH [100 MM].
Standard sizes:
INCHMM
250
380
4100
Sanitary fluming reclaim reel RECL REEL
Sometimes used with a fluming pump and dewatering

shaker. Water from the shaker will be forwarded to the
fluming reclaim reel so that the reclaim reel can
remove solids that weren’t removed by the shaker.
Fluming rate:
MAX: 1,200 GPM [75 L/S]
Distribution header:
NONE- Not included
*INCL*- Included
Cover option:
INCL- Included
Culinary (sterile) air filter SAN AIR
Keeps rust and other such matter out of the product.

Air flow rate:

Enter actual flow rate or pipe size; MAX: 4340 CFM
[7373M3/H] at 100 PSIG [689.4KPA].
Pipe diameter:
MIN: 0.5 INCH [15 MM], MAX: 8 INCH [200 MM]
Standard sizes:
INCHMM
0.515
125

Description Type
SAN AIR - continued
250
380
4100
6150
8200
MIN: 100 PSIG [680 KPA]
Number of stages:
*1*, MIN: 1, MAX: 3
Sanitary pipe filter SAN PIPE
Removes fine particles from a given liquid or gas.

Pipe diameter:
MIN: 1 INCHES [25 MM], MAX: 4 INCHES [100 MM].
-For size LONG and type INLIN, range is 1.5 IN
[40MM] - 3 INCHES [75 MM].
-For type BASKT, MIN is 2 INCHES.
Standard sizes:
INCHESMM
1.025
1.540
2.050
2.565 (not available for BASKT)
3.080
4.0100 (not available for INLIN)
Style:
*INLIN*- In-line filter
BASKT- Basket filter - for dia. >= 2 INCHES [50 MM]
If pipe diameter is 4 INCHES [100 MM], BASKT is the
only available type. Otherwise, default is INLIN.
Body size:
*SHORT*- Short body
LONG- Long body

Description Type
Sanitary filter press SAN PRESS
Takes in liquid through internal ports located in every

frame and the two heads, then passes the liquid
through the filter media and into the plates, and finally
releases the liquid through the head.
Any two must be entered: total area, plate size,
number of plates. The third is computed accordingly.
Plate material:
SS304, *SS316*
Total plate area:
The maximum total area, entered in square feet (SF)
or square meters (M2), depends on the plate type and
plate size,Plate
and isSize
internally calculated and MAX
checked.
No.
Plate size:
Square Round of Plates
Available sizes of round plates: Flow Diagram
12 INCH [300 MM] 12 /8INCH [300 MM]
7
15
INCHMM
18 INCH [450 MM]
12300
18 /8INCH [450 MM]
7
25
24 INCH [600 MM]
18450 24INCH [600 MM] 40
24600
Available sizes of square plates:
INCHMM
127/8300
187/8450
24600
Plate size:
Available sizes of round plates:
INCHMM
12300
18450
24600

Description Type
SAN PRESS - continued
Available sizes of square plates:

INCHMM
127/8300
187/8450
24600
Note:24 INCH (600 MM) plate size available for
HYDRL (hydraulic) closure type only.
Number of plates:
The maximum number of plates depends upon the
plate size:
Body thickness:
Plate diameter: Determined by pipe diameter
*1 INCH Pipe
[25diameter
MM]*; MIN: 1 INCH Filter body MAX:
[25 MM]; diameter
2
INCHES [50
Inch-Pound MM]. These
Metric(i.e., the MIN
Inch-Poundand the MAX
Metric
values) are the only standard plate thicknesses
0.75 INCHES
available. 20 MM 1.5 INCHES 38.1 MM
1 INCHES
Head and stand25 MM
material: 2.5 INCHES 63.5 MM
2 CS-
INCHES 50
Carbon steel MM 4 INCHES 101.6 MM
3 *SS*-
INCHES 80 MM
Stainless steel 8.6 INCHES 218.44 MM
4 INCHES
Plate type: 100 MM 10.7 INCHES 271.78
6 *ROUND*-
INCHES 150plates
Round MM 12.8 INCHES 325.12 MM
8 SQUAR-
INCHES Square200 MM
plates 16 INCHES 406.4 MM
Feed pump type:
*PD *- Positive displacement pump
CNTRF- Centrifugal pump
NONE- No feed pump included
Hydraulic closure:
*HYDRL*-Hydraulic closure
MANUL-Manual closure (not available for 24 INCH
[600 MM] plate size)

Description Type
Culinary (sterile) steam filter SAN STEAM
Used primarily for cleaning factory or plant steam to

reduce the levels of boiler feed chemicals, rust, pipe
scale, and other contaminates. Material of construction
is SS316.
Flow rate:
MIN: 215.0 LB/H [97.5 KG/H]; MAX: 36,100 LB/H
[16,375 KG/H]. The Minimum/maximum flow rates are
computed and depend upon the steam pressure. Those
given above are at the default steam pressure of 100
PSIG [680 KPA].
Enter either flow rate or pipe diameter.

Pipe diameter:
MIN: 0.75 INCHES [20 MM]; MAX: 8 INCHES [200
MM]. Standard sizes are shown under Filter
diameter.
Enter either flow rate or pipe diameter.
Body length:
If pipe diameter is entered, system selects a filter body
length from the above table. If user enters a length, it
is printed, but the underlying design value is still
provided by the table.
Steam pressure-gauge:
*100 PSIG [680 KPA]*

Description Type
Sanitary pipe strainer SAN STRAIN
Removes large particles as a process stream passes

through the strainer’s perforated plate or screen
mesh. Material of construction is SS316.
Pipe diameter:
MIN: 1 INCH [25 MM], MAX: 4 INCHES [100 MM], with
the following exceptions:
-For BASKT style, MIN is 2 INCHES [50 MM].
-For size LONG and INLIN style, MAX is 3 INCHES
[80MM].
Standard sizes:
INCHMM
125
1.540
250
2.5*65*
380
4100
*BASKT style is not available in this size
Style:
*INLIN*- In-line filter
BASKT- Basket filter - for dia. >= 2 INCHES [50 MM].
Not available for 2.5 IN [65 MM] pipe diameter.
Note: for pipe diameter of 4 INCHES [100 MM],
BASKT is the only available style; otherwise, the
default style is INLIN.
Body size:
*SHORT*- Short body
LONG - Long body
Configuration:
*SINGL*- Single filter
TWIN- Twin filters

Description Type
Centrifugal cleaners/wet cyclones used for removal of PULP STOCK
contaminants in fluids using centrifugal force. Includes
the body, supporting legs, two reject valves per
cyclone, reject chamber/grit pot, automatic or manual
control of rejected materials and a header for multiple
cyclones. Separate material specifications are allowed
for the top and conical section. Sizing and scaling
features allow contaminants to be separated by size
and density/type. Linear or radial configurations are
available.
Main section material:

Default: *SS316*
SS316- SS316
316L- 316 L
CS- Carbon steel
CERML- Light ceramic liner on CS
CERMM- Medium ceramic liner on CS
CERMH- Heavy ceramic liner on CS
CERMV- Very heavy ceramic liner on CS
ABRPL- Abrasion resistant plate
REPRB- Replaceable rubber liner on CS
LS304- Replaceable SS304 on CS
Cyclone diameter:
Enter diameter or liquid flow rate.
Range: 4 - 30 INCHES [100 - 750 MM]
Liquid flow rate:
Enter diameter or liquid flow rate.
Application:
Default: *AUTO*
AUTO- Automatic cleaner discharge
MANL- Manual cleaner discharge
Configuration:
Default: *LIN*
LIN- Linear manifold
RAD- Radial manifold
Number of cyclones per manifold:
Default: *1*
Cone section material:
Default: *SS316*
SS316- SS316
316L- 316 L
CS- Carbon steel

Separation Equipment (SE) - continued
Description Type
PULP STOCK - continued
CERML- Light ceramic liner on CS

CERMM- Medium ceramic liner on CS
CERMH- Heavy ceramic liner on CS
CERMV- Very heavy ceramic liner on CS
CERMC- Ceramic
ABRPL- Abrasion resistant plate
REPRB- Replaceable rubber liner on CS
Containment size:
Default: *MEDIUM*
SMALL- Small debris, less then 40 microns
MEDIUM- Medium debris, 40 - 400 microns
LARGE - Large debris, 400 - 4000 microns
Containment density:
Default: *MEDIUM*
LIGHT - Light weight debris: asphalt, sand, ink
MEDIUM- Medium weight debris: clay, heavy sand
HEAVY- Heavy weight debris: metal clips, foil
VHEAVY- Very heavy debris: nuts, bolts, rock
Water-only cyclones for separation of light and heavy WATER CYCL
minerals or particle size separation. Cyclones may be
linear or radial manifold and may be lined with
replaceable liners. Cyclone diameter to 30 INCHES
[760 MM].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
CERML- Light ceramic liner
CERMM- Medium ceramic liner
CERMH- Heavy ceramic liner
CERMV- Very heavy ceramic liner
ABRPL- Abrasive resistant plate
REPRB- Replaceable rubber lining
LS304- Replaceable SS304 lining
LS316- Replaceable SS316 lining
Cyclone diameter:
Diameter is for individual cyclone, group manifolding -
linear or radial. Range: 4 - 30 INCHES [105 - 760 MM]
Configuration:
Default: *LIN*
LIN- Linear manifold
RAD- Radial manifold

Separation Equipment (SE) - continued
Description Type
Oil-water separator - API type. OIL WATER
Material:
Liquid flow rate:
Maximum flow (see Configuration) less Specific
Gravity increase. For example, for BOX 135 GPM [8.5
L/S] at 0.965. Min: 25 GPM [16 L/S]
Diameter or width:
Range: 4 - 8 FEET [1.22 - 2.40 M]
Length:
Range: 20 - 40 FEET [6.1 - 12.0 M]
Configuration:
Default: *BOX*
RND- Round- max flow 545 GPM [34 L/S] at 0.85 SG
BOX- Box - max flow 700 GPM [44 L/S] at 0.85 SG
Oil specific gravity: Range” 0.85 - 0.97; Default:
*0.92*

Thickeners (T)
Description Type
Thickeners are used in many solid/liquid separation THICKENER
processes and consist of a slow-moving rake
mechanism rotating in a tank. The unit includes feed
well, bridge, drive head (with optional overload alarm
system), and a drive consisting of worm, gear and
motor. An optional flocculator mechanism with
flocculation chamber, paddles and flocculator drive
with reduction gear and motor can be included.
Additional storage capacity for the tank can be
specified for special applications such as green liquor
clarification, white liquor clarification or lime mud
washing; as used in paper mill operations. If only a
thickener mechanism is needed, the tank can be
excluded.
Application:
Default: *STANDARD*
STANDARD- Standard thickener/clarifier
PRM-ETP- Primary clarifier usually for effluent
SEC-ETP- Secondary clarifier usually for effluent
GRN-LQ- Green liquor clarifier for pulp/paper
WHITE-LQ- White liquor clarifier for pulp/paper
LIMMUD- Lime mud washer for pulp and paper mills
Rake and mechanism material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
MONEL- Monel
RUBCV- Rubber covered CS
Tank or vat material:
Tank material required to obtain tank cost, leave blank
for thickener mechanism only.
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
MONEL- Monel
RUBCV- Rubber covered CS
Vessel diameter:
Enter tank capacity or tank dimensions.
Range: 9.5 - 400 FEET [3.0 - 12.0 M]
Vessel height:
Liquid volume:

Thickeners (T) - continued
Description Type
THICKENER - continued
Additional capacity:
Extra storage in addition to basic tank capability.
Default: *0.0* GALLONS [*0.0 M3].
Flocculator required: Default: *NO*
NO- No flocculation required
YES- Flocculator mechanism required
Bridge type:
Default: *FULL*
FULL- Full length bridge 100 FEET [30 M] maximum
SEMI- Semi-bridge for 100 FEET [30 M] diameter
TRCTN- Traction type clarifier on semi-bridge
Drive heat type:
Default: *DH-STD*
DH-STD- Standard drive head to 30 FEET [9 M]
diameter DH-HD- Heavy duty drive - large diameter,
thick sludge DH-HDA- Heavy duty, overload alarm,
lifting device
Design temperature:
Default: 190 DEG F [88 DEG C] for green liquor; else
68 DEG F [20 DEG C].
mechanism weight. Default: *0.0*
Number of manholes:
Default: *1*
Manhole diameter:

Screens (VS)
Rectangular, circular.
Description Type
Rectangular single deck, open or enclosed. ONE DECK
Rectangular double deck, open or enclosed. TWO DECK
Rectangular triple deck, open or enclosed. THREE DECK
Material:
Length:
Range: 6 - 24 FEET [2.0 - 7.25 M]
Width:
Range: 3 - 8 FEET [1.0 - 2.25 M]
Configuration:
Default: *OPEN*
OPEN- No duct enclosure
Circular single deck. SIFTER 1
Circular double deck. SIFTER 2
Circular triple deck. SIFTER 3
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Screen diameter:
Range: 18 - 60 INCHES [450 - 1,5000 MM]
Surface area:
Range: 1.5 - 18 SF [0.2 - 1.7 M2]
Rectangular hummer-type for fine separation; 1, 2 or HUMMER

3 decks.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Surface area:
Range: 10 - 80 SF [1.0 - 7.4 M2]
Number of decks:
Range: 1 - 3

Screens (VS) - continued
Description Type
Low consistency bow screen is used for fiber LD STOCK
collection in a paper mill.
The unit consists of a screen surface mounted on
a frame curvilinear in shape, with inlet nozzle,
discharge nozzle(s) and a collection chamber.
The automatic feature includes solenoids, timers
and an air cylinder for back-flushing and
cleaning.
Screen material:
Default: *SS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Liquid flow rate:
Enter capacity or screen surface area.
Surface area:
Frame material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
0.60 - 2.00; Default: *0.80*
Mechanical bar screens are the first stage of screening BAR
used in an effluent treatment system. These are wide
mesh screens made from metal rods/flats welded onto
a frame.
Screen material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Liquid flow rate:
Surface area:
Pressure screen used for fine screening of PRESSURE
contaminants in a paper mill.
Includes shell for screen basket housing, rotor, foil

blades, water lubricated packing box with packing
seals, V-belt drive with belts, metal guard and motor.

Description Type
PRESSURE - continued
Basket material:
Default: *SS316*
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Shell material:
Default: *SS316*
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Hydraulic capacity:
Enter capacity or diameter and length.
Basket diameter:
Min: 60 INCHES [150 MM]
Basket height:
Min: 60 INCHES [150 MM]
Driver power:
Design gauge power:
Default: *15* PSIG [*150* MM]
Seal type:
Default: *MECH*
PACK- Packing
MECH- Mechanical seal
Sanitary fluming dewatering shaker SHAKER
Vibratory conveyor with screen for dewatering fruits

and vegetables that have been carried by water-
transport up to this point in the food pumping system.
The spreader (which is included by default, but can be

excluded by selecting NONE in the “Spreader option”
field) reduces the velocity of the water by spreading
the water and product onto the dewatering shaker.

added.

Description Type
SHAKER - continued
Screen size:
24X60- 2x24 INCHES [609 MM] x 30 INCHES [762
MM] screens
36X60- 2x36 INCHES [914 MM] x 30 INCHES [762
MM] screens
Required to enter at least one of the following: size,
fluming rate or solids capacity.
Fluming rate:
MAX: 500 GPM [31 L/S]
Solids capacity:
MAX: 30,000 LB/H [13,500 KG/H]
Spreader option:
NONE- Not included
*INCL*- included

15 Utility Service Systems (G6)

Steam Boilers (STB)
Heating Units (HU)
Water Treatment Systems (WTS)
15 Utility Service Systems (G6) 15-1

Description Type
Cooling tower includes fans, drivers, concrete basin COOLING
and field erection; does not include pumps and piping.
Water flow rate:

Min: 1,000 GPM [65 L/S]
Temperature range:
10 - 50 DEG F [6 - 27 DEG C];
Approach gradient:
Range: 5 - 22 DEG F [3 - 12 DEG C];
Wet bulb temperature:
Range: 60 - 82 DEG F [16 - 28 DEG C];
Length each header:
15-2 15 Utility Service Systems (G6)

Cooling Towers (CTW) - continued
Description Type
Cooling tower includes fans, drivers, concrete basin, COOLING WP
two cooling water pumps, motor drivers,
instrumentation for tower and inhibition system (less
tanks and inhibition pumps), and field erection of
cooling tower.
Water flow rate:

Min: 1,000 GPM [65 L/S]
Temperature range:
Range: 10 - 50 DEG F [6 - 27 DEG C];
Approach gradient:
Range: 5 - 22 DEG F [3 - 12 DEG C];
Range: 60 - 82 DEG F [16 - 28 DEG C];
Length each header:
Factory assembled cooling tower including fans, PACKAGED
drivers and basins.
Water flow rate:

Range: 150 - 6,000 GPM [9.5 - 375 L/S]
Temperature range:
Range: 5 - 50 DEG F [3 - 27 DEG C];
Default: *15* DEC F [*8* DEG C]
Approach gradient:
Range: 5 - 22 DEG F [3 - 12 DEC C];
Range: 60 - 82 DEG F [16 - 28 DEG C];
Number of cells:
Default: *1*

Steam Boilers (STB)
Description Type
Packaged boiler unit includes forced draft fans, BOILER
instruments, controls, burners, soot-blowers,
feedwater deaerator, chemical injection system, steam
drum, mud drum and stack. Steam capacity to
800,000 LB/H [362,000 KG/H]. Shop assembled.
Material:
Boiler flow rate:
Range: 10,000 - 800,000 LB/H
[4,540 - 362,000 KG/H]
Range: 250 - 600 PSIG
[1,725 - 4130 KPA]; Default: *250* PSIG [*1,725*
KPA]
Superheat:
For saturated steam enter 0.0 degrees, else, minimum
superheat 100 DEG F [55 DEG C]. Max: 300 DEG F
[165 DEG C]; Default: *100* DEG F [*55* DEG C]
Heating medium:
GAS- Gas fuel
OIL- Oil fuel
Field erected boiler unit includes forced draft fans, STM BOILER
instruments, controls, burners, soot-blowers,
feedwater deaerator, chemical injection system,
structural steel platforms, steam drum, mud drum and
stack with steam capacity to 2,220,000 LB/H [997,000
KG/H]. Oil fired. Economizer for large capacities.
Material:
Boiler flow rate:
Range: 40,000 - 2,200,000 LB/H
[18,2000 - 997,000 KG/H]
Max: 1,000 PSIG [6,890 KPA];
Superheat:

Heating Units (HU)
Description Type
Process heater type dowtherm unit to 40 MMBTU/H CYLINDER
[11.5 MEGAW].
Material:
Default: *CS*
Duty:
Max: 40 MMBTU/H [11.5 MEGAW]
Max: 6,000 PSIG [40,000 KPA];
Design temperature:
Max: 1,500 DEG F [815 DEG C];

Description Type
Centrifugal compression refrigeration unit produces CENT COMPR
chilled water cooling medium for circulation. Includes
centrifugal compressor, driver, condenser, controls,
interconnecting piping, refrigeration capacity to 3,000
TONS [10,500 KW] and field erection.
Material:
Refrigeration capacity:
Range: 50 - 3,000 TONS-REF
[180 - 10,500 KW]
Evaporator temperature:
Range: -40 - 40 DEG F [-40 - 5 DEG C]
Mechanical compression refrigeration unit produces MECHANICAL
liquified refrigerant for circulation. Includes
reciprocating compressor, driver, water cooled
condenser, controls, interconnecting piping,
refrigeration capacity to 500 TONS [1,750 KW] and
field erection.
Material:
Refrigeration capacity:
Range: 4 - 500 TONS-REF [15 - 1,750 KW]
Evaporator temperature:
Range: -80 - 40 DEG F [-60 - 5 DEG C]

Description Type
Portable stand-by diesel generator, skid-mounted to PORTABLE
800 KW.
Used primarily as a stand-by unit to supply electrical

power in the event of an interruption of the main
power supply. Diesel generator sets can also be
operated continuously.
Includes a voltage regulator—3 phase sensing with

volts-per-hertz; auto start-stop module; electric
hourmeter; and voltmeter.
Also used as a standby for continual electrical service

during the interruption of normal power.
Fuel stop power in accordance with ISO 3046/1, DIN

6271, BS 5514, and ISO 8528. Ratings are based on
SAE J1349 standard conditions. These ratings also
apply at ISO 3046/1, DIN 6271 and BS 5514 standard
conditions. No generator set duration required below
55 DEG C (131 DEG F).
Material:
Output KW:
Range: 10 - 800 KW
Turbo-generator includes condensing steam turbine TURBO GEN
and cooled electric generator. Steam at 850 PSIG
[5,860 KPA] and 900 DEG F [482 DEG C], exhaust at
2.5 in HG [8.4 KPA] and capacity to 100,000 KVA.
Used for the continuous generation of electrical

power.
Material:
Output KVA:
Range: for steam, 800 - 100,000 KVA; for gas,
800 - 260,000 KVA.
Driver type:
*Steam*, Gas.

Water Treatment Systems
(WTS)
Description Type
Demineralizing system. Two-stage ion exchange unit. DEMINERAL
First stage converts metal salts to acid and second
stage anion exchange removes acids. Optional
automatic degasification of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
Material:
Water flow rate:
Range: 150 - 15,000 GPH [0.6 - 56.5 M3/H]
Mode of operation:
Default: *NONE*
NONE- No auto operation
AUTO- Auto degas CO2 + O2
Softening treatment system for boiler feedwater SOFTENING
consists of hot lime process softener, filters, Zeolite
softeners, associated piping and instruments.
Material:
Water flow rate:
10,000 - 50,000 GPH [38 - 189 M3/H]
Aerators are used in aeration of effluent. The unit AERATOR
consists of a drive motor, coupling, guard, rotor shaft
and impeller. Other features vary depending upon the
type as given below:
High Speed Floating — general aerator with pontoons.
Low Speed Floating — in addition to the gear box for

speed reduction, pontoons are included for floating.
Low Speed Fixed — speed reduction by means of gear

box.
Material:
*CS*- Carbon steel316L- 316L
SS304- SS304NI- Nickel
SS316- SS316INCNL- Inconel
SS321- SS321MONEL- Monel
SS347- SS347HAST- Hastelloy
304L- 304LTI- Titanium

Water Treatment Systems (WTS) - continued
Description Type
AERATOR - continued
Aerator type:
Default: *LSFIELD*
LSFIXED- Low speed fixed aerator
LSFLOT- Low speed floating type aerator
HSFLOT- High speed floating type aerator
Aeration capacity:
Capacity is mass of O2 per hour. Enter capacity or
impeller diameter and power.
Impeller diameter:
Enter capacity or impeller diameter and driver power.
Driver power:
Enter capacity or impeller and driver power;
Range: 1.0 - 150.0 HP [0.75 - 112 KW]
Driver speed:
Number of pontoons:
Default: 3 for LSFLOT, 1 for HSFLOT, and none for
LSFIXED.

16 Flares and Stacks (G6)

Flares (FLR)
Stacks (STK)
16 Flares and Stacks (G6) 16-1

Flares (FLR)
A flare system is composed of several parts: a flare tip, a seal, an ignition
system, a knock-out drum and a riser stack.
The flare tip may be either smokeless or non-smokeless. Smokeless flare tips
have nozzles for injecting steam at the exit of the tip. The high velocity steam
inspirates air into the flame resulting in more complete combustion and
therefore no smoke. Non-smokeless flare tips do not have these steam
injection nozzles.
Flares are also classified as continuous and emergency. Continuous flares
handle a continuous and steady flow of flare gas. Emergency flares are
designed to safely burn a sudden large release of combustible gases that are
not normally vented. Continuous flares are normally smokeless and
emergency flares non-smokeless.
The flare seal is a device for preventing air from diffusing down the stack and
creating a combustible mixture with the flare gas inside the stack. Flare gas is
ignited at the exit of the flare tip by one or more pilots. Should any of these
pilots go out, the ignition system would reignite them.
The flare vendor would supply all of the above components for a new
installation. The vendor may also be requested to supply a knock-out drum.
This device disengages entrained liquid from the flare gas. If this liquid is not
removed, it travels up the stack, is ignited and falls flaming to the ground
creating a fire hazard. If the flare is elevated, the final component of the flare
system is the riser stack. The stack is characterized by its method. A ground
flare requires no stack.
The diameter of the flare tip and the height of the stack that supports it (if it is
an elevated flare) is calculated using formulas that take into account process
conditions and safety considerations. The diameter of the flare tip is calculated
using the following formula:
D = sqrt(w/adfv)
where sqrt indicates the square root and:
D = tip diameter of the flare: INCHES [MM]
w = mass flowrate of the flare gas: LB/H [KG/H]
f = exit velocity / sonic velocity of the flare gas
d = density of the flare gas: PFC [KG/M3]
v = sonic velocity of the flare gas, calculated using sqrt(cT/M): FPS [M/S]
M = molecular weight of the flare gas
T = absolute temperature of the flare gas: DEG R [DEG K]
P = absolute pressure of the flare gas: (14.7 + PSIG) [101.3 + KPA]
a = 19.6 in I-P units = 0.0027123 in METRIC units.
R = 10.73 in I-P units = 8.3145 in METRIC units
c = 59682 in I-P units = 107427 in METRIC units
The total height of the stack is calculated using the following formula:
H = Y - 40D
16-2 16 Flares and Stacks (G6)

where:
H = stack height, including flare type: FEET [M]
D = flare tip diameter: FEET [M]
and:
Y = sqrt [(EQwk/4 q)-x2]
where:
E = emissivity of the flame (see formula on page 16-4)
Q = heat content of the flare gas: BTU/LB [KG/KG]
w = mass flowrate of the flare gas: LB/H [KG/H]
k = 1.0 in I-P units, 0.8306 in METRIC units
q = allowable radiation intensity: BTU/SF/ H [W/M2]
x = radius of allowable radiation intensity (see formula on page 16-4):
FEET [M]
For flare types GUYED and DERRICK, and for self-supported stacks (SELF-
SUPP) 40 FEET [12 M] or less in height, the length of the bottom section (L) is
the total stack height. For self-supported stacks greater than 40 FEET [12 M]
in height, the length of the bottom section is determined from a consideration
of the load requirements.
Emissivity of the flame:
E = (0.048)sqrt (M)
where:
sqrt = square root
E = emmissivity of the flame
M = molecular weight of the flare gas
Radius of allowable radiation intensity:

X = (c)sqrt(QW/105)
where:
X = radius of allowable radiation intensity: FEET [M]
Q = heat content of flare gas: BTU/LB [KJ/KG]
W = mass flowrate of flare gas: LB/H [KG/H]
c = 0.58 in I-P units, 0.5647 in METRIC units

The diameter and thickness of the flare stack is determined by structural considerations
such as loadings and method of support.
Description Type
Derrick-supported flare stack includes stack, support DERRICK
structure, flare tip, molecular seal and ignition system.
Design based upon process conditions or given sizes.
Derricks are used to support tall stacks. Generally,

derrick supported flare stacks are cheaper than self-
supporting stacks at heights above 200 FEET [60 M].
Derricks are used instead of guyed stacks when land is
limited.
Shell material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Gas mass flow rate:
Enter either mass flow rate or diameter and length
(height) of flare.
Diameter Bottom section:
For single diameter stacks, enter dimensions in bottom
section data.
Height Bottom section:
section data.
Diameter Middle section:
section data.
Height Middle section:
section data.
Diameter Top section:
section data.

Flares (FLR) - continued
Description Type
DERRICK - continued
Height Top section:

For single diameter stacks, enter
dimensions in bottom section data.
Gas temperature:
Molecular weight:
Default: *40*
For single diameter stacks, enter
dimensions in bottom section data.
Thickness Middle section:
section data.
section data.
Percent sonic velocity at exit:
Enter the gas exit velocity as a percent of sonic
velocity. Default: *20*
Flare type:
Default: *SMOKELESS*
SMOKELESS- Standard smokeless flare
AIR ASSIST- Air assisted smokeless flare
NONSMOKE- Non-smokeless flare
Radius radiation intensity:
Minimum radius at which a person would be exposed
to the allowable radiation.
Allowable radiation intensity:
Allowable radiation intensity at the specified minimum
radius. Default: *1,500* BTU/H/SF [4,500 W/M2]
Gas heat content:
Default: *20,000* BTU/LB [*46,500* KJ/KG]
Guyed flare stack includes stack, supports, flare tip, GUYED
molecular seal and ignition system. Design based upon
process conditions or given sizes.
This is generally the least expensive support system

for flare stacks over 50 FEET tall. However, a large
unobstructed area around the stack must be provided
so that there will be no interference with the guy wire.
Shell material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel

Description Type
GUYED - continued
Gas mass flow rate:

(height) of flare.
section data. Max: 96 INCHES [2,400 MM]
section data.
section data.
Height Top section:
section data.
Gas temperature:
Molecular weight:
Default: *40*
Thickness Bottom section: For single diameter stacks,
enter dimensions in bottom section data.
Thickness Middle section: For single diameter stacks,
Thickness Top section: For single diameter stacks,
Percent sonic velocity at exit: Enter gas exit velocity as
a percent of sonic velocity. Default: *20*.
Flare type:
Allowable radiation intensity: Allowable radiation
intensity at the specified minimum radius. Default:
*1,500* BTU/H/SF [*4,500* W/M2]
Gas heat content:

Description Type
Self-supported flare stack includes stack, flare tip, SELF SUPP
molecular seal and ignition system; one, two or three
segments of different length and diameter.
This flare is generally used for stack heights up to 50

FEET and when the availability of land does not permit
guyed stacks, self-supporting stacks are cheaper than
derrick supported stacks for stack heights up to 200
FEET [60 M].
Shell material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Gas mass flow rate:
(height) of flare.
section data.
section data.
Height Top section:
section data.
Gas temperature:
Molecular weight:
Default: *40*
Thickness Bottom section: For single diameter stacks,
Thickness Middle section: For single diameter stacks,
Thickness Top section: For single diameter stacks,
Enter gas exit velocity as a percent of sonic velocity.
Default: *20*.

Description Type
SELF SUPP - continued
Flare type:
radius. Default: *1,500* BTU/H/SF [*4,500* W/M2]
Gas heat content:
Horizontal ground flare includes flare tip and horizontal HORIZONTAL
stack (30 FEET [10 M]) only; burn pit not included.
Design based upon process conditions or sizes.
This is an inexpensive flaring arrangement if land is

plentiful and cheap.
Shell material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Gas mass flow rate:
(height) of flare.
Length Bottom section:
section data.
Length Middle section:
section data.

Description Type
HORIZONTAL - continued
Length Top section:

section data.
Gas temperature:
Molecular weight: Default: *40*
section data.
Thickness Middle section:
section data.
section data.
Enter gas exit velocity as a percent of sonic velocity.
Default: *20*.
Flare type: Default: *SMOKELESS*
radius. Default: *1,500* BTU/H/SF [*4,500* W/M2]
Gas heat content:
Recuperative thermal oxidizer for low concentration THRM OX LC
non-chlorinated waste gas.
Material:
Standard gas load rate:
Low concentration non-chlorinated waste gas; burner,
box, stack, exchanger blower. Max: 20,000 CFM
Gas heat content:
Default: *13.00* BTU/CF [*484* KJ/M3]
Gas oxygen content:
Min: 0.0; Default: *14.00*

Description Type
Vapor control flare for storage and loading. Includes STORAGE
stack, burners, seal drum, flare, sensors, etc.
Material:
Default: *CS*
Standard gas load rate:
Max: 12,000 GPM [775 L/S]
Gas heat content:
Min: 50 BTU/CF [1,860 KJ/M3];
Default: *50* BTU/CF [1860 KJ/M3]
Stacks (STK)
Description Type
Stack height to 200 FEET [60 M] and diameter to 60 STACK
INCHES [1500 MM].
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
Height:
Range: 30 - 200 FEET [10 - 60 M]
Diameter:
Range: 24 - 60 INCHES [600 - 1,500 MM]

17 Introduction to Plant
Bulks (G6)

Introduction to Plant Bulks
List of Plant Bulks
17 Introduction to Plant Bulks (G6) 17-1

Introduction to Plant Bulks
Plant bulk items are those materials or non-process equipment items that
provide support or services to process equipment within a unit area, such as
yard pipe and duct, concrete tanks, pipe rack, instrument panels, electrical
cable trays, insulation and paint.
List of Plant Bulks

The following is a list of plant bulks by chapter. The plant bulk descriptions in
Chapters 18 through 24 include some of the entry fields for defining plant
bulks. The descriptions include the minimum and maximum values and the
defaults. Default values appear between asterisks (*).
Chapter 18: Piping

- YARD PIPE Above grade or buried yard piping
- PIPE Above grade or buried piping
- UTIL PIPE Utility pipe and utility stations
- RCON PIPE Buried concrete pipe
- DUCT RD Round duct with hangers
- DUCT SQ Square duct with hangers
- EQPT TRACE Fluid heat tracing for equipment
- PIPE TRACE Fluid heat tracing for pipe
- LAUNDER SQ Square or rectangular launders
- LAUNDER RD Half round launders
- COAT WRAP Coating and wrapping of buried pipe
* continued *
Chapter 18: Piping - continued
- HOT TAP Hot tap of production pipe for branch

- SCRAPER LR Permanent scraper launcher and receiver
- WELL HEAD Pipe, valve and fittings at a well head
- HDPE High density polyethylene pipe, fusion bonded
- SPRNK Sprinkler system (water / water+foam)
- FOAM Foam fire systems
- SPHOS Standpipe and hose fire systems
- WSHWR Emergency eyewash and shower units
- FLO PANEL Sanitary flow diversion panel
17-2 17 Introduction to Plant Bulks (G6)

Chapter 19: Civil
- ABVGR TANK Above grade concrete tank
- BELGR TANK Below grade concrete tank
- CONCRETE Foundations, slabs, other concrete items
- SCAFFOLD Scaffold erection and dismantling
- TRENCH Drainage trench for paved areas
- CONTAINMNT Tank containment - concrete paving, wall
- DIKE MEMBR Tank containment - dike and geomembrane
- YARD PIPE Above grade or buried yard piping
- PIPE Above grade or buried piping
- HDPE High density polyethylene pipe, fusion bonded
- RCON PIPE Buried concrete pipe
- BUILDING Building
- LINING Organic, metallic, abrasion resist. lining
- PIPE RACK Pipe rack
- PIPE SUPPT Tee or bent type pipe sleepers
Chapter 20: Steel

- OPN STL ST Open steel structure
- PIPE RACK Pipe rack
- PIPE SUPPT Tee or bent type pipe sleepers
- MILL BLDG Multiple-bay mill building
- PLATFORM Elevated access platform - complete
- GALLERY Gallery for pipe, conveyor, personnel
- TRNS TOWER Conveyor transfer tower
- GRATE Steel grate - less support structure
- LADDER Steel ladders
- STAIR Stairs with grate, treads and handrail
- MISC STEEL Miscellaneous steel items
- FABR PLATE Fabricated steel plate items
- SIDING Siding and roofing for steel structures
- SAN PLATFM Sanitary platform

Chapter 21: Instrumentation
- INST PANEL Instrument panel - analog
- INST TRAY Instrument cable tray
- INST WIRE Instrument electronic transmission wire
- PNU TUBING Instrument pneumatic tubing runs
- THCPL WIRE Thermocouple wire runs
- JUNC BOX Instrument junction box
- MULTI CONT Multifunction controllers
- HL PIU High energy level process interface unit
- LL PIU Low energy level process interface unit
- DATA HIWAY Data highway cable
- OPER CENT Operator center
Chapter 22: Electrical

General
- ELEC CABLE Electrical power cable run (3 or 4 wire)

- CONDUIT Electrical conduit
- ELEC TRAY Electrical cable tray
- EQPT TRACE Electrical tracing for equipment
- PIPE TRACE Electrical tracing for pipe
- GRND GRID Ground grid
- AREA LIGHT Area lighting on poles
- CTRL CABLE Electrical control cable runs (600 v)
- DEEP ANODE Group of anodes in deep well
- GALV ANODE Individual galvanic anode
- SURF ANODE Group of anodes in shallow surface bed
- POT TEST Potential measurement test station
- RECTIFIER Transformer/rectifier
- SOLAR PANL Solar panel with storage batteries
- EMER LIGHT Emergency light with battery
- CABLE DUCT Underground cable duct
Substation
- BUS DUCT Bus duct

- TRANSFORM Electrical transformer: 1 or 2 tap
- OIL C BRKR Oil circuit breakers
- DISCNCT SW Disconnect switch
- POLE LINE Power pole lines
* continued *

Chapter 22: Electrical - continued
- SUBSTN STL Steel for substation structure

- BREAKER Current breaker: main, feeder, tie
- MCC Motor control center
- SWITCH BRD Switch board
- AC DC TRAN AC/DC Transformer
- PKG TRANSF Package transformer with panel
- EM PWR SET Emergency diesel generator
- UPS Uninterrupted power supply
- PF CORRECT Power factor connection capacitor
Chapter 23: Insulation and Firepoofing

- INSUL AREA General area insulation
- INSUL PIPE Pipe insulation
- FIREP AREA General area fireproofing
- FIREP SSTL Structural steel fireproofing
Chapter 24: Paint

- PAINT AREA General area painting
- PAINT PIPE Pipe painting
- PAINT SSTL Structural steel painting

18 Piping (G10)

Piping Plant Bulks
How Icarus Calculates Insulation Length on Piping
Trapping Distances (Steam)
Pipe Temperature Procedure
Pipe Insulation Material Procedure
Pipe Insulation Thickness Procedure
Pipe Paint Procedure
No. of Paint Coats Procedure
Pipe Diameters
Pipe Schedule
Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter (Old)
Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter (New)
Utility Piping Services
Utility Station Diagram
Default Piping Materials
Pipe Materials - Ferrous Materials
Carbon Steel
API Pipe
High Alloy Steel
Pipe Materials - Non-Ferrous Materials
Non-Ferrous Materials
Plastic and Resin Materials
Lined Steel Pipe
Spool Types
Remote & Field Shop Piping Procedures for Various Materials
Remote Shop Piping Procedures
Small Bore Piping Procedures
Icarus’ Pipe Fabrication, Erection and Testing Procedures
Valve and Fitting Options for Installation Bulk Piping
18 Piping (G10) 18-1

Valve Trim Specifications
18-2 18 Piping (G10)

Piping Plant Bulks
Piping plant bulks include transfer lines, utility piping, duct and tubed tracing.
Description Type
Transfer lines, yard pipe runs, above/below grade YARD PIPE
Insulated and traced pipe runs.
For above-grade piping, hangers are supplied, but

support steel, pipe racks, etc. must be specified
elsewhere.
If buried pipe is specified, trenching, coating,

wrapping, sand bed and backfilling is provided.
Custom pipe spec:

Enter either Custom Pipe Spec (see Design Basis) or
Material, not both.
Pipe material:
Material, not both. See piping materials listed later in
this chapter. Default: *CS*.
Length:
Min: 1.0 FEET [0.35 M]
Pipe diameter:
Range: 0.5 - 72 INCHES DIAM [15 - 1,800 MM DIAM]
Default: determined from Custom Pipe Spec or 150
PSIG [1,000 KPA].
Design temperature:
Default: determined from Custom Pipe Spec or 68 DEG
F [20 DEG C].
Pipe thickness:
Leave blank if schedule is specified.
Pipe schedule or gauge:
Leave blank if thickness is specified.
STD - Standard wall pipe 100 - Pipe schedule

XS - Extra-strong pipe 120 - Pipe schedule
XXS - Double extra-strong 140 - Pipe schedule
5 - Pipe schedule 160 - Pipe schedule
18 Piping (G10) 18-3

Piping Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
YARD PIPE - continued
10 - Pipe schedule 7G - SS gauge pipe only

20 - Pipe schedule 10G- SS gauge pipe only
30- Pipe schedule 11G - SS gauge pipe only
80- Pipe schedule
Flange class:
Default: determined from custom spec or pipe
material, temperature and pressure.
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
Configuration:
Default: *ABOVE*
ABOVE- Above-grade
BURIED- Buried
Depth buried pipe:
Below grade depth to top of pipe for buried pipe only.
This is the distance from grade level to the top of the
buried pipe. The trench depth is determined by the
below grade depth, the pipe diameter and sand bed (6
INCHES [150 MM] in depth). Range: 24 - 120 INCHES
[600 - 3,000 MM]. The default value will be taken as
36 INCHES [1,000 MM] minimally, or the depth of
footings specified for general civil data.
Special pipe description:

Insulation, tracing, jacketing options. Default:
*NONE*
PPROT- Personnel protection insulation. The system
will generate 1.00 INCH of personnel protection for
100 percent of the pipe. This option can be used in
conjunction with the Personnel protect field, which
allows the user to tell the system how much pipe to
insulate.
For instance, if the user only needs 25 FEET of a 100
FEET run of pipe to be personnel protected, the user
can input the percentage in the Personnel protect
field. The system would generate 25 FEET plus waste.
18-4 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
The thickness of the personnel protection insulation

generated will always be 1.00 INCH.
AC-T- Anti-condensation insulation/tube tracer

AC-E- Anti-condensation insulation/elec tracer
FP-T- Freeze protection insulation/tube tracer
FP-E- Freeze protection insulation/elec tracer
FULL- Fully jacketed pipe (see illustration)
EXPD- Exposed-weld jacketed pipe (see illustration)
T-SP- Spiral traced/tube conn./no cement
T-SPC- Spiral traced/tube conn./heat cement
P-SP- Spiral traced/pipe conn./no cement
P-SPC- Spiral traced/pipe conn./heat cement
T-LO- Longit. traced/tube conn./no cement
T-LOC- Longit. traced/tube conn./heat cement
P-LO- Longit. traced/pipe conn./no cement
P-LOC- Longit. traced/pipe conn./heat cement
E-AMB- Electrical traced/ambient temp control
E-PRO- Electrical traced/process temp control
STAND- Standard heat or cold insulation

Steam supply pressure for traced or jacketed pipe
only. Default: *25* PSIG [*175* KPA]
E-Trace maintenance temperature:
For electrical tracing - process maintenance
temperature; Max: 250 DEG F [120 DEG C] over
ambient. Default: 220 DEG F [105 DEG C]
Weld X-ray%:
Min: 100; Default: See Area Design Basis.
Number of elbows: Default: *0*
Number of reducers: Default: *0*
Number of tees: Default: *0*
Number of flanges:
Enter number of flanges in addition to those for
valves.
Default: *0*
Number of blinds: Default: *0*
Number of spectacle blinds: Default: *0*
Number of threadless: Default: *0*
Number of gate valves: Default: *0*
Number of globe valves: Default: *0*
18 Piping (G10) 18-5

Description Type
Number of ball valves: Default: *0*

Number of butterfly valves: Default: *0*
Number of check valves: Default: *0*
Number of control valves:
Size: same as pipe size to 4 INCHES [100 MM],
smaller than pipe otherwise. Default: *0*. See
“Control Valve Options” in Chapter 21 for default size
reductions.
Number of safety valves: Default: *0*
Number of regulating valves: Default: *0*
Number of angle valves: Default: *0*
Number of plug valves: Default: *0*
Number of orifice plates: Default: *0*
No. Knife Gate Valve: Default: *0*
Personnel protect:
Personnel protection percent coverage.
For example, if out of 50 FEET run of pipe, 12.5 FEET
needs personnel protection, enter “25” in this field.
The system will then generate 12.5 FEET of personnel
protection plus waste. The thickness of the personnel
protection insulation generated will always be 1.00
INCH. Default: *100*.
Note: You must select PPROT in the Special Pipe
Descr. field before the system will use the personnel
protection.
Control valve minimum class:
For fluid control valves only. Default: *3*.
3- Minimum 300 class fluid control valve
Control valve reduced size:
Fluid positioning CV only. Default: reduced 0 to 4 line
sizes based on size.
L- Line size control valves
R- Standard size control valves
Above grade or buried piping PIPE
Pipe material:
Material, not both. Default: from custom spec,
connected equipment or CS.
Pipe length:
Min: 1.0 FEET [0.35 M]
Pipe diameter:
Range: 0.5 - 72 INCHES DIAM [15 - 1,800 MM DIAM]
18-6 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
PIPE - continued PIPE
Fluid phase:
*G*- Gas
L- Liquid
S- Steam
(enter desired flow rate below)
Liquid flow rate:
Enter diameter or liquid flow rate or gas flow rate.
Gas flow rate:
Enter diameter or liquid flow rate or gas flow rate.
Fluid density:
Default based on fluid phase:
Gas Phase:0.0674 PCF [1.08 KCM]
Liquid Phase:62.4 PCF [1000 KCM)
Steam Phase:Calculated as the inverse of specific
volume, which is calculated from design pressure and
temperature as described under “Steam Lines” in the
Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter section.
Fluid viscosity:
Default based on fluid phase:
Gas phase:0.025 CPOISE (0.025 millipascal-second)
Liquid Phase:1.0 CPOISE (1.0 millipascal-second)
Steam Phase:Calculated using an internal function of
design pressure and design temperature in which, for
a design pressure of 150 PSIG (~1000 KPA) and a
design temperature of 250 DEG F (120 DEG C),
default value is calculated to be 0.013 CPOISE.
PSIG [1,000 KPA].
Design temperature:
DEG F [20 DEG C].
Default: same as design temperature.
- Continued on next page-
18 Piping (G10) 18-7

Description Type
PIPE - continued
Pipe schedule or gauge:

Enter thickness or schedule/gauge, not both. Default:
calculated from material temperature, pressure.
STD- Standard wall pipe100- Pipe schedule
XS- Extra-strong pipe120- Pipe schedule
XXS- Double extra-strong140- Pipe schedule
5- Pipe schedule160- Pipe schedule
10- Pipe schedule7G- SS gauge pipe only
80- Pipe schedule
Valves and fittings:
Enter type and quantity of each valve and fitting
required for this line.
Pipe type:
CS and SS only. Default: custom/material spec if
entered, or else welded.
W- Welded pipe
S- Seamless pipe
Flange type:
Default: see project design basis
W- Weld-neck
S- Slip-on
B- Lap flanges and stub to 12 INCHES (300 MM), or
else weld-neck
Flange class:
Default: determined from custom spec or pipe
material, temperature and pressure.
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
Bend for elbow:
Substitute pipe bends for any specified elbow (up to
12 INCH [300 MM] pipe only).
*E*- Elbow
B- Bend instead of elbow
18-8 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
PIPE - continued
Branch for tee:

Substitute fabricated branch nozzles for any specified
tees.
*T*-Tee
B-Branch
Pipe connector type:
SW- Socket weld connections; max: 2 INCHES (50
MM)
SB- Screw and backweld; max: 2 INCHES (50 MM)
SC- Screw (no backweld); max: 2 INCHES (50 MM)
WF- Weld pipe / flange valves
WW- Weld pipe / weld valves; min: 2 INCHES (50 MM)
VC- DI Victaulic couplings
VS- SS Victaulic couplings
PF- Press fit swage couplings; max: 2 INCHES (50
MM)
TC- Tri-clover sanitary; max: 4 INCHES (100 MM)
CB- Cherry-Burrel sanitary; max: 4 INCHES (100 MM)
Number of welds:
Default: determined from pipe length and combination
of valves and fittings
Control valve reduced size:
Fluid control valve only; default: reduced 0-4 sizes
except BVO and sanitary valves
L- Line size control valves
R- Standard size control valves
Control valve minimum class:
For fluid control valves only. Default: *3*.
Weld X-ray:
Stress relief:
C- Piping stress relief if code requires
Y- Stress relieve all piping
N- No piping stress relief required
Special pipe description:
Default: *NONE*
18 Piping (G10) 18-9

Description Type
PIPE - continued
STAND- Standard heat or cold insulation

PPROT- Personnel protection insulation. The system
will generate 1.00 INCH of personnel protection for
100 percent of the pipe. This option can be used in
conjunction with the Personnel protection field,
which allows the user to tell the system how much
pipe to insulate. For instance, if the user only needs 25
FEET of a 100 FEET run of pipe to be personnel
protected, the user can input the percentage in the
Personnel protection field. The system would
generate 25 FEET plus waste. The thickness of the
personnel protection insulation generated will always
be 1.00 INCH.
AC-T- Anti-condensation insulation/tube tracer
AC-E- Anti-condensation insulation/elec tracer
FP-T- Freeze protection insulation/tube tracer
FP-E- Freeze protection insulation/elec tracer
FULL- Fully jacketed pipe (see illustration)
EXPD- Exposed-weld jacketed pipe (see illustration)
T-SP- Spiral traced/tube conn./no cement
T-SPC- Spiral traced/tube conn./heat cement
P-SP- Spiral traced/pipe conn./no cement
P-SPC- Spiral traced/pipe conn./heat cement
T-LO- Longit. traced/tube conn./no cement
T-LOC- Longit. traced/tube conn./heat cement
P-LO- Longit. traced/pipe conn./no cement
P-LOC- Longit. traced/pipe conn./heat cement
E-AMB- Electrical traced/ambient temp control
E-PRO - Electrical traced/process temp control
E-Trace maintenance temperature:
For electrical tracing - process maintenance
temperature. Default: 392 DEG F [200 DEG C] for M
series cable and 220 DEG F [105 DEG C]
for self-regulating cable. Max: 250 DEG F [120 DEG C]
for self-regulating cable and 1049 DEG F [565 DEG C]
for MI cable over low ambient temperature.
18-10 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
PIPE - continued
E-trace cable type: Use A series to 120 DEG F[48

DEG C], P series to 250 DEG F[120 DEG C] and M
series to 1049 DEG F [565 DEG C] over low ambient
temperature.
3A 3 W/FT (10 W/M) Chemelex BTV2-CT cable
10A 10 W/FT(33 W/M) Chemelex BTV2-CT cable
5P 5 W/FT (16 W/M) Chemelex XTV2-CT cable
M2 - 600V, dual conductor MI cable, 9 OHM/FT [29.5
OHM/M]
M4 - 600V, dual conductor MI cable, 4.14 OHM/FT
[13.6 OHM/M]
[3.77 OHM/M]
[1.66 OHM/M]
[0.656 OHM/M]
[0.328 OHM/M]
[0.184 OHM/M]
[0.0922 OHM/M]
[0.042 OHM/M]
M20 - 600V, dual conductor MI cable, 0.00516 OHM/
FT [0.016 OHM/M]
E-trace cable category:
Default: *S*, self-regulating cable
Select M for MI tracing cable or S for self-regulating
tracing cable.
Heat trace fluid:
STM- Steam trapped
OTHR- Other fluid / no traps
Valve packing or seal:
*S*- Standard valve packing
E- Environmental (double steam)
B- Bellows seal SV/GL/GA else environmental
packing
18 Piping (G10) 18-11

Description Type
PIPE - continued
Pipe sandblast percent of area:

Default: 100%; see design basis
Pipe insulation thickness:
Default from insulation schedule and unit area specs
(see minimum insulation temperature)
Pipe insulation jacket type:
Default: see project design basis; AL, SS, CS.
Pipe insulation type:
CA- Calcium silicate
MW- Mineral wool
FG- Foam-glass
Personnel protection:
Personnel protection percent coverage.
For example, if out of 50 FEET run of pipe, 12.5 FEET
needs personnel protection, enter “25” in this field.
The system will then generate 12.5 FEET of personnel
protection plus waste. The thickness of the personnel
protection insulation generated will always be 1.00
INCH. Default: see unit area pipe specs.
Note: You must select PPROT in the Special Pipe
Descr. field before the system will use the personnel
protection.
Pipe installation option:
Default: above ground pipe or supports on rack
(specified elsewhere)
*A*- Above ground piping
B - Buried piping
Depth buried pipe:
Min: 24.0 INCHES [600.0 MM]; Max: 120 INCHES
[3000.0 MM]. Below grade depth to top of pipe for
buried pipe only. Default: system calculated.
Steam gauge press:
Max: 25 PSIG [175 KPA]. Steam supply pressure for
traced or jacketed pipe.
18-12 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
PIPE - continued
Pipe routing type:

Specify pipe routing type to be used from the external
fitting specs file specified at the design basis level (see
your software user’s guide for instructions on where to
specify the file name).
AGU- Above ground unit piping
AGR- Above ground rack piping
UGU- Under ground unit piping
MRP- Machine room piping
OTP- Miscellaneous piping
Once a pipe routing type is specified, the system uses

the data in the external fitting specs file for the valve
rules, fitting rules, horizontal allowance, vertical
allowance and the diameter size definition. Pipe
routing type is meant to refer to the location of the
piping. However, the above descriptions are for
reference only; using the fitting specs file, the user
controls the context of the rules and can assign
meaning at his discretion.
The available fitting specs files are listed in the
PIPEDATA.SET file that the user places in the main
PIDS folder: [Icarus software folder]\PIDS. The user
sets up this file by copying the PIPEDATA.SET
provided in the [Icarus software folder]\New
Files\dat\pids folder to the main PIDS folder. The user
can edit the PIPEDATA.SET file in a true text editor,
such as Notepad, adding fitting specs files simply by
typing in the file names.
If the user has not set up this file, then the system
will look for a file called FITSPC.DAT. If available, this
file will be used as the fitting specs file. If not, a set of
default rules will be used. A default FITSPC.DAT file is
available at [Icarus software folder]/New Files/dat/
pids. This file can be copied, edited, and used as a
basis for alternate fitting specs files. Fitting specs files
must be listed in the PIPEDATA.SET file and placed in
the main PIDS folder.
Note: See the comments in the example files shipped
with Icarus for up-to-date documentation.
See Figure FITSPC.DAT for an illustration explaining

the data in the FITSPC.DAT file.
18 Piping (G10) 18-13

Description Type
PIPE - continued
Fitting rules application:

Select whether to use the fitting rules.
Y- Use fitting rules for the type of piping
N - Do not use fitting rules
Fitting and valve rules are specified in the external
fitting specs file (see illustration on following page),
selected at the project design basis level. Fitting and
valve codes are available in Valve and Fitting Options
for Installation Bulk Piping in this chapter. Users put in
the number of each valve and fitting type per 100 feet
(30 meters). The length used in these calculations is
after the horizontal and vertical adjustments have
been accounted for.
Valve rules application:
Select whether to use the fitting and/or valve rules.
Y- Use valve rules for the type of piping
N - Do not use valve rules
Fitting and valve rules are specified in the external
fitting specs file (see illustration on following page),
selected at the project design basis level. Fitting and
valve codes are available in Valve and Fitting Options
for Installation Bulk Piping in this chapter. Users put in
the number of each valve and fitting type per 100 feet
(30 meters). The length used in these calculations is
after the horizontal and vertical adjustments have
been accounted for.
18-14 18 Piping (G10)

PIPE - continued
Figure FITSPC.DAT
Note: You specify four sets of diameter sizes, and four sets of fitting/valve
rules for each routing type. You specify only one set of allowance rules per
routing type.
Note: You are not limited to the first eight columns for fittings or to the last
eight columns for valves; this is just the suggested use of the columns.
Note: The Fittings spec file name option was removed from the General Piping
specs form. The selection option was added to the Customer External Files
group in the project. Select the desired fittings file from the list of available
files from External Files. This file is saved in the project as FITSPC.DAT. There
is no mechanism to create fittings files in the GUI. You can copy the system
default fittings file and modify it to create a new fittings file. The system
default fittings file is located at: xxx:\Documents and Settings\All
Users\Documents\AspenTech\Shared Aspen Icarus 2006.5
Files\Fittings.
The total percentage distribution should equal 100, but does not need to - the
system will not crash if the distribution is not 100%.
Always edit the FITSPC.DAT file using a true text editor such as Notepad or
EDITPLUS (shareware).
To use a specific fitting specs file, add it to PIPEDATA.SET and move it to the /
PIDS directory. Then, select it at the base level (see software’s user guide). To
use this file with piping, add the above/below grade pipe item (PIPE) and
select one of the piping routing types in the form. Once the routing type is
selected, the system will use the file for this piping item.
You can select alternative fitting specification files by changing the fitting
specification file name at the design basis level.
18 Piping (G10) 18-15

Description Type
PIPE - continued
Horizontal allowance:
Select whether to use horizontal allowance.
Y- Use horizontal allowance for the type of piping
N- Do not use horizontal allowance
Horizontal allowance is specified for each piping
routing type in the external fitting specification file. An
entry of “100” means the system will not adjust the
input length, whereas an entry of “150” will increase
the input length by 50 percent.
Vertical allowance:
Select whether to use vertical allowance.
Y- Use vertical allowance for the type of piping
N - Do not use vertical allowance
Vertical allowance is specified for each piping routing
type in the external fitting specification file. An entry of
“100” means the system will not adjust the input
length, whereas an entry of “150” will increase the
input length by 50 percent.
Primary equipment user tag:
User tag of the primary (i.e., upstream) equipment to
which this pipe is connected. Default: NONE.
Primary equipment connection:
Connection location of the pipe on the primary (i.e.,
upstream) equipment; Default: not connected
<Blank>.
<Blank>- not connected to any equipment
S- connected to shell of equipment
U- connected to tube side of equipment
J- connected to jacket of equipment
B- connected to bottom of double diameter tower
T- connected to top of double diameter tower
Secondary equipment user tag:
User tag of the secondary (i.e., downstream)
equipment to which this pipe is connected. Default:
NONE.
Secondary equipment connection:
Connection location of the pipe on the secondary (i.e.,
downstream) equipment; Default: not connected
<Blank>.
<Blank>- not connected to any equipment
S- connected to shell of equipment
U- connected to tube side of equipment
J- connected to jacket of equipment
B- connected to bottom of double diameter tower
T- connected to top of double diameter tower
18-16 18 Piping (G10)

Jacket Pipe Illustrations
You can select jacketing for PIPE and YARD PIPE under Special Pipe
Description.
18 Piping (G10) 18-17

Description Type
Utility service lines, stations: standard configuration UTIL PIPE
Utility headers: runs of pipe providing up to 15
different services. Utility station: short runs of small-
bore pipe providing local air, water, steam and
condensate drain services.
Pipe material:
See piping materials listed later in this chapter.
Default: *CS* (Carbon steel).
Number utility stations:
A utility station consists of three 100 FEET [30 M] lines
of 1 INCHES [25 MM] diameter pipe for air, water and
steam service, and one 50 FEET [15 M] condensate
line of 0.75 INCHES [20 MM] diameter.
Default: *1*. Enter “0.0” to exclude all utility stations.
Length parameter:
Pipe lengths = 1 x length parameter, except firewater
loop/lat. = 2 x, hp steam = 0.5 x. Default: 100 FEET
[30 M].
Header diameter symbol:
Diameter symbol defines size of any line not specified.
See Utility Piping Services later in this chapter.
L- Low/small diameter
M- Medium diameter
H- High/large diameter
V- Very large diameter
Firewater loop diameter:
Default: determined by diameter symbol, enter 0.0 to
delete if diameter symbol set.
Firewater lateral diameter:
Potable water header diameter:
delete if diameter symbol set. Line will be insulated
base on location: US - uninsulated,
UK - insulated.
Cooling water supply diameter:
base on location: US - uninsulated, UK - insulated.
18-18 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
UTIL PIPE - continued
Cool water return diameter:

base on location: US - uninsulated, UK - insulated.
Low Pressure (LP) steam header diameter:
Medium Pressure (MP) steam header diameter:
High Pressure (HP) steam header diameter:
Condensate return diameter:
Plant air header diameter: Default: determined by
diameter symbol, enter 0.0 to delete if diameter
symbol set.
Instrument air header diameter:
Fuel gas header diameter: Default: determined by
diameter symbol, enter 0.0 to delete if diameter
symbol set.
Inert gas header diameter:
Chemical sewer diameter:
Flare header diameter:
Buried concrete pipe, manholes, elbows, tees: trench, RCON PIPE
backfill Includes trenching and backfilling.
Diameter:
Range: 12 - 98 INCHES [300 - 2,450 MM]
Number of manholes: Default: *0*
18 Piping (G10) 18-19

Description Type
Process ductwork, round DUCT RD
Stiffeners and support hangers are designed, but
support steel, racks, etc. must be specified elsewhere.
Duct material:
Default: *GALV*
GALV- Galvanized CS
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
AL- Aluminum
Duct diameter:
If the duct capacity is specified, the duct dimension is
determined from the capacity and the gas velocity.
The velocity may be specified, or the system uses a
variable velocity between 2000 and 4000 FPM [36600
- 72100 M/H] depending on the specified pressure.
The calculated duct dimension is rounded to a
standard size.
Duct design pressure:
Should be specified (indicate + or -) for design of duct
thickness and stiffeners; -60 - 60 INCHES H2O
[114,930 - 14,930 PA]. Default: *-20* INCHES H2O
[*-4,980* PA].
Duct gauge:
Leave blank if thickness is entered; enter thickness if
thicker than 8 gauge. Range: 8 - 30.
Duct wall thickness:
Default: determined by size and pressure, leave blank
if duct gauge number entered.
Duct class:
The duct class indicates the quantity and abrasiveness
of particulate material. Default: *1*.
1 - Non-abrasive applied.
2- Mod-abras./lo concern.
3- Hi-abras.lo concern.
4- Hi-abras./hi concern.
Configuration:
Seam configuration; applies to class 1 duct only.
Default: *LONG*
LONG- Longitudinal seam
SPIR- Spiral seam
Duct insulation thickness:
Default: 0.0 INCHES [0.0 MM].
Partical density:
Density of concentrated particulates for duct classes 2,
3 and 4. Default: *25* PCF [*400* KG/M3].
18-20 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
DUCT RD - continued
Stiffener size:
Default: size and spacing determined from duct
pressure, dimensions and thickness.
Stiffener spacing:
Support weight:
Hanger weight (each); support steel, racks, etc. must
be specified elsewhere. The system determines the
support weight based on standard spacing
of 12 FEET [3.5 M] and the duct loads. The calculated
weight and spacing may be replaced with an input
weight and spacing.
Support spacing: Default: *12* FEET [*3.5* M].
Number of dampers: Default: *0*
Number of access doors: Default: *0*
Number Flexible connection: Default: *0*
Process ductwork, square DUCT SQ
Stiffeners and support hangers are designed,

but support steel, racks, etc. must be specified
elsewhere.
Duct material:
Default: *GALV*
GALV- Galvanized CS
CS- Carbon steel
SS- Stainless steel
AL- Aluminum
Duct width:
If the duct capacity is specified, the duct dimension is
determined from the capacity and the gas velocity.
The velocity may be specified, the system uses a
variable velocity between 2000 and 4000 FPM [36600
- 73100 M/H] depending on the specified pressure.
The calculated duct dimension is rounded to a
standard size.
18 Piping (G10) 18-21

Description Type
DUCT SQ - continued
Duct design pressure:

Should be specified (indicate + or -) for design of duct
thickness and stiffeners. -60 - 60 INCHES H2O [-
14,930 - 14,930 PA].
Default: *-20* INCHES H2O [*-4,980* PA].
Duct gauge:
Leave blank if thickness is entered; enter thickness if
thicker than 8 gauge. Range: 8 - 30.
Duct wall thickness:
Default: determined by size and pressure, leave blank
if duct gauge number entered.
Duct class:
The duct class indicates the quantity and abrasiveness
of particulate material. Default: *1*.
1 - Non-abrasive applied.
2- Mod-abras./lo concern.
3- Hi-abras.lo concern.
4- Hi-abras./hi concern.
Duct insulation thickness: Default: 0.0 INCHES [0.0
MM].
Partical density: Density of concentrated particulates
for duct classes 2, 3 and 4. Default: *25* PCF [*400*
KG/M3].
Stiffener size:
Stiffener spacing:
Support weight:
Hanger weight (each); support steel, racks, etc. must
be specified elsewhere. The system determines the
support weight based on standard spacing of 12 FEET
[3.5 M] and the duct loads. The calculated weight and
spacing may be replaced with an input weight and
spacing.
Support spacing: Default: *12* FEET [*3.5* M].
Number of dampers: Default: *0*
Number of access doors: Default: *0*
Number Flexible connection: Default: *0*
18-22 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
Fluid heat tracing existing equipment EQPT TRACE
The item of equipment and its insulation are not

included; these are assumed to be specified elsewhere
in the project.
Material:
Default: *CU*
CU- Copper
SS- Stainless steel
Tracer tube length:
This is the total length of 0.5 INCHES O.D. tubing
required to heat trace an item specified elsewhere in
the estimate. This length does not include the run to
and from supply and return headers, as these lengths
are specified in the Dist./Supply Header and the Dist./
Return Header fields.
Tracing symbol:
T-SP- Traced: tube conn. - spiral tracer - no cement
T-SPC- Traced: tube conn. - spiral tracer - with
cement
P-SP- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral tracer - no cement
P-SPC- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral tracer - with cement
Distance to supply header:
Distance specified is from traced equipment item to
supply and return headers. The headers are not
included in this item, but are specified by the user
elsewhere in the estimate for Area Pipe Specifications
or as a separate bulk item description. Min: 5.0 FEET
[1.6 M]; Default: *25* FEET [*7.5* M].
Distance to return header:
Distance specified is from traced equipment item to
supply and return headers. The headers are not
included in this item, but are specified by the user
elsewhere in the estimate for Area Pipe Specifications
or as a separate bulk item description. Min: 5.0 FEET
[1.6 M]; Default: *25* FEET [*7.5* M].
Heating medium:
Default: *STM*
STM- Steam heating medium
OTHR- Other heating medium
18 Piping (G10) 18-23

Description Type
Fluid heat tracing for existing pipe runs PIPE TRACE
0.5 INCHES O.D. tubing applied to existing pipe. The

traced pipe and its insulation are not included; these
are assumed to be specified elsewhere in the project.
An insulation adjustment is included to account for
tracers and tracer connections to headers.
Material:
Default: *CU*
CU- Copper
SS- Stainless steel
Traced pipe length:
The pipe being traced is not included, but must be
specified elsewhere.
Traced pipe diameter:
The pipe being traced is not included, but must be
Tracing symbol:
T-SP- Traced: tube conn. - spiral tracer - no cement
T-SPC- Traced: tube conn. - spiral tracer - with
cement
P-SP- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral tracer - no cement
P-SPC- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral tracer - with cement
T-LO- Traced: tube conn. - longit. tracer - no cement
T-LOC- Traced: tube conn. - longit tracer - with
cement
P-LO- Traced: pipe conn. - longit tracer - no cement
P-LOC- Traced pipe conn. - longit tracer - with cement
Distance to supply header:
Distance specified is from traced pipe to supply or
return header. Min: 5 FEET [1.6 MM]; Default: *25*
FEET [*7.5* M].
Distance to return header:
Distance specified is from traced pipe to supply or
return header. Min: 5 FEET [1.6 MM]; Default: *25*
FEET [*7.5* M].
Heating medium:
Default: *STM*
STM - Steam heating medium
OTHR - Other heating medium
Steam guage pressure:
Default *25* PSIG [*175* KPA]. (See “Trapping
Distances” tables.)
18-24 18 Piping (G10)

Trapping Distances (Steam)
Traced Process Line 25 PSIG 150 PSIG 200 PSIG No. of 0.5 INCH
Size [175 KPA] [1050 KPA] [1400 [12.7 MM] O.D.
KPA] Tracers per Line
0.50 INCHES 150 FEET 250 FEET 300 FEET 1 OR 2

[12.7 - 25.4 MM] [45.72 M] [76.20 M] [91.44]
1.25 -1.50 INCHES 130 FEET 200 FEET 230 FEET 1 OR 2
[31.75-38.10 MM] [39.62 M] [60.96 M] [70.10 M]
2.00 INCHES 120 FEET 180 FEET 200 FEET 1
50.80 MM] [36.57 M] [54.86 M] [60.96 M]
2.50 - 3.00 INCHES 100 FEET 150 FEET 190 FEET 1
[63.50 - 76.20 MM] [30.48] [45.72 M] [57.91 M]
3.50 - 4.00 INCHES 150 FEET 240 FEET 270 FEET 1
[88.90 - 101.60 MM] [45.72 M] [73.15 M] [82.29 M]
- - - -
240 FEET 350 FEET 400 FEET 2
[73.15 M] [106.68 M] [121.92 M]
over 4.00 INCHES 120 FEET 200 FEET 210 FEET 1
[over 101.60 MM] [36.57 M] [60.96 M] [64.00 M]
- - - -
[60.96 M] [91.44 M] [103.63 M]
- - - -
[76.20 M] [109.72 M] [128.01 M]
STEAM Tracing - Number of Tracers Per Line

Traced Process Line No. of 0.5 INCH [12.7 MM]
Size (INCHES) O.D. Tracers per Line
<3 1
> to < 8 2
>8 3
18 Piping (G10) 18-25

Trapping Distance (Steam) - continued
How Icarus Calculates Insulation Length on

Piping
All pipe insulation is calculated and reported as straight run equivalent length.
The final length is calculated by adding the specified length of straight run
pipe, plus straight run equivalent lengths for fittings (4 FEET [1.22 M]/fitting)
and valves (7 FEET [2.13 M]/valve), plus an overall 5% allowance for wastage.
The final equation in l-P is:
[pipe length + (fitting count * 4) + (valve count *7)] * 105%
Example calculations:
Specified Reported Length
100 FEET [30.5 M] 4 INCH pipe + FEET M

0 fittings, 0 valves 105 32
1 FL, 0 valves 109 33
0 fittings, 1 GA (this creates 2 matching FL) 121 37
1 FL, 1 GA 125 38
1 FL, 3 EL, 1 GA 138 42
18-26 18 Piping (G10)

18 Piping (G10) 18-27
18 Piping (G10) 18-28
18 Piping (G10) 18-29
18-30 18 Piping (G10)
18 Piping (G10) 18-31
18-32 18 Piping (G10)
Description Type
Launders, half-round, rubber lined LAUNDER RD
Steel launder lined with 0.25 INCHES [6.0 MM] natural
rubber.
Material is RBLCS (Rubber-lined carbon steel)
Cover Type:
Default: *NONE*
COVRD- Plate cover
NONE- No cover
Launders, square/rectangular, rubber lined LAUNDER SQ
Steel launder lined with 0.25 INCHES [6.0 MM]
natural rubber.
Material is RBLCS (Rubber-lined carbon steel)
Cover Type:
Default: *NONE*
COVRD- Plate cover
NONE- No cover
Coat and wrap pipe for burial: manual or machine COAT WRAP
Application may be by hand or machine.
Application Symbol:
HAND- Manual
MACH- Machine
Hot tap: production line to branch line HOT TAP
Split tee or nipple, flange and valve provided; branch
must be specified elsewhere.
Available in Aspen Kbase and Icarus Process Evaluator
only.
Material:
Default: *GRBW*
GRBW- API5L and 5LS Gr. B304LP- 304L
X42W- API5LX Grade X42316P- SS316
X52W- API5LX Grade X52316LP- 316L
X60W- API5LX Grade X60321P- SS321
X65W- API5LX Grade X65AL- Aluminum
A 53- A 53CU- Copper
A 106- A 106NI- Nickel
A333C- 3.5 NiMONEL- Monel
A335C- 1.25Cr -.5Mo - SiINCNL- Inconel
304P- SS304
18 Piping (G10) 18-33

Description Type
HOT TAP - continued
Flange Class:
Default: *600*
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
Permanent scraper launcher and receiver SCRAPER LR
A pair (launcher and receiver) is provided for each
item.
only.
Material:
Default: *X52W*
X52W- API5LLX-X52 welded
X42W- API5LX-X42 welded
GRBW- API5L - gr B/5LS welded
X52S- API5LX-X52 seamless
X42S- APIFLX-X42 seamless
GRBS- API5L - gr B seamless
Flange Class:
Default: *600*
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
18-34 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
Pipe, valve, and fittings at well head WELL HEAD
Standard valve and fitting configuration plus 70 FEET
[20 M] of pipe.
only.
Material:
Default: *X52W*
X52W- API5LLX-X52 welded
GRBW- API5L - gr B/5LS welded
X42S- APIFLX-X42 seamless
GRBS- API5L - gr B seamless
Pipe diameter:
Default: *8* INCHES DIAM [*200* MM DIAM]
Type of well:
Default: *PROD*
PROD- Production well
INJEC- Injection well
Sprinkler fire system (water / water+foam) SPRNK
Pipe material:
*A 53*, 304P, 316P
Outlet arrangement:
*PLANE*- Outlet devices arranged over planar area
ARRAY- Outlet devices arranged over equipment area
Diameter or length: If outlet arrangement is PLANE,
with devices arranged over planar area, enter the
plane area; if outlet arrangement is ARRAY, with
devices arranged over equipment area, enter the
component length or diameter.
Width: If outlet arrangement is PLANE, with devices
arranged over planar area, enter the width of the
plane area; if outlet arrangement is ARRAY, with
devices arranged over equipment area, enter the
component width. Default: same as Diameter or
length.
Height:
For ARRAY outlet arrangement only, enter height of
outlet configuration. Default: *20* FEET [*6* M].
18 Piping (G10) 18-35

Description Type
SPRNK - continued
Number of levels:
for PLANE outlet arrangement only, enter number of
levels or floors having the indicated dimensions.
Default: *1*.
Number of sprinklers:
Default based on hazard type and area dimensions.
Sprinkler location:
*OUT*- outdoor installation
IN- indoor installation
Hazard type:
*EFLH*- Extinguished fire - light hazard occupancy
EFOH1- Extinguished fire - ordinary hazard grp 1
EFOH2- Extinguished fire - ordinary hazard grp 2
EFXH1- Extinguished fire - extra hazard grp 1 occup
EFXH2- Extinguished fire - extra hazard grp 2 occup
EPXH2- Exposure prot. - extra hazard grp 2 occup
CBXH2- Control burning - extra hazard grp 2 occup
PFXH2- Fire prevention - extra hazard grp 2 occup
System type:
*WSPNK*- Water sprinkler
WSPRY- Water spray
FSPNK- Foam sprinkler
FSPRY- Foam spray
Pipe system type:
*DRSYS*- Dry pipe system
WTSYS- Wet pipe system
DPPNU- Deluge sys/pilot head/pneumatic actuator
DPHYD- Deluge sys/pilot head/hydraulic actuator
DELEC- Deluge sys/electric actuator
Detector type:
*SPRKR*- Automatic sprinkler detector
FXTMP- Fixed temperature detector
R-O-R- Rate of rise temperature detector
SMKAL- Smoke alarm detector
NONE- No detectors installed
18-36 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
SPRNK - continued
Application density:
Max: 1.00 GPM/SF [0.650 L/S/M2]
Volume of water/foam required per unit area. Default
based on hazard/class.
Coverage area per sprinkler:
Max: 400 SF [37.0 M2]
Number of hose stations: Default: 0
Number of hydrants: Default: 0
Foam concentration: Default: 3%; Max: 100%; for
foam System type only
Foam tank option:
*NONE*- No foam storage tank required
BALPR- Tank with balanced pressure proportioning
PRTNK- Tank with pressure proportioning
ARPMP- Tank with around the pump proportioning
Tank design gauge pressure:
Default: *15* PSIG [*100* KPA]; for foam systems
only
Tank temperature:
Default: *68* DEG F [*20* DEG C]; for foam systems
only
Pipe sizing method:
*HYDLC*- Hydraulic pressure drop calculations
PSCHD- Schedule of pipe sizes vs. number of
sprinklers
Foam fire systems FOAM
Pipe material:
*A 53*, 304P, 316P.
Outlet arrangement:
*PLANE*- Outlet devices arranged over planar area
ARRAY- Outlet devices arranged over equipment area
Diameter or length:
If outlet arrangement is PLANE, with devices arranged
over planar area, enter the plane area; if outlet
arrangement is ARRAY, with devices arranged over
equipment area, enter the component length or
diameter.
Width:
If outlet arrangement is PLANE, with devices arranged
over planar area, enter the width of the plane area; if
outlet arrangement is ARRAY, with devices arranged
over equipment area, enter the component width.
Default: same as Diameter or length.
18 Piping (G10) 18-37

Description Type
FOAM - continued
Height: For ARRAY outlet arrangement only, enter

height of outlet configuration. Default: *20* FEET
[*6* M].
Number of levels:
Default: 1.00; for PLANE outlet arrangement only,
number of levels or floors having the indicated
dimensions.
Number of foam outlets:
Default based on area size.
System type:
*LOEXP*- Low expansion foam system
MDEXP- Medium expansion foam system
HIEXP- High expansion foam system
Pipe system type:
*DRFXP*- Dry pipe system
WTFXP- Wet pipe system
DLFXP- Deluge system
PORT- Portable system with nozzle
Foam delivery option:
FCHMB- Foam chambers
MONTR- Monitors
*NOZLE*Nozzles
HNDLN- Hand lines
SPRKR- Sprinklers
Application density:
Volume of water/foam required per unit of area.
Default based on hazard/class.
Number of hose stations: Default: 0
Number of hydrants: Default: 0
Foam concentration:
Default: 3.00%; Max: 100%
Foam tank option:
*NONE*- No foam storage tank required
BALPR- Tank with balanced pressure proportioning
PRTNK- Tank with pressure proportioning
ARPMP- Tank with around the pump proportioning
Tank design gauge pressure:
Tank temperature:
18-38 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
Standpipe and hose fire systems SPHOS
Pipe material:
*A 53*, 304P, 316P
Length:
Area length for determining number of hoses
Width:
Area width for determining number of hoses; default:
same as length
Number of levels:
Default: 1.00; number of levels or floors having the
indicated dimensions.
System type:
*C-I*- Class I stand pipe and hose system
C-II- Class II stand pipe and hose system
C-III- Class III stand pipe and hose system
Number of hoses:
Default based on class and area dimensions
Pipe system type:
*DRAUT*- Automatic dry system; Class I only
DRSMA- Semi-automatic dry system; Class I only
DRMNL- Manual dry system; Class I only
WTAUT- Automatic wet system
WTMNL- Manual wet system
Minimum flow per hose:
Max: 1,250.0 GPM [78.0 L/S];
Default: for C-I, C-III, 500 GPM [31 L/S]; for C-II,
100 GPM [6.3 L/S]
Number of hydrants:
Default: 0
Emergency eyewash and shower units WSHWR
Pipe material:
*A 53*, 304P, 316P
Number of wash units:
Default: 0
Enter the number of wash units (type specified below
in Wash unit type field) to be included at the
eyewash station.
Number of shower units:
Default: 0
Enter the number of full-body showers.
Number of combined units:
Default: 0
18 Piping (G10) 18-39

Description Type
WSHWR - continued
When a quantity is specified, this combination unit

provides a combination full-body shower and wash unit
(type specified below in Wash unit type field).
Number of nozzles per shower:
Default: 1; Max: 12
Enter the number of nozzles per shower unit.
Length supply pipe:
Default: *50.0* FEET [*50.0* M]
Wash unit type:
EYE1- single outlet eyewash unit
*EYE2*- double outlet eyewash unit
FACE- face wash unit
COMB- combination eye and face wash unit
Drain requirement:
*YES*, NO
High density polyethylene pipe, fusion bonded HDPE PIPE
Pipe length:
Min: 1.0 FEET [0.35 M]
Pipe diameter:
2-54 INCHES DIAM [50-1350 MM DIAM]
Default: based on SDR and temperature
Temperature: Default: 73 DEG F [23 DEG C]
Configuration: *BURIED*, ABOVE
Depth of buried pipe:
24-120 INCHES [600-3000 MM]
Number of Elbows: Default: *0*
Number of Reducers: Default: *0*
Number of Wyes: Default: *0*
Number of Yes: Default: *0*
Number of Blinds: Default: *0*
Sanitary flow diversion panel FLO PANEL
Panel consists of pipe with swivelling elbow (must be

positioned manually) used to divert flow to one of four
pipes. If included, proximity sensor identifies position of
elbow. Quick disconnects are used to connect elbow with
downstream pipe. Used in the sanitary industry.
Panel enclosures are stainless steel for sanitation.
Custom Pipe Spec: enter either Custom Pipe Spec (see

Design Basis) or material, not both. Default: 304 PS
18-40 18 Piping (G10)

Description Type
FLO PANEL - continued
Material:
*304PS*- SS304, sanitary grade pipe material
316PS- SS316, sanitary grafe pipe material
Material selection is for piping (wetted part) only;
enclosure material is SS316.
Pipe diameter:
Standard pipe diameters between1.50 INCHES [40.0
MM] and 4.00 INCHES [100 MM]
Panel type:
*DWALL*- Double wall type panel
SWALL- Single wall type panel
No. stations/panel:
MIN: *2*; MAX: 8
Proximity sensors:
NO- No proximity sensors will be provided
*YES*- Proximity sensors will be provided
Clamp connections:
select clamp connection type for front (U-bend) side
*CB*- Cherry-Burrel couplings
TC- Tri-Clover couplings
No. of extra U-bends:
Default: *0*
Ferrules on outlet:
*NO*- No ferrule will be provided
YES- Ferrules will be provided
Clamp type for back side is the same as front side
when ferrules are provided.
Note: Available Metric sizes are: 40, 50, 80, 100
Description Type
TUBING
Tube Diameter: Range: 1/16 - 2 INCHES [2 – 50 MM]
Tube Material: Default: *304L*
304L - Stainless Steel 304L
316L - Stainless Steel 316L
Number of union: Default: *0*
Number of ball valves: Default: *0*
18 Piping (G10) 18-41

Pipe Diameters
(Inch - Pound diameters are for ANSI B36.19)
INCHES MM
0.51 151
.75 20
1 25
1.251 32
1.51 401
2 50
2.51 651
3 80
3.51 901
4 100
51 1251
6 150
8 200
10 250
12 300
14 350
16 400
18 450
20 500
24 600
30 750
36 900
42 1050
48 1200
2 13502
54
602 15002
18-42 18 Piping (G10)

INCHES MM
2
72 18002
1 Non-standard pipe sizes are not created by models unless specified.
2 Elbows and tees are fabricated from like-diameter pipe. Estimate includes more
welds to fabricate fittings.
Pipe Schedule
Use ANSI B36.10 for all materials, all country locations.
Exceptions:
Japan - does have schedule 20SS 0.5 - 12 INCHES diameter.
Japan - schedule 40, 60, 80, and 100SS > 20 INCHES diameter is
much thinner.
18 Piping (G10) 18-43

Standard Equations for Pipe
Diameter (Old)
Liquid Lines Slurry Lines
GPM Range Velocity GPM Range Velocity
0 - 90 7 0 - 3000 3
91 - 250 8 3001 - 5000 5
251 - 500 9 5001 - 7000 7
501 - 1000 10 > 7000 8
1001 - 2000 11
2001 - 3000 12
3001 - 4000 13
> 4000 14
Diameter = 0.6384*(GPM/Velocity)**0.5
IF (Diameter > 4.0) THEN
Diameter = Diameter - 1.00
ELSE
Diameter = Diameter - 0.25
Gas Lines
Minimum Flowrate = 100000.0 for velocity calculations
Maximum Flowrate = 1.0E07 for velocity calculations
Flowrate Velocity
LBS/HR FPS
Velocity=Log-Log X1 = 1.0E05 Y1 = 30.0
X2 = 1.0E07 Y2 = 100.0
Specific Volume = 10.73*(Fahrenheit+460.0)/(Molewt*(Pressure+15.0))
Diameter = 0.226*((Flowrate*Specific Volume)/Velocity)**0.50
IF (Diameter > 18.0) Use one pipe size smaller
Steam Lines
Minimum Flowrate = 10000.0 for velocity equations
Maximum Flowrate = 1.0E06 for velocity equations
Flowrate Velocity
LBS/HR FPS
Velocity = Log-Log X1 = 1.0E04 Y1=20.0
X2 = 1.0E06 Y2=100.0
TempSteam = 100.0*(Pressure+30.0)**0.25
SpecificVolume = 0.596*(TempSteam+460.0)/(Pressure+15.0)
Diameter = 0.226*(Flowrate*SpecificVolume/Velocity)**0.50
IF (Diameter > 18.0) Use one pipe size smaller
18-44 18 Piping (G10)

Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter (Old) - continued
Relief Lines
SQ INCHES DIAM INCHES
0.196 1.0
1.287 2.0
2.853 3.0
6.38 4.0
16.0 6.0
26.0 8.0
18 Piping (G10) 18-45

Standard Equations for Pipe
Diameter (New)
The “new” line sizing models are characterized by a maximum pipe velocity
criterion and a maximum pressure drop criterion, as listed below:
Parameter Equation Remarks

Pipe Velocity V ≤ V max V = flow Velocity;
Vmax = maximum velocity given below;
Pressure Drop (psi ΔP ⁄ 100 ≤ ΔP max ΔP max is the allowable maximum pressure
per 100 ft) drop per 100ft, given below
Application Maximum Maximum Pressure Drop Per 100 ft.

Velocity
Liquid Lines V max = 100 ⁄ p 10.5 ΔP max = 1 psi
Gas Lines V max = 100 ⁄ p v0.5 ΔP max = 0.224 + 0.00172 P + 0.0000034 P2

where P is the operating pressure in psia.
Steam Lines V max = 100 ⁄ p s0.5 ΔP max = 1 psi
Centrifugal Pump V max = 5 ft/s ΔP max = 1 psi

Suction
PD & Gear Pump V max = 1.5 ft/s ΔP max = 1 psi

Suction
All Pump Discharge Table as a function ΔP max = 3 psi

of Pipe Diameter
Tower Reboiler V max = 3 ft/s
Flare Stack inlet V max = 0.75* sonic

header velocity
18-46 18 Piping (G10)

Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter (NEW) - continued
Name Equation
Pipe Diameter Liquid d=12*(4*gpm/(π*7.481*60*Vmax))0.5
Vapor d=0.226*(flowrate*specificvolume/Vmax)0.5
Friction Factor f=2*[(8/NRE)12 + 1/(C1+C2)1.5]0.0833

Vapor/Liquid where:
C1={2.457*ln[1/((7/NRE)0.9+(0.27*( ε /(d/12))))]}16
C2=(37530/NRE)16
( d ⁄ 12 ) v ρ
N RE = --------------------------
μ
ε (abs. roughness) = 0.00015 ft (Commercial steel/wrought
iron)
v (liquid velocity) = 0.4085*gpm/d2
v (vapor velocity) = 0.051076* flowrate*specificvolume/d2
ρ (liquid density) = lb/ft3
μ (liquid viscosity) = cP*6.7197*10-4
d = pipe ID, inches
Frictional pressure drop ΔP 100 ( 2fρv 2 )

(psi per 100 ft) ------- = ------------------------
100 d
Vapor/Liquid g c ⎛ -----⎞ 144
⎝ 12⎠
Vapor Density ρ =((Pi+14.696)*MW)/(10.73*(Ti+460))

where:
Pi=Operating Pressure, psig
Ti= Operating Temperature, oF
MW=Molecular Weight
Vapor Viscosity μ g =K*10-4*EXP(X*ρ s y)

where:
1.5
( 9.4 + 0.02MW ) ( T i + 460 )
K = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
209 + 19MW + ( T i + 460 )
X=3.5+(986/Ti+460)+0.01*MW
y=2.4 – 0.2*X
ρ s , Standard density=(MW/28.97)*0.0764*
(520/14.696)*(Pi+14.696)/Ti+460)*1/62.428
Pressure Drop –6 2
ΔP 100 ( 3.36 ×10 )f ( flowrate ) -
--------- = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steam 100 5
(ρd )
18 Piping (G10) 18-47

Standard Equations for Pipe Diameter (NEW) - continued
Name Equation
⎛ ⎞2
⎜ 1 ⎟
Friction Factor, Steam f = ⎜ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------⎟
– 2 Log ( ε ⁄ ( d ⁄ 12 ) )⎞ ⎛ Log
⎜ ⎛ ---------------------------------------------- ( ε ⁄ ( d ⁄ 12 ) )-⎞ ⎟
---------------------------------------
⎝ ⎝ 3.7 – ( 5.02 ⁄ N RE ) ⎠ ⎝ 3.7 + ( 13 ⁄ N RE ) ⎠ ⎠
where:
( d ⁄ 12 ) v ρ
N RE = --------------------------
μ
Maximum Flow Velocity as a function of

Pipe Diameter for Pump Discharge (Fluid
Specific Gravity = 1)
Pipe Diameter (inches) Maximum Velocity (fps)
1 10.5
1.5 11.0
2 11.1
3 11.3
4 11.6
6 12.0
8 12.2
10 12.4
12 12.5
14 12.6
16 12.7
18 13.0
20 13.1
18-48 18 Piping (G10)

Utility Piping Services
Utility headers are sized based upon the following:
• The Utility Header Diameter Symbol (L,M,H,V) as specified for Plant Bulk Utility
Piping will give diameters for each service as tabulated in the following table.
• By specifying the desired diameter for that service. If the Utility Header Symbol is
designated, then a run of each service line is provided by the system in default of a
non-specified diameter. The default diameter corresponding to the service type is
listed in the table below.
A user-specified diameter for a service header overrides the diameter
associated with the Utility Header Diameter Symbol. Service headers may be
omitted by:
• Specifying “0.0” diameter for the undesired service.
• Omitting the Utility Diameter Symbol, whereby only diameter-specified headers are
provided.
• These items are cost accounted to the same COA’s as process piping.
Service Nominal Pipe Diameter: INCHES [MM]

Diameter Symbol
Symbol Type L M H V -
Water
F (b) Firewater - loop 6[150] 8[200] 12[300] 16[400] excluded
F (b) Firewater - lateral 4[100] 6[150] 6 [150] 6 [150] excluded
P Potable water 2 [50] 2 [50] 4 [100] 6 [150] excluded
C Cooling water and return line 6[150] 8[200] 12[300] 14[350] excluded
Steam*
L (i) Low pressure steam 3 [80] 4[100] 8[200] 12[300] excluded
M (i) Medium pressure steam 3 [80] 4[100] 8[200] 12[300] excluded
H (i) High pressure steam 3 [80] 4[100] 6[150] 8 [200] excluded
Air
P Plant air 2 [50] 3 [80] 4[100] 6[150] excluded
I Instrument air 2 [50] 2 [50] 3 [80] [100] excluded
Gas
F Fuel gas 2 [50] 2 [50] 4[100] 6[150] excluded
I Inert gas 2 [50] 2 [50] 4[100] 6[150] excluded
Other
CS (b) Chemical sewer 8[200] 10[250] 12[300] 14[350] excluded
FL Flare line 10[250] 14[350] 16[400] 24[600] excluded
US Utility station (see diagram) 1 [25] 1 [25] 1 [25] 1 [25]
*One condensate return line is provided upon selection of any combination of steam
services.
(b) Buried
(i) Insulated
18 Piping (G10) 18-49

Utility Station Diagram
18-50 18 Piping (G10)

Default Piping Materials
Equipment Fabrication Temperature Range* Piping Material Symbol
Materials F C
Questimate and Icarus Project Manager
All Materials all all A 106 (up to 2 INCHES [50 MM]
A 53 (2 INCHES [50mm] and larger)
Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project Evaluation
All Carbon and Low Alloy -425 to -51 -253 to -46 304P
Steel -50 to -21 -45 to -29 A333A
-20 to 650 -28 to 343 A 106 (up to 2 INCHES [50 MM]
-20 to 650 -28 to 343 A 53 (2 INCHES [50 MM] and larger)
651 to 1000 344 to 537 A335C
1001 to 1200 538 to 648 A335F
1201 to 1500 649 to 815 304P
Clad Vessels Material corresponding to process-
side cladding material.
Lined Vessels: Brick or all all Carbon steel - see above
monolithic lined
Lined Vessels: rubber lined all all RBLCS
Lined Vessels: organic all all TFELS
(except rubber), glass, lead
zinc lines
High Alloy Steel (Stainless) -425 to 650 -252 to 343 304P
651 to 1500 344 to 815 316P
Aluminum -425 to 300 -253 to 148 AL
Copper and Copper Alloys; -20 to 400 -28 to 204
Except for HE and RB CU
HE and RB only Carbon Steel - see above
HASTELLOY all all HAST
INCONEL all all INCNL
KARBATE (graphite) all all TFELS
MONEL all all MONEL
Nickel all all N
Titanium all all TI
Expoxy/Polypropylene (PPL) all all TFELS
Wood all all 316P
*The maximum temperature for any pipe material will not exceed the maximum temperature for
the corresponding plate material listed in Chapter 28.
18 Piping (G10) 18-51

Pipe Materials - Ferrous
Materials
Carbon Steel
(COA 310 - 319)
System ASTM BS JIS DIN Composition Recommended Length
Material Maximum Type**
Symbol Temperature
Degrees*
F C
A 53 or A-53 3601 G3454 17172 1100 593 1
CS (B) ERW410 STPG StE240.7
G3452
SGP
GALV (B) ERW410 STPG StE240.7 Galvanized CS 1100 593 1
G3452
SGP
A 106 or A - 106 3602 G3456 17175 1100 593 1
CS (B) HFS410 STPT St45.8
A333A A-333 3603 G3460 SEW-680 1100 593 1
(6) 410LT50 STPL380 TTSt35N
* The maximum temperature for any pipe material will not exceed the maximum temperature for
** See Length Types.
API Pipe
(COA 310-319)
System API BS JIS DIN Composition Recommended Length
Symbol Temperature
Degrees*
F C
GRBW*** 5L/5LS 3601 G3454 17172 1100 593 1
ERW410 STPG StE240.7
X42W 1100 593 1
X52W 1100 593 1
X60W 1100 593 1
X65W 1100 593 1
*** For GRBS (GR.B seamless), select GRBW (GR.B welded) as the system material symbol and
then select “Seamless” in the Pipe Type field.
18-52 18 Piping (G10)

Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel
(All COA 320-329, except A333C COA 310-319)
Symbol Temperature
Degrees*
F C
A-335 3604 G3458 17175
A335B (12) 620-440 STPA22 13CrMo44 1Cr - .5Mo 1200 648 1
A335C (11) 621 STPA23 13CrMo44 I.25CR-.5Mo-Si 1200 648 1
A335D (22) 622 STPA24 10CrMo910 2.25Cr-1Mo 1200 648 1
A335F (5) 625 STPA25 12CrMo195G 5Cr-.5Mo 1200 648 1
A335G (9) 629-470 STPA26 12CrMo91G 9Cr-1Mo 1200 648 1
Low Temperature Service Min. Temp
A-333 3603 G3460 SEW 680 F C
A333C (3) 503LT10 STPL450 10Ni14 3.5Ni -150 -101 1
0
18 Piping (G10) 18-53

High Alloy Steel
(COA 320-329)
Symbol Temperature
Degrees*
F C
304P A-312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr-8Ni 1500 815 1
TP 304 304S18 SUS304TP X5CrNi1810
304LP A312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr-8Ni 1500 815 1
TP 304L 304S14 SUS304LTP X2CrNi1911
316P A-312 3605 G3459 2462 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo 1500 815 1
TP 316 316S18 SUS316TP X5CrNiMo17122
316LP A-312 3605 G3459 2462 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo 1500 815 1
TP 316L 316S14 SUS316LTP X2CrNiMo17132
321P A-312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr-10Ni-Ti 1500 815 1
TP 321 321S18 SUS321TP X6CrNiTi1810
6MOP A-312 3605 G3459 2463 20Cr-18Ni-6Mo 1382 750 1
TP 317L 316S22 SUS317LTP-A X2CrNiMo18143
Gauge Pipe (Very Light Wall)
304PG A-312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr-8Ni 1500 815 2
TP 304 304S18 SUS304TP X5CrNi1810
316PG A-312 3605 G3459 2462 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo 1500 815 2
Sanitary Pipe (Polished, Quick Disconnects)
Random lengths
304PS*** A-312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr-8Ni
assumed
1500 815
for pipe
3
of
TP 304 304S18 SUS304TP X5CrNi1810 different materials
316PS*** A-312 3605 G3459 2462 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo and diameters.
1500 815 3
***Maximum 200 PSIG (1,375 KPA)
18-54 18 Piping (G10)

Pipe Materials - Non-Ferrous
Materials
Non-Ferrous Materials
(COA 330-339)
Material Maximum Type*
Symbol Temperature *
Degrees*
F C
AL B-241 1474 H4080 1746 Aluminum 350 176 1
U.S. to 10 INCHES [250 MM]
A96061 6061 A6061T
U.S above 10 INCHES [250 MM] and all others
CU B-42 2871 H3300 1754 Copper 400 204 3
C10200 C103 C1020T OF-Cu
N B-161 3074 H4552 17740 Nickel 600 315 3
N02200 NA11 NNCT Ni99.2 99Ni
MONEL B-165 3074 H4552 17751 Monel 800 426 3
N04400 NA13 NCuT NiCu30Fe 67Ni-30Cu
INCNL B-167 Inconel 1200 648 3
N06600 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe
TI B-337 H4630 17850 Titanium 600 315 3
R50400 TTP35
HAST B-619 H4552 17751 Hastelloy 1250 676 3
N10276 NMCr NiMo16Cr15 54Ni-16Mo-15Cr
A 20 B-464 Alloy 20 800 426 3
N08020 35Ni-35Fe-20Cr-Cb
ZR B-658 Zirconium 700 371 3
R60702 99.2Zr
18 Piping (G10) 18-55

Plastic and Resin Materials
(COA 350-359)
Recommended
Maximum
Temperature
System
Material DEG DEG Length
Material Class Pipe Material Symbol F C Type*
Plastics and Resins Fiberglass Reinforced ** FRP 260 125
Epoxy Resin
Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC 140 60 4

Maximum 8 INCHES [200
MM}diameter
Chlorinated Polyvinyl CPVC 200 93 4

Chloride, Maximum 8
INCHES [200 MM] diameter
* See below for Length Types
** Thickness/schedule not adjustable
Type Length
10 FEET 15 FEET 20 FEET 30 FEET
[3 M] [4.6 M] [6.1 M] [9.1 M]
1 < = 1.5 INCHE > 1.5 INCHE
2 All D
3 All D
4 All D
5 All D
18-56 18 Piping (G10)

Lined Steel Pipe
(COA 340-349)
Lined piping of the materials in the following table are developed irrespective
of the equipment or pipe temperature. The user must give consideration to
temperature-material selections for these materials, as the system does not
produce a warning or error condition if the recommended maximum
temperature is exceeded.
Recommended
Maximum
Temperature
System
Material Degrees Degrees Spool
Lined Steel Symbol F C Type*
Remote shop fabricated carbon steel pipe and
fittings, lined with:
Epoxy EPLCS 260 125 4
Glass GSLCS 450 230 2
Natural rubber, (1/4 INCHES [6 MM] thick) RBLCS 175 80 4
Nitrile rubber (1/4 INCHES [6 MM] thick) NITRL 175 80
Hypalon rubber (1/4 INCHES [6 MM] thick) HYPLN 175 80
Butyl rubber (1/4 INCHES [6 MM] thick) BUTYL 175 80

Neoprene rubber (1/4 INCHES [6 MM] thick) NEPNE 175 80
Ebonite (1/4 INCHES [6 MM] thick) EBONT 175 80
Cement CMLCS
Polypropylene PPLCS* 225 110 1
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (KYNAR) PVDF* 275 135 1

Polyvinylidene Chloride (SARAN) PVDC 175 80 3
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP TEFLON) FEP 400 200 4
Polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE TEFLON) TFELS* 450 230 1
Remote shop fabricated stainless steel pipe TFESS* 450 230 1
and fittings, lined with:
Polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE TEFLON)

* Can use bends up to 4 INCHES instead of elbows.
Spool Types
Spool Spool Diameter Default Spool Maximum Spool
Type Length Length
1 All 20 FEET [6.1 M] 40 FEET [12 M]
2 < = 1 INCH 2 FEET [0.6 M] 2 FEET [0.6 M]
> 1 and < 2 INCH 6 FEET [1.9M] 6 FEET [1.9M]
> 2 INCH 10 FEET [3.1M] 10 FEET [3.1M]
3 All 10 FEET [3.1M] 10 FEET [3.1M]
4 All 20 FEET [6.1 M] 20 FEET [6.1 M]
18 Piping (G10) 18-57

Icarus systems automatically include two flanges per spool.
For yard pipe (Plant bulks - YARD PIPE), specifying the number of flanges
overrides the default. An error message appears if the number of flanges you
specified causes the spool piece to exceed the maximum length for that
particular spool piece type and diameter.
For installation bulk piping (Component - Pipe Item Details), specifying the
number of flanges overrides the default. If the number of flanges specified
causes the spool piece to exceed the maximum length for that particular spool
piece type and diameter, the default spool length is used. However, the
system will not generate a message that there are too few flanges.
The spool pieces are shipped pre-flanged and ready for bolt-up to valves and
flanged fittings in the field.
The following is a yard pipe example:
Yard Pipe Example:

20 FEET [61 M] Yard Pipe 10 INCHES diameter FELS (material)
System generates: 10 sections 20 flanges
Spool length = 20 FEET [6.1 M]
200 FEET [61 M] Yard Pipe 10 INCHES diameter FELS (material)
User enters: 10 flanges
System generates: 5 Sections 10 flanges
Spool lengths = 40 FEET [12 M}
200 FEET Yard Pipe 10 INCHES diameter TFELS (material)
User enters: 8 flanges
System generates:
“ERROR: Too few flanges on this run of pipe”
System cannot generate this run of yard pipe. When the user enters ‘8 flanges,’ the
system tries to break the yard pipe into 4 sections (Spools):
The Spool Type Chart indicates that TFELS is a Type 1 spool and cannot exceed a
maximum length of 40 FEET [12 M] on a single spool piece; therefore, the system
generates an error message.
18-58 18 Piping (G10)

Yard Pipe Example - continued
To determine the minimum number of flanges on a spool piece of yard pipe:

1) Determine the length of the pipe.
2) Determine the Spool Type.
3) Look at the maximum length of spool for the spool type.
Calculate:
Minimum Number of flanges = (Length of Pipe / Maximum Length) x2
Example:
Material =
18 Piping (G10) 18-59

18-60 18 Piping (G10)
18 Piping (G10) 18-61
Icarus Fabrication, Erection and
Testing Procedures
Code of Account Icarus Operation What is Included
3X2 FIELD SHOP FAB HANDLE AND WELD PREP OPER.
(312-CS, 322-SS, etc.)
Shop handling for fabrication Unload from train/truck
into shop storage’ procure
material for favrication;
place completed spools in
temporary storage.
Prepare for welding

Weld prep (clean, pickle, etc.);
smooth weld (deburr/
grink), and clean-up
Pre-heating For temperatures up to

400F [204C]
CUTTING PIPE
Flame cutting Flame cut pipe- plain end
Machine cutting Machine cut pipe - plain
end
BEVELING PIPE
Flame beveling Flame bevel pipe for
welding
Machine beveling Machine bevel pipe for
welding
WELDING (shop)
Butt weld Manual butt weld
Repari bad x-ray welds Dig out & re-weld bad X-
ray welds
FIELD SHOP X-RAY Radiographic inspection
FIELD SHOP STRESS RELIEF Local stress, relieving
TESTING, MISC. CLEANING
Clean & polish User specified
Other testing User specified
3X4 REMOTE SHOP FAB [Operations same as Field Shop] [Cost accounted as
(3140CS, 324-SS, etc.) material cost]
18-62 18 Piping (G10)

Icarus’ Pipe Fabrication, Erection and Testing Procedures - continued
Code of Account Icarus Operation What is Included
3X7 PIPE ERECTION ERECT SHOP FAB PIPE Handle and erect fabricated
(317-CS, 327-SS, etc.) spool pieces; includes handle
and haul from storage yard,
unload and rig in place and
align.
ERECT VALVE Field handle valves, orifice
unions, etc.
BOLT UP CONNECTIONS Field attach flanges and do
bolt-ups
ERECT STRAIGHT RUN PIPE Same item as Erect Shop Fab
Pipe
WELDING (field)
Flame cutting Same items as Field Shop Fab
Machine cutting Same items as Field Shop Fab
Flame beveling Same items as Field Shop Fab
Machine beveling Same items as Field Shop Fab
Butt weld Same items as Field Shop Fab
Repair bad X-ray welds Same items as Field Shop Fab
FIELD X-RAY Same items as Field Shop Fab
FIELD STRESS RELEIF Same items as Field Shop Fab
307 PREFAB PIPE REPAIR & ADJ PREFAB PIPE 10% of all shop man-hours
REWORK (12.5% in UK)
306 PIPING SYSTEM PIPE TESTING (field only)
TESTING Hydrostatic testing Prepare for test (place blinds &
blanks, open valves, support
items, air purge, etc.); test
(fill, pressurize and monitor
lines, soap test joints); clean
up after test (drain lines,
remove temporary items,
close valves, etc.)
18 Piping (G10) 18-63

Valve and Fitting Options for
Installation Bulk Piping
Selections of available valves and fittings on installation bulk piping are listed
alphabetically below, with those available for standard piping materials listed
separately from those available only for sanitary piping materials. These
choices are available only on installation bulk piping (Piping - Line Item Detail)
or when adding installation bulk piping through the use of the P&ID editor on
Aspen Kbase systems.
Description Symbol
For Standard Piping Materials (all available piping materials
except 304PS and 316PS)
Angle valve AN
Ball valve BA
Blind BL
Butterfly valve BU
Check valve CH
DI or SS Victaulic coupling (Vict. Pipe only VS
Elbow EL
Expansion joint ST
Extra drains* DR
Flange (exclude valve flanges, set by system)** FL
Gate valve GA
Globe valve GL
Knife gate valve KN
None
Plug valve PL
Reducer RE
Regulating valve RV
Rupture disk RD
Safety/relief valve SV
Spectacle blind SB
Strainer ST
Steam trap TP
Tee TE
Temperature valve TV
Threadolet TL
Transition joint at material change TR
*Drain is defined as a fitting assembly composed of three elbows, one
gate valve, and 10 FEET (3 M) of 0.75 INCH (20 mm) pipe. However,
the user can select the diameter, length, number of fittings, and type
of fittings (a maximum of four different types) at the project level.
**Flange costs include cost of gaskets and bolts. Not available in IPM.
18-64 18 Piping (G10)

Valve and Fitting Options for Installation Bulk Piping - continued
Description Symbol
For Sanitary Piping Materials (304PS and 316PS) Only
Butterfly valve - sanitary, max 8 IN [200 MM] BU
Check valve - sanitary, max 4 IN [100 MM] CH
Cross - sanitary, max 8 IN [200 MM] CR
Elbow (45 degree)-sanitary, max 8 IN [200 MM] 45
Elbow (90 degree)-sanitary, max 8 IN [200 MM] EL
Flange - sanitary (exclude valve flanges) FL
Hose adapter -sanitary, max 4 IN [100 MM] HA
Pipe adapter-sanitary, max 4 IN [100 MM] PA
Quick-joint conn. -sanitary, max 4 IN [100 MM] QJ
Reducer (concen.)-sanitary, max 8 IN [200 MM] RE
Reducer (eccen.)-sanitary, max 8 IN [200 MM] ER
Safety valve - sanitary, max 4 IN [100 MM] SV
Swivel-joint conn. -sanitary, max 4 IN [100 MM] SJ
Tee - sanitary, max 8 IN [200 MM] TE
Threadolet - sanitary TL
**Drain is defined as a fitting assembly composed of three elbows, one gate
valve, and 10 FEET (3 M) of 0.75 INCH (20 mm) pipe. However, the user can
select the diameter, length, number of fittings, and type of fittings (a
maximum of four different types) at the project level.
*Flange costs include cost of gaskets and bolts.
18 Piping (G10) 18-65

Valve Trim Specifications
The valve trim specifications in Aspen Icarus custom pipe specifications are
based on the API-600 specification. The API-600 specifications pertain to steel
gate valves only, but Aspen Icarus extends these valve trim specifications to
apply to gate, globe and check valves. Aspen Icarus has implemented a subset
of the specification based on the data available. The table below provides a
summary of the differences between the trim choices. Please refer to the
specification for further information.
Definition of Aspen Icarus Valve Trim Specifications

API-600 Trim Number Trim Definition Comments
TRIM 01 F6 Nominal Trim Default trim for all Carbon Steel
Gate, Globe and Check valves
TRIM 02 SS 304 Trim Default Trim for all SS Gate,

Globe and Check Valves
TRIM 05 Hard Faced Trim Cobalt-chromium alloy seats
TRIM 08 F6 and Hard Faced
TRIM 09 Monel Trim Default for Monel valves
TRIM 10 SS 316 Trim Default for SS 316 Valves
TRIM 12 SS316 Trim + Hard faced
Note: Selecting a trim that has a lower number than the default trim for that
valve body material will be ignored (for example, selecting TRIM 01 for a
Monel valve is not valid, you must select TRIM 09,10,12). Also, these specs do
not apply to control valves.
Please contact Aspen Icarus if you are interested in working with us to extend
the list of choices to address your requirements.
18-66 18 Piping (G10)

18-67 18 Piping (G10)
18 Piping (G10) 18-68
18-69 18 Piping (G10)
18-70 18 Piping (G10)
19 Civil (G8)

Civil Plant Bulks
Foundation Types
Typical Structure Live Loads
Soil Types
Specifying Seismic Data
How Icarus Calculates Wind Load and Seismic Shear
Example of Equipment Foundation Design
Example of Pile Foundation for an Equipment
19 Civil (G8) 19-1

Civil Plant Bulks
Civil plant bulk items include concrete tanks, foundations and structures.
Description Type
Concrete tanks: above grade, circular/rectangular ABVGR TANK
Shape symbol:
Inside length or diameter:
Enter length for rectangular tanks or diameter for
cylindrical tanks.
Inside width:
Enter length for rectangular tanks, leave blank for
cylindrical tanks.
Fluid density: Default: *62.4* PCF [*1,000* KG/M3]
Foundation thickness: Min: 4.0 INCHES [100 MM]
Wall thickness top: Min: 4.0 INCHES [100 MM]
Wall thickness bottom: Min: 4.0 INCHES [100 MM]
Soil type: See “Soil Types” later in this chapter.
19-2 19 Civil (G8)

Civil Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
Concrete tanks: below grade, circular/rectangular BELGR TANK
Shape symbol:
Inside length or diameter:
Enter length for rectangular tanks or diameter for
cylindrical tanks.
Inside width:
Enter length for rectangular tanks, leave blank for
cylindrical tanks.
Fluid density:
Default: *62.4* PCF [*1,000* KG/M3]
Foundation thickness: Min: 4.0 INCHES [100 MM]
Wall thickness top: Min: 4.0 INCHES [100 MM]
Wall thickness bottom: Min: 4.0 INCHES [100 MM]
Height above ground:
Enter height that wall projects above grade. Default:
Top flush with grade *0.0*.
Soil type:
See “Soil Types” later in this chapter. Include
allowance (material and labor) for shoring if soil type
is SAND or poorer; full exposed surface and depth is
shored. No equipment rental included.
Concrete foundations, structures: 18 types (see CONCRETE
Foundation Types later in this chapter)
Various types of concrete items. Material quantities

are per item.
If using Aspen Kbase, see Aspen Kbase User’s Guide,
Chapter 10, “Administrative Operations,” for
information on customizing foundation data by using
an external file to define foundation quantities, man-
hours, and costs.
Concrete quantity:
Enter design quantity, overpour will be added based
on item type.
Foundation type:
See “Foundation Types” later in this chapter.
Excavation quantity: ‘Default: Excavation, formwork
and rebar based on concrete quantity and type.
Rebar quantity:
Default: Excavation, formwork and rebar based on
concrete quantity and type.
Formwork quantity:
Default: Excavation, formwork and rebar based on
concrete quantity and type.
19 Civil (G8) 19-3

Description Type
CONCRETE - continued
Grout quantity:
Default: *0.0* CY [*0.0* M3]. Non-shrink grout.
Anchors and embedments:
Default: = 0 if grout = 0; determined from concrete
quantity if external civil file exists, or else determined
from grout quantity.
Sealcoat or liner type:
SC- Sealcoat
GM- Standard geosynthetic membrane
C1- Bentonite clay liner - 1 membrane
C2- Bentonite clay liner - 2 membranes
*NO*- No sealcoat or membrane liner
Sealcoat or liner area:
Default 0.0 SY
Membrane thickness:
Default 0.060 INCHES [1.50 MM]; Min: 0.020 INCHES
[0.500 MM]; Max: 0.120 [3.0 MM]
1 Calculate foundation footprint surface area.

2 Convert to a square of equivalent size.
3 Excavated footprint = equivalent square + allowance [Width] for
formwork.
4 Depth of footing [to the frostline] in your Project Vivil Design Basis = 1
FOOT
5 Blinding slab covers the footprint of the equivalent-sized square.
6 User can specify the excavation slope in the project and area level civil
specs. By default, Icarus calculates excavation slope based on soil type.
19-4 19 Civil (G8)

Description Type
Scaffold labor: erect, dismantle SCAFFOLD
Temporary tubular steel scaffold, rental excluded.

Default plank area = L x W.
Concrete drainage trench, grate cover TRENCH
Average invert depth:

Trench width:
Tank containment with concrete paving and CONTAINMNT
surrounding wall with coating
Depth of paving:
Wall height:
Default: *3* FEET [*0.900* M]
Wall thickness:
Number of stairways:
Access stairway over wall. Default: *2*.
Sealcoat option:
Default: *YES*
YES- Concrete sealer coating required
NO- No sealer coating
Tank containment with diked area and geomembrane DIKE MEMBR
Contained length:
Length, width and depth of diked area.
Contained width:
Length, width and depth of diked area.
19 Civil (G8) 19-5

Description Type
DIKE MEMBR - continued
Contained depth:
Length, width and depth of diked area. Default: *4*
FEET [*1.20* M]
Imported fill depth:
Imported fill for membrane bedding and/or protective
cover. Default: *12* INCHES [*300* MM]
Unit cost of fill:
Imported fill for membrane bedding and/or protective
cover. Default: *0.0* currency/CY [*0.0* currency/
M3]
Membrane thickness:
Range: 0.020 - 0.120 INCHES [0.500 - 300 MM];
Membrane liner type:
*GM*- Standard geosynthetic membrane liner
C1- Bentonite clay liner - 1 membrane
C2- Bentonite clay liner - 2 membrane sandwich
NO- No geosynthetic membrane liner
19-6 19 Civil (G8)

Description Type
Above grade or buried yard piping YARD PIPE
See Chapter 18, “Piping”

Above grade or buried piping PIPE

High density polyethylene pipe, fusion bonded HDPE

Buried concrete pipe RCON PIPE
Building BUILDING
See Chapter 26, “Buildings”

Organic, metallic, abrasion resist. lining LINING
Material:
*EPLCS*- Epoxt resin lining
ASRSN- Asphalt resin lining
PHRSN- Phenolic resin lining
PVDF- Kynar sheet lining
TFELS- Teflon sheet lining
BUTYL - Butyle rubber sheet 1/4 INCH [6 MM]
NATRB- Natural rubber sheet 1/4 INCH [6 MM]
NITRL- Nitrile rubber sheet 1/4 INCH [6 MM]
HYPLN- Hypalon rubber sheet 1/4 INCH [6 MM]
NEPNE- Neoprene sheet 1/4 INCH [6 MM]
CLEAD- Chemical lead 16 PSF [80 KG/M2]
I-ZN- Inorganic zinc coat 3 MIL [0.08 MM]
ZNMZL- Flame sprayed zinc 8 MIL [0.20 MM]
CERML- Ceramic liner, light abrasion and impact
CERMM- Ceramic liner, med. abrasion, light impact
CERMH- Ceramic liner, hvy. abrasion, light impact
CERMV- Ceramic liner, hvy. abrasion, heavy impact
ABRPL- Abrasion resistant plate 1 INCH [25 MM]
REPRB- Replaceable rubber lining 1 INCH [25 MM]
LS304- Replaceable SS304 plate 1 INCH [25 MM]
LS316- Replaceable SS316 plate 1 INCH [25 MM]
Lining adjustment: *4.00*; MIN: 1.00; MAX: 10.0;
Adjustment: 1=large flat area, 4=typical; 10=small
obstructed area, congested space
19 Civil (G8) 19-7

Description Type
Pipe rack PIPE RACK
See Chapter 20, “Steel”
Tee or bent type pipe sleepers PIPE SUPPT
See Chapter 20, “Steel”

Open Concrete Structure OPN CON ST
Precast or Cast-in-place concrete open structure. The

default structure type is Precast. Structure can have
combination of grating and concrete floor slab. In
Aspen Kbase, you can load equipment into an open
structure by assigning the structure and the
equipment the same Structure Tag Number. See
chapter 20, "Open Steel Structure".
Concrete structure to support equipments with the

option of cast-in-place or precast structure.
Includes columns, beams, floor slab, grating, siding,
handrail and toeplates, stairways, lighting, electrical
panelboard and supply wiring/conduit.
The number of levels, if not specified is determined

from the total height and a level-to-level spacing of 15
FEET [4.5 M].
The bay span and bay width represent the typical

column spacing and is used to determine the number
of columns and column load.
You can load equipment into an open structure by

assigning the structure and the equipment, the
same User Tage Number (Refer Open steel structure)
Number of Floors:
Default: based on structure height and approximate
floor height of 15 FEET [4.5M]
Distributed Load per Level:
Default: 300 PSF [14 KN/M2]
19-8 19 Civil (G8)

Description Type
OPN CON ST - continued
Structure Type:
* PREC * - Precast concrete structure
CONC - Cast-in-place concrete structure
Concrete Type:
Default: as specified in unit area civil specs.
Bay span: Default: 20-25 FEET [6-7.6 M]
Bay width: Default: 20-25 FEET [6-7.6 M]
Default: 1 + 1 per 5000 SF [500 M2] of area per
floor
Floor slab percent of area: Default: 75
Floor slab thickness: Concrete slab thickness.
Default: If not specified, system calculates
based on span and loading.
Floor grate - percent of area: Default: 0
Grating type:
Default: grating type from area steel specs
Siding per wall area: Default: 0
Siding type:
* CORR * - Corrugated siding
NSUL - insulated siding
Wind Force Adjustment:
Additional adjustment for wind force specified in
project civil design specs. Default: 1
Seismic Force Adjustment:
Additional adjustment for seismic force specified
in project civil design specs. Default: 1
19 Civil (G8) 19-9

Foundation Types
Type Symbol Type Description
1 OCT+PROJ Octagon Slabs and Piers with Projection.
Foundation Typical Application

2 OCTAGONL Octagon Slabs and Piers without Projection.

3 PAVING Area Paving.

4 MASSPOUR Mass Pours - Large Mats, Pile Caps, and Other
Shapes - 25 CY [19 M3] minimum.
19-10 19 Civil (G8)

Foundation Types - continued
5 SM BLOCK Small Blocks - Pumps, Compressors, 3 CY [2.3 M3]
or less.

6 LG BLOCK Large Blocks - Large Compressors, Turbines 3-25
CY [2.3-1.9 M3].

7 PILE CAPS Pile Caps - 5 CY [3.8 M3] or less.

8 CONDUIT Conduit Envelope.

9 RING Circular Ring Foundation - For Large Tanks.
19 Civil (G8) 19-11


10 BASIN Basins.

11 EL SLAB Elevated Slab.

12 COLM/BM Columns and Beams.

13 WALL Wall and Wall Footings.

14 GRIND BM Grade Beam.
19-12 19 Civil (G8)


15 PIER Piers.

16 FOOTING Column Footings, Sleepers.

17 BOX Valve Boxes, Manholes etc.

18 SLAB GRB Slab on grade.
19 Civil (G8) 19-13

Typical Structure Live Loads
Typical Distributed Remarks
Structure Loads
PSF [KB/M2]
50.0 2.5 Minimum possible design loading.
150.0 7.0 Mostly access and platform areas, minor equipment
support and stairways
300.0 14.0 Designed for average elevated equipment supports,
platform areas, and stairways; open construction used for
most of the structure.
450.0 21.0 Designed for heavy equipment supports, crane or catalyst
loading structures, some covered construction (metal
siding for potential wind loads), and outside freight.
600.0 28.0 Elevators (lifts); equipment, cranes, elevators (lifts) not
included.
Soil Types
Soil Type
Soil Type Symbol Soil Loading Soil Density
PSF KN/M2 PCF KG/M3
Soft dry clay in thick beds SOFT CLAY 2000 100 60 960
Firm dry clay FIRM CLAY 4000 200 70 1120
Wet Sand WET SAND 4000 200 120 1920
Sand mixed with dry clay SAND+CLAY 4000 200 85 1360
Dry compact sand DRY SAND 6000 300 100 1600
Coarse compact sand SAND 8000 400 90 1440
Compact gravel GRAVEL 12000 600 95 1520
Soft friable rock or shale formation SOFT ROCK 16000 800 105 1680
Hardpan or compact sandstone beds HARDPAN 20000 1000 106 1700
Medium rock or granite formation MED-ROCK 30000 1400 108 1730
Hard rock formation HARD ROCK 80000 3800 110 1760
19-14 19 Civil (G8)

Specifying Seismic Data
There are three different ways to specify seismic data. The system actually uses
acceleration (measured in g: 0.17 means 17% of "g") to get the seismic load.
Therefore, the most accurate way of specifying your seismic design requirements is to
specify the acceleration value to be designed for. Entering Mercalli Number or UBC Zone
is less accurate because it forces the system to estimate Acceleration using the
following table.
UBC Zone Mercalli number Acceleration (g)

0 1,2,3,4 0.017
1 5,6 0.075
2A (A) 0.15
2B (2) 7 0.20
3 8 0.30
4 9,10,11,12 0.40
How Icarus Calculates Wind

Load and Seismic Shear
1) Wind Velocity
The Wind Velocity to be entered is the Basic Wind Speed which is the 3-
second gust speed at 33 ft (10m) above ground. Icarus calculates the Wind
Load profile along the height based on the ASCE Standard: Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Icarus uses a default Wind Exposure
C and a Wind Velocity of 100 MPH [160 KMPH] at 33', which corresponds to a
Wind load (velocity pressure qz) of 30 PSF.
qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt V * V * I (lb/sq ft)
You can select Wind exposure [B, C, D] and Default Wind Exposure is C.
Default Kzt=1.0 and Importance factor I=1.15.
For Exposure "C", Kz=1.0 at 33'
For V = 100 MPH and Exposure "C"
qz=0.00256*1.0*1.0*100*100*1.15 = 29.5 PSF at 33': this is the default
pressure (30 PSF)
Icarus develops the Wind profile along the height as in the code and then
calculate the wind load along the height.
2) Use of Wind Force Adjustment (default=1.0)
If you want to make adjustments to the wind load or Kzt*I, it could be entered
in Wind Force adjustment as a factor.
Icarus also uses:
Gust effect factor (Gf) = 1.0 for exposure C (not 0.85)
Cf = 0.7 for Vertical Vessels and 1.4 for structures
Additional Icarus factor: 1.10
Adjusted Pressure at 33' = qz* Cf* windadj*1.10
19 Civil (G8) 19-15

3) Seismic acceleration (g) and Seismic Force Adjustment
(default=1.0)
Icarus use the input value of Peak Ground acceleration (measured in g: 0.17
means 17% of "g") directly to get the Seismic Shear. In the case of
equipments, Icarus uses an additional factor of 1.1, Icarus does not make any
other adjustments.
Seismic Shear = Operating weight of Equipment * 1.10 * Seismic acceleration
* SesmicForceAdjustment.
Example of Equipment
Foundation Design
Vessel Dia. = 8' Height = 20' Allowable soil pressure = 4000 psf, Wind speed
=100 MPH
System Calculations:
Wt of Vessel = 9300 lbs
Moment due to wind = 124031 lb-ft
Top Area reqd. = 0.828*(Dia + 2.0)**2 = 0.828*10*10 = 82.8 sf
frost ht = 4.0 ft
self wt of footing = top area * (frost+1) * 150.0 = 82.8*5.0*150.0 = 62100
lbs
Total Weight = 9300 + 62100 = 71400 lbs
eccentricity = 124031/71400 = 1.737'
For the example above, and soil pressure, we have Type 2 footing, c.s. area =
82.8 is sufficient.
This can be verified if we use the formula for square footing:
71400/(B**2) + 124031/(B**3 /6) = 4000 Area = B*B
Concrete = 82.8* (frost+1)/27 = 15.33 CY
For Type 2 Foundation:

Contact Surface formwork = 15.0 sf/cy * 15.33 cy = 230 sf
Back-up-lumber = 30.0 BF/cy * 15.33 cy = 460 BF
Rebar quantity = 70 #/cy * 15.33 cy /2000 = 0.56 Tons
Manhours:
(need some adjustment based on the quantity unless external file is used)
Formwork Fabrication = 0.08 mh /sf * 230 sf = 18*adj. = 22
Formwork Installation = (0.30*0.83)*230 = 57*adj. = 35
Formwork Strip & Clean = (0.30*0.17)*230 = 12*adj. = 12
19-16 19 Civil (G8)

Rebar Installation = 16.0/Ton * 0.56 = 9*adj.= 14
Pour & Finish Concrete = 2.0/CY * 15.33 = 30.66*adj = 30
Example of Pile Foundation for

an Equipment
This is a sample calculation:
Process equipment: VT CYLINDER
Vessel Diameter = 12 feet Height = 20 feet
Wind Speed = 100 MPH
From Area Civil Specs for pile design:

Footing depth (frost height) = 4 feet
Pile Design Requirement = PILE; Pile Type = HP; Compressive Capacity=90
tons; Tensile capacity = 45 tons;
Driven Depth = 60 feet; Pile Spacing = 4 feet; shear capacity = 2 tons
Equipment Loading from System:

Wt of Vessel = 20800 lbs
Wind Force = 12695 lbs
Moment due to wind = 260237 lb-ft
base Area = 0.828*(Dia + 2.0)**2 = 0.828*14*14 = 162.288 sf
Weight of Concrete = 133888 lbs
D.L. with vessel empty = Weight of Vessel+Weight of Concrete +
Weight of Soil (if there is projection) = 20800+133888+0 = 154688 lbs
Weight of water (we assume 50% full for pile design) = 70573 lbs
Maximum Weight = Empty weight + weight of Water = 154688+70573 =

225261 lbs
Radius of Pile Group = (diameter - 1)/2.0 = 5.5 ft
Minimum number of Piles = 4 (For individual foundations like piperack, open

steel the minimum is 2 per column)
Number of piles based on shear = (12695/2000) tons / 2tons= 4

Max. Number of piles possible based on spacing = 8
19 Civil (G8) 19-17

Start with 4 piles and then calculate the maximum load per pile based on the
Vertical Load and Moment (for
compression we use the Maximum weight, and for Tension we use the weight
without water, the base moment
here is the moment due to wind).
Checks whether load per pile is less than allowable load. If it requires more
than 8 piles, we try to provide a
inner circle of piles.
Number of piles required in this case = 4
19-18 19 Civil (G8)

20 Steel (G6)

Steel Plant Bulks
How ICARUS Generates the Number of Column Struts
20 Steel (G6) 20-1

Steel Plant Bulks
Steel plant bulks include structures, assemblies and components.
Description Type
Open structure: columns/girders/beams/X-brace, OPN STL ST
grate, stairs
Includes columns, girders, beams, cross-bracing,
grating and column footings, handrail and toeplates,
and stairways. Stairways are “through-going,”
meaning each one extends from the top-most floor
level down to the grate.
The default design is bolted frame, for which bolted

connections are provided. The design is changed to
rigid frame if the user chooses FEM or F as the
Analysis Type, in which case a rigid connection is
provided.
The number of levels, if not specified, is determined

from the total height and a level-to-level spacing of 15
FEET [4.5 M], rounded to the nearest whole number;
minimum of one level.
The bay span and width represent the typical column

spacing and is used to determine the number of
columns and column load. The bay span is used to size
the support beams, and bay width is used to size the
main girders connecting to the columns.
20-2 20 Steel (G6)

Steel Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
OPN STL ST - continued
The maximum number of open steel structures in an

area is 10.
In Aspen Kbase, you can load equipment into an open

steel structure by assigning the structure and the
equipment the same Structure Tag Number. The
structure must be added to the area before the
equipment, or else the system will generate an error.
However, when the structures are evaluated, they
appear at the end of the area's detailed design
datasheet, equipment list, and detailed bulks. The
system evaluates them last because the equipment
that goes in the structures must be evaluated first
before their calculated weights are added to the
structure's loading.
The flow chart on the following page shows the logic

for hanging equipment in steel structures.
Number of floors:
Default: based on structure height and approximate
floor height of 15 FEET [4.5 M].
Distributed load per level:
Default: *300* PSF [*14.0* KN/M2]
Bay span:
Bay dimensions determine column spacing.
Default: 20-25 FEET [6-7.6 M] each way.
Bay width:
Bay dimensions determine column spacing.
Default: 20-25 FEET [6-7.6 M] each way.
Default: 1 + 1 per 5,000 SF [500 M2] of area per
floor.
Structural steel analysis:
S- Simplified stress analysis
F- 2D finite element rigid frame analysis (required if a
rigid frame analysis with deflection check is desired)
Column base option:
FIXED- Rigid connection at column base.
*PINNED*- Pinned connection at column base.
Floor grates per area:
Default: *75*
Grating type:
See “Grating Types” later in this chapter.
Siding per wall area:
Default: 0%; Min.: 0%; Max:100%
20 Steel (G6) 20-3

Description Type
OPN STL ST - continued
Siding type:
*CORR*- corrugated siding
INSUL- insulated siding
Slab thickness: Default: *4* INCHES [*100 MM];
Min: 2 INCHES [50 MM]; Max: 8 INCHES. Concrete
slab thickness over formed shell deck, applicable if
slab% area > 0.
Floor slab percent of area: Default: 0%; Min:0%;
Max: 100%. Total of floor slab% area and floor
grate% area must not be more than 100%.
20-4 20 Steel (G6)

20 Steel (G6) 20-5
Description Type
Steel pipe rack: columns, beams, X-brace, catwalk, PIPE RACK
stairs, ladders
Includes columns, lateral and longitudinal members,
cross-bracing, column footings, catwalks, handrail and
toeplates, stairs, and ladders (caged if over 10 FEET [3
M]).
Main bents have rigid connections between beams and

columns at odd numbered levels. Otherwise all joints
are pinned connections. Column base may be rigid or
pinned connection. Piping loads are defined as
distributed load per level. An air cooler load can be
defined above top level if required. Wide racks may
require a third column at the midpoint of the beams in
each bent. The height to the first level is defined
separately since it is usually bigger than the height
between levels which is assumed to be uniform. (A
sketch of a typical pipe rack is located on the following
page.)
Width: *20* FEET [*6.0* M] Max 120 FEET[36M]

Height: *20* FEET [*6.0* M] Max 60 FEET[18M]
Number of levels: *1*
Height to 1st level:
*12.0* FEET; MIN: 8.00 FEET; MAX: 40 FEET[12M]
Pipe rack type:
*STEEL*- All steel piperack
CONC-S- Concrete frame and steel sheets.
CONC-P- Concrete frame and precast conc. struts
PRECAST- All precast concrete piperack
Structural steel analysis:
S- Simplified stress analysis
F- 2D finite element rigid frame analysis
Main bent spacing:
Default: *20.0* FEET
Longitudinal column spacing along rack.
Third column option:
Option is for small racks. Racks wider than 40 FEET
[12 M] get three column rows.
YES- Third column now required (2 bay rack)
NO- No third column (1 bay rack)
Column base option:
FIXED- Rigid connection at column base.
*PINNED*- Pinned connection at column base.
- Continued on next page

-
20-6 20 Steel (G6)

Description Type
PIPE RACK - continued
Distributed load per level:

*50* PSF [*2.5* KN/M2]
Air cooler loading: *0.0*
Air cool distributed load above top rack level, if any.
Catwalk width: *4.0* FEET [*1.2* M]
Number of catwalks: *1* per level
Number of ladders:
*1* per 80 FEET [25 M] of length; MIN: 2
Number of stairways: Default: *0*
No. of braced bays: Number of braced bays along rack
length. *2* per 120 FEET [36M]; MIN: 0.
Beam struts per column line:
Number of longitudinal struts per column.
*1* per each two beam levels. See figure on page 30-
7 for explanation.
Beam struts per pipe level:
Number of longitudinal struts/beam per level/bay.
Default: *0* or, if beam length is greater than 24
FEET [7 M], *1*
Exclude end bent:
Exclude end bents if this is a segment of a rack that is
part of a longer rack.
*NO*- Do not exclude end bents.
ONE- Exclude one end bent.
TWO- Exclude two end bents.
Minimum beam or column width:
*12.0* INCHES [*304* MM]
For concrete pipe rack only, default is calculated by
the system. If not, default is 12.0 INCHES.
Concrete type:
For concrete pipe rack only, default is area civil data
for concrete strength and cost.
2- Standard concrete (Type B)
3- Higher grade concrete (Type C)
4- Chemical resistant concrete (Type D)
Grating type:
See “Grating Types” later in this chapter
20 Steel (G6) 20-7

Sketch of a Typical Pipe Rack
20-8 20 Steel (G6)

How ICARUS Generates the Number of Column Struts
System Generated Sets:
User-Entered Sets:
Default Number of Column Struts

If a pipe rack has the default number of levels)1), the default number of
column struts is also 1. For each additional two levels, the default number of
column struts grows by 2; therefore, the default number of column struts may
best be understood as “1 per each 2 beam level”.
20 Steel (G6) 20-9

* User-entered values override system-generated values.
Description Type
Pipe Truss Bridge PIPE TRUSS
A truss structure with multiple levels which can span

longer areas. Wide Flange shapes are used for main
members.
Includes columns, lateral members, longitudinal chord
members, bracings and column footing.
(A sketch of a typical pipe bridge is located on the
following page)
Truss Width:
Default: 20 FEET [6.0 M]
Truss Height:
Levels between top and bottom chord: Default: 0
Height to bottom chord:
Distrib. Load/Level:
Default: 50 PSF [2.4 KN/M2]
Bay Length:
Truss length determine bay length
Default: Around 8 FEET [2.4 M]
Wind Force Adjustment:
Default: 1
Seismic Force Adjustment:
Default: 1
20-10 20 Steel (G6)

Description Type
Pipe supports/sleepers: bent or tee, just above grade PIPE SUPPT
Series of individual steel pipe supports for long runs of
pipe just above grade. The TEE type has one post with
concrete footing; the BENT type has two posts with
concrete footings. CONS uses round concrete columns
with a steel wide flange on top connecting the
columns. Round form tubes are used as formwork for
the concrete columns.
Support type:
TEE- 1 steel post with beam
BENT- 2 steel posts with beam
CONT- Concrete tee
CONS - 2 concrete columns with steel beam
20 Steel (G6) 20-11

Description Type
Multiple-bay steel mill building: structural steel, siding MILL BLDG
Structural steel, crane beams and rails, elevated grate floors,

corrugated or insulated exterior if applicable, foundations, lighting and
electrical panelboard and supply wiring/conduit.
The mill building model designs a frame that is specifically suited for a
particular purpose — multiple bays where overhead cranes carry
materials along the length of the building. The term “Bay” in this case
refers to a portion of the building width.
The system assumes a cleared, level site; excavation is provided only

for grade slab and column footings. Other site work must be specified
using Site Development.
Main column spacing:
Column spacing along the length of the building.
Siding per wall area:
Default: 100% roofing and specified% siding provided, except “0.0”
input deletes both.
Siding type:
Default: *CORR*
CORR- Corrugated siding
INSUL- Insulated corrugated siding
Slab-on-grade thickness: Default: *12* INCHES [*300* MM]
Distributed load level: Default: *200* PSF [*10* KN/M2]
1st Section bay width: First bay type, describes one or more
identical, adjacent bays.
1st Section bay height: First bay type, describes one or more
Number of bays 1st Section: First bay type, describes one or more
identical, adjacent bays. Default: *1*
20-12 20 Steel (G6)

Description Type
MILL BLDG - continued
Number of elevated floors 1st Section:

First bay type, describes one or more identical, adjacent bays. Default:
*0*
Crane capacity per bay 1st Section: Bay type 1: Load for struct.,
crane rail, etc.; crane must be specified elsewhere. Default: *0.0*
TONS [*0.0* TON]
Floor grate per area 1st Section: First bay type, describes one or
more identical, adjacent bays. Default: *100*
2nd Section bay width: Second bay type, describes one or more
2nd Section bay height: Second bay type, describes one or more
Number of bays 2nd Section: Second bay type, describes one or
Number elevated floors 2nd Section: Second bay type, describes
one or more identical, adjacent bays. Default: *0*
Crane capacity per bay 2nd Section: Bay type 2: Load for struct.,
crane rail, etc.; crane must be specified elsewhere. Default: *0.0*
TONS [*0.0* TON]
Floor per area 2nd Section: Second bay type, describes one or more
3rd Section bay width: Third bay type, describes one or more
3rd Section bay height: Third bay type, describes one or more
Number of bays 3rd Section: Third bay type, describes one or more
Number of elevated floors 3rd Section: Third bay type, describes
one or more identical, adjacent bays. Default: *0*
Crane capacity per bay 3rd Section: Bay type 3: Load for struct., crane
rail, etc.; crane must be specified elsewhere. Default: *0.0* TONS
[*0.0* TON]
Floor grate per area 3rd Section: Third bay type, describes one or
Elevated access platforms: columns/beams, rail, grate, ladder PLATFORM
Elevated access platform, with handrail, toeplate, grating, columns,

civil foundations, lighting and electrical.
Platform width: *6* FEET [*2* M]

Number of ladders: Default: *1*
Handrail percent: Default: *100*
Floor grate per area: Default: *100*
Grating: See “Grating Types” later in this chapter.
20 Steel (G6) 20-13

Description Type
Steel gallery structure for pipe, conveyors, walkways GALLERY
Gallery for piping, conveyors, elevated walkways, etc., footings,

lighting and electrical included. May be specified in combinations of
three section types or as a single section
type.
Gallery height:
Max: 15 FEET [4.5 M]; Default: *9.0* FEET [*2.75* M]
Distributed load:
Default: *100* PSF [*5.0* KN/M2]
Height grade section:
Grade section has this uniform, nominal height for entire length.
Default: *6.0* FEET [*2.0* M].
20-14 20 Steel (G6)

Description Type
GALLERY - continued
Length grade section:

Total length is sum of grade, slope and above-grade lengths.
At least one is required.
Height slope section:
Slope section varies from grade section height to this designated
height.
Length slope section:
Total length is sum of grade, slope and above-grade lengths. At least
one is required.
Above grade height:
Above ground section varies from slope section height to this
designated height.
Above grade length:
Total length is sum of grade, slope and above-grade lengths. At least
one is required.
Gallery enclosure:
Default: *OPEN*
OPEN- No enclosure
ENCLOSED- Enclosed
Tower bent spacing:
Tower (bent) spacing applies to elevated sections only. Default: *80*
FEET [*25* M].
Cantilever length:
Cantilever length may be specified only for the end of an elevated
section. Default: *0* FEET [*0* M].
Number of walkways: Default: *2*
Walkway width: Default: *54* INCHES [*2,370* MM]
Conveyor transfer tower, square cross-section TRNS
TOWER
Steel tower only; conveyors, hoppers and chutes must be specified
elsewhere.

Steel grate, less support steel GRATE
Grating: Default: *CS*. See “Grating Types” later in this chapter.

Steel ladders LADDER
Ladders greater than 10 FEET [3 M] are automatically caged.
Ladder Type:
Default: *CAGED*
CAGED- Caged ladder
NONE- Ladder without cage
Steel stairs, with grate treads, handrail STAIR
20 Steel (G6) 20-15

Description Type
Columns, beams, bracing, brackets MISC STEEL
The steel member size is designated by its weight per foot of length.
Steel item types are columns, beams, bracing and brackets.
Connections are included; the system increases the cost by about 15%
to account for connections.
Steel type:
COLUM- Column
BEAM- Beam
BRACE- Bracing
BRAKT- Bracket
Fabricated, lined, stiffened plate items for chutes, boxes, etc. FABR PLATE
Fabricated stiffened steel plate items (e.g., boxes, chutes, hoods,

skirts, etc.). One or more replaceable abrasion resistant lining types
may be specified over portions of the plate area.
Material:
Default: *CS*
CS- Carbon steel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Plate per area item:
Total area of plate excluding stiffeners.
Lining thickness Type 1:
Lining type 1: thickness may not be specified for ceramic linings;
Default: *1.0* INCHES [*25* MM].
Lining per plate area Type 1:
Lining type 1; Default: *100*
Lining material Type 1:
Lining type 1. See “Abrasion Resistant Linings; Replaceable” in
Chapter 28.
Lining per plate area Type 2:
Lining type 2; Default: *0.0*
Chapter 28.
Lining per plate area Type 3: Lining type 3; Default: *0.0*
Chapter 28.
20-16 20 Steel (G6)

Description Type
Siding and roofing for steel structures SIDING
Siding girts and roof purlins are designated based on column spacing.
Corrugated steel siding (18 gauge) is provided with the option of 1
INCH [25 MM] insulation in sandwich panel.
Siding area:
Siding and/or roofing area is required. Default: *0.0* SF [*0.0* M2]
Roofing area:
Siding and/or roofing area is required. Default: *0.0 SF [*0.0* M2]
Main column spacing: Default: *20* FEET [*6* M]
Siding type:
Default: *CORR*
CORR- Corrugated siding
INSUL- Insulated corrugated siding
Sanitary platform for equipment access SAN PLATFM
A polished, stainless steel platform built to sanitary standards, e.g.,

without weld crevices or surfaces that collect standing water.
Platform height:
MAX: 12.0 FEET [3.60 M]
Platform area:
Required to enter total platform or length and width for long
platforms. If area is given, the program calculates length and width as
being the square root of area, and bases its design on this information.
Platform length:
Platform width:
Platform design loading:
*100* PSF [*5.00* KN/M2]
General platform design load for access/walkway areas.
Equipment percent area:
Percent of platform area that supports equipment load.
Equipment weight:
Must be entered for the program to calculate equipment access-sides.
Number of equipment access sides: *2*, MAX: 4.
Number of sides from which equipment accessed on platform.
Grating percent of area: *80.0*
20 Steel (G6) 20-17

Description Type
SAN PLATFM - continued
Grating type:
FIBER- Fibergrate 1.5 X 1.5 IN [40 X 40 MM]
SLIP 2- 1/8 INCH [3 MM] SS304 slipnot plate
SLIP 3- 3/16 INCH [5 MM] SS304 slipnot plate
*SLIP4*- 1/4 INCH [6 MM] SS304 slipnot plate
Number of stairways: *1.00*
Number of ladders: *0*
Number of columns
Length of handrail and toeplate: FEET [M]
Grating Types
FG Fibergrate
S2 1/8 IN [3 MM] SS slipnot plate
CS 1 IN x 3/16 IN [25 MM x 5 MM] CS welded bar
CM 1 1/4 IN x 3/16 IN [32 MM x 5 MM] CS Welded Bar
CH 1 1/2 IN x 3/16 IN [38 MM x 5 MM] CS welded bar
CV 2.0 IN x 3/16 IN [50 MM x 5 MM] CS welded bar
C2 1/8 IN [3 MM] CS checker plate
AS 1 IN x 3/16 IN [25 MM x 5 MM] AL welded bar
AH 1.5 IN X 3/16 IN [38 MM X 5 MM] AL welded bar
AV 2.0 IN x 3/16 IN [50 MM x 5 MM] AL welded bar
20-18 20 Steel (G6)

20 Steel (G6) 20-19
20-20 20 Steel (G6)
21 Instrumentation (G10)

Instrumentation Plant Bulks
Sensor Loop Descriptions
Pressure (P)
Differential Pressure (DP)
Temperature (T)
Flow (F)
Level (L)
Analyzers (A)
Speed (S)
Motion (X): Axial, Radial, Vibration
Position (PN)
Weight (W)
Electrical Conductivity (C)
Hand (Manual Activation) (H)
Field Mounted Solenoid (SL)
Typical Pressure Instrument Process Hookup
Panel Action Descriptions
Panel Option Descriptions
Fisher Control Valve Information
Control Valve Options
Control Valve Configurations
Air Supply Piping
Remote Control Type
Transmitter Type
Overview of Instrumentation Report Details
Report Details for Analog/Electrical Instrumentation
Report Details for Analog/Electrical Pneumatic Instrumentation
Report Details for Digital/Electrical Instrumentation
Report Details for Digital/Electrical Pneumatic Instrumentation
21 Instrumentation (G10) 21-1

Instrumentation Plant Bulks
Description Type
Instrument panel, electronic/pneumatic INST PANEL
Panel type:
ELC- Electronic panel
PNU- Pneumatic panel
E/P- Combined electronic/pneumatic
Instrument cable tray INST TRAY
Tray width:
Range: 6 - 36 INCHES [150 - 910 MM];
Default:
*18* INCHES [*450* MM]
Electronic signal wire: wire, armored wire, wire in conduit INST WIRE
Material:
Default: *IM*
IM- Insul., standard wire
ARMOR- IM with interlock armor
RIGID- IM in rigid conduit (See Chapter 22, Electrical Plant Bulks,
CONDUIT, for a schematic of the conduit)
PPM- Pluggable Pre-Molded wire (fieldbus only)
Number of conductor sets per cable:
Optional twisted pair or triad in each wire set.
Range: 1 - 50.
Conductor set type:
Default: *PAIR*
PAIR- Pair
TRIAD- Triad
Instrument pneumatic multi-tube bundle runs PNU TUBING
Number of tubes per bundle: Range: 7, 12, or 19
21-2 21 Instrumentation (G10)

Instrumentation Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
Thermocouple wire: wire, armored wire, wire in conduit THCPL WIRE
Material:
Default: *TM*
TM- Insul., solid wire
ARMOR- TM with interlock armor
RIGID- TM in rigid conduit
Number of conductor sets per cable:
Optional number of twisted pairs per cable.
Range: 1 - 36.
Conductor type:
Default: *JX*
JX- Iron constantan
KX- Chromel alumel
TX- Copper constantan
Instrument junction boxes: electronic, pneumatic, JUNC BOX
thermocouple
Junction box type:

EL50- Electronic - 50 conductor
PL4 - 4 Drop pluggable brick (Fieldbus only)
PL4S - 4 Drop pluggable brick with short circuit
protection (Fieldbus only)

Description Type
JUNC BOX - continued
PN19- Pneumatic - 19 tubes

TC50- Thermocouple - 50 conductor
SRSC- 3 Drop brick with spring clamp (fieldbus only)
SRST- 3 Drop brick with screw terminal (fieldbus only)
MB4- 4 Drop brick (fieldbus only)
MB4S- Hawke International 4 Drop brick with short-circuit protection
(fieldbus only)
MB8- 8 Drop brick (fieldbus only)
MB8S- Hawke International 8 Drop brick with short-circuit protection
(fieldbus only)
Enclosure type:
Default: *GP*
GP- General purpose
EXPR- Explosion proof
Operator center: Honeywell TDC3000 OPER CENT
Operator center type:

Universal operator center or local center for one data
hiway.
Default: *UNIV*
UNIV- Universal center
LOCAL- Local center
Number of operator display units:
Number of operator CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube
Terminals), includes keyboards
Number of Hiway Gateways:
Number of gateways for data hiways.
Number of Indicating CRT:
Number of indicating CRT, no keyboard included.
Number of disk drives:
Number of dual floppy disk drivers.
Number of engineering keyboards:
Engineer’s keyboard for display.

Description Type
OPER CENT - continued
Number of LCN cables:

Number of local control network cables.
History module:
History module for trend analysis.
Default: *NONE*
HIST- Add history module
NONE- No history module
Multifunction controllers: analog/digital I, IC, S, A circuits MULTI CONT
Multifunction controllers for indicating and control loops, and switch

and alarm circuits.
The Instrumentation Plant Bulk items referred to as Multifunction

controllers, High energy level process interface units, and Low energy
level process interface units are based on elements of a Honeywell
TDC 2000/3000 process control system.
A Multifunction controller consists of a metal cabinet (6 FEET tall [1.83

M] and 19 INCHES [0.48 M] wide, containing 1 or more electronic
controllers with a power supply, analog and digital I/O signal
processing cards mounted in electronic racks as depicted in the
following
drawing.

Description Type
MULTI CONT - continued
The multifunction controller is programmed from the engineer’s station

in the Operator Center over a redundant, coaxial cable (Data-highway
cable). The controller polls the
analog and digital input cards which report to it to collect the signals
transmitted by the field sensors connected to those cards. The
controller either passes the signal up to the Operator Center for
permanent storage in a History Module (computer storage) and/or
compares the measured signal with the programmed set point and
generates a corrective command. This corrective command is sent to
output cards which, in turn, generate
either an analog (4-20mA for positioning control valves) or digital (for
solenoids, on/off valves) control signal which is sent to the appropriate
final control element in the field.
The signals from and to the field interface to the Multifunction

controller through a junction box on the back plane of the unit. Signals
are distributed within the unit over a data bus.
Electric power is required to support all the electronics and a cooling

fan on top of the unit. Battery backup may be specified if it is
important that the controller not lose its
ability to control the processing in the event of a power outage.
Redundant multifunction controllers may be specified to insure
continued control even in the event of a failure in the primary
controller.
High and low energy level PIUs look similar but have no controllers.
The High level PIUs are for analog inputs only (4-20mA) and provide
simple control; the Low level PIUs collect signals from thermocouple
and RTD loops.
There are 3 types of temperature transmitters available:

• RTD: resistance temperature detector.
• TC: thermocouple; the only time that you can specify a TC
transmitter type is when you specify Temperature (T) as the
Process Variable.
• Filled system: liquid-filled.

Description Type
MULTI CONT - continued
The TDC2000/3000 controller handles 16 analog output per controller.

The I/O cards handle the following number of signals:
Signal Type No. Input No. Output

Signals per Card Signals per Card
Analog 8 4
Digital 16 8
Number of controllers:
One cabinet and power supply provided per two controllers.
Redundancy:
Redundancy provides 1 backup controller for up to eight primary
controllers.
Default:
*NONE*
RED- Redundancy required
NONE- No redundancy
Number of analog input cards:
Number of I/O cards for analog input (indicating).
Number of analog output cards:
Number of I/O cards for analog output (control).
Number of digital input cards:
Number of I/O cards for digital input (alarm).
Number of digital output cards:
Number of I/O cards for digital output (switch).
Number of battery backups:
Number of backup battery power supplies for multifunction
controllers. Default: *0*

Description Type
High energy level process interface units: Indicator, switch, alarm HL PIU
circuits
Number of digital input cards:

Enter number of input cards required.
Number of digital output cards:
Enter number of output cards required.
Low energy level process interface units: LL PIU
Thermocouple and RTD circuits
Data-highway cable, redundant (fiber optic) Coaxial or DATA
fiber optic cables connecting digital controllers to HIWAY
operator centers.
Material selection:
Default: *COAX*
COAX- Coax cable
FIBER- Fiber optic cable
Number of terminations:
Min: 1; Default: *2*
Enclosure type:
Default: *NONE*
NONE- None
COND- Conduit

Sensor Loop Descriptions
Pressure (p)
Sensor Loop Description Process Panel Instrument Signal
Type Variable Action Location Type
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
1 Pressure Gauge, field mounted: P I LC none
Sensor element types
(default = ST):
pipe fittings to process (ST),
gauge valves to process (FT)
draft gauge (DG)
3 Pressure Controller: field mounted, P IC LC P
pipe and tubing.
2 Pressure Transmitter: P I LP e
field mounted, via pipe and tubing. IC or
Sensor element types: RC CC
transmitter without seal (TN) R1
transmitter with seal (TS) R2R3
standard or microprocessor
4 Pressure Switch: P A LP e
field mounted, via pipe and tubing. or
*NS*- No chemical seal CC
CS- With chemical seal
6 Additional Control Valve: P IC LP P
secondary control valve for adding or or
to another control loop. CC e
1 For panel action, panel option and control valve option, refer to the
applicable section later in this chapter.
2 Instrument Location:
LC= local, on equipment or piping
LP= local panel
CC= control center (analog or digital).
3 Signal Type: e = electronic, p = pneumatic.

Differential Pressure (DP)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
1 Differential Pressure Gauge: DP l LC none
connected to process via pipe and
tubing.
2 Differential Pressure Transmitter: DP A LP p
connected to process via pipe and or or
tubing. CC e
Sensor element types:
transmitter without seal (TN)
transmitter with seal (TS)
standard or mircoprocessor
4 Differential Pressure Switch: DP A LP e
connected to process via pipe and or
tubing. CC
*NS*- No chemical seal
CS- With chemical seal
6 Additional Control Valve: DP lC LP p
to another control loop CC e
LP= local panel

Temperature (T)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
1 Temperature indicator T l LC none
Sensor element types:
TM- Dial thermometer with
thermowell
TC- Thermocouple thermowell
3 Temperature Controller: T lC LC p
filled system, with thermowell
0 Testwell: T none LC none
thermowell and cap only
2 Temperature transmitter, with T l LP p
thermowell lIC or or
Sensor element types (default = RC CC e
FS): R1
FS- Filled system R2
TC- Thermocouple R3
RT- Resistance temperature
WB- Wet bulb temperature
SM- Surface mounted
4 Temperature Switch: with T A LP e
thermowell, field-mounted or
CC
6 Additional Control Valve T lC LP p
secondary control valve or or
for adding to another control loop CC e
LP= local panel

Flow (F)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
1 Flow Indicator F l LC none
2 Flow Transmitter: F l lP e
lC or or
Sensor element types (default = RC CC p
OP): R1
OP- Orifice plate and DP transmitter R2
OS- Orifice plate, DP transmitter R3
and chemical seals
VX- Vortex meter
MG- Magnetic meter (standard
or microprocessor)
MS- Mass flow meter
NS- No sensing element,
transmitter loop only (NS)
UM- Ultrasonic meter
TM- Turbine meter
MR - Meter run with orifice plate
RS- Meter run with orifice plate
and chemical seals
3 Flow Controller: orifice F lC LC p
plate, field-mounted, connected to
process via pipe, valves, tubing
4 Flow Switch with orifice plate: F A LP e
Sensor element types (default FS): or
FS- Flow switch (FS), CC
TS- Flow sensing and totalizing
switch
6 Additional Control Valve: F C LP p
to another control loop CC e
LP= local panel

Level (L)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
1 Level Indicators: L l LC none
Sensor element types (default LG):
LG- Level glass - reflex type
external standpipe
SP- Level gauge - reflex type with
external standpipe
BB- Level indicator - bubble type
3 Level Controller: L lC LC p
displacement type
2 Level Transmitter: L l LP e
Sensor element types (default = lC or or
DS): RC CC p
DS- Displacement type R1
DP- Differential pressure R2
(standard or micro-processor) R3
RS- DP with chemical seals
TF- Tape/float
UL- Single point Ultrasonic level
NL- Nuclear level
RD- Radar type
4 Level Switch:
Sensor element types (default (DS):
DS- Displacement level switch-fluids
PD- Paddle type level switch-solids
VS- Vibrating (tuning fork) switch
CD- Conductivity (max/min)
detection switch
CS- Capacitive type switch
6 Additional Control Valve:
secondary control valve for adding
to another control loop
LP= local panel

Analyzers (A)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
2 Analyzers: A l LP e
Sensor element types (default PH): lC or
PH- pH indicating transmitter OR- RC CC
ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) R2
(Redox) transmitter R3
O2- Oxygen analyzer (up to 4
samples)
BT- BTU transmitter
CS- Consistency analyzer
PL- Gas detection% LEL (incl.
electronics, rack)
HD- Gas detection H2S (incl.
electronics, rack
C2- C02 (without sample
conditioning system)
VS- Viscosity (w/o sample
CL- Color (without sample
FP- Flame point (w/o sample
CP- Cloud point
SD- Smoke density
FL- Flash point
SG- Specific gravity (liquid)
HV- Heating value (incl. sample
conditioning)
GC- Gas chromatograph (1 sample
point, 6 comp.)
HC- H2 and hydrocarbons (w/o
sample probe)
HS- H2S analyzer
H2- Hydrocarbon in water
HR- H2S/S02 ratio
SO- Sulphur in oil
6 Additional Control Valve: A lC LP p
to another control loop. CC e
applicable section later in this chapter. Instrument Location:
LP= local panel

Speed (S)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
2 Speed Indicating Transmitter: S l LP e
electronic, lC or
non-contact type RC CC
R1
R2
R3
4 Speed Switch: S A LP e
or
CC
LP= local panel

Motion (X): Axial, Radial, Vibration
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
2 Motion Transmitter - non contact X l LP e
type, (default AX): lC or
Radial (RD) RC CC
R1
R2
R3
4 Vibration Switch; X A LP e
vibrating read type or
CC
LP= local panel

Position (PN)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
2 Position Transmitter, PN l LP e
(default VP): lC or or
Variable position (VP): RC CC p
On/Off positions (NF) R1
R2
R3
4 Position Switch PN A LP e
or
CC
LP= local panel

Weight (W)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
2 Load Cells; W l LP e
Sensing element options lC or
(Default = 4C): RC CC
3 cell configuration (3C) R1
LP= local panel
Electrical Conductivity (C)

Symbol (1) (2) (3)
2 Conductivity Transmitter: C l LP e
lC or
RC CC
R1
R2
R3
LP= local panel

Hand (Manual Activation) (H)
Symbol (1) (2) (3)
3 Hand Regulator: H lC LC p
field-mounted (pneumatic)
6 Manual Controller: H lC LP e
panel-mounted, no input signal, or or
output signal only CC p
4 Manual switch: panel-mounted H S LP e
(front of panel) or
CC
LP= local panel
Field Mounted Solenoid (SL)

Symbol (1) (2) (3)
6 Solenoid: Field-mounted SL none LP e
or
CC
LP= local panel

Instrument Hookup

Panel Action Descriptions
Panel Action Definition
Symbol
l Indicator:
field-mounted indicator if local to equipment (LC), or,
panel-mounted indicator (receiver type) if on local panel (LP) or in
control center (CC)
lC Indicating Controller:
field-mounted indicating controller if local to equipment (LC), or,
panel-mounted indicating controller (receiver type) if on local panel
(LP) or in
control center (CC)
RC Recording Controller (LP or CC):
panel-mounted, one pen
R1 Recorder (LP or CC):
R2 panel-mounted, one pen
R3 panel-mounted, two pens
panel-mounted, three pens
A Annunciator Point (LP or CC):
activated by a field-mounted switch
S Switch: indicating, front-of-panel mounted (LP or CC)
Cl Thermocouple-based Temperature Indicator, panel mounted (LP or
Jl CC):
JR complete with back-of-panel mounted EMF converter
multi-point
Thermocouple-based Temperature Recorder, multi-point, panel
mounted (LP or CC)
In Questimate, for analog panels, the cost of fabrication of the panel and the
installation of instruments is included. However, the cost of the
instrumentation is accounted for elsewhere in the system (accumulated as
project is put together under "Panel Instruments"). For digital, the system
does not generate panels. The system does not generate any instrumentation
above the junction box in a digital system. Users would need to specify items
such as wire runs from Junction box to control center, control center and
operator centers.
In Aspen Kbase, the system automatically generates panel instrumentation
(combined control/operator center) required for analog systems. The system
includes the control center by default for digital systems, but not the operator
center.

Panel Option Descriptions
Panel Action Definition
Symbol
A1 Panel alarm: one back-of-panel switch
A2 Panel alarm: two back-of-panel switches
CR Computation relay: +, -, X, /
SQ Square root function
FX Defined function of X
LR Limit regulation: high/low
ES Emergency shutdown (ESD)
BS Bias relay
Fisher Control Valve Information

Control Valve Size Range Body Type Actuator Positioner
Type
Globe < = 4 INCHES CE 585 3611JP
6 - 8 INCHES ED 657 3582
Ball all sizes V100 1052 3610J
Butterfly all sizes 8532 1052 3610J

Control Valve Options
Type Definition
STD Standard positioning - type varies with size:
Type Size
Globe 0.5 - 4 INCH [12 - 100 MM]
Ball 6 - 12 INCH [150 - 300 MM]
Butterfly > 12 INCH [>300 MM]
GLP Globe type positioning, usually sizes up to 8 INCH [200 MM]

BAP Ball type positioning, usually medium sizes up to 12 INCH [300 MM]
BUP Butterfly type position, usually large sizes from 3 INCH [75 MM]
GLO On/off globe valve, usually small sizes
BVO On/off ball valve, usually medium sizes
BVU On/off butterfly valve, usually larger sizes
SGO On/off Slide gatte for bin discharge
SGP Positioning slide gate for bin discharge
DIV Diverter valve for solids handling
ANO On/off angle valve, sanitary, max 4 INCH [100 MM]
ANP Angle positioning, sanitary, max 4 INCH [100 MM]
DVS Diverter, sanitary only, max 4 INCH [100 MM]
TKS Tank outlet, sanitary only, max 4 INCH [100 MM]
BUP Butterfly position, sanitary, max 8 INCH [200 MM]
Fluid positioning control valves may be specified as line size or reduced size.
The default size reductions are as follows:
Line size Control valve
0.5 - 4INCH [12 - 100MM] Same as line.
6INCH [150MM] One size smaller than line.
8 - 12INCH [200 - 300MM] Two sizes smaller than line.
14 - 24INCH [350 - 600MM] Three sizes smaller than line.
> 24INCH [>600MM] Four sizes smaller than line.

Control Valve Configurations

Air Supply Piping
Feed
Drop

Remote Control Type
Symbol Description
(blank) No remote on/off control valves
H Hydraulic operated remote on/off control valves
M Motor operated remote on/off control valves
P Pneumatic operated remote on/off control valves
Transmitter Type
Type Definition
S Standard
M Microprocessor (Smart)

Overview of Instrumentation Report Details

Report Details for Analog/Electrical
Instrumentation

Report Details for Analog/Electrical
Pneumatic Instrumentation

Report Details for Digital/Electrical
Instrumentation

Report Details for Digital/Electricl
Pneumatic Instrumentation

22 Electrical (G13)

Electrical Plant Bulks
General Electrical Plant Bulks
Substation Electrical Plant Bulks
Schematic of Transmission Line
Substation Schematics
Electrical & Control Hook-Ups for Electric Motors
Power Distribution Network
Wire Sizes
US and ME Country Bases
UK, JP, and EU Country Bases
Electrical Class/Division
National Electrical Code (NEC)
International Electrical Code (IEC)
22 Electrical (G13) 22-1

Electrical Plant Bulks
Electrical plant bulks are divided into two categories, general and substation
plant bulks. A description of each follows.
General Electrical Plant Bulks

General electrical plant bulks include cables, trays, grounding, lighting
and tracing.
Description Type
Material: ELEC CABLE
ARMOR- Armored multi-core cable

W-C- Single wires in conduit, includes conduit
W-NC - Single wires in conduit (less conduit)
W-TR- Single wires in tray (less tray)
M-C- Multi-core in conduit, includes conduit
M-NC- Multi-core in conduit (less conduit)
M-TR- Multi-core cable in tray (less tray)
LARM- Lead covered armored cable
Rated voltage:
600- 600 V at 60 HZ
5000- 5000 V at 60 HZ
15000- 15000 V at 60 HZ
600- 600 V at 50 HZ
3300- 3300 V at 50 HZ
1000- 11000 at 50 HZ
Cable size:
Default: US: single wires in conduit, else multi-core cable in tray
without tray. See “Wire Sizes” later in this chapter.
Cable placement:
Default: Project/Area Design Basis
ABOVE - Above ground cable/wire
BELOW - Buried cable/wire with trenching
NOTRN - Buried cable/wire without trenching
Conduit material:
Default: *GALV*
GALV- Galvanized rigid steel conduit
EMT- Electrical mechanical tubing
AL- Aluminum
1PVC- PVC plastic conduit
PBON- PVC coated rigid steel (plasti-bond)
PVCA- PVC coated aluminum
FRE- Fiberglass
22-2 22 Electrical (G13)

Electric Plant Bulks - General Electrical Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
Electrical control cable runs (LV) CTRL CABLE
Material:
W-NC- Single wires in conduit (less conduit)
LARM - Lead covered armored cable
Length of cable run:
Default: US: multi-core cable in conduit, else multi-core cable in tray
w/o tray
Cable placement:
Number of conductors:
Range: 3 - 37
Conduit material: Default: *GALV*
AL- Aluminum
PVC- PVC plastic conduit
FRE- Fiberglass
Cable Size:
*14*, 12, 10 AWG; *1.5*, 2.5, 4.0 MM2.
Rigid conduit, galvanized steel, couplings, fittings and seals CONDUIT

Description Type
CONDUIT - continued.
Material:
Default: *GALV*
AL- Aluminum
PVC- PVC plastic conduit
FRE- Fiberglass
Conduit diameter:
Range: 0.5 - 6.0 INCHES [15 - 150 MM]
Number of fittings: Default: *0*
Number of conduit seals: Default: *0*
Electrical cable tray ELEC TRAY
Material:
*GALV*, FBRGL, SS, AL
Tray Width:
Range: 6 - 36 INCHES [150 - 910 MM];
Default:
*18* INCHES [*450* MM]
Number of 90 degree bends:
*0*
Tray type:
*L*, T, C, B
Electrical tracing of existing equipment EQPT TRACE
Electrical tracing of equipment; item of equipment and its insulation
are assumed specified elsewhere in the project.
Heating cable type:

Use P, M series cable for process temperature maintenance, and A, P,
or M series cable for ambient temperature maintenance.
3A- 3 W/FT [10 W/M] Chemelex BTV2-CT cable
5P- 5 W/FT [16 W/M] Chemelex XTV2-CT cable
40M - 40 W/FT [131 W/M] 300 Volt MI cable

Description Type
EQPT TRACE - continued.
M2 - 600V, dual conductor MI cable, 9 OHM/FT [29.5 OHM/M]

M4 - 600V, dual conductor MI cable, 4.14 OHM/FT [13.6 OHM/M]
[0.0922 OHM/M]
[0.042 OHM/M]
[0.016 OHM/M]
Distance to panel:
If the distance to the panel board is not specified, the system
defaults to the value defined for Area Electrical Specifications.
Thermostat control:
Default: *E-AMB*
E-AMB -Electric tracing/ambient temperature control
Single thermostat, control of electrical tracer based upon low
ambient temperature specified for General Area Specifications.
E-PRO- Electric tracing/process temperature control
Multiple thermostated circuits, control of electrical tracer based upon
low ambient temperature specified for General Area Specifications.
Electrical tracing of existing piping run PIPE TRACE
Electrical tracing of piping; piping is assumed specified elsewhere. This

item also provides insulation of the same size, or one size larger than
pipe diameter for pipe diameters of 8 INCHES [200 MM] or smaller.
E-trace cable category: Default: *S*, self-regulating cable. Select M
for MI tracing cable or S for self-regulating tracing cable.
Traced pipe length: The pipe being traced is not included, but must be
Traced pipe diameter: The pipe being traced is not included, but must
be specified elsewhere.
Length of tracer cable: Total length of tracer segments, default based
on pipe length and diameter.

Description Type
PIPE TRACE - continued
Heating cable type:

Use A series to 120 DEGF[48DEGC], P series to 250 DEGF[120DEGC]
and M series to 1049DEGF [565DEGC] over low ambient temperature.
10A- 10 W/FT [33 W/M] Chemelex BTV2-CT cable 5P- 5 W/FT [16 W/
M] Chemelex XTV2-CT cable
40P- 40M W/FT [131 W/M] 300 volt MI cable
M2 - 600V, dual conductor MI cable, 9 OHM/FT [29.5 OHM/M]
[0.0922 OHM/M]
[0.016 OHM/M]
Maintenance temperature:
Process temperature to be maintained.
Default: 392 DEG F [200 DEG C] for M series cable and 220 DEG F
[105 DEG C] for self-regulating and 40M cable.
Max: 250 DEG F [120 DEG C] for self-regulating cable and 1049 DEG F
[565 DEG C] for MI cable over low ambient temperature.
Thermostat control:
Default: *E-AMB*
E-AMB -Electric tracing/ambient temperature control Single
thermostat, control of electrical tracer based upon low
E-PRO- Electric tracing/process temperature control Multiple
thermostated circuits, control of electrical tracer based upon low

Description Type
PIPE TRACE - continued
Distance to panel:
Distance -pipe to local panel, feeder run to individual tracers
determined by system.
Number of thermostats:
Default: 1 for ambient control, based on number of watts for process
maintenance.
Ground grid GRND GRID
A system of buried cable and rods provide a grid work for grounding
equipment, buildings and structures.
Ground cable length:

AWG (US only): 6, 2, 1/0, 2/0, 4/0; MM2: 16, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120.
Default:
*2* AWG [*35* MM2]
Ground rod types:
*STD*, EL-L, EL-S.
Includes direct-buried grid cable brazed to each ground rod. The

default rod type, STD, includes manually-driven ¾ INCH x 10 FEET
[3.05 METER] copper-clad ground rods with studs, clamps, etc. The
electrolytic rod types, EL-L (3 FEET vertical x 10 FEET horizontal [0.91
x 3.05 METER]) and EL-S (straight 10 FEET length [3.05 M]), include
pipe with weep holes, electrolytic filling material, special conductive
backfill material, and protective cover.
If the number of ground rods is not specified, 4 rods are generated for
the first 1-199 FEET [0.3-60.6 METER] of grid cable, then 1 rod for
each 200 FEET [61 METER] thereafter. For example, a 10 FEET [3.05
METER] length generates 4 rods, a 200 FEET [61 METER] length
generates 5, and 1,000 FEET [305 METER] generates 9.
Does not include trenching and backfill.
Ground Grid Diagram and Rod Types:

Description Type
Area lighting: includes poles, lights and cable AREA LIGHT
Flood:
400 - 1000 W; Default: *400*
Other:
100 - 400 W; Default: *175*
Fixture type:
Default: Mercury vapor/explosion proof
FL1- Fluorescent - 1 bulb
FL2- Fluorescent - 2 bulbs
FL1E- Fluorescent - 1 bulb, explosion proof
FL2E- Fluorescent - 1 bulbs, explosion proofMVPE - Mercury vapor/
explosion proof
MVPV- Mercury vapor/vaportite
MVCE - Mercury vapor/ceiling/explosion proof
MVCV - Mercury vapor/ceiling vaportite
MVF- Mercury vapor/flood
SVPE-Sodium vapor/explosion proof
SVPV- Sodium vapor/vaportite
SVCE- Sodium vapor/ceiling/explosion proof
SVCV- Sodium vapor/ceiling/vaportite
SVF- Sodium vapor/flood
INPE- Incandescent/explosion proof
INPV- Incandescent/vaportite
INCE- Incandescent/ceiling/explosion proof
INCV- Incandescent/ceiling/vaportite
MHV- Mercury halide flood
Electrical cable length:
Cable run length from lighting panel.
Number of lights:
Default: *0*
Power per light:
Min (flood):
400 W; Max (fluorescent): 120 W;
Default: 175 W
Support type:
See illustrations on following page.
*PENDT*- Pendant support
BRAKT- Bracket support
STAND- Stand and support arm
POLE- Pole support (see height entry below)

Description Type
AREA LIGHT - continued
Number of poles:
Default: *0*.
Pole height:
Number of general receptacles:
Low voltage (30-50 A). Default: *0*.
Number of weld receptacles:
300 A. Default: *0*.
Wiring system:
Default: *3 wire system*
2- 2 conductor system
Cable size:
Default: US: *12 AWG*, else: 2.5 MM2.
14- 14 AWG - US only
1.5- 1.5 MM2 - other bases
2.5- 2.5 MM2 - other bases
4- 4 MM2 - other bases
Cable placement:
Electrical cable type:
W-NC- Single wires in conduit (less conduit)

AREA LIGHT - continued
STAND Support Type STAND Support Type with Mast
POLE Support Type BRAKT and PENDT Support Types

Description Type
Group of anodes in deep well DEEP
A group of anodes in a deep well with connecting leads to an adjacent ANODE
junction box.
Anode capacity:
Based on five amps per anode.
Anode depth:
Depth should be based on the local soil conditions. The depth is 100
FEET [30 M] plus 7 FEET [2 M] per anode (5 amps per anode).
Well casing symbol:
Default: *NONE*
NONE- No well casing
CASED- Cased well
Individual galvanic anode GALV
ANODE
An individual galvanic anode for road crossings, etc.
Length per cable run: Default: *40* FEET [*12* M]
Group of anodes in shallow surface bed SURF
ANODE
A shallow surface anode bed consisting of anodes with underground
leads to an adjacent junction box.
Type of anode:
A- Drilled hole, native backfill
B- Drilled hole, coke breeze backfill
C- Trench, coke breeze backfill
D- Trench, native backfill
Number of anodes per bed: *10*
Spacing:
Anode spacing is the center-to-center distance.
Default: *8* FEET [*2.5* M]
Potential measurement test station POT TEST
Number of test stations:

Enter number of test stations per location.
Transformer/rectifier RECTIFIER
480 V/60 HZ [415 V/50 HZ] 3 phase input

D.C. Output: 50 V/50 A or 100 V/100 A
Power pole line must be specified separately.

Anode capacity:
50:50A / 50V
150:150A / 100V
Length per cable run:

Description Type
Solar panel with storage batteries SOLAR PANL
Solar panels, adjacent storage batteries, control center, supporting
structure, fencing and cable to a junction box.
Length per cable run: Default: *500* FEET [*150* M]

Emergency light with battery EMER LIGHT
Provides short-term, local lighting for personnel in case of an electric

power failure. Indoor, general-purpose type includes selection of light
types, 6V battery, battery-recharger, power cable with plug for local
outlet, and mounting bracket.
Light type:
HEPS, HEPR, LEPS, LEPR, STDS, STDR
Number of light bulbs:
*1*, 2
Underground cable duct CABLE DUCT
Buried depth:
Cable duct width:
Cable duct type:
*TILE*, ENVEL, CONC, PRCST
Lighting panelboard and distribution board PANEL BRD
Local lighting panelboard or distribution board in substation.

Lighting panel/distr. board size: 8-36 for panelboard and 6-12 for
distribution board.
Transformer size:
transformer for panelboard, 15-75 KVA.
Default: *0*
Lighting panel/distr. board opt.:
P - Local lighting panelboard
D - Distribution board in substation
Default: D (distribution board) for UK and EU country bases and P
(panelboard) for all other country bases.
Panel/distr. board exp. proof opt.:
blank - Based on area/project electrical class and division or zone
EXPR - Explosion proof enclosure
NEXPR - Non-explosion proof enclosure
Default: based on area/project specification for electrical class and
division or zone.
Tracing panelboard for electrical heat tracing TRACE PANL
Panelboard for electrical heat tracing circuits.

Panelboard size: 12-36

Description Type
Electrical heat tracing controller - single and multi-point TRACE CNTR
Provides control and monitoring of electrical heating cable circuits.

Single-circuit, dual-circuit and multi-circuit controllers provide
temperature control and monitors temperature, ground fault level and
controller failure.
Packaged unit is modular-rack design and contains 10 controllers in
one panel
Single/Multi-point Controller
Tracing control points:

Default: *0*, Maximum 20
Relay type:
EMR - Electromechanical relay
SSR - Solid state relay
Default: *EMR*
Communication option:
communication module with 2-wire RS-485 communication.
blank -No RS-485 communication interface required (default)
X -RS-485 communication interface required.
Default: no RS-485 communication interface required.
Enclosure material:
blank - Fiberglass enclosure
SS - Stainless steel enclosure
Default: Fiberglass enclosure with window Packaged Controller and
Panelboard
Tracing control points:
Only 10 control points allowed
Panelboard size: *24*, 30 and 42
Relay type:
EMR - Electromechanical relay
SSR - Solid state relay
Default: *EMR*

Substation Electrical Plant Bulks
Substation electrical plant bulks include transformers, breakers, transmission
lines and bus.
Description Type
Bus duct BUS DUCT
Continuous Current:
Max: 3,000 A
Length default elbows:
1 per 20 FEET [6 M]
Rated voltage:
*600*- 600 V at 60 HZ.
5000- 5000 V at 60 HZ.
15000- 15000 V at 60 HZ.
600-600 V at 50 HZ.
3300- 3300 V at 50 HZ.
11000- 11000 V at 50 HZ.
Number of elbows:
Default: 1 per 20 FEET [6 M]
Termination type:
*NONE*
NONE- No terminations
TRANS- Transformer termination only
SWGR- Switchgear termination only
BOTH- Switchgear and transformer termination
Electrical transformer: 1 or 2 tap TRANSFORM
Rated load:
Range: 10 - 100,000 KVA
Transformer type:
*DRY*, OIL
Oil circuit breakers OIL C BRKR
Rated voltage:
Range: 11 - 400 KV
Continuous Current:
Max: 5 KA [5000 A]
Disconnect switches DISCNCT
SW
Rated voltage:
Range: 4 - 230 KV
Overhead transmission line: cables, structures, guys, grounds POLE LINE
See “Schematic of Project Site Transmission Line Hook-Up”
Wire size: See “Wire Sizes” later in this chapter.

Steel for substation structure SUBSTN STL

Electrical Plant Bulks - Substation Electrical Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
Circuit breakers: main, feeder, tie-breakers BREAKER
Continuous current: Max: 3,000 A

Rated voltage: through the maximum HV.
Interrupt capacity:
LV: 25 - 70 MVA; MV: 250 - 350 MVA;
HV: 500 - 1000 MVA
Circuit breaker type:
*AIR*, SF6, VAC
Breaker location:
Default: *FEED*
FEED- Feeder breaker
MAIN- Main breaker
TIE- Tie breaker
Motor control center MCC
Floor-mounted assemblies of one or more enclosed vertical sections

principally containing combination motor control/overload protection
units (starters).
Voltage range:
LV: 0.5 - 400 HP [0.33 - 300 KW]
MV: 200 - 1000 HP [150 - 3000 KW]
MCC type: *S*, I
The MCCs described are intended for inside use (i.e., are not for
outside use local to the motors). They are unaffected by the electrical
class/zone specifications covered later in this chapter. The “intelligent”
MCCs provide more sophisticated electronic control and communication
to a control center. The cost for upstream items are not included (e.g.,
supply bus duct/cable; switchgear [feeder breakers, metering,
substation disconnect switch, main breaker]; and substation
transformer).

Electrical Plant Bulks - Substation Electrical Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
Switch board SWITCH
BRD
Continuous current:
600-4000 A
Rated voltage:
3-13.8 KV
Switchboard type:
VCB- Vacuum circuit breaker
VCS1- Vacuum circuit breaker 1 unit stack
Short circuit current:
*25*-40 KA
AC/DC Transformer AC DC TRAN
Rating:
30-300 ampere-hours
Package transformer with panel PKG TRANSF
Rated load:
50-800 KVA
Transformer primary voltage:
3000-13800 V
Number of phases:
1 or *3*
Emergency diesel generator EM PWR SET
Power output:
5 - 1500 KVA
Uninterrupted power supply UPS
Rated load:
2-300 KVA.
UPS type:
*STD*, MULT.
Power factor connection capacitor PF CORRECT
Capacity:
24-2500 KVAR.
Voltage:
LV (low voltage), MV (medium voltage).

Schematic of Transmission Line

Substation
Schematics

Electrical & Control Hook-Ups
for Electric Motors
Motor Control Center

The MCCs described are intended for inside use (i.e., are not for outside use
local to the motors). They are unaffected by the electrical class/zone
specifications covered later in this chapter. The “intelligent” MCCs provide
more sophisticated electronic control and communication to a control center.
The cost for upstream items are not included (e.g., supply bus duct/cable;
switchgear [feeder breakers, metering, substation disconnect switch, main
breaker]; and substation transformer).
There are two types of MCC available in the system (see diagram below) —
those with electric motors driven at low voltage (MCC-LV: COA 733) and those
with electric motors driven at mid-voltage (MCC-MV: COA 744). Both types of
MCCs include starters.

The MCC-LV is a 12-NEMA space cabinet; the MCC-MV is a 3-NEMA space
cabinet. This item is specified by the HP [KW] rating of the motor being
supplied- this permits the system to select an appropriately sized starter (see
table below). The resulting cost includes both the cost of the starter as well as
the cost for the fraction of the cabinet occupied by the starter.
For example, assume that you specify a 20 HP [15 KW] rating- the reported
cost for the MCC-LV is the cost of the 3-space starter plus three-twelfths of the
whole cost of the cabinet. Specifying four such items would, in effect,
completely account for the cost of one 12-space MCC-LV containing four 3-
space starters.
Motor Size Voltage Starter Size

HP KW (spaces)
< = 10 HP < = 7.5 KW LV 2
20 - 50 HP 15 - 37.4 KW LV 3
60 - 100 HP 44.7 - 75 KW LV 5
125 - 200 HP 95 - 150 KW LV 6
250 - 400 HP 180 - 300 KW LV 9
200 - 400 HP 150 - 300 KW MV 3
450 - 4, 000 HP 335 - 3, 1150 KW MV 3

Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) Motor Control Centers (MCC):

Power Distribution Network

Wire Sizes
Wires sizes must be chosen from one of the following tables.
US and ME Country Bases or AWG Wire Units
Wire Size Symbols (guage sizes)
-------------- LV -------------------------------------
------------ MV -------------------------------
--------- HV --------------------------
14 8 2 250 1000
12 6 1 350 1250
10 4 1/0 500 1500
2/0 750 1750
4/0 2000
-------- (AWG) --- ----- (KCMIL) -----
UK, EU, and JP Country Bases

UK, EU, and JP Country Base or MM2 Wire
Units
Wire Size Symbols (MM2 sizes)
-------------- LV -------------------------------------
----------- MV -------------------------------
--------- HV --------------------------
1.5 10 35 185 500
2.5 16 50 240 630
4 25 70 300 800
6 95 400 1000
120
150
---------------------- (MM2) -------------------------

Electrical Class/Division
National Electrical Code (NEC)
Electrical Class and Division Symbol Single Core Single Core Armor-
or Multi- or Multi- ed
Core Wire Core Wire Cable
In Tray In Conduit
Flammable Gasses or Vapors
11 Highly inflammable gasses and/or - + -
vapors. Hazardous atmospheres exist
continuously or can occur during course
of normal operation for this area.
Explosion-proof.
*12* Flammable liquids are handled and - + -
processed in this area, but they are
normally confined (Default).
Combustible Dust
21 Dust is suspended in air continuously or - + -
during course of normal operation for
this area.
22 Suspension of dust is not likely in this - + -
area, but deposits of dust can occur and
be ignited by sparks.
Combustible Fibers or Particles
31 Locations exist in this area in which - + -
ignitable fibers are handled or used.
32 Locations exist in this area in which - + -
easily ignitable fibers are stored.
General Purpose
GP Non-hazardous conditions. - + -
+ Indicates cable type consistent with electrical class and division.

- Indicates cable type inconsistent with electrical class and division.

International Electrical Code
(IEC)
Electrical Zone Single Core Single Core Armore
or Multi- or Multi- d Cable
Core Wire Core Wire
In Tray In Conduit
Flammable Gasses or Vapors
0 Explosive gas/air mixture is constantly _ + +
present or is present for long periods.
1 Explosive gas/air mixture is likely to _ + +
occur under normal operating
conditions.
2 Explosive gas/air mixture is unlikely to + + +
occur under normal operating
conditions. If it does occur, it will be of
short duration.
GP Non-hazardous conditions + + +
+ Indicates cable type consistent with electrical class and division.

- Indicates cable type inconsistent with electrical class and division.

23 Insulation and
Fireproofing (G8)

Insulation Plant Bulks
Insulation Materials
Fireproofing Materials
Insulation Schedules - System Default Tables
Hot Insulation - Light Schedule (L): I-P Units
Hot Insulation - Medium Schedule (M): I-P Units
Hot Insulation - Heavy Schedule (H): I-P Units
Cold Insulation - 1 to 5.5 INCH Thicknesses
Hot Insulation - 6 to 10 INCH Thicknesses
Hot Insulation - Light Schedule (L): Metric Units
Hot Insulation - Medium Schedule (M): Metric Units
Hot Insulation - Heavy Schedule (H): Metric Units
Cold Insulation - 25 to 165 MM Thicknesses
Customizing Insulation Specifications
23 Insulation and Fireproofing (G8) 23-1

23-2 23 Insulation and Fireproofing (G8)
Insulation Plant Bulks
Description Type
Fireproofing for existing surface area FIREP AREA
General fireproofing specified as a surface area to be covered.
Material:
*MAGN*- Magnesium oxychloride
CONC- Concrete
Fire resistance rating:
Range: 2 - 4
The thickness changes according to the Firepr. Rating-Hours:
For magnesium oxychlor fireproofing:
2 hours- 9/16 INCHES [14 MM]
4 hours- 1 3/16 INCHES [30 MM]
For concrete fireproofing:
< 3 hours- 2 1/2 INCHES [64 MM]
3 hours- 3 INCHES [76 MM]
Fireproofing for existing structural steel FIREP SSTL
Material:
*MAGN*- Magnesium oxychloride
CONC- Concrete
Range: 2 - 4
The thickness changes according to the Firepr. Rating-Hours:
For magnesium oxychlor fireproofing:
For concrete fireproofing:
< 3 hours- 2 1/2 INCHES [64 MM]
3 hours- 3 INCHES [76 MM]
General area insulation. INSUL AREA
Insulation for existing surface area: hot, cold insulation.

General insulation specified as surface area to be covered.
Material:
*CASIL*- Calcium silicate
MWOOL- Mineral wool
FOAM- Foam glass

Insulation Plant Bulks - continued
Description Type
INSUL AREA - continued
Temperature:
Temperature for FOAM only, provides cold (default) or hot insulation.
Jacket type:
AL- Aluminum jacket
SS- Stainless steel jacket
CS- Painted carbon steel jacket
Insulation for existing piping: hot, cold INSUL PIPE
Material:
*CASIL*- Calcium silicate
MWOOL- Mineral wool
FOAM- Foam glass
Temperature:
Temperature for FOAM only, provides cold (default) or hot
insulation.
Jacket type:
AL- Aluminum jacket
SS- Stainless steel jacket
CS- Painted carbon steel jacket
Packed bulk insulation INSUL BULK
Material:
*PERL*- Perlite bulk insulation
VERM- Vermiculite bulk insulation
RWOOL- Rockwool bulk insulation
Cable Tray fireproofing FIREP TRAY

Range: 2 - 4

Insulation Materials
Note that insulation is applied to equipment and piping as specified by the
user. The default, if no choice is specified, is foam glass insulation for
temperatures 50 DEG F [10 DEG C] or lower; calcium silicate insulation is
applied for higher temperatures.
Description Maximum Thickness Temperature Range Insulation
INCHES MM DEG F DEG C Symbol
Calcium silicate 12.0 300.0 51 to 1500 11 to 815 CASIL
Mineral wool 12.0 300.0 51 to 1200 11 to 645 MWOOL

Foam glass 10.0 300.0 -450 to 665 -265 to 350 FOAM
Ceramic wool 12.0 300.0 51 to 1500 11 to 815 CWOOL
Polyisocyanurate/ 12.0 300.0 -450 to 250 -265 to 120 PURF
Plyurethane
Fireproofing Materials
Note that fireproofing is not applied to equipment (skirts/legs, support steel,
ladders) and various steel structures by default. The user must specify at least
the rating (thickness to use) in project level specifications and separately
specify the thickness of fireproofing on each component. The default material
is magnesium oxychloride.
Description Rating Thickness Fireproofing
(hours) INCHES MM Symbol
Magnesium 0 0 0 MAGN
oxychloride 2 14
9-
-----
16
3 4 22
1 ------
16
4 3 30
1 ------
16
Concrete 0 0 0 CONC
2 1 64
1 ---
2
3 3 76
4 1 89
1 ---
2
Pyrocrete 1 3--- 19 PYRO
4
2 1 25
3 1 32
1 ---
4
4 1 38
1 ---
2

Insulation Schedules - System
Default Tables
Hot Insulation - Light Schedule (L): I-P
Units
Nominal Insulation Thickness - INCHES
Pipe
Diameter 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Inches Temperatures - Degrees F
0.75 268 460 790 1170 1774 2000
1 150 454 780 1161 1586 1989 2000
1.5 150 411 581 1049 1410 1801 2000
2 150 305 558 869 1181 1640 1836 2000
2.5 150 253 500 848 1148 1613 1778 2000
3 150 236 441 679 949 1232 1558 1887 2000
4 150 216 389 598 848 1142 1406 1737 2000
6 150 164 306 493 709 950 1237 1520 1810 2000
8 150 162 295 475 693 914 1133 1385 1700 2000
10 150 162 90 445 628 823 1008 1268 1556 1922 2000
12 150 162 275 414 585 776 960 1236 1492 1846 2000
14 150 256 392 557 748 952 1177 1419 1775 2000
16 150 250 383 542 725 928 1147 1384 1708 2000
18 150 244 373 529 706 911 1126 1364 1646 2000
20 150 238 365 517 696 894 1109 1361 1588 2000
22 150 238 365 517 696 894 1109 1346 1534 2000
24 150 226 349 501 676 874 1090 1329 1483 2000
26 150 226 349 501 676 874 1090 1329 1436 2000
28 150 225 340 501 622 850 1032 1250 1392 1546
30 150 225 340 501 622 850 1032 1250 1392 1546
36 150 225 340 501 622 850 1032 1250 1392 2000
Notes: Light insulation schedule is typical for average low ambient

temperatures above 40 degrees F. Insulation for hot service would be applied
to designated surfaces of 51 degrees F or hotter.
To use the table:
1 Locate pipe diameter in left column.
2 Read across line to locate the operating temperature (degrees F).
3 Read required insulation thickness at top of column. For intermediate
temperatures, use next larger insulation thickness.
4 For large diameter pipe, equipment, or other large flat surfaces, use
thicknesses in the last line in the table.

Hot Insulation - Medium Schedule (M): I-P
Units
Pipe
Diameter 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
0.75 209 305 520 758 1185 1457 1659 1911 2000
1 150 302 498 732 1051 1399 1588 1825 2000
1.5 150 231 389 665 944 1279 1557 1786 2000
2 150 228 369 565 811 1173 1444 1747 2000
2.5 150 202 332 544 777 1137 1433 1710 1941 2000
3 150 193 296 450 660 925 1240 1617 1882 2000
4 150 183 270 392 579 838 1112 1475 1801 2000
6 150 157 228 322 479 705 977 1304 1630 1953 2000
8 150 156 223 313 444 648 881 1177 1505 1869 2000
10 150 156 220 298 389 571 774 1067 1366 1788 2000
12 150 156 213 282 368 517 710 1001 1277 1716 1922 2000
14 150 203 271 354 474 670 926 1184 1653 1846 2000
16 150 200 267 346 438 625 860 1115 1587 1775 2000
18 150 197 262 340 428 585 819 1056 1530 1708 2000
20 150 194 258 334 423 548 778 1013 1476 1646 2000
22 150 194 258 334 423 522 739 963 1427 1588 2000
24 150 188 250 326 413 512 701 916 1380 1534 1797
26 150 188 250 326 413 512 676 881 1337 1483 1707
28 150 188 245 326 386 500 613 809 1297 1436 1622
30 150 188 245 326 386 500 591 778 1251 1392 1546
36 150 188 245 326 386 500 591 778 1251 1392 1546
Note: Notes: Medium insulation schedule is typical for average low ambient
temperatures from 20 degrees F to 40 degrees F. Insulation for hot service
would be applied to designated surfaces of 51 degrees F or hotter.
To use the table:

Hot Insulation - Heavy Schedule (H): I-P
Units
Pipe
Diameter 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 7 8
0.75 150 250 345 596 915 1317 1821 2000
1 150 215 302 516 808 1175 1650 2000
1.5 150 197 280 478 756 1113 1571 2000
2 150 179 260 440 705 1052 1493 2000
2.5 150 164 240 405 661 987 1420 1882 2000
3 150 220 370 617 922 1347 1764 2000
4 150 185 309 533 818 1212 1601 2000
6 150 248 459 717 1088 1450 1905 2000
8 150 195 382 629 969 1310 1738 2000
10 150 318 539 865 1176 1576 2000
12 150 258 460 766 1062 1432 1844 2000
14 150 199 388 675 949 1305 1692 2000
16 150 321 572 845 1174 1550 2000
18 150 259 512 750 1059 1416 2000
20 150 202 446 661 952 1292 2000
22 150 368 579 853 1176 1794 2000
24 150 302 503 760 1068 1594 2000
26 150 261 432 674 966 1413 2000
28 150 194 367 594 872 1243 1796
30 150 306 502 784 1092 1585
36 150 306 502 784 1092 1585
Note: Heavy insulation schedule is typical for average low ambient

temperatures less than 20 degrees F. Insulation for hot service would be
applied to designated surfaces of 51 degrees F or hotter.
To use the table:

Cold Insulation - 1 to 5.5 INCH Thicknesses
Pipe
Diameter 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
0.75 50 25 -10 -25 -70 -135 -225 -225 -300 -459
1 50 25 -10 -25 -70 -130 -180 -225 -300 -459
1.5 50 30 15 -15 -45 -100 -120 -185 -230 -290
2 50 30 15 -15 -45 -90 -120 -185 -225 -290
2.5 50 30 15 -10 -35 -60 -105 -135 -175 -235
3 50 30 15 -10 -35 -60 -105 -135 -175 -235
4 50 30 20 0 -30 -55 -85 -135 -160 -235
6 50 45 25 0 -25 -45 -70 -105 -125 -160
8 50 45 25 0 -15 -35 -60 -85 -115 -145
10 50 45 30 10 -10 -25 -50 -70 -105 -125
12 50 45 30 15 -5 -25 -45 -65 -105 -125
14 50 45 30 15 0 -25 -40 -55 -80 -105
16 50 45 30 20 0 -25 -35 -55 -75 -105
18 50 45 30 20 0 -25 -35 -50 -70 -105
20 50 30 20 0 -25 -35 -45 -65 -95
22 50 30 20 0 -25 -35 -45 -65 -95
24 50 30 20 0 -25 -35 -45 -65 -95
26 50 30 20 5 -10 -25 -40 -60 -75
28 50 30 20 5 -10 -25 -40 -60 -75
30 50 30 20 5 -10 -25 -40 -60 -75
36 50 30 20 10 -5 -25 -40 -55 -75
Note: The hot insulation schedule adjustment (L,M, or H) does not apply to
cold insulation. Insulation for cold service would be applied to designated
surfaces of 50 degrees F or colder.
For cold insulation, joints are caulked and a vapor barrier is applied.
To use the table:

Cold Insulation - 6 to 10 INCH Thicknesses
Pipe
Diameter 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
0.75
1
1.5 -345 -459
2 -340 -459
2.5 -290 -340 -459
3 -290 -340 -459
4 -265 -300 -459
6 -205 -240 -290 -325 -459
8 -175 -215 -225 -295 -325 -459
10 -150 -185 -225 -235 -300 -459
12 -140 -170 -205 -230 -285 -325 -459
14 -130 -160 -190 -225 -265 -305 -352 -459
16 -125 -150 -180 -210 -250 -285 -310 -459
18 -115 -145 -175 -200 -235 -275 -295 -325 -459
20 -110 -135 -165 -190 -225 -260 -290 -315 -459
22 -105 -130 -155 -180 -205 -240 -270 -300 -459
24 -105 -130 -155 -180 -205 -240 -270 -300 -459
26 -105 -120 -140 -170 -190 -225 -250 -285 -305
28 -105 -120 -140 -170 -190 -225 -250 -285 -305
30 -105 -120 -140 -170 -190 -225 -250 -285 -305
36 -105 -115 -135 -160 -175 -215 -240 -280 -300
Note: The hot insulation schedule adjustment (L,M, or H) does not apply to
surfaces of 50 degrees F or colder.
To use the table:

Hot Insulation - Light Schedule (L): Metric
Units
Nominal Insulation Thickness - MM
Pipe
Diameter 25 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150
MM Temperatures - Degrees C
20 131 237 421 632 967 1093
25 65 234 415 627 863 1087 1093
40 65 210 305 565 765 982 1093
50 65 151 292 465 638 893 1002 1093
65 65 122 260 453 620 878 970 1093
80 65 113 227 359 509 666 847 1030 1093
100 65 102 198 314 453 616 763 947 1093
150 65 73 152 256 376 510 669 826 987 1093
200 65 72 146 246 367 490 611 751 926 1093
250 65 72 143 229 331 439 542 686 846 1050 1093
300 65 72 135 212 307 413 515 668 811 1007 1093
350 65 124 200 291 397 511 636 770 968 1093
400 65 121 195 283 385 497 619 751 931 1093
450 65 117 189 276 374 488 607 740 896 1093
500 65 114 185 269 368 478 598 738 864 1093
550 65 114 185 269 368 478 598 730 834 980
600 65 107 176 260 357 467 587 720 806 930
650 65 107 176 260 357 467 587 720 780 883
700 65 107 171 260 327 454 555 676 755 841
750 65 107 171 260 327 454 555 676 755 841
900 65 107 171 260 327 454 555 676 755 841
Note: Light insulation schedule is typical for average low ambient

temperatures from above 4 degrees C. Insulation for hot service would be
applied to designated surfaces of 11 degrees C or hotter.
To use the table:
2 Read across line to locate the operating temperature (degrees C).

Hot Insulation - Medium Schedule (M):
Metric Units
Pipe
Diameter 25 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150 163
20 98 151 271 403 640 791 903 1043 1093
25 65 150 258 388 566 759 864 996 1093
40 65 110 198 351 506 692 847 974 1093
50 65 108 187 296 432 633 784 952 1093
65 65 94 166 284 413 613 778 932 1060 1093
80 65 89 146 232 348 496 671 880 1027 1093
100 65 83 132 200 303 447 600 801 982 1093
150 65 69 108 161 248 373 525 706 887 1067 1093
200 65 68 106 156 228 342 471 636 818 1020 1093
250 65 68 104 147 198 299 412 575 741 975 1093
300 65 68 100 138 186 269 376 538 691 935 1050 1093
350 65 95 132 178 245 354 496 640 900 1007 1093
400 65 93 130 174 225 329 460 601 863 968 1093
450 65 91 127 171 220 307 437 568 832 931 1093
500 65 90 125 167 217 286 414 545 802 896 1093
550 65 90 125 167 217 272 392 517 775 864 1093
600 65 86 121 163 211 266 371 491 748 834 980
650 65 86 121 163 211 266 357 471 725 806 930
700 65 86 118 163 196 260 322 431 702 780 883
750 65 86 118 163 196 260 310 414 677 755 841
900 65 86 118 163 196 260 310 414 677 755 841
Note: Medium insulation schedule is typical for average low ambient

temperatures from -6 degrees C to 4 degrees C. Insulation for hot service
would be applied to designated surfaces of 11 degrees C or hotter.
To use the table:

Hot Insulation - Heavy Schedule (H): Metric
Units
Pipe
Diameter 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150 175 200
20 65 121 173 313 490 713 993 1093
25 65 101 150 268 431 635 898 1093
40 65 91 137 247 402 600 855 1093
50 65 81 126 226 373 566 811 1093
65 65 73 115 207 349 530 771 1027 1093
80 65 104 187 325 494 730 962 1093
100 65 85 153 278 436 655 871 1093
150 65 120 237 380 586 787 1040 1093
200 65 90 194 331 520 710 947 1093
250 65 158 281 462 635 857 1093
300 65 125 237 407 572 777 1006 1093
350 65 92 197 357 509 707 922 1093
400 65 160 300 451 634 843 1093
450 65 126 266 398 570 768 1093
500 65 94 230 349 511 700 1093
550 65 186 303 456 635 978 1093
600 65 150 261 404 575 867 1093
650 65 27 222 356 518 767 1093
700 65 90 186 312 466 672 980
750 65 152 261 417 588 862
900 65 152 261 417 588 862
Note: Heavy insulation schedule is typical for average low ambient

temperatures less than -6 degrees C. Insulation for hot service would be
applied to designated surfaces of 11 degrees C or hotter.
To use the table:
thicknesses in the last line in the table

Pipe
Diameter 25 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150 163
20 10 -3 -23 -31 -56 -92 -142 -159 -184 -273
25 10 -3 -23 -31 -56 -90 -117 -159 -184 -273
40 10 -1 -9 -26 -42 -73 -84 -120 -145 -178 -209 -273
50 10 -1 -9 -26 -42 -67 -84 -120 -142 -178 -206 -273
65 10 -1 -9 -23 -37 -51 -76 -92 -114 -148 -178 -206
80 10 -1 -9 -23 -37 -51 -76 -92 -114 -148 -178 -206
100 10 -1 -6 -17 -34 -48 -64 -92 -106 -131 -164 -184
150 10 7 -3 -17 -31 -42 -56 -76 -87 -106 -131 -151
200 10 7 -3 -17 -26 -37 -51 -64 -81 -98 -114 -137
250 10 7 -1 -12 -23 -31 -45 -56 -76 -87 -101 -120
300 10 7 -1 -9 -20 -31 -42 -53 -76 -87 -95 -112
350 10 7 -1 -9 -17 -31 -39 -48 -62 -76 -89 -106
400 10 7 -1 -6 -17 -31 -37 -48 -59 -76 -87 -101
450 10 7 -1 -6 -17 -31 -37 -45 -56 -76 -81 -98
500 10 -1 -6 -17 -31 -37 -42 -53 -70 -78 -92
550 10 -1 -6 -17 -31 -37 -42 -53 -70 -76 -89
600 10 -1 -6 -17 -31 -37 -42 -53 -70 -76 -89
650 10 -1 -6 -14 -23 -31 -39 -51 -59 -76 -84
700 10 -1 -6 -14 -23 -31 -39 -51 -59 -76 -84
750 10 -1 -6 -14 -23 -31 -39 -51 -59 -76 -84
900 10 -1 -6 -12 -20 -31 -39 -48 -59 -76 -81
Note: The hot insulation schedule adjustment (L, M, or H) does not apply to
surfaces of 10 degrees C or colder.
To use the table:

Cold Insulation - 178 to 254 Thicknesses
Pipe
Diameter 175 188 200 213 225 238 250
20
25
40
50
65 -273
80 -273
100 -273
150 -178 -198 -273
200 -159 -181 -198 -273
250 -142 -148 -184 -273
300 -131 -145 -176 -198 -273
350 -123 -142 -164 -187 -198 -273
400 -117 -134 -156 -176 -189 -273
450 -114 -128 -148 -170 -181 -198 -273
500 -109 -123 -142 -162 -178 -192 -273
550 -103 -117 -131 -151 -167 -184 -273
600 -103 -117 -131 -151 -167 -184 -273
650 -95 -112 -123 -142 -156 -176 -187
700 -95 -112 -123 -142 -156 -176 -187
750 -95 -112 -123 -142 -156 -176 -187
900 -92 -106 -114 -137 -151 -173 -184
Note: The hot insulation schedule adjustment (L, M, or H) does not apply to
surfaces of 10 degrees C or colder.
To use the table:

Customizing Insulation
Specifications
In order to assign an appropriate insulation thickness to a piece of equipment
or section of pipe (if thickness is not specified by the user), the system refers
to tables that relate thickness to temperature and pipe diameter. External
Overall Units
versions of these tables are available for customization in an ASCII format file.
Section
This file also includes a table that lets you define how much insulation is
allocated for valves and fillings.
Template Insulation Specification Files
There are three template files (IP units, Metric units, and blank) available in
one of the following locations:
Kbase, IPM: C://Aspen Tech/Aspen Icarus xxx/Data/Insulation/
The files are named INSSPC_IP.DAT, INSSPC_METRIC.DAT, and
INSSPC_BLANK.DAT. The files contain identical tables, but the default
temperature and equivalent length parameters (alterable fields) are either in
IP units, Metric units, or are absent. These files are inactive; the system refers
to internal representations of the insulation tables during a project estimate if
there are no customized copies of the insulation specs file in the Administrator
or project directories.
You can copy whichever file is the most convenient as a starting point for your
Diameter Units customized insulation specs file(s). In Kbase and IPM (while no projects are
Section open), view the Libraries view tab on the Palette. In the Customer External
Files folder, open the Insulation Thickness and Rules subfolder. Right-click
on the template of your choice and click Duplicate. Rename the file. It will be
the starting point for your custom insulation specs file. In other products, you
must manually copy and rename the file.
Customizing the Insulation Specs File
You can edit the newly created file by using any ASCII text editor. The editor
must not introduce non-printing characters other than a space or CR/LF, that
is, no tabs are allowed. The file format is shown on the following page.

The picture above shows the top of the file and the first insulation thickness
table. Lines which contain comments start with a “#”. Lines which are read in
by the system during a project run begin with a “l”. YOu must be sure to avoid
shifting any of the vertical pipe sysboles “l” while altering the fields.
The following are the only fields that may be altered:
• Unit of Measurement option fields at the top of the file

• Temperature values within Tables 1 thru 4
• Maximum diameter and A, B, C parameter values in Table 5
Unit of Measurement Basis Options
The first choice you must make when customizing an insulation specs table is
the overall unit of measurement basis. The available options are “IP” or
“METRIC”. If you choice IP units by entering “IP” into the space provided, the
temperature values in Tables 1 thru 4 will be read by the system as degrees
Fahrenheit. With and IP basis the parameters in Table 5 will be used to
calculate equivalent insulation in feet of pipe. Conversely, if you enter
“METRIC” in the units field provided, the temperatures will be read as degrees
Centigrade, and the values in Table 5 will be used to calculate equivalent
meters of pipe insulation.
You must also select a unit of measurement basis for pipe diameter. The
available options are “INCH” or “MM”. This choice does not affect Tables 1
through 4. It determines whether the maximum pipe diameters in Table 5 are
in Inches or Millimeters. The option also determines the equivalent length
equations (formed from the A, B, C parameters you provide) are calculated
using pipe diameters in Inches or Millimeters.
Customizing the Insulation Thickness Tables
There are four thickness tables in the file - three for hot insulation and one for
cold. Tables 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the Light, Medium, and Heavy schedules
from which you may choose in the Project Design Basis menu. (For example, if
you select Heavy schedule insulation when defining your project, the system
will refer to Table 3 when generating a cost estimate). Table 4 is for cold
insulation.
The tables are arranged with pipe diameter along the left hand side and
insulation thickness along the top. For a given pipe diameter (table row), each
temperature value represents the maximum temperature for which the
corresponding thickness will be used. The last row of each table (36 inch/900
MM. row) is used for both 36 inch diameter pipe and equipment insulation.
Note: You may only adjust the temperature cells in the insulation thickness
tables, not the pipe diameters or insulation thickness.
You do not have to fill Tables 1 through 4 out completely. If you leave a
temperature cell blank, but there are values given somewhere to the left and
right, or above and below, the system will interpolate linearly between the
given values to fill the blanks. (These values will be maintained internally; the
system will not fill the blank values in the external data file). Interpolation is
not possible for outer blanks that have no surrounding given values; these
spaces are filled by copying the last given value over to fill the remainder of
the table.
To avoid confusion, it is recommended that you fill out all four insulation
thickness tables according to your insulating practices even if you do not
intend on using all three schedules. If a table is left completely blank the
system will refer to the internal default tables for an estimate requiring that
schedule.

Customizing the Valve and Fitting Insulation Table
Table 5 (the valve and fitting insulation table) is shown below.
The table lets you determine how much additional insulation is allotted for
valves and fittings. Any parameters you provide for valves will apply to all
valves in the project (all valves are considered equal when calculated
insulation requirements). Likewise, the fittings correlations will be applied to
all fittings in the project (all valves are considered equal when calculated
insulation requirements). Likewise, the fittings correlations will be applied to
all fittings in the project. You can account for insulation differently for varying
pipe diameters by defining three size categories (Small, Medium, and Large).
Each range is defined by the maximum diameters you place in the fields
provided. For example, in the above picture the Medium correlations would be
used to calculate the insulation required for any valve or fitting on a section of
pipe with diameter larger than 4 inches but smaller than (and including) 12
inches.
Table 5 is designed so you can make your insulation correlation simple or
complex. The parameters A, B and C are used in the following equation to
calculate the length of pipe which would have to be insulated to account for
one valve or one fitting.
Equivalent Pipe Length = A + B * (Pipe Diameter)c
Any of the three parameters may be set to zero to simplify the correlation. For
example, according to the picture of Table 5 above, each fitting on a section of

2-inch diameter pipe would increase the total insulation length by 4 feet. (B
and C are zero - correlation has no dependence on pipe diameter).
Enabling the Insulation Specfication File
There are two options for enabling customized insulation specs files: You can
place a copy in the system administrator directory (as the default for all
projects), or you can copy a customized file into the directory of a specific
project. When generating a cost estimate, the system will use the
specifications in the current project directory if an insulation specs file resides
there. Otherwise, the copy in the administrator directory will be used. (The
administrator copy is therefore the system default - it will be referred to for
any project that does not have its own insulation specs file).
To activate your customized file for use in a specific project in Kbase or IPM,
right-click the Insulation Thickness option in the Basis for Capital Cost/
Customer External Files directory on the Project Basis Tab. Click the
desired file on the menu of choices; then click OK. The file is copied into the
directory for the currently open project.
In all other cases, the file must be copied and renamed manually to the
appropriate folder. These directory locations are described below:
Administrator Directory (for use as system default):
Kbase, IPM: C:/Aspen Tech/Aspen Icarus xxx/Data/PIDS
Project Directory (activation for a specific project only):
Kbase, IPM: Right-click/Click desired file as described above
In order to enable a customized file in either of the above locations, you
must name the file INSSPC.DAT.

24 Paint (G6)

Introduction to Paint
Paint Plant Bulks
How Icarus Systems Paint Equipment
24 Paint (G6) 24-1

Introduction to Paint
Icarus systems can calculate default paint areas for piping, equipment and
steelwork. The default paint is provided for all piping, but is only provided on
equipment and steelwork if specifically requested.
Paint is provided typically for carbon steel materials only, but can be obtained
for any material if specifically requested.
Paint areas and number of coats can be modified or added for any item.
Icarus systems do not provide different grades of paint; however, costs can be
adjusted appropriately by code of account material indexing.
Paint Plant Bulks

Description Type
Paint for existing surface: printer, final coats PAINT AREA
Paint for existing piping: primer; final coats PAINT PIPE
Paint for existing structural steel: primer, final coats PAINT SSTL
24-2 24 Paint (G6)

How Icarus Systems Paint
Equipment
24 Paint (G6) 24-3

24-4 24 Paint (G6)
25 Site Development (G6)

Introduction to Site Development
Demolition
Drainage
Earthwork
General
Excavation
Fencing
Landscaping
Roads-Slabs-Paving
Piling
Railroads
25 Site Development (G6) 25-1

Introduction to Site
Development
Site development may be used to specify items within eight major categories:
• Earthwork
• Drainage
• Fencing
• Demolition of existing structures
• Landscaping
• Roads/slabs/paving
• Piling
• Railways
It is important to recognize the two distinctly different applications for which
the site development may be used to introduce site development information
into a project. The desired application is determined by appropriate selection
of the site development item type.
The first application is based on the use of site development work item models,
which are contained within the system. You describe the type and extent of
work to be performed, item-by-item, consistent with the scope of each work
item model. The system in turn develops material quantities and manpower
resources and their associated costs, and additionally, equipment rental and
engineering requirements.
The second application allows the introduction of quoted estimates for material
and manpower costs into a project as supplemental site development cost
items. Item models are not used. Entries of this nature are charged to codes of
account in the amounts of material and manpower you specify.
Site development items, either developed by the system through work item
models or as user-entered costs, may be specified as either project-related
items or area-related items.
Site Development Work Items

Within the eight categories of site development, numerous individual work
item models are available for selection depending on the desired type and
extent of work to be performed.
Economy of scale is very important for many site development items (e.g., you
can select from bulk excavation, structural excavation or hand structural
excavation). In addition, the system addresses a large extent of work, defined
by you in a single work item request, differently from the way it addresses
several work item requests, each of small extent. That is, work item models
re-select an appropriately configured crew, by developing man-hour
requirements and by providing the crew members with construction equipment
properly sized for the work to be performed.
Terrain, soil conditions and other project environment factors significantly
affect the quantity and type of site work required. To reflect this, site
25-2 25 Site Development (G6)

development work items are presented to accommodate particular, well-
defined tasks. For example, instead of a single site preparation item, you are
offered individual items, such as clearing and grubbing, excavation, grading
and landscaping. This provides the ability to “fine tune” the project to actual
conditions.
Excavation items are assumed to be requirements in excess of the normal
excavation required for equipment and building foundations and structural
footings, since excavation for these items (when defined as part of a unit area)
are ordinarily system-determined.
Demolition
Description Type
Demolish building w/disposal, no salvage DEMOLITION
Demolition of individual structure without salvage but including

disposal. Specify frame type (steel, concrete, masonry, wood).
Disposal includes loading and hauling waste from site. Dump charge
not included.
Demolish building w/disposal and salvage DISPOSAL
Demolition of individual structures with separation of reusable
materials for specified frame type. Loading and hauling waste material
is included. Dump charge not included.
Explosive bldg. demol, no salvage/disposal EXPL DEMOL
Demolition of structures by explosives. Does not
include salvage or disposal.
Gutting & disposal of building interior REMOVAL
Gutting building interiors and loading and hauling the
refuse for either commercial or residential structures.
Dump charge not included.
Lump sum quotation - demolition DEMOL
Enter Total Cost or Mat’l and MH.
See code of accounts (Civil only).

Drainage
Description Type
Catch basin, manhole BASINS
Catch basins or manholes of either brick, block, poured concrete, or

precastconcrete. Includes footing and excavation with an option of
slab tops or lightweight frames and covers. All types have 4 FEET
[1.25 M] internal diameter.
Pump and hose for open excavations DEWATERING
Pumping water from open excavations. Unattended pumps except for

daily servicing. Suction line to 20 FEET [6 M] and discharge line to
100 FEET [30 M]
in length.
Drainage piping DRAINS
Installation of selected diameter pipe of asbestos cement, corrugated

steel, concrete, or vitrified clay with an adjustment for the
percentage of curved or radius pipe. Includes trenching, gravel bed
and compacted backfill.
Septic tank and drain field SEPTIC TNK
No. of distrib'n = no. per tank;

Length of drain line = length per tank.
Septic tank installation. Precast concrete tanks of specified capacity
with the option of 5 outlet concrete distribution boxes. The drainfield,
including pipe, trenching, gravel and backfill, is input as total length
of drain required.
Foundation subdrain with perforated pipe SUBDRAIN
Installation of foundation subdrainage of selected diameter pipe of

asbestos cement, corrugated steel, porous wall concrete, or vitrified
clay with an adjustment for quantity of curved or radius pipe. All
types except concrete are perforated.
Includes trenching, gravel bed and compacted backfill.
Sump pit SUMP PIT
Construction of sump pits including excavation and gravel bottom.

Option of wood
lining to a depth of 4 FEET [1.25 M].
Cased water supply well with pump WATER WELL
Domestic water wells drilled and cased. Includes down-hole pump,

surface grouting, and utility runs, if specified. Does not include
plumbing fixtures and connections.

Drainage - continued
Description Type
Wellpoints with header and pump WELLPOINTS
Single stage wellpoint system for deterring to an average 15 FEET [5

M] depth.
Includes installation, operation, equipment rental and system
removal. Two INCH [50 MM] wellpoints on 5 FEET [1.5 M] centers.
Diameter of header is proportional to length:
6 INCHES [150 MM] for 100 FEET [30 M]
8 INCHES [200 MM] for 200-500 FEET [60-150 M]
10 INCHES [250 MM] for 1000 FEET [300 M].
9 Dewatering wells with pump WELLS
Dewatering wells; 2 INCH [50 MM] diameter bore with

steel casing.
Includes 2 INCH [50 MM] centrifugal pump per well for
a specified period.
10 Lump sum quotation - drainage DRAINAGE


Earthwork
General
Description Type
Test borings with engineer’s report BORINGS
Includes field stake-out and elevations, 2.5 INCH [65 MM] auger holes
with samples of earth, drawings and professional engineer’s (P.E.)
report.
Clear brush - manual or dozer BRUSH
Brush clearing by hand with saw and rake (HAND) or by dozer with ball
and chain (MACH).
Clearing and grubbing CLEAR GRUB
Mechanized clearing and grubbing.
OptionIncludes removal of trees to

LIGHT 6 INCH [150 MM] diameter
MEDIUM 10 INCH [250 MM] diameter
HEAVY 16 INCH [400 MM] diameter
Includes on-site cutting, chipping and stump removal.

Dike construction including stabilizing DIKE
Construction of dikes on level grade. Includes placing of fill, soil
poisoning with polybor chlorate on grade, slopes, and top; 2 INCHES
[50 MM] of sand asphalt on top and slopes.
Gunite slope protection GUNITE
Slope protection using 3 INCH [75 MM] thickness of gunite (air-blown
mortar) to finished slopes. Includes bond beam on top, key footing at
toe and all reinforcing.
Pond with bedding, lining, fencing-no pipe POND
Specify piping with bulk yard pipe item.
Evaporation or holding pond. Includes excavation, gravel and sand
bedding, fencing and optional lining. Piping not included.
Cantilevered concrete retaining wall RETAIN
No embankment cut and fill included,
See excavation items.
Reinforced concrete cantilevered retaining wall. Includes excavation
and backfill for wall footings only.
Sprayed asphalt soil stabilization STABILIZE
Erosion protection and soil stabilization by spraying with asphalt.
Lump sum quotation - earthwork EARTHWORK

Excavation
Description Type
Backfill and compact excavation BACKFILL
Backfilling of trenches or footings. Fill material is assumed to be
stockpiled locally, with no hauling. For numerous small items, man-
hours can be adjusted by specifying the number of items in addition to
the unit cubic yards. Filling equipment may be wheeled loader/
backhoe (WH-LD), crawler loader or dozer. Compaction, if required,
may be hand rammer, manual or self-propelled vibrating drum roller.
Drill and blast rock - no disposal BLASTING
Drill and shoot rock in trenches, pits, or open areas; includes crawler
trackdrill, compressor, and blasting materials but no disposal of shot
rock. Rock types include gypsum, slate, limestone, sandstone and
granite.
Fill compaction with towed roller COMPACT
Compaction of fill in layers by towed sheepsfoot roller. Options
available for watering during compaction and for rough spreading of fill
by dozer, scraper or grader. For fine grading and surface compaction,
see PAVING, BASE PREP.
Cut & fill with spreading no compaction CUT FILL
Dozer:
maximum haul 500 FEET [150 M]
Scraper:
minimum haul 100 FEET [31M]
Bulk site excavation using dozers or scrapers on a cut and fill cycle,
including spreading and rough grading but no compaction. Scraper
selection varies with volume, material and haul distance. Soil type
ROCK refers to already ripped or shot rock.
Hand excavation, no backfill/shoring, etc. HAND EXCV
Excavation by hand of trenches or pits, in sand, earth, or clay. Man-
hours will be adjusted for depth of excavation and for volume per item
(pits). If shoring is required, see SHORING. Dewatering for wet
conditions, allowance for wet conditions, disposal and/or backfill are
not included.
Truck haul-disposal or purchased fill HAULING
Material cost may be input for purchased fill or dump charge.
Hauling by dumptrucks (lorries) with option of loading from stockpiles.
Does not include excavation, spreading, or backfill. Soil type will
determine bulking factor. For purchased fill or dump charge, the user
may specify the cost (in user-defined currency at User Base Index) per
loose CY [M3].

Excavation - continued
Description Type
Manual jackhammer work - no disposal J HAMMER
Breaking or trimming of rock or concrete by hand-held jackhammer,
including compressor and operating crew. Concrete may be plain or
reinforced. Rock types include gypsum, slate, limestone, sandstone
and granite. Does not include disposal.
Rock excavation with tractor and ripper for hauling, Both the haul RIP ROCK
distance and the loading equipment type must be input Rock
excavation by D9 crawler tractor with ripper attachment. In addition,
the user may specify truck loading (by crawler backhoe or wheeled
front-end leader) and hauling. Rock types are gypsum, slate,
limestone, sandstone and granite. Ripping costs may be increased
(greater fragmentation) to facilitate truck loading.
Shoring of excavations SHORING
Max shored depth:
40 FEET [12M] - sheet, HPILE;
20 FEET [6M] - close; 10 FEET [3M] - open bracing.
Installation, adjustment, accessories, removal, cleaning, rental or
owning cost and waste are included. Dewatering not included. Types
available:
• Steel interlocking sheet piling, 30 PSF [145 KG/M2],
including bracing (SHEET).
• Steel H piles driven on 8 FEET [2.4 M] centers, timber
planks and spacers horizontally between flanges, including
bracing (HPILE).
• Solid timber sheeting supported by timber waling and
braces (CLOSE).
• Single vertical planks spaced on 3 FEET [0.9 M] centers
with bracing (OPEN).
Excavation with stockpile or disposal SITE EXCVN
The haul distance should be input if the disposal option is chosen.
Bulk site excavation using crawler loader, dragline, or crawler
backhoes. If the disposal and distance fields are not used, it will be
assumed that the excavated material is to be stockpiled within 100
FEET [30 M] of the excavation. The disposal options are:
• HAUL - generates a truck-loading cycle, dumptruck, sizing, off-road
hauling the user specified distance and dumping.
• SPREAD - generates (in addition to truck hauling) spreading in the
fill area by
• D8 dozer and rough grading, with no compaction.
Soil type ROCK refers to already ripped or shot rock.

Excavation - continued
Description Type
Strip and stockpile soil - no hauling STRIP SOIL
Strip and stockpile site topsoil to a specified average depth. Equipment

options include crawler loader, elevating scraper, or dozer. Truck
hauling or spreading not included. Man-hours are adjusted for area,
depth and equipment used.
Machine excavation, no backfill/shoring, etc. STRUC EXC
Machine excavation (with hand trimming) of basements, footings, etc.

Equipment options include: 0.75 CY [0.6 M3] wheeled loader/backhoe
(WH-LD), crawler backhoe, or crawler crane with clamshell bucket
suitable for excavations deeper
than 30 FEET [10 M]. If shoring is required, see SHORING. Soil type
ROCK refers to already ripped or shot rock. Dewatering, disposal and/
or backfilling are not included.
Ditching no backfill/shoring, etc. TRENCH EXC
Machine excavation (with hand trimming) using

wheeled loader/backhoe (WH-LD), crawler backhoe, or
trenching machine. If shoring is required, see
SHORING.
Soil type ROCK refers to already ripped or shot rock.
Dewatering, disposal, and/or backfill are not included.

Fencing
Description Type
Barbed wire topping for fence BARBED
No. of sides = wire on one or both sides of fence;
No. of strands = no. each side
Installation of barbed wire on chain link, mesh, or security fence. Two
or three-strand galvanized or aluminum wire on either 1 or 2 sides.
Boundary or Perimeter fencing in which the user can specify both BOUNDARY
fence and gates has been added.
Chain link fence with concrete footing CHAIN LINK
Installation of chain link fence, including excavation and concrete for

posts on 10 FEET [3 M] centers and braced and trussed line posts at
100 FEET [30 M] centers. Galvanized or aluminum wire or vinyl-coated
steel.
Wood fencing FENCE
WOOD
Permanent wood fencing of cedar picket, redwood basket-weave, or
oak rustic rail with appropriate gates.
Lump sum quotation - fencing FENCING

Free standing wall FS WALL
Default one course thickness - all types;
Double may be input for brick and block.
Materials are:4 INCH [100 MM] common brick
8 INCH[200 MM] concrete block
18 INCH[450 MM] decorative random stone
8 INCH[200 MM] concrete.
Industrial gate for fence GATES
Industrial gates of galvanized steel, aluminum, or vinyl-coated steel

with posts excavated and set in concrete. Barbed wire and motor
operation are optional.
Gates are assumed to be double widths if 8 FEET [2.5 M] or more.
Wire mesh fencing MESH
Galvanized steel mesh fencing and gates with posts on 5 FEET [1.5 M]
centers.
No bracing or concrete.
Heavy duty security fencing SECURITY
Heavy duty security fence, security grade, set in concrete and trussed
and braced.

Landscaping
Description Type
Mesh or netting erosion control EROSION
Erosion control by placing and securing either jute mesh, plastic

netting, polypropylene mesh, or tobacco netting.
Placing peat or wood chip mulch MULCH
Placing a 2 INCH [50 MM] deep layer of either wood chips or peat moss
as mulch.
Planting trees or shrubs PLANTING
Planting either 8-10 FEET [2.5-3 M] trees or 4-5 FEET [1.2-1.5 M]

shrubs. Siting, placing, fertilizing, and watering plantings are included.
Fine grade, seed, lime, fertilize SEEDING
Fine grading, seeding, liming, fertilization, and final watering.

Furnish, place sod on prepared area SODDING
Furnish, place, and water sod (1 INCH [25 MM) deep) on pregraded
area.
Polybor chlorate soil sterilization STERILIZE
Sterilization of cleared areas using polybor chlorate.

Furnish, place and fine grade topsoil TOPSOIL
Furnish, place and fine-grade topsoil.

Lump sum quotation - landscaping LANDSCAPE


Roads - Slabs - Paving
Description Type
Paving - asphalt base and wearing courses ASPHALT
either base or wearing course depth must be input; Material option -
sand topping.
Assumes paver for roadways or spreader for parking and other small
areas (PARK). A base course and/or a fine aggregate wearing course
thickness must be selected. A 0.75 INCH
[20 MM] sand finish may be added. Includes hauling to site, grading,
and compaction.
Grade and compact base for paving BASE PREP
Grade and compact areas to correct elevation to plus or minus 0.1

FEET [0.03 M].
Concrete paving - no base preparation CONC PAVNG
Paving with 4500 PSI [31,000 KN/M2] concrete. Preparation of

compacted subgrade and/or paving not included. Includes finishing
and curing, with optional steel
reinforcing mats. Placing by slipform machine may be specified for
concrete roadways.
Slipformed or manual cross gutter CROSS GUTT
Six INCH [150 MM] thick concrete cross-guttering of selected width

and length.
Optional forming, pouring, finishing, and expansion joints, or
slipforming by machine for widths up to 10 FEET [3 M], if specified.
Slipformed or manual placed curb CURB
Concrete curb (kerb) only, 14 INCHES [350 MM] deep by 9 INCHES

[225 MM] wide overall. Optional either forming, pouring and finishing
by hand with expansion joints on 30 FEET [9 M] centers or
slipforming by machine, if specified.

Description Type
Slipformed or manual curb and gutter CURB GUTT
Monolithic concrete curbing (kerbing) and gutter. Optional forming,

pouring, and
expansion joints on 30 FEET [9 M] centers or slipform by machine, if
specified.
Concrete canal or gutter CANALGUTTR
Concrete canal or gutter with concrete cover. Inside length, Inside

width and Inside
depth must be input. If not specified, system calculates Cover
(default: 8 IN [200 MM] prefab concrete slab); Hand Excavation;
Machine Excavation; Blinding slab; Concrete;
Formwork; Rebar; Anchors and embedments. Excavation Material
(Default: EARTH); End Wall Requirement (Default: *B*, O, N);
Sealcoat or Liner area (Default: 0); and
Liner Type (Default: GM, C1, C2, * NO*) can be also specified.
The material and manhour per volume of concrete will be calculated
based on the factors used for BASIN (Type 10). If civil external file is
used, the factors from the external file will be used.

Roads - Slabs - Paving - continued
Description Type
Coal tar pitch emulsion (2 coats) SEALCOAT
Application of sealcoating. Includes cleaning and preparing the existing

surface and applying two coats of coal tar pitch emulsion.
Sidewalk base and paving SIDEWALKS
Installation of concrete or asphalt sidewalks or pavements with an

option of a bank run gravel base.
Gravel base course - no base prep SUBPAVING
Soil cement treatment option available for subgrade.

Subpaving base course. Options include crushed stone, bank run
gravel, and macadam penetration. Soil cement treatment may also be
selected. Subgrade preparation is not included.
Resurfacing with sealant and gravel TAR CHIP
Tar and chip. Placing sealant and binder on an existing surface and
covering with screened gravel. Includes surface cleaning and rolling
following treatment.
Parking Area PARKING
Paving, Sub Paving and Excavation. Optional Shoulder, Sidewalk,

Median, Concrete Curb, Guard Rail, Lining and compaction. Paving
material can be Asphalt, Concrete,
Concrete Block, Prefabricated concrete tile, or Stone pavers.
Lump sum quotation - paving/roads PAVING
Enter Total Cost or Mat’l and MH. See code of accounts (Civil only).
Main, secondary and minor Roads ROAD
Paving, Sub Paving, Shoulder and Excavation. Optional Sidewalk,

Median, Concrete Curb, Guard Rail, Lining and compaction. Default is
Main Road with Asphalt paving, Gravel Base course, and One side
Shoulder. The width and depth are based on the road type.
Paving options - Asphalt, Concrete, Concrete Block, Prefabricated
concrete tile, or Stone pavers. Shoulder options - Asphalt, Gravel or
Crushed stone. Sidewalk options - Asphalt, Concrete, Tiles, or Stone
pavers.
Site Preparation for paving has been added. This includes Grubbing SITEPREP
and cleaning, Hand and Machine Excavation, Fill of Subgrade and
Compaction.

Piling
Description Type
Drilled bell-type caisson CAISSON
Open-style machine-drilled bell-caissons, including mobilization,

concrete, reinforcement, drilling equipment rental, and load testing, in
the following ground conditions:
OptionDescription
EARTH Dry, stable soils

CLAY Wet, unstable soils
ROCK Soft, weathered rock.
Driven pipe piles PIPE
Driving set pipe piles of selected diameter with an option of concrete

filling.
Equipment rental includes rental of drilling equipment.
Drilled and cast-in-place concrete piles POURED
Cast-in-place concrete piles with 4000 PSI[27.5 N/MM2] concrete.

Includes equipment setup and breakdown and load testing.
Pile Types:
POUR - Poured 12"[300MM] to 20"[500MM], capacity: 72 Tons [65
Tonne] Cast-in-place constant diameter concrete piles.
FRNK - Frank 16"[400MM] to 24"[600MM], capacity: 220 Tons[200
Tonne] Bored large size piles, enlarged base, reinforced with steel
cages.
AUGR - Auger-Cast 12"[300MM] to 24"[600MM], capacity 250
Tons[225 Tonne] Auger drilled and then grouted under pressure as
the auger is withdrawn. Rebar installed when grout is fluid.
Driven precast concrete piles PRECAST
Driving precast concrete piles, either solid square shaped or,

optionally, hollow cylindrical shaped. Includes equipment rigging and
derigging, splicing, if required, and cutoff.
Capacity: 90 Tons
Driven Raymond step-taper piles RAYMOND
Driving Raymond step-taper piles. Piles furnished and

installed on a subcontract basis by Raymond
International, Inc. Testing not included.

Piling - continued
Description Type
Driven steel H-PILES STEEL H
Example:
heavy duty pile - 57 LB/FT [85 KG/M]
instead of 42 [62] for 10 INCH [250 MM] pile
Driving steel H-section piles of selected cross-section including
equipment rigging and derigging, points, splicing, if required, and
cutoff. Heavy duty option available (e.g., for 10 x 10 INCHES [250 MM
x 250 MM], heavy duty, 57 LB/FT
[85 KG/M] is used instead of standard 42 LB/FT [62 KG/M] for steel).
Driven wood piles WOOD
Driving wood piling either friction or point bearing. Includes rigging
and derigging equipment, boots, points, and splices, if required.
Creosote treated or concrete and mesh encased piles may be selected.
Cutoff included. Load testing is not included.
Lump sum quotation - piling PILING
Enter Total Cost or Mat’l MH.

Railroads
Description Type
Bumper at siding end BUMPER
Installation of bumpers on a siding end. Heavy duty bumpers available

as an option.
Single line siding crossing CROSSING
Single line siding crossing including special track mat, timber, and
crossing signal installed on level grade.
Single track yard siding SIDING
Installation of a single track yard siding on level ground, including
rails, hardware, timber ties and ballast. New or relay rail and rail
weight option available.
Heavy duty siding for mining application SIDING HVY
Heavy duty single track for mining applications. Six INCH [150 MM]
steel WF ties set in 10 INCH [250 MM] concrete bed, 9 FEET [2.7 M]
wide. Includes fasteners, plates, rebar and 100 LB/YD [50 KG/M] new
rail.
Crossing signal with barrier, etc. SIGNAL
Track crossing signal with road barrier and flashing light.

Wheel stops on siding STOPS
Installation of wheel stops on a yard siding.

#8 turnout, switch-hitting, etc. TURNOUT
Installation of #8 turnouts, including rails, plates, bars, frogs, switch-

points, timbers and ballast.
Lump sum quotation - railroads RAILROADS
Enter Total Cost or Mat’l MH.


26 Buildings (G6)

Introduction to Buildings
Adding a Building
Building Types and Defaults
Default Floor Heights/Levels
Building Construction Range Adjustment
Calculating Building Costs and Labor
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
26 Buildings (G6) 26-1

Introduction to Buildings
Building data is used to incorporate a number of independent buildings and/or
their associated services into the project. Enclosed buildings are distinguished
from steel structures (areas, plant bulks) in that they are not designed to
support equipment loads. An enclosed building may house equipment, but this
does not affect the resulting building design or cost.
The cost of a building is based upon its size, type, structural style and the
requested services. The default costs and electrical load for each building type
are indicated in the “Building Types and Defaults” table on the following page.
You may revise the level of each service (none, L, M, H or V) and/or the cost of
that service. All costs are assumed to be direct field costs assigned to the
prime contractor, except in the case of contract jobs, in which they are
assigned to the contractor specified.
Adding a Building
A building can be added under Plant Bulks, Civil, or under Buildings. Defaults
are identical and material costs, man-hours and labor costs are calculated the
same way.
If you are using Aspen Kbase, the underlying data for these costs can be
defined in an external file under Administrator control. See Aspen Kbase User’s
Guide, Chapter 10, “Administrative Operations,” for details.
Buildings are not designed items, but are developed as costs per surface area
(Unit Cost) items.
You can specify your building using one of three general approaches:
1 Select any Total cost adjust. value that uses some default value, then
accept the resulting unit costs.
2 2.Select the ‘—’ in Total cost adjust., then enter your unit costs for each of
the five general categories.
3 3.Start with method (1), above, then override selected categories (e.g.,
Total super-structure cost) or elements of a category (e.g., Frame, etc.)
with your unit cost.
If you specify the unit cost for any element in a category, this suppresses all
other elements in that same category, but does not affect other categories.
For example, if you specify the unit cost for the Floor element in the Total
super-structure category, all other elements in that category are set to zero
cost -- if you want to generate a cost for the Stair element, then you must
specify a unit cost for that element.
If you specify a value for both a category and one or more elements in that
category, the costs are not additive- only the unit cost specified for the
category is used and the elements are ignored.
Costs are split between material and labor according to percentages in the
internal (system defaults) or in the external (Administrator specified) file. The
split for the internal table varies from a high of 62% to a low of 38% for
material. Building overhead and profit are separately specifiable for each
building type.
26-2 26 Buildings (G6)

The fields Explosion Pressure, Foundation Type, and Roof Type have no effect
on the design and cost of the building; they are included for informational
purposes only.
Field Descriptions:
Gross floor area: Default: calculated from length, width, height, number of
levels, and building type.
Building type: see Building Types earlier in this chapter.
Building height: Default: determined from number of levels and
building type.
Number of levels: Default: calculated from length, width, height, area, and
building type.
Explosion gauge pressure: For control buildings only, design pressure for
explosion resistance. Default: *0.0* PSIG; MAX: 30.0 PSIG.
Electrical load: W/SF
Total cost adjustment symbol: Invokes either the built-in system values for
a Medium item (blank or M), a down-adjustment (L), an up-adjustment (H or
V), or suppresses the default costs (—).
(blank)System Defaults
—No System Defaults, user data only
L - Low adjustment for system defaults (range varies from 45-98% of M)
M - Medium adjustment for system defaults (the default value= 100%)
H - High adjustment for system defaults (range varies from 106-216% of M)
V - Very high adjustment for system defaults (range varies from 159-324%
of M)
Foundation type:
*NORMAL*- Spread footings.
PIERS- 10 FEET [3M] deep piers to footings.
PILES- Floors on piles
Roof type:
*FLAT*- Flat roof.
TRUSS- Truss roof.
SAW- Sawtooth roof.
Labor adjustment required: When calculating the labor hours and costs to
report, the system can take a variety of parameters into account: wage rate in
external file or in project; time and currency difference between external file
and project; user man-hour indexing and productivity adjustments. Specify in
this field which of these to take into account. If you are using an external file,
it is best to select YES.
*YES*- Adjust labor cost by system rate, productivity; use external file
wage rates.
NO- No adjustment of labor cost.

Total substructure cost: foundation cost per unit area.
Total superstructure cost: enter either total super-structure or individual
structure component cost for the following:
Exterior door and window
Exterior wall
Floor
Frame
Int door and window
Roof
Stair internal table varies from a high of 62% to a low of 38% for material.
Building overhead and profit are separately specifiable for each building type.
Total interior finish cost: enter either total internal finish cost or individual
finish component cost.
Total fitting and furniture cost: either total fittings, furniture cost.
Total services cost: enter either total services cost or individual service
component cost.
Overhead and Profit: enter total overhead and profit cost.

26 Buildings (G6)
SHOP OFFICE COMPR CAFE WARE CONTRL GARAGE LAB CLOSED SANTRY EXIST SHELL WAGE YEAR
ELECTRICAL UNIT LOAD 4 5 4 2 0.5 4 0.5 5 1 1 1 1
SUBSTRUCTURE TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
SUBSTRUCTURE TOTAL 21.05 31.17 24.88 26.88 18.69 31.56 19.69 32.09 21.05 30.59 21.05 21.05 19.12 1998
- Frame 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Floor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Roof 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Stairs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- External Walls 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- External Doors & Windows 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- External Doors & Windows 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
INTERNAL FINISH TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Wall Finishes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Floor Finishes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Ceiling Finishes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
FITTING & FURNISHING TOTAL 12.71 15.21 12.17 15.21 12.17 18.25 12.17 48.67 12.17 17.69 12.17 12.17 18.64 1998
SERVICE TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.33 1998
- Air Conditioning 4.40 6.95 4.40 6.95 4.40 7.41 4.40 7.41 4.40 6.95 4.40 4.40 20.77 1998
- Lighting and Electrical 5.47 8.11 8.11 5.68 3.19 8.11 5.68 8.11 5.68 8.11 5.68 5.68 22.59 1998
- Heating/Ventilation 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 2.78 21.64 1998
- Plumbing & Fixtures 3.79 5.10 3.67 5.10 3.67 5.10 3.67 5.60 4.51 5.10 4.51 4.51 20.31 1998
- Fire Protection 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.37 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.37 1.87 1.37 1.37 21.36 1998
- Lift Installation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.59 1998
- Security Installation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.59 1998
- Special Installation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.64 1998
- Builders Work 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.64 1998
OVERHEAD AND PROFIT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 1998
Building Types and Defaults
26-5
Default floor Heights/Levels
Building Type Type Symbol Height per Floor or Level
FEET M
Cafeteria CAFE 12.0 3.5
Enclosed Building CLOSED 20.0 6.0
Compressor Building COMPR 20.0 6.0
Control Room CONTRL 10.0 3.0
Existing Building EXIST 20.0 6.0
Garage GARAGE 15.0 4.5
Laboratory LAB 10.0 3.0
Office Building OFFICE 10.0 3.0
Sanitary Enclosed SANTRY 20.0 6.0
Building Shell* SHELL 20.0 6.0
Shop SHOP 20.0 6.0
Warehouse WARE 20.0 6.0
Building Construction Range

Adjustment
Adjustment Construction Frame Roof Walls Floors Finishes
Symbol Type
L Pre-Fabricated Light Steel Light Steel Transite Concrete Minimum
or metal
sheet
M Pre-fabricated Medium Concrete Concrete Concrete Average
steel frame walls or
and trusses good
brick
H Custom Heavy Concrete Face Concrete Expensive
designed steel, brick on
heavy concrete
sidings block

Calculating Building Costs and
Labor
When calculating the cost of a building, the system uses either the internal file
conditions or those specified in the external file. If the external file is used, the
system first reads in that file, then:
• Converts all the costs in the external file to the currency of the project base country
location using the Currency Conversion in the external file.
• Escalates these to the same time point as the cost base of the system using the
yearly cost indices by country location, by major account. A summary of these is
reported in the “Release Notes” for each version.
• Converts these into the reporting currency units for the current project using the
Conversion Rate specified in the project.
This allows you to use an external file built using any currency and at any date
known to the system (see Chapter 33, “Base Indices”) in a project with any
reporting currency. For analytical purposes, you may want to Year in the
external file to be the same as the base year of your system to allow you to
trace your numbers through a complete computation.
In order to calculate the various hours and costs, the system must first adjust
all items to be at the same basis: same currency and same time point. The
costs for each element and/or category are calculated according to the
methodologies indicated in Figure 1 (“How Building Costs are Calculated Using
the External File”- general procedures that focus on adjusting for currency and
time differences); Figure 2 (“How Building Material Costs are Calculated Using
the External File”); and Figure 3 (“How Building Labor Hours & Costs are
Calculated Using the External File”). The following generalizations are
important:
• The critical item to understand is that it is necessary for the system to move all
costs to the same currency (one of the three known to the system: USD, PS or KY)
and to the same time point (SBI is the time at which all the system-generated costs
are valid). Because of this, you must thoroughly understand the escalation
concepts used by the system (SBI, UBI and EI) and be very consistent in your use
of dates and parity rates valid at those dates.
• It follows from this that it is very important for you to enter at least the UBI for
your project.
• When used with systems where these escalation concepts do not apply, or if you do
not use them in Aspen Kbase, it is important to appreciate potential time-based
discrepancies between user-entered numbers that are valid “now” and those
computed by the system that are valid at the base year of the system being used.
• It is usually best to let the system pick the unit costs based on your inputs and set
Labor adjust=YES.
• Since the numbers in the external file are always adjusted to the year of the current
version, the final numbers reported are rarely, if ever, the same as those entered in
the external file.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

27 Quoted Equipment and
Libraries (G6)

Introduction
Quoted Equipment
User Libraries
27 Quoted Equipment and Libraries (G6) 27-1

Introduction
There are two methods for specifying specialty items or items not included in
system:
• Quoted equipment
• User libraries
Quoted Equipment
Quoted equipment items can be used for unique, special, non-standard and
proprietary types of process equipment. Since quoted equipment items are
unknown to the system, an account code must be provided when entering
the quote.
If you enter a COA that is known to the system as one containing “rotating
equipment” (COAs 150-179 and 220-229), then the system calculates an
allowance for spares and adds it to COA 107. This does not happen if you are
using your own complete COA set in a project.
User Libraries
User libraries are meant to hold your important personalized cost data. There
are two kinds of libraries:
• Unit Cost Library - Holds information related to material and labor costs
(per unit quantity) for equipment, bulks or indirects.
• Equipment Model Library (EML) - Holds information related to the
process equipment. You can store cost vs. capacity data for special kinds of
process equipment.
You can add Piping and Instrumentation drawings to the EML in Aspen
Kbase. For instructions, see “Tutorial: Assigning Default P&IDs to User
Entered Equipment” on page 10-20 of the Aspen Kbase User’s Guide.
If your library requirements are extensive, you should consider building
several libraries, placing like items in the same library. All items in a library
share the same currency basis and are converted as appropriate when added
to a project.
27-2 27 Quoted Equipment and Libraries (G6)

28 Material Selections (G10)

ASME Design Code - Plate Materials
ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated Steel
ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy Steel
ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy Steel
ASME Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
ASME Design Code - Clad Plate Materials
ASME Design Code - Tube Materials
ASME Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
ASME Ferrous Tube Materials - Low Alloy Steel
ASME Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy Steel
ASME Non-Ferrous Tube Materials
BS Design Code - Plate Materials
BS Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
BS Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated Steel
BS Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy Steel
BS Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy Steel
BS Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
BS Design Code - Clad Plate Materials
BS Design Code - Tube Materials
BS Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
BS Ferrous Tube Materials - Heat Treated Steel
BS Ferrous Tube Materials - Low Alloy Steel
BS Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy Steel
BS Non-Ferrous Tube Materials
JIS Design Code - Plate Materials
JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated Steel
JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy Steel
28 Material Selections (G10) 28-1

JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy Steel
JIS Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
JIS Design Code - Clad Plate Materials
JIS Design Code - Tube Materials
JIS Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
JIS Ferrous Tube Materials - Low Alloy Steel
JIS Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy Steel
JIS Non-Ferrous Tube Materials
DIN Design Code - Plate Materials
DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated Steel
DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy Steel
DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy Steel
DIN Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
DIN Design Code - Clad Plate Materials
DIN Design Code - Tube Materials
DIN Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
DIN Ferrous Tube Materials - Low Alloy Steel
DIN Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy Steel
DIN Non-Ferrous Tube Materials
Lining Materials
Brick: Acid-Resistant Applied Over Membrane-Lined Carbon Steel
Brick: Firebrick
Monolithic Lining
Abrasion Resistant Linings: Replaceable
Linings: Organic, Glass, Metallic
Casting Materials
Packing Materials
28-2 28 Material Selections (G10)

ASME Design Code - Plate
Materials
ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
ASTM Description and System Internal Pressure External Pressure
Spec Nominal Composition Material Maximum Temp. Maximum Temp.
(Grade) F C F C
A-36 (Structural Steel) A 36 650 343 900 482
A-283 Low and intermediate A 283C 650 343 900 482
(c) strength carbon steel
plates of structural
quality
A-285 Low and intermediate A 285 or 900 482 900 482
(C) strength carbon steel A 285 C
plates for pressure or CS
vessels
A-299 Carbon-manganese- A 299 1000 537 900 482
silicon steel plates for
plates for pressure
vessels
A-455 Pressure vessel plates, A 455 650 343 650 343
(A) carbon steel, high
strength manganese
A-515 Carbon steel plates for A 515 1000 537 900 482
(70) pressure vessels for
intermediate and higher
temperature service:
C-Si
(70) pressure vessels for
moderate and lower
temperature service -
C-Si
pressure vessels for low
temperature service
C-Mn-Si
na = Material not selectable for vacuum design

ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated
Steel
(Grade) F C F C
A-353 Nine percent nickel alloy A353 250 121 900 484
steel plates, double
normalized and
tempered for pressure
vessels:
9Ni
A-553 Eight and nine percent A353 250 121 900 484
nickel alloy steel plates,
(Type 1) quenched and
tempered, for pressure
vessels:
9Ni
A-517 High strength alloy steel
plates, quenched and
vessels:
(A) Cr-Mn-Si A517A 650 343 650 343
(B) Cr-Mn-Si A517B 650 343 650 343
(E) Cr-Mn-Si A517E 650 343 650 343
(F) Cr-Mn-Si A517F 650 343 650 343

ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy
Steel
Spec Nominal Material Maximum Temp. Maximum Temp.
(Grade) Composition F C F C
A-202 Chromium-
manganese-silicon
alloy steel plates for
pressure vessels
(A) A202A 1000 537 900 482
(B) A 202 1000 537 900 482
or
A202B
A-203 Nickel alloy steel
plates for pressure
vessels:
(A) 2.5Ni A203A 1000 537 900 482
(B) 2.5Ni A203B 1000 537 900 482
(D) 3.5Ni A203D 1000 537 900 482
(E) 3.5Ni A203E 1000 537 900 482
A-204 Molybdenum alloy
steel plates for
pressure vessels:
(A) C-.5Mo A204A 1000 537 900 482
(B) C-.5Mo A204B 1000 537 900 482
(C) C-.5Mo A 204 1000 537 900 482
or A204C
A-302 Manganese-
molybdenum and
manganese-
molybdenum-nickel
pressure vessels:
(A) Mn-.5Mo A302A 1000 537 900 482
(B) Mn-.5Mo A 302 1000 537 900 482
or
(C) Mn-.5Mo-Ni A302B 1000 537 900 482
(D) Mn-.5Mo-Ni A302C 1000 537 900 482
A302D
- continued on next page -

ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy Steel - continued
Spec Nominal Material Maximum Temp. Maximum Temp.
(Grade) Composition F C F C
A-387 Pressure vessel plates,
alloy steel, chromium-
molybdenum:
(2 CL 1) .5Cr-.5Mo A387A 1000 537 900 482
(2 CL 2) .5Cr-.5Mo A387G 1000 537 900 482
(12 CL 1) 1Cr-.5Mo A387B 1200 648 900 482
(12 CL 2) 1Cr-.5Mo A387H 1200 648 900 482
(11 CL 1) 1.25Cr-.5Mo-Si A387C 1200 648 900 482
(11 CL 2) 1.25Cr-.5Mo-Si A387J 1200 648 900 482
(22 CL 1) 2.25Cr-1Mo A387D 1200 648 900 482
(22 CL 2) 2.25Cr-1Mo A387K 1200 648 900 482
(21 CL 1) 3Cr-1Mo A387E 1200 648 900 482
(21 CL 2) 3Cr-1Mo A387L 1200 648 900 482
5Cr-.5Mo A387F 1200 648 900 482
5Cr-.5Mo A387M 1200 648 900 482
A-533 Manganese-
molybdenum and
manganese-
molybdenum-nickel
alloy steel plates,
quenched and
tempered, for
pressure vessels:
(A CL 1) C-Mn-Mo A533A 1000 537 650 343
(B CL 1) C-Mn-Mo-Ni A533B 800 426 650 343
(C CL 1) C-Mn-Mo-Ni A533C 800 426 650 343

ASME Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy
Steel
(Grade) F C F C
A-240 Chromium and
chromium-nickel
stainless steel plate,
sheet, and strip for
fusion-welded unfired
pressure vessels:
(304L) 8Cr - 8Ni 304L 800 426 800 426
(304) 18Cr - 8Ni SS304 1500 815 1200 648
(or SS)
(316L) 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316L 850 454 800 426
(316) 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo SS316 1500 815 1200 648
(316Ti) 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo-Ti 316TI 1500 815 1200 648
(317) 18Cr - 10Ni - 3Mo SS317 1500 815 1200 648
(321) 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti SS321 1500 815 1200 648
(347) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS347 1500 815 1200 648
(348) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS348 1500 815 1200 648
(648) 20 Cr - 18 Ni - 6 Mo SS6MO 1382 750 1200 648
(2205) Duplex
22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo S2205 600 315 400 204
(410) 13Cr SS410 1200 648 900 482
(430) 17Cr SS430 1200 648 1200 648

ASME Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
(Grade) F C F C
B-209 Aluminum-alloy sheet
and plate:
(1100) Al A1100 400 204 400 204
(3003) Al A3003 400 204 400 204
(5052) Al A5052 400 204 400 204
(5083) Al A5083 150 66 150 66
(5086) Al A5086 150 66 150 66
(6061) Al A6061 204 204 400 204
B-171 Copper and copper
alloys - Naval brass
(464) CA464 400 204 350 177
B-11 Copper plates for
locomotive fireboxes
(110) Cu CU or 400 204 150 66
CA110
B-96 Copper-silicon alloy
plate and sheet for
pressure vessels:
(655) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 350 176
B-152 Copper sheet, strip,
plate, and rolled bar:
(122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66
B-171 Copper-nickel alloy plate
and sheet for pressure
vessels:
(715) Cu - Ni 70/30 CA715 700 371 700 371
na = material not selectable for vacuum design

ASME Non-Ferrous Plate Materials - continued
(Grade) F C F C
B-333 Hastelloy:
(B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B-575 Hastelloy:
(C-276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 1000 537
B-409 Specification for nickel-
iron-chromium alloy
plate, sheet, and strip:
(800) Ni - Fe - Cr I800 1500 815 800 426
B-424 Nickel-iron-chromium-
molybdenum-copper
alloy plate, sheet, and
strip:
(825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I825 1000 537 700 371
B-463 Carpenter 20 alloy plate,
sheet and strip:
(20Cb) Cr-Ni-Fe-Mo-Cu-Cb C 20 800 426 800 426
B-168 Nickel-chromium-iron
strip,
(600) Inconel: INCNL 1200 648 800 426
Ni - Cr - Fe or
I600
B-162 Nickel plate, sheet, and
strip:
(200) Ni NI or 600 315 600 315

NI200 600 315 600 315
(201) Ni-Low C NI201 1200 648 1000 537
B-127 Nickel-copper alloy
(400) Ni - Cu MONEL 900 482 800 426
or
M400
B-265 Titanium and titanium
alloy strip, sheet, and
plate:
(1) Ti TI35A 600 315 600 315
(2) Ti Tl 600 315 600 315
or
TI50A 600 315 600 315

ASME Design Code - Clad Plate
Materials
Material Classification Grade System
Description* Material
Symbol
Vessel Base (Backing
Material)**
ASTM A-285 C A285C
ASTM A-285 B A204B
A-204 C A204C
A-515 70 A 515
A-516 70 A 516
A-387 12 CL 1 A387B
A-387 12 CL 2 A387H
A-387 11 CL 1 A387C
A-387 11 CL 2 A387J
A-387 22 CL 1 A387D
A-387 22 CL 2 A387K
Cladding Material (Process
Side)
Stainless steel type 304 SS304
304L 304L
316 SS316
316L 316L
321 SS321
347 SS347
410 SS410
430 SS430
Nickel alloy 200 NI200
201 NI201
Monel 400 MONEL
Inconel 600 INCNL
Ni-Fe-Cr 800 I800
Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu 825 I825
Carpenter 20 20Cb C 20
Titanium 2 Ti
Hastelloy B B HASTB
Hastelloy C C-276 HASTC
* See Plate Materials (ASME Code) for further material descriptions.

** Only these base materials may be used with the above list of cladding
materials.
No other combination may be selected.

ASME Design Code - Tube
Materials
ASME Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
ASTM Description and System Internal External System
Spec Nominal Composition MaterialSymb Pressure Pressure Default
(Grade) ol Maximu Maximu Tubesheet
m Temp. m Temp. Material
F C F C (Plate)
A-179 Seamless cold-drawn
low-carbon steel heat
exchanger and CS (seamless) 900 482 900 482 A285C
condenser tubes. A - 179 900 482 900 482 A285C
A-192 Seamless carbon steel
boiler tubes for high-
pressure service A 192 100 537 900 482 A 515
0
A-210 Seamless medium
carbon steel boiler and
superheater tubes
(A-1) A210A 100 537 900 482 A515
0
(C) A210C 537 900 482 A515
100
0
A-214 Electric-resistance-
welded carbon steel
heat exchanger and CS (welded) 100 537 900 482 A515
condenser tubes 0
A 214
537 900 482 A515
100
0
tubes for low
(1) temperature service A334A 650 343 650 343 A 442
(6) A334B 650 343 650 343 A 442

ASME Ferrous Tube Materials - Low Alloy
Steel
Spec Nominal Material Pressure Pressure Default
(Grade) Composition Symbol Maximum Maximum Tubesheet
Temp. Temp. Material
F C F C (Plate)

intermediate alloy
steel heat exchanger
and condenser tubes:
(T11) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A199C 1200 648 900 482 A387C

(T22) 2.5Cr - 1Mo A199D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
(T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
(T5) 5Cr - .5Mo A199F 1200 648 900 482 A387F
A-209 Seamless carbon-
molybdenum alloy
steel boiler and
superheater tubes:
(T1) C - .5Mo A 209 1000 537 900 482 A 204

(T1A) C - .5Mo A209A 1000 537 900 482 A 204
(T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
A-213 Seamless ferritic and
austenitic alloy steel
boiler, superheater,
and heat exchanger
tubes:
(T2) .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1000 537 900 482 A387A
(T12) 1Cr - .5Mo A213B 1200 648 900 482 A387B
(T11) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A213C 1200 648 900 482 A387C
(T22) 2.25Cr - 1Mo A213D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
(T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A213E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
(T5) 5Cr - .5Mo A213F 1200 648 900 482 A387F

ASME Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy
Steel
F C F C (Plate)
A-213 Seamless Ferritic

and austenitic alloy
steel boiler,
superheater, and
heat exchanger
tubes:
TP304 18Cr - 8Ni 304S 1500 815 1000 537 SS304
(or SS)
TP304L 18Cr - 8Ni 304LS 800 426 800 426 304L
TP316 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316S 1500 815 1000 537 SS316
TP316L 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LS 850 454 850 454 316L
TP321 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321S 1500 815 1000 537 SS321
TP347 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347S 1500 815 1000 537 SS347
A-249 Welded austenitic
steel boiler
superheater, heat
exchanger, and
condenser tubes:
TP304 18Cr - 8Ni 18Cr - 8Ni 1500 815 1000 537 SS304
TP304L 18Cr - 8Ni 304LW 800 426 1000 426 SS304
TP316 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316W 1500 815 1000 537 SS316
TP316L 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LW 850 454 815 426 316L
TP321 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321W 1500 815 1000 537 SS321
TP347 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 347W 1500 815 1000 537 SS347
A-268
TP410 Seamless tubes 410S 1200 -648 900 482 SS410

13C
TP410 Welded tubes 410W 1200 648 900 482 SS410
13C
A-789 Welded duplex
(S31803) austenitic steel
tubes:
22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo 2205W 600 315 400 204 S2205

ASME Non-Ferrous Tube
Materials
F C F C (Plate)
B-111 Seamless copper

and copper alloy
tubes for use in
surface condensers,
evaporators and
heat exchangers:
(122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66 A285C

(687) Cu - Al CA687 450 232 150 66 A285C
(706) Cu - Ni 90/10 CA706 600 315 150 66 A285C
(715) Cu - Ni 70/30 CA715 700 371 100 37 A285C
Admiralty Brass
(443) CA443 450 232 350 176 A285C
(444) CA444 450 232 350 176 A285C
(445) CA445 450 232 350 176 A285C
B-163 Seamless cold-
drawn nickel tubes
for general
corrosive service:
(200) Ni NI200 600 315 600 315 NI200

(201) Ni-Low C NI201 1200 648 1000 537 NI201
B-163 Monel
(400) Ni - Cu MONEL 800 426 800 426 MONEL
B-163 Inconel
(600) Ni - Cr - Fe INCNL 1200 648 1000 537 INCNL
or
I600
B-163 Incoloy
(800) Ni - Fe - Cr I800 1500 815 1000 537 I800
(825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - I825 1000 537 700 371 I825
Cu
B-619 Hastelloy
(B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426 HASTB
HASTB
(C-276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 800 426 HASTC
B-468 Carpenter 20
(20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cu - Cb
B-338 Titanium
(2) Ti TI50A 600 315 600 315 TI50A

BS Design Code - Plate
Materials
BS Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
BS* or Description and System Internal Pressure External Pressure
ASTM Nominal Composition Material Maximum Temp. Maximum Temp.
Spec Symbol F C F C
and
(Grade)
A-36 (Structural steel) A 36 650 343 - -
A-283 Low and intermediate

strength carbon
154- steel plates of structural A 283C 622 327 na na
430* quality
A-285 Low and intermediate

strength carbon steel
plates for pressure
vessels
151- A 285 or 752 400 752 400
400* A 285C
or CS
161-
400*
A-299 Carbon-manganese-
silicon steel plates for
pressure vessels:
164- C - Mn - Si A 299 752 400 752 400
400*
carbon steel, high
strength manganese
225- A 455 752 400 752 400

460*
A-515 Carbon steel plates for
pressure vessels for
temperature service:C -
224- A 515 752 400 725 400
Si
460*
A-516 Carbon steel plates for
moderate and lower
224- C - Si A 516 725 400 725 400
490*

BS Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated
Steel
Spec Symbol F C F C
and
(Grade)
A-353 Nine percent nickel alloy
steel plates, double
normalized and
tempered for pressure
vessels:
510N* 9Ni A 353 250 121 na na

A-553 Eight and nine percent
nickel alloy steel plate,
quenched and
vessels:
510* 9Ni A 553 250 121 na na
A-517 High strength alloy steel
plates, quenched and
vessels:
(A) Cr - Mn - Si A517A 650 343 650 343

(B) Cr - Mn - Si A517B 650 343 650 343
(E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
(F) Cr - Mn - Si A517F 650 343 650 343

Spec Symbol F C F C
and
(Grade)
A-202 Chromium-manganese-
silicon alloy steel plates
(A) for pressure vessels A202A 1000 537 900 482
(B) A 202 1000 537 900 482
or
A202B
A-203 Nickel alloy steel plates
for pressure vessels:
(A) 2.5Ni A203A 1000 537 900 482
(B) 2.5Ni A203B 1000 537 900 482
(E) 3.5Ni A203E 1000 537 900 482
503* 3.5Ni A203D 122 50 122 50
A-204 Molybdenum alloy steel
plates for pressure
vessels:
(C) C - .5Mo A 204 1000 537 900 482
240* C - .5Mo A204C 752 400 752 400

261* C - .5Mo A204A 752 400 752 400
A204B
A-302 Manganese-
molybdenum and
manganese-
molybdenum-nickel
pressure vessels:
(A) Mn - .5Mo A302A 1000 537 900 482
(B) Mn - .5Mo A 302 1000 537 900 482
or
(C) Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302B 1000 537 900 482
(D) Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302C 1000 537 900 482
A302D

(continued)
ASTM Nominal Material Maximum Temp. Maximum Temp.
Spec Composition Symbol F C F C
and
(Grade)
A-387 Pressure vessel
plates, alloy steel,
chromium-
molybdenum:
(2 CL 1) .5Cr - .5Mo A387A 842 450 842 450
(2 CL 2) .5Cr - .5Mo A387G 842 450 842 450
620* 1Cr - .5Mo A387B 842 450 842 450

(12 CL 2) 1Cr - .5Mo A387H 896 480 896 480
621* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387C 842 450 842 450

(11 CL 2) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387J 896 480 896 480
622-
515* 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387D 842 450 842 450
(22 CL 2) 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387K 896 480 896 480
(21 CL 1) 3Cr - 1Mo A387E 896 480 896 480

(21 CL 2) 3Cr - 1Mo A387L 896 480 896 480
(5 CL 1) 5Cr - .5Mo A387F 896 480 896 480

(5 CL 2) 5Cr - .5Mo A387M 896 480 896 480
A-533 Manganese-
molybdenum and
manganese-
molybdenum-nickel
alloy steel plates,
quenched and
tempered, for
pressure vessels:
(A CL 1) C - Mn - Mo A533A 1000 537 650 343
(B CL 1) C - Mn - Mo - Ni A533B 800 426 650 343
(C CL 1) C - Mn - Mo - Ni A533C 800 426 650 343

BS Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy Steel
ASTM Nominal Material Maximum Temp. Maximum Temp.
Spec and Composition Symbol F C F C
(Grade)
A-240 Chromium and
chromium-nickel
stainless steel plate,
sheet, and strip for
fusion-welded unfired
pressure vessels:
(317) 18Cr - 10Ni - 3Mo SS317 1292 700 1200 648
(348) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS348 1292 700 1200 648
318-S13* Duplex S2205 600 315 400 204

22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo
(410) 13Cr SS410 1200 648 900 482
(430) 17Cr SS430 1200 648 1200 648
304-S31* 18Cr - 8Ni SS304 1292 700 1200 648

304-S11* 18Cr - 8Ni 304L 752 400 752 400
316-S31* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo SS316 1292 700 1200 648
316-S11* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316L 752 400 752 400

320-517* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo - Ti 316TI 1292 700 1200 648
321-S31* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti SS321 1292 700 1200 648
347-S31* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS321 1292 700 1200 648

BS Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
Spec Symbol F C F C
and
(Grade)
1470* Aluminum-alloy sheet
and plate:
(1100)* Al A1100 400 204 na na
(3003)* Al A3003 400 204 na na
(5052)* Al A5052 400 204 na na
(5083)* Al A5083 150 66 na na
(5086)* Al A5086 150 66 na na
(6061)* Al A6061 400 204 na na
B-171 Copper and copper
alloys - Naval brass
(464) CA464 400 204 200 93
B-11 Copper plates for
(110) locomotive fireboxes:
Cu CU or 400 204 150 66
CA110
B-96 Copper-silicon alloy
plate and sheet for
pressure vessels:
(655) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 200 93
B-152 Copper sheet, strip,
plate, and rolled bar:
(122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66
B-171 Copper-nickel alloy plate
and sheet for pressure
vessels:
(715) Cu - Ni 70/30 CA715 700 371 200 93

BS Non-Ferrous Plate Materials (continued)
Spec Symbol F C F C
and
(Grade)
B-333 Hastelloy:
(B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B-575 Hastelloy:
(C-276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 800 426
B-409 Specification for nickel-
iron-chromium alloy
(800) Ni - Fe - Cr I800 1292 700 800 426
molybdenum-copper
strip:
NA15* Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu I825 500 260 400 204

sheet and strip:
(20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - C 20 800 426 800 426
Cb
B-168 Nickel-chromium-iron
strip:
(600) Ni-Cr-Fe INCNL 1200 648 800 426
or
I600
strip:
(200) Ni NI or 600 315 600 315
(201) Ni-Low C NI200 600 315 600 315
NI201 1200 648 800 426
B-127 Nickel-copper alloy
(400) Ni - Cu MONEL 900 482 800 426
or
M400
B-265 Titanium and titanium
alloy strip, sheet,
(1) Ti TI35A 600 315 na na
(2) Ti TI or 600 315 600 315
TI50A 600 315 600 315

BS Design Code - Clad Plate
Materials
Material Classification Grade System
Description Material
Symbol
Vessel Base (Backing Material)**
161-400 ASTM
A-285 C A285C
261 A-204 B A204B
A-204 C A204C
224-460 A-515 70 A 515
224-490 A-516 70 A 516
620 A-387 12 CL 1 A387B
620 A-387 12 CL 2 A387H
621 A-387 11 CL 1 A387C
621 A-387 11 CL 2 A387J
622-515 A-387 22 CL 1 A387D
622-515 A-387 22 CL 2 A387K
Cladding Material (Process Side)
304-S31 304 SS304
304-S11 304L 304L
316-S31 316 SS316
316-S11 316L 316L
321-S31 321 SS321
347-S31 347 SS347
410 SS410
430 SS430
201 NI201
Monel 400 MONEL
Inconel 600 INCNL
Ni-Fe-Cr 800 I800
Titanium 2 TI
Hastelloy B B HASTB
* See Plate Materials (BS Code) for further material descriptions.

materials. No other combination may be selected.

BS Design Code - Tube
Materials
BS Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
BS* Description and System Internal External System
or ASTM Nominal Material Pressure Pressure Default
Spec and Composition Symbol Maximum Maximum Tubesheet
(Grade) (Plate)
F C F C
exchanger and
condenser tubes
320* A 179 752 400 752 400 A285C
pressure service
410* A 192 752 400 752 400 A 515
A-210 Seamless medium
carbon steel boiler
and superheater
tubes
(A-1) A210A 1000 537 900 482 A 515
(C) A210C 1000 537 900 482 A 515
A-214 Electric-resistance-
welded carbon steel
heat exchanger and
condenser tubes
360* A 214 842 450 842 450 A 515
tubes for low
410-LT50* temperature service A334A 122 50 122 50 A 442
(6) A334B 650 343 650 343 A 442

BS Ferrous Tube Materials - Low Alloy Steel
BS* Description and System Internal External System
(Grade) (Plate)
F C F C
intermediate alloy
(T11) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A199C 1022 550 900 482 A387C
(T22) 2.5Cr - 1Mo A199D 1022 550 900 482 A387D
(T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1022 550 900 482 A387E
(T5) 5Cr - .5Mo A199F 1022 550 900 482 A387F
A-209 Seamless carbon-
molybdenum alloy
steel boiler and
superheater tubes:
(T1) C - .5Mo A 209 1000 537 900 482 A 204

245-450* C - .5Mo A209A 752 400 752 400 A 204
(T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
A-213 Seamless ferritic and
and heat exchanger
tubes:
(T2) .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1000 537 900 482 A387A

(T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A213E 1022 550 900 482 A387E
620-460* 1Cr - .5Mo A213B 1022 550 900 482 A387B

620-460* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A213C 1022 550 900 482 A387C
622-490* 2.25Cr - 1Mo A213D 1022 550 900 482 A387D
625-450* 5Cr - .5Mo A213F 1022 550 900 482 A387F

BS Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy Steel
BS* or Description and System Internal External System
ASTM Nominal Material Pressure Pressure Default
(Grade) Temp. Temp. Material
F C F C (Plate)
A-213 Seamless Ferritic

steel boiler,
superheater, and
heat exchanger
tubes:
304-S18* 18Cr - 8Ni 304S 842 450 842 450 SS304
304-S14* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LS 752 400 752 400 304L
316-S18* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316S 842 450 842 450 SS316
316-S14* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LS 842 450 800 426 316L
321-S18* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321S 842 450 842 450 SS321
347-S18* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347S 842 450 842 450 SS347
A-249 Welded austenitic
steel boiler
superheater, heat
exchanger,
and condenser
tubes:
304-S25* 18Cr - 8Ni 304W 842 450 842 450 SS304

304-S22* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LW 752 400 752 400 304L
316-S26* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316W 842 450 842 450 SS316
316-S22* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LW 842 450 800 426 316L
321-S22* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321W 842 450 842 450 SS321
347-S17* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347W 842 450 842 450 SS347
A-268
TP410 Seamless tubes 410S 752 400 752 400 SS410
13 Cr
TP410 Welded tubes 410W 752 400 752 400 SS410
13 Cr
A-789 Welded duplex
austenitic steel
(S31803) tubes: 2205W 600 315 400 204 S2205
22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo

BS Non-Ferrous Tube Materials
BS*or Description and System Internal External System
F C F C (Plate)
B-111 Seamless copper and

copper alloy tubes for
use in surface
condensers,
evaporators and heat
exchangers:
(122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66 A285C

(687) Cu - Al CA687 450 230 200 93 A285C
(708) Cu - Ni 90/10 CA706 600 315 150 66 A285C
(715) Cu - Ni 70/30 CA715 700 371 200 93 A285C
(443) Admiralty Brass CA443 450 232 200 93 A285C
(444) CA444 450 232 200 93 A285C
(445) CA445 450 232 200 93 A285C
B-163 Seamless cold-drawn
nickel tubes for
general corrosive
service:
(200) Ni NI200 600 315 600 315 NI200

(201) Ni - Low C NI201 1200 648 800 426 NI201
B-163 Monel (Seamless)
(400) Ni - Cu MONEL 900 482 800 426 MONEL
B-163 Inconel (Welded)
(600) Ni - Cr - Fe INCNL 1200 648 800 426 INCNL
or
I600
B-163 Incoloy
(800) Ni - Fe - Cr (Welded) I800 1292 700 800 426 I800
(825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo I825 1000 537 500 260 I825
- Cu (Seamless)
B-619 Hastelloy (Welded)
HASTB
B-468 Carpenter 20 (Welded)
(20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo- Cu - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cb
B-338 Titanium (Welded) TI50A 600 315 600 315 TI50A
(2) Ti

JIS Design Code - Plate
Materials
JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
JIS*or Description and Nominal System Internal External
ASTM Composition Material Pressure Pressure
Spec and Symbol Maximum Temp.
(Grade) Degrees Degrees
F C F C
G-3101* (structural steel)
SS400* A 36 650 343 - -
G-3106* Low and intermediate strength
carbon steel plates of structural
SM520C* quality A 283 C 662 350 na na
G-3115* Low and intermediate strength
steel plates for pressure vessels
SPV355* A 285 or 662 350 662 350
A 285C or
CS
G-3115* Carbon-manganese-silicon steel
plates for pressure vessels:
SPV450* C - Mn - Si A 299 662 350 662 350
A-455 Pressure vessel plates, carbon
steel, high strength manganese
(A) A 455 650 343 650 343
G-3118* Carbon steel plates for pressure
vessels for intermediate and
higher temperature service
SGV480* C - Si A 515 662 350 662 350
G-3126* Carbon steel plates for pressure
vessels for moderate and lower
SLA360* C - Si A 516 662 350 662 350

JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated
Steel
F C F C
G-3127* Nine percent nickel alloy steel
plates, double normalized and
tempered for pressure vessels:
SL9N520* 9Ni A 353 392 200 na na
G-3127* Eight and nine percent nickel alloy
steel plate, quenched and
tempered, for pressure vessels:
SL9N590* 9Ni A 553 392 200 na na
A-517 High strength alloy steel plates,
quenched and tempered, for
pressure vessels:
(A) Cr - Mn - Si A517A 650 343 650 343
(B) Cr - Mn - Si A517B 650 343 650 343
(E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
(E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343

JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy Steel
F C F C
A-202 Chromium-manganese-silicon
alloy steel plates for pressure
vessels A202A 1000 537 900 482
(A)
(B) A 202 or 1000 537 900 482
A202B
G-3127* Nickel alloy steel plates for
pressure vessels:
2.5Ni
SL2N255* 2.5Ni A203A 392 200 392 200
(B) 3.5Ni A203B 1000 537 900 482
SL3N255* 3.5Ni A203D 392 200 122 50
SL3N275* A203E 392 200 392 200
G-3103* Molybdenum alloy steel plates
for pressure vessels:
SB450M* C - .5Mo A204A 1022 550 752 400
SB480M* C - .5Mo A204B 1022 550 752 400
(C) C - .5Mo A204 or 1000 537 900 482
A204C
G-3119* Manganese-molybdenum and
manganese-molybdenum-nickel
alloy steel plates for pressure
vessels:
SBV1A* Mn - .5Mo A302A 977 525 900 482

SBV1B* Mn - .5Mo A 302 1022 550 900 482
or A302B
SBV2* Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302C 1022 550 900 482
SBV2* Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302D 1022 550 900 482

F C F C
G-4109* Pressure vessel plates, alloy
steel, chromium-molybdenum:
SCMV1(A)* .5Cr - .5Mo A387A 1022 550 900 482

SCMV1(N)* .5Cr - .5Mo A387G 1022 550 900 482
SCMV2(A)* 1Cr - .5Mo A387B 1157 625 842 450

SCMV2(N)* 1Cr - .5Mo A387H 1157 625 842 450
SCMV3(A)* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387C 1157 625 896 480

SCMV3(N)* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387J 1157 625 896 480
SCMV4(A)* 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387D 1067 575 896 480

SCMV4(N)* 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387K 1067 575 896 480
SCMV5(A)* 3Cr - 1Mo A387E 1157 625 896 480

SCMV5(N)* 3Cr - 1Mo A387L 1157 625 896 480
SCMV6(A)* 5Cr - .5Mo A387F 1157 625 896 480

SCMV6(N)* Cr - .5Mo A387M 1157 625 896 480
G-3120* Manganese-molybdenum and
manganese-molybdenum-nickel
alloy steel plates, quenched and
SQV1A* C - Mn - Mo A533A 1022 550 na na

SQV2A* C - Mn - Mo-Ni A533B 797 425 na na
SQV3A* C - Mn - Mo-Ni A533C 797 425 na na

JIS Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy
Steel
F C F C
G-4303* Chromium and chromium-nickel
G-4304* stainless steel plate, sheet, and
G-4305* strip for fusion-welded unfired
pressure vessels:
SUS304L* 18Cr - 8Ni 304L 797 425 752 400

SUS304* 18Cr - 8Ni SS304 1472 800 1200 648
SUS316L* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316L 842 450 752 400

SUS316* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo SS316 1472 800 1200 648
SUS316* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo-Ti SS316TI 1472 800 1200 648
SUS317* 18Cr - 10Ni - 3Mo SS317 1472 800 1200 648

SUS321* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti SS321 1472 800 1200 648
SUS347* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS347 1472 800 1200 648
(348) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS348 1500 815 1200 648
(2205) Duplex S2205 600 315 400 204

22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo
SUS410* 13Cr SS410 1202 650 900 482
SUS430* 17Cr SS430 1202 650 1200 648

JIS Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
F C F C
H-4000* Aluminum-alloy sheet and plate:
A1100P* Al A1100 392 200 na na
A3003P* Al A3003 392 200 na na
A5052P* Al A5052 392 200 na na
A5083P* Al A5083 150 66 na na
A5086P* Al A5086 150 66 na na
A6061P* Al A6061 392 200 na na
H-3100* Copper and copper alloys - Naval CA464 392 200 350 177
C4640P* brass
H3100* Copper plates for locomotive
fireboxes:
C1100P* Cu CU or 392 200 150 66
CA110
B-96 Copper-silicon alloy plate and
sheet for pressure vessels:
(B55) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 350 176
H-3100* Copper sheet, strip, plate, and
rolled bar:
C1220P* Cu CA122 392 200 150 66
H-3100* Copper-nickel alloy plate and
C7150P* Cu - Ni 70/30 CA715 662 350 662 350

JIS Non-Ferrous Plate Materials - continued
F C F C
B-333 Hastelloy:
(B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B-575 Hastelloy:
(C-276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 1000 537
G-4902* Specification for nickel-iron-
chromium alloy plate, sheet, and
strip:
NCF800* Ni - Fe - Cr I800 1472 800 1000 537
molybdenum-copper alloy plate,
sheet, and strip:
(825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I825 1000 537 700 371
B-463 Carpenter 20 alloy plate, sheet
and strip:
(20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - Cb C 20 800 426 800 426
G-4902* Nickel-chromium-iron alloy plate,
sheet, and strip,
NCF600* Inconel: Ni - Cr - Fe INCNL 1202 650 1000 537
or
I600
B-162 Nickel plate, sheet, and strip:
(200) Ni NI or 600 315 600 315
NI200 600 315 600 315
(201) Ni-Low C NI201 1200 648 1000 537
H-4551* Nickel-copper alloy plate, sheet,
and strip:
NCuP* Ni - Cu MONEL 932 500 800 426
or
M400
H-4600* Titanium and titanium alloy strip,
sheet, and plate:
TP28* Ti TI35A 662 350 na na
TP35* Ti TI or 662 350 600 315
TI50A 662 350 600 315

JIS Design Code - Clad Plate Materials
Material Classification Description Grade System
Material
Symbol
SPV350 ASTM A-285 C A285C
SB480M A-204 B A204B
A-204 C A204C
SGV480 A-515 70 A 515
SLA360 A-516 70 A 516

SCMV2(A) A-387 12 CL 1 A387B
SCMV2(A) A-387 12 CL 2 A387H
SCMV3(A) A-387 11 CL 1 A387C
SCMV3(A) A-387 11 CL 2 A387J
SCMV4(A) A-387 22 CL 1 A387D
SCMV4(A) A-387 22 CL 2 A387K
Stainless steel type
SUS304 304 SS304
SUS304L 304L 304L
SUS316 316 SS316
SUS316L 316L 316L
SUS321 321 SS321
SUS321 347 SS347
SUS321 410 SS410
SUS430 430 SS430
201 NI201
Monel
NCUP 400 MONEL
Inconel
NCF600 600 INCNL
Ni-Fe-CR 800 I800
Carpenter 20 20 CB C 20
Titanium 2 Ti
Hastelloy B B HASTB
* See Plate Materials (JIS Code) for further material descriptions.

materials.
No other combination may be selected.

JIS Design Code - Tube
Materials
JIS Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
JIS* Description and System Internal External System
(Grade) (Plate)
F C F C
G-3461* Seamless cold-drawn
exchanger and
condenser tubes
STB340* A 179 1022 550 752 400 A285C
A-192 Seamless carbon steel A 192 1000 537 900 482 A 515
pressure service
G-3461* Seamless medium
STB510* superheater tubes A210A 1022 550 900 482 A 515
STB410* A210C 1022 550 900 482 A 515
G-3461* Electric-resistance-
welded carbon steel
heat exchanger and
condenser tubes
STB340* A 214 1022 550 900 482 A 515

G-3464* Seamless carbon steel
tubes for low
temperature service
(1) A334A 650 343 650 343 A 442
STBL380* A334B 392 200 392 200 A 442

JIS Ferrous Tube Materials - Low Alloy Steel
or ASTM Nominal Composition Material Pressure Pressure Default
Spec and Symbol Maximum Temp. Tubesheet
Degrees Degrees Material
(Grade) (Plate)
F C F C
G-3462* Seamless cold-drawn
intermediate alloy steel
heat exchanger and
condenser tubes:
STBA23* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A199C 1202 650 900 482 A387C

STBA24* 2.5Cr - 1Mo A199D 1202 650 900 482 A387D
(T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
STBA25* 5Cr - .5Mo A199F 1202 650 900 482 A387F
G-3462* Seamless carbon-

molybdenum alloy steel
boiler and superheater
tubes:
STBA12* C - .5Mo A 209 1022 550 900 482 A 204

STBA13* C - .5Mo A209A 1022 550 900 482 A 204
(T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
G-3462* Seamless ferritic and
and heat exchanger
tubes:
STBA20* A213A 1022 550 900 482 A387A

STBA20* .5Cr - .5Mo A213B 1202 650 900 482 A387B
(T11) 1Cr - .5Mo A213C 1200 648 900 482 A387C
(T22) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A213D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
(T21) 2.25Cr - 1Mo A213E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
(T5) 3Cr - .9Mo A213F 1200 648 900 483 A387F
5Cr - .5Mo

JIS Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy
Steel
(Grade) (Plate)
F C F C
G-3463* Seamless Ferritic
steel boiler,
superheater, and
heat exchanger
tubes:
SUS304TB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304S 1472 800 842 450 SS304
SUS304LTB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LS 797 425 752 450 304L
SUS316TB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316S 1472 800 842 450 SS316
SUS316LTB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LS 842 450 842 450 316L
SUS321TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321S 1472 800 842 400 SS321
SUS347TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347S 1472 800 842 450 SS347
G-3463* Welded austenitic
steel boiler
superheater, heat
exchanger, and
condenser tubes:
SUS304TB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304W 1472 800 842 450 SS304

SUS304LTB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LW 797 425 752 400 304L
SUS316TB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316W 1472 800 842 450 SS316
SUS316LTB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LW 842 450 842 450 316L
SUS321TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321W 1472 800 842 450 SS321
SUS347TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347W 1472 800 842 450 SS347
A-268
TP 410 Seamless tubes 410S 752 400 752 400 SS410
13Cr
TP 410 Welded tubes 410W 752 400 752 400 SS410

13Cr
A-789 Welded duplex
austenitic steel
tubes:
(S31803) 22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo 2205W 600 315 400 204 S2205

JIS Non-Ferrous Tube Materials
JIS*or Description and System Internal External System
F C F C (Plate)
H-3300* Seamless copper and

copper alloy tubes for
use in surface
condensers,
evaporators and heat
exchangers:
C1220T* Cu CA122 392 200 150 66 A285C

C6871T* Cu - Al CA687 392 200 150 66 A285C
C7060T* Cu - Ni 90/10 CA706 572 300 150 66 A285C
C7150T* Cu - Ni 70/30 CA715 662 350 700 371 A285C
C4430T* Admiralty Brass CA443 437 225 350 176 A285C
(444) CA444 450 232 350 176 A285C
(445) CA445 450 232 350 176 A285C
B-163 Seamless cold-drawn
nickel tubes for
general corrosive
service:
(200) Ni NI200 600 315 600 315 NI200

(201) Ni-Low C NI201 1200 648 1000 537 NI201
H-4552* Monel
NCuT* Ni - Cu MONEL 887 475 752 400 MONEL
G-4904* Inconel
NCF600TB* Ni - Cr - Fe INCNL 1202 650 1000 537 INCNL
or
I600
G-4904* Incoloy
NCF800TB* Ni - Fe - Cr I800 1472 800 1000 537 I800
NCF825TB* Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I825 1000 537 700 371 1825
B-619 Hastelloy
HASTB
B-468 Carpenter 20
(20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cb
H-4650* Titanium
TB35* Ti TI50A 662 350 600 315 TI50A

DIN Design Code - Plate
Materials
DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - Carbon Steel
DIN*or ASTM Description and Nominal System Internal External
Spec and Composition Material Pressure Pressure
(Grade) Symbol Maximum Temp.
Degrees Degrees
F C F C
DIN EN 10025- (structural steel) A 36 650 343 - -
91*
S235JRG1*
DIN EN 10025- Low and intermediate
91* strength carbon steel
plates of structural quality
S235JRG2* A 283C 662 350 na na
DIN 17155* Low and intermediate
strength steel plates for
HII* pressure vessels A 285 or 1022 550 896 480
A 285C or
CS
DIN 17102* Carbon-manganese-silicon
steel plates for pressure
vessels:
St E 355* C - Mn - Si A 299 662 350 662 350
carbon steel, high strength
(A) manganese A 455 650 343 650 343
DIN 17155* Carbon steel plates for
19Mn5* A 515 662 350 662 350

DIN 17102* Carbon steel plates for
moderate and lower
SIE315* C - Si A 516 662 350 662 350

DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - Heat Treated
Steel
DIN* Description and Nominal System Internal External
or ASTM Composition Material Pressure Pressure
Degrees Degrees
(Grade)
F C F C
SEW 680* Nine percent nickel alloy steel
plates, double normalized and
tempered for pressure vessels:
X8Ni9* A 353 392 200 na na
SEW 680* Eight and nine percent nickel alloy
steel plate, quenched and
X8Ni9* A 553 392 200 na na
A-517 High strength alloy steel plates,
quenched and tempered, for
pressure vessels:
(A) Cr - Mn - Si A517A 650 343 650 343
(B) Cr - Mn - Si A517B 650 343 650 343
(E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
(F) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343

DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - Low Alloy
Steel
DIN*or Description and System Internal External
ASTM Spec and Nominal Material Pressure Pressure
Composition Symbol Maximum Temp.
F C F C
A 202 Chromium-
manganese-silicon
(A) alloy steel plates for A202A 1000 537 900 482
pressure vessels
(B) A 202 or 1000 537 900 482
A202B
SEW 680* Nickel alloy steel
plates for pressure
vessels:
14Ni6* A203A 392 200 392 200
10Ni14* A203B 1000 537 900 482
(D) 3.5Ni A203D 392 200 122 50
(E) 3.5Ni A203E 392 200 392 200
DIN 17155* Molybdenum alloy
steel plates for
pressure vessels:
(B) 15Mo3* A204A 1022 550 752 400
(C) C - .5Mo A204B 1022 550 752 400
C - .5Mo A 204 or 1000 537 900 482
A204C
Manganese-
molybdenum and
manganese-
molybdenum-nickel
pressure vessels:
VdTUV Wbl.376 WB35* 17Mn Mo V64* A302A 977 525 900 482
VdTUV Wbl.377 WB36* 15Ni Cu Mo Nb5* A 302 or 1022 550 900 482
A302B
VdTUV Wbl.378* 12Mn Ni Mo55* A302C 1022 550 900 482
VdTUV Wbl384 WB34* 13Mn Ni Mo54* A302D 1022 550 900 482

DIN*or Description and System Internal External
ASTM Spec and Nominal Material Pressure Pressure
Composition Symbol Maximum Temp.
F C F C
Pressure vessel
plates, alloy steel,
chromium-
molybdenum:
(A) .5Cr - .5Mo A387A 1022 550 900 482

(G) .5Cr - .5Mo A387G 1022 550 900 482
DIN 17155* 13Cr Mo44* A387B 1157 500 842 450

DIN 17155* 13Cr Mo44* A387H 1157 625 842 450
(C) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387C 1157 625 896 480

(J) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387J 1157 625 896 480
DIN 17155* 10Cr Mo910* A387D 1067 500 896 480

VdTUV Wbl.404* 12Cr Mo910* A387K 1067 575 896 480
VdTUV Wbl.007* 12Cr Mo195* A387E 1157 625 896 480

VdTUV Wbl.007* 12Cr Mo195* A387L 1157 625 896 480
(F) 5Cr - .5Mo A387F 1157 625 896 480

(M) Cr - .5Mo A387M 1157 625 896 480
SEW 640* Manganese-
molybdenum and
manganese-
molybdenum-nickel
alloy steel plates,
quenched and
tempered, for
pressure vessels:
(A) C - Mn - Mo A533A 1022 550 na na
20 Mn Mo Ni55* A533B 797 425 na na
12 Mn Ni Mo55* A533C 797 425 na na

DIN Ferrous Plate Materials - High Alloy
Steel
DIN* Description and Nominal System Internal External
or ASTM Composition Material Pressure Pressure
Degrees Degrees
(Grade)
F C F C
DIN Chromium and chromium-nickel
17440* stainless steel plate, sheet, and
strip for fusion-welded unfired
pressure vessels:
X2 Cr Ni1911* 304L 797 425 752 400

X5 Cr Ni1810* SS304 1472 800 1200 648
X2 Cr Ni Mo17132* 316L 842 450 752 400

X5 Cr Ni Mo17122* SS316 1472 800 1200 648
X6 Cr Ni Mo Ti 17122* 316TI 1472 800 1200 648
X2 Cr Ni Mo18164* SS317 1472 800 1200 648

X6 Cr Ni Ti1810* SS321 1472 800 1200 648
X6 Cr Ni Nb1810* SS347 1472 800 1200 648
(348) SS348 1500 815 1200 648
(2205) Duplex S2205 600 315 400 204

22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo
DIN X10 Cr13* SS410 1202 650 900 482
17440* X6 Cr17* SS430 1202 650 1200 648

DIN Non-Ferrous Plate Materials
DIN*or Description and Nominal System Internal External
ASTM Spec Compostion Material Pressure Pressure
and Symbol Maximum Temp.
F C F C
DIN 1745 Aluminum-alloy sheet and
A1100P* plate:
Al A1100 392 200 na na
Al Mn Cu* A3003 392 200 na na
Al Mg 2.5* A5052 392 200 na na
Al Mg 4.5* Mn* A5083 150 66 na na
Al Mg 4 Mn* A5086 150 66 na na
Al Mg 7.5 Si Cu* A6061 392 200 na na
DIN 17660* Copper and copper alloys -
Naval brass
Cu Zn38 Sn1* CA464 392 200 350 177
DIN 1787* Copper plates for locomotive
fireboxes:
E Cu58* or CU or 392 200 150 66
E Cu59* CA110
B-96 Copper-silicon alloy plate and
(655) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 350 176
DIN 1787* Copper sheet, strip, plate, and
rolled bar:
SF-Cu CA122 392 200 150 66
DIN 17664* Copper-nickel alloy plate and
Cu Ni 30 Mn1 Fe* CA715 662 350 662 350
B-333 Hastelloy:
(B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B-575 Hastelloy:
(C-276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 1000 537

DIN Non-Ferrous Plate Materials -continued
DIN*or ASTM Description and Nominal System Internal External
Spec and Compostion Material Pressure Pressure
(Grade) Symbol Maximum Temp.
Degrees Degrees
F C F C
VdTUV Wbl.412* Specification for nickel-
iron-chromium alloy plate,
sheet, and strip:
NCF800* X10 Ni Cr Al Ti 3220* I800 1472 800 1000 537
molybdenum-copper alloy
(825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I825 1000 537 700 371
sheet and strip:
(20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - Cb C 20 800 426 800 426
VdTUV Wbl.305* Nickel-chromium-iron
strip, Inconel:
Ni Cr15 Fe INCNL 1202 650 1000 537
or
I600
strip:
(200) Ni NI or 600 315 600] 315
NI200 600 315 600 315
(201) Ni-Low C NI201 1200 648 1000 537
DIN 17750* Nickel-copper alloy plate,
sheet, and strip:
Ni Cu 30 Fe F45* MONEL 932 500 800 426
or
M400
DIN 17860* Titanium and titanium alloy
strip, sheet, and plate:
3.7025.10* Ti TI35A 662 350 na na
3.7035.10* Ti TI or 662 350 600 315
TI50A 662 350 600 315

DIN Design Code - Clad Plate Materials
Material Classification Description Grade System Material Symbol
DIN 17102 St E 355 C A285C
A-204 (B) ASTM A-204 B A204B
ASTM A -204 C A204C
DIN 17155 19 Mn5 70 A 515
DIN 17102 SIE 315 70 A 516
DIN 17155 13Cr Mo44 12 CL 1 A387B
DIN 17155 13Cr Mo44 12 CL 2 A387H
A-387 (C) ASTM A-387 11 CL 1 A387C
A-387 ASTM A-387 11 CL 2 A387J
DIN 17155 10Cr Mo 910 22 CL 1 A387D
DIN 17155 10Cr Mo 910 22 CL 2 A387K
Stainless steel type
DIN 17440
X5 Cr Ni189* 304 SS304
X2 Cr Ni189* 304L 304L
X5 Cr Ni Mo1810* 316 SS316
X2 Cr Ni Mo1810* 316L 316L
X10 Cr Ni Ti189* 321 SS321
X10 Cr Ni Nb1810* 347 SS347
X10 Cr13* 410 SS410
X8 Cr17* 430 SS430

201 NI201
Monel
NCUP 400 MONEL
VdTUV Wbl.305*
Ni Cr15 Fe 600 INCNL
Ni-Fe-Cr 800 I800
Titanium 2 Ti
Hastelloy B B HASTB
* See Plate Materials (German Code) for further material descriptions.

materials. No other combination may be selected.

DIN Design Code - Tube
Materials
DIN Ferrous Tube Materials - Carbon Steel
DIN* Description and System Internal External System
or ASTM Nominal Compostion Material Pressure Pressure Default
Spec and Symbol Maximum Maximum Tubesheet
(Grade) (Plate)
F C F C
DIN 2391* Seamless cold-drawn
exchanger and
condenser tubes
St 35GBK A 179 1022 550 752 400 A285C
NBK*
DIN 1629* Seamless carbon steel
St 37.0* pressure service A 192 1000 537 900 482 A 515
DIN 1629* Seamless medium
St 44.0* superheater tubes A210A 1022 550 900 482 A 515
St 52.0* A210C 1022 550 900 482 A 515
DIN 2393* Electric-resistance-
welded carbon steel
heat exchanger and
condenser tubes
St 37-2 A 214 1022 550 900 482 A 515
NBK*
SEW 680* Seamless carbon steel
tubes for low
TTSt 35N* temperature service A334A 650 343 650 343 A 442
(B) A334B 392 200 392 200 A 442

DIN Ferrous Tube Material - Low Alloy Steel
DIN*or Description and System Internal External System
ASTM Spec Nominal Material Pressure Pressure Default
and Compostion Symbol Maximum Maximum Tubesheet
F C F C (Plate)
Seamless cold-drawn
intermediate alloy
DIN 17175* 13Cr Mo44* A199C 1202 650 900 482 A387C
DIN 17175* 10Cr Mo910* A199D 1202 650 900 482 A387D
(T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
VdTUV007* 12Cr Mo195G A199F 1202 650 900 482 A387F
Seamless carbon-
molybdenum alloy
steel boiler and
superheater tubes:
DIN 17175* 15 Mo3* A 209 1022 550 900 482 A 204

(T1A) C - .5Mo A209A 1022 550 900 482 A 204
(T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
Seamless ferritic and
and heat exchanger
tubes:
(T2) .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1022 550 900 482 A387A

DIN17175* 13Cr Mo44* A213B 1202 650 900 482 A387B
DIN17175* 13Cr Mo44* A213C 1200 648 900 482 A387C
DIN17175* 10Cr Mo910* A213D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
(T21) 3Cr -.9Mo A213E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
VdTUV007* 12Cr Mo195G* A213F 1200 648 900 482 A387F

DIN Ferrous Tube Materials - High Alloy
Steel
DIN*or Description and System Internal External System
ASTM Spec Nominal Material Pressure Pressure Default
and Compostion Symbol Maximum Maximum Tubesheet
F C F C (Plate)
DIN 17458* Seamless Ferritic and

and heat exchanger
tubes:
X5Cr Ni1810* 304S 1472 800 842 450 SS304

X2Cr Ni1911* 304LS 797 425 752 400 304L
X5Cr Ni Mo17122* 316S 1472 800 842 450 SS316
X2Cr Ni Mo18143* 316LS 842 450 842 450 316L
X6Cr Ni Ti1810* 321S 1472 800 842 450 SS321
X6Cr Ni Nb1810* 347S 1472 800 842 450 SS347
X10 Cr13* 410S 752 400 752 400 SS410
DIN 17457* Welded austenitic
steel boiler
superheater, heat
exchanger, and
condenser tubes:
X5Cr Ni1810* 304W 1472 800 842 450 SS304

X2Cr Ni1911* 304LW 797 425 752 400 304L
X5Cr Ni Mo17122* 316W 1472 800 842 450 SS316
X2Cr Ni Mo18143* 316LW 842 450 842 450 316L

X6Cr Ni Ti1810* 321W 1472 800 842 450 SS321
X6 Cr Ni Nb 1810* 347W 1472 800 842 450 SS347
X10 Cr 13* 410W 752 400 752 400 SS410
A-789 Welded duplex
austenitic steel tubes:
(S31803) 22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo 2205W 600 315 400 204 S2205

DIN Non-Ferrous Tube Materials
DIN*or ASTM Description and System Internal External System
Spec and Nominal Material Pressure Pressure Default
(Grade) Compostion Symbol Maximum Maximum Tubesheet
F C F C (Plate)
Seamless copper
and copper alloy
tubes for use in
surface
condensers,
evaporators and
heat exchangers:
DIN 1787* SF Cu* CA122 392 200 150 66 A285C
DIN 1785* Cu Zn20 Al2* CA687 392 200 150 66 A285C
DIN 17664* Cu Ni10 Fe1 Mn* CA706 572 300 150 66 A285C
DIN 17664* Cu Ni30 Mn1 Fe* CA715 662 350 700 371 A285C
DIN 1785* Admiralty Brass CA443 437 225 350 176 A285C
(444) Cu Zn28 Sn1* CA444 450 232 350 176 A285C
(445) CA445 450 232 350 176 A285C
Seamless cold-
drawn nickel tubes
for general
corrosive service:
DIN 17752* LC Ni 99F34* NI200 600 315 600 315 NI200
(201) Ni-Low C NI201 1200 648 1000 537 NI201
DIN 17751* Monel
Ni Cu30 Fe F45 MONEL 887 475 752 400 MONEL
VdTUV Inconel
Wbl.305* Ni Cr15 Fe* INCNL 1202 650 1000 537 INCNL
or
I600
VdTUV Incoloy
Wbl.412 X10 Ni Cr Al Ti I800 1472 800 1000 537 I800
3220*
VdTUv Ni Cr21 Mo* I825 1000 537 700 371 I825
Wbl.432*
B-619 Hastelloy
HASTB
B-468 Carpenter 20
(20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cu - Cb
B-338 Titanium
(2) Ti T150A 662 350 600 315 T150A

Lining Materials
Brick: Acid-Resistant Applied Over
Membrane-Lined Carbon Steel
Lining Material Description Inches MM System
Material
Symbol
Red shale brick 2.5 62 25RSB
4.5 112 45RSB
8.0 200 80RSB
Fireclay, 30 percent alumina 2.5 62 25AFC
4.5 112 45AFC
9.0 225 45AFC
Brick: Firebrick
Lining Material Description Inches MM System
Material
Symbol
Insulating firebrick 2.5 62 25IFB
4.5 112 45IFB
9.0 225 90IFB
60 percent alumina firebrick 2.5 62 25FB6
4.5 112 45FB6
9.0 225 90FB6
90 percent alumina firebrick 2.5 62 25FB9
4.5 112 45FB9
9.0 225 90FB9

Monolithic Lining
Lining Material Description System
Material
Symbol
Applied to surface with anchors on 12 INCH [300 MM] centers
50 percent alumina refractory gunning mix GUNA5
90 percent alumina refractory gunning mix GUNA9
90 percent alumina castable refractory CASA9
Applied to bare surface
50 percent alumina refractory gunning mix GUN50
90 percent alumina refractory gunning mix GUN90
90 percent alumina castable refractory CAS90
Applied over wire mesh reinforcement
Gunite GUNIT
Abrasion Resistant Linings; Replaceable

Only for use with:
• equipment items – water cyclones and linings
• plant bulk items – steel fabricated plate

Material
Symbol
Replaceable ceramic liner backed with urethane elastomer for CERML
light abrasion and light impact
Replaceable ceramic liner backed with urethane elastomer for CERMM
medium abrasion and light impact
Replaceable ceramic liner backed with urethane elastomer for CERMH
heavy abrasion and light impact
Replaceable ceramic liner backed with urethane elastomer for CERMV
heavy abrasion and heavy impact
Replaceable abrasion-resistant steel plate lining (1 INCH [25 ABRPL
MM] thick unless otherwise specified)
Replaceable rubber lining (1 INCH [25 MM] thick unless REPRB
otherwise specified)
Replaceable SS304 plate lining (1 INCH [25 MM] thick unless LS304
Replaceable SS316 plate lining (1 INCH [25 MM] thick unless LS316

Linings: Organic, Glass, Metallic
Material
Symbol
Asphaltic Resin Lining (over Carbon Steel) ASRSN
Epoxy Resin Lining (over Carbon Steel) EPLCS
Phenolic Resin Lining (over Carbon Steel) PHRSN
Kynar Sheet Lining (over Carbon Steel) PVDF
Teflon Sheet Lining (over Carbon Steel) TFELS

Glass Lining (over Carbon Steel) GSLCS
1/4 INCH [6 MM] Butyl Rubber Lining (over Carbon Steel) BUTYL
1/4 INCH [6 MM] Neoprene Sheet Lining (over Carbon Steel) NEPNE
1/4 INCH [6 MM] Soft Natural Rubber Sheet Lining (over Carbon Steel) NATRB
1/4 INCH [6 MM] Nitrile Rubber Lining (over Carbon Steel) NITRL
1/4 INCH [6 MM] Hypalon Rubber Lining (over Carbon Steel) HYPLN
1/4 INCH [6 MM] Ebonite Lining (over Carbon Steel) EBONT
16 PSF [80 KG/M2] Chemical Lead Lining CLEAD
Inorganic Zinc Coating applied by brush to 3 M [0.08 MM] thickness I-ZN
Flame sprayed Zinc Coating 8 MIL [0.20 MM] thickness ZNMZL

Casting Materials
Material Classification Casting Material Description System Material
Symbol
Aluminum Alloys Aluminum AL
Iron and Steel Alloys Low-Alloy Steel Grade B A203B
Low-Alloy Steel Grade E A203E
Low-Alloy Steel Grade C A 204
Low-Alloy Steel A 283
Carbon Steel A 299

Low-Alloy Steel Grade B A 302
Low-Alloy Steel Grade A A387A
Low-Alloy Steel Grade B A387B
Low-Alloy Steel Grade C A387C
Low-Alloy Steel Grade D A387D

Low-Alloy Steel Grade E A387E
Carbon Steel Grade 60 A 442
Carbon Steel A 455

Low-Alloy Steel Grade 1A A533A
Low-Alloy Steel Grade 1B A533B
Low-Alloy Steel Grade 1C A533C
9 Percent Nickel Steel A 553
Carbon Steel A285S
or CS
Cast Iron CI
Stainless Steel Alloys Type 304 Stainless Steel SS304
or SS
Type 304L Stainless Steel 304L
Type 316 Stainless Steel SS316
Type 316L Stainless Steel 316L

- continued next page -

Material Classification Casting Material Description System Material
Symbol
Other Alloys Nickel NI
Inconel INCNL
Monel MONEL
Titanium TI
Carpenter 20 C 20
Other Materials Available SS304 Impeller, CS Casing 304SF
Only On Pumps Where SS316 Impeller, CS Casing 316SF
Designated Goulds Alloy 20 GAL20
High Nickel Alloy ISO B
High Nickel Alloy ISO C
Cast Steel CASTS

Packing Materials
Packing Type Size Packing Material Packing Type
Inches MM Symbol
Activated carbon - - Carbon ACT-C

Alumina - - Alumina ALMNA
Berl saddles 0.5 15 Ceramic 0.5CBS

0.75 20 .75CBS
1.0 25 1.0CBS
1.5 40 1.5CBS
Berl saddles 0.5 15 Porcelain 0.5PBS
0.75 20 .75PBS
1.0 25 1.0PBS
1.5 40 1.5PBS
Calcium chloride - - Calcium chloride CACL
Coke - - Coke COKE
Crushed limestone - - Limestone LIME

Crushed stone - - Stone STONE
Dirt (earth) - - Earth DIRT

Gravel - - Gravel GRAVEL
INTALOX saddles 0.5 15 Ceramic 0.5CIS
1.0 25 1.0CIS
1.5 40 1.5CIS
2.0 50 2.0CIS
INTALOX saddles 0.5 15 Porcelain 0.5PIS
1.0 25 1.0PIS
1.5 40 1.5PIS
2.0 50 2.0PIS
Pall rings 0.5 15 Polypropylene 0.5PPR
1.0 25 1.0PPR
1.5 40 1.5PPR
2.0 50 2.0PPR
Pall rings 0.5 15 Stainless steel 0.5SPR
1.0 25 1.0SPR
1.5 40 1.5SPR
2.0 50 2.0SPR
Raschig rings 0.5 15 Ceramic 0.5CRR
0.75 20 .75CRR
1.0 25 1.0CRR
1.5 40 1.5CRR
2.0 50 2.0CRR
3.0 75 3.0CRR

Inches MM Symbol
Raschig rings 1.0 25 Porcelain 1.0PRR

1.5 40 1.5PRR
2.0 50 2.0PRR
3.0 75 3.0PRR
Raschig rings 1.0 25 Stainless steel 1.0SRR
1.5 40 1.5SRR
2.0 50 2.0SRR
3.0 75 3.0SRR
Raschig rings 1.0 25 Carbon steel 1.0FRR
1.5 40 1.5FRR
2.0 50 2.0FRR
3.0 75 3.0FRR
Resin - - Resin RESIN
Sand - - Sand SAND
Silica gel - - Silica gel S-GEL
Tellerettes H.D. 1.0 25 Polyethylene HD-P-T

Tellerettes L.D. 1.0 25 Polyethylene LD-P-T
13X Molecular Sieve 13XMS
PVC Structured Packing 68 SF/CF [223 M2/M3] 68PVC
CPVC Structured Packing 68 SF/CF [223 M2/M3] 68CPVC
Cascade rings 1.0 25 Ceramic 1.0CCR
2.0 50 2.0CCR
3.0 75 3.0CCR
Cascade rings 1.0 25 Polypropylene 1.0PCR
2.0 50 2.0PCR
3.0 75 3.0PCR
Cascade rings 1.0 25 Stainless steel 1.0SCR
1.5 40 1.5SCR
2.0 50 2.0SCR
3.0 75 3.0SCR
4.0 100 4.0SCR
Steel structured 107 350 410S Stainless steel M107YA
packing 45° angle 76 250 M76YA
of vertical 62 205 M62YA
orientation
35 115 M35YA
Steel structured 107 350 304 Stainless steel M107YB
packing 45° angle 76 250 M76YB
of vertical 62 205 M62YB
orientation
35 115 M35YB
Steel structured 107 350 316L Stainless steel M107YC
packing 45° angle 76 250 M76YC
of vertical 62 205 M62YC
orientation
35 115 M35YC
- continued on next page -

Inches MM Symbol
Steel structured 76 250 410S Stainless steel M76XA

packing 60° angle 35 115 M35XA
of vertical
orientation
Steel structured 76 250 304 Stainless steel M76XB
packing 60° angle 35 115 M35XB
of vertical
orientation
Steel structured 76 250 316L Stainless steel M76XC
packing 60° angle 35 115 M35XC
of vertical
orientation

29 Units of Measure (G6)

Introduction to Units of Measure
Units of Measure
Length
Area
Volume
Mass
Mass per Length
Mass per Volume
Pressure
Velocity
Flow Rates
Electric
Power
Viscosity
Angular
Other
Miscellaneous Useful Constants
Project Specifications and their Use of Units of Measure
Special Units of Measure
Length and Area Units
Volume Units
Mass and Unit Mass
Pressure Units
Velocity and Flow Rate Units
Power Units
Viscosity Units
29 Units of Measure (G6) 29-1

Introduction to Units of
Measure
Icarus systems provide a choice of two sets of units of measure:
• I-P (Inch-Pound)
• METRIC (Metric).
The user must select the desired set indirectly (by specifying the country base
location) or directly. Once the appropriate set is selected, the user may wish to
redefine one or more variables from the base units of measure to some other
measure. The Units of Measure Data provides the means of identifying the
conversion.
The user should refer to units of measure later in this chapter for the basic
definitions of variables and their associated units of measure for I-P and
METRIC sets. Along with these definitions are conversion multipliers for
relating I-P to METRIC units. Each line bearing a two-digit Type Number is a
candidate for user redefinition. The type number is used to identify the specific
unit of measure to be redefined. The user would then provide a new name for
that unit of measure and the appropriate conversion multiplier to convert from
the base unit of measure to the desired unit of measure.
The following special units of measure are not characterized by a Type Number
and simple conversion multiplier:
• Temperature - User may define temperature to be in DEG C, DEG F or
DEG K.
• Process Pipe Size (diameter and thickness dimensions only) - User may
specify process pipe to be designed in INCH or MM units of measure,
independently of other linear units of measure.
• Driver Power - User may specify drivers to be specified, sized, selected,
reported in HP or KW.
Notes of Caution
All user-provided numeric values for dimensions, sizes, extents, intensities,
flows, etc., are considered by the system to conform to those units of measure
selected and/or defined by the user. It is the user’s responsibility to be
constantly aware of the units of measure so selected throughout the entire
exercise of preparing project data for the system. The user is cautioned that
variable redefinition from system base to a user unit of measure could have
unpredictable downstream effects, for example, in selection of plates, wire,
tubing, pipe, etc. Further, the user is cautioned that each base set of units, I-P
and METRIC, has its own special set of default values; the pair of default
values are not necessarily related to one another by usual conversion
relationships; each is established by itself as a reasonable value in the base
unit of measure. Once the user’s set of units of measure is established, default
values are evaluated as follows:
• Unit of Measure Conversion: are used to convert the base unit of measure
default value by the user’s numeric value to obtain the value of the revised
default value in the desired units of measure.
29-2 29 Units of Measure (G6)

• No Unit of Measure Conversion: the system uses the default value
as tabulated.
Example
• METRIC base set selected in Project Title Data, and
• Unit of measure data used to convert pressure in KPA (METRIC) to PSIG
using 0.14504 = 1/6.894757 as conversion for Type No. 18.
• Turbine steam pressure METRIC default is 2000 KPA, which, converted to
PSIG, is 290.047549 PSIG. The PSIG value is used in sizing the turbine if
the user does not enter the pressure value.
• Contrast this value with the I-P default value printed in the turbine table as
300 PSIG.
Another Example
The METRIC base user will have all length variables defined in terms of
millimeters, meters, etc. As a consequence, pipe sizes (diameters) and wall
thicknesses will be expected to be specified, sized, selected and reported in
MM. Should the METRIC base user desire pipe to be specified, sized, selected
and reported in MM. Should the METRIC base user desire pipe to be specified,
sized, selected and reported as INCH values, the user must enter the
designator INCH in the field labelled Pipe Size.
This note of caution is tendered for temperature and driver power a well as
pipe sizing.
Final Note of Caution

The user of this section should exercise extreme care and deliberation in
redefining units of measure. Since, once established:
• All user input is expected in the defined units of measure.
• Default values subject to conversions will not be in rounded numbers but
will be conversions from base default values.
• Selection and design criteria may be impacted and affected by user
redefinition of units of measure.
• All reporting by the system will conform to the selected units of measure.
• The trial of consequences of redefinitions of the units of measure is one
expectedly difficult to backtrack, especially if that variable affects size
selection of materials in a non-standard way.

Units of Measure
Type Inch/Pound Conversion Metric
No. Description Symbol Description Symbol
Length
01 Inches INCHES x 25.4 = Millimeters MM

02 Feet FEET x 0.3048 = Meters M
03 Miles (statute) MILES x 1.60934 = Kilometers KM
04 Mesh MESH x 1.0000 = Mesh MESH
Area
05 Square feet SF x 0.092903 = Square M2

meters
06 Square yards SY x 0.836127 = Square M2
meters
Volume
07 Cubic feet CF x 0.028317 = Cubic M3

meters
08 Cubic yards CY x 0.76455 = Cubic M3
meters
09 US Gallons GALLONS x 0.00378541 = Cubic M3
(231 cubic meters
inches, no
units for UK
imperial
gallons)
10 Barrels (42 BARRELS x 0.1589873 = Cubic M3
gallons) meters
11 Bags (94 BAGS x 0.852749 = Bags (50 BAG-50KG
pounds) kilograms)
48 Board feet BDFT x 0.0023597 = Cubic M3
meters
Mass
12 Pounds LBS x 0.45359 =Kilograms KG

13 Tons (2000 TONS x 0.907185 = 1000 TON
pounds) Kilograms
Mass per Length
14 Pounds per LB/FT x 1.488156 = Kilograms/ KG/M

foot meter
15 Pounds per LB/YD x 0.496052 = Kilograms/ KG/M
yard meter

Mass per Volume
16 Pounds per LB/BATCH x 0.45359 = Kilograms KG/BATCH

batch per batch
17 Pounds per PCF x 16.01829 = Kilograms KG/M3
cubic foot per cubic
meter
Pressure
18 Pounds (force) PSIG x 6.894757 = Kilopascals KPA

per square (1000 newtons
inch, gauge per square
meter)
19 Inches of IN HG x 3.38638 = Kilopascals KPA
mercury (1000 newtons
per square
meter)
20 Inches of IN H2O x 249.082 = Pascals PA
water
21 Millimeters of MM HG x 133.322 =Pascals PA
mercury
(TORR)
22 Pounds (force) PSF x 0.0478802 = Kilonewtons KN/M2
per square per square
foot (loading) meter (1
newton = 1 KG
mass under 1
meter/sec2
acceleration)
Velocity
23 Feet per FPM x 18.2880 = Meters/hour M/H

minute
24 Miles per hour MPH x 1.60934 = Kilometers/ KM/H
hour
25 Revolutions RPM x 1.0000 = Revolutions RPM
per minute per minute
na Cycles per HZ x 1.0000 = Hertz HZ
second (HZ is
frequently
used to refer
to local power
frequency)

Flow Rates
26 Cubic feet per CFM x 1.69901 = Cubic M3/H

minute meters per
hour
27 Cubic feet per CFH x 0.028317 = Cubic M3/H
hour meters per
hour
28 Cubic feet per CFM/SF x 18.28800 = Cubic M3/H/M2
minute per meters per
square foot of hour per
surface square meter
of surface
29 Gallons per GPM x 0.063090 Litres per L/S
minute second
30 Gallons per GPH x 0.003785 Cubic meters M3/H
hour per hour
31 Pounds per LB/H x 0.45359 Kilograms/ KG/H
hour hour
32 Tons per hour TPH x 0.907185 = Tons per TON/H
(short tons, no hour
unit for long
tons)
33 Tons per day TPD x 0.037799 = Tons per TON/H
hour
Electric
34 Volts V x 1.0 = Volts V

35 Kilovolts KV x 1.0 = Kilovolts KV
(1000V)
36 Amperes A x 1.0 = Amperes A
37 Kiloamperes KA x 1.0 = Kiloamperes KA
(1000A)
38 Watts W x 1.0 = Watts W
39 Kilowatts KW x 1.0 = Kilowatts KW
(1000W)
40 Kilovolt- KVA x 1.0 = Kilovolt- KVA
amperes amperes
(1000V-A)
Power
na Horsepower HP x 0.74570 = Kilowatts KW

41 Tons, TONS-REF x 3.51685 = Kilowatts KW
refrigeration
(12000 BTU
per hour)
42 BTU per hour BTU/H x 0.293071 = Watts W

43 Millions of BTU MMBTU/H x 0.293071 = Megawatts MEGAW
per hour
44 BTU per hour BTU/H/SF x 3.15460 = Watts per W/M2
per square square meter
foot
45 BTU per pound BTU/LB x 2.32601 = Kilojoules KJ/KG
per kilogram
Viscosity
46 Centipoise CPOISE x 1.0 = Millipascal- MPA-S

seconds
47 Centistoke CSTOKE x 1.0 = Millimeters MM2/S
squared per
second
Angular
na Degrees DEGREE x 1.0 = Degrees DEGREE
Other
na Fahrenheit DEG F (F-32)/1.8 = Celsius DEG C

temperature temperature
na Fahrenheit DEG F x 0.55555 = Celsius DEG C
temperature temperature
difference difference
na Nominal pipe INCH not applicable Nominal pipe MM
size (diameter size size (diameter
and thickness) and thickness)
na Driver power HP not applicable Driver power KW
Miscellaneous Useful Constants

1 Gravitational Constant:
° Inch-Pound 32.174 lb-ft/lb(force)-sec2
° Metric 9.80665 kg-m/kg(force)-sec2
2 Absolute temperatures:
° Rankine DEG R = 459.67 + DEG F
° Kelvin DEG K = 273.15 + DEG C
3 Gas Constant, R (basis: 22.4140 liters at 0 degrees C, 1 atm. for the
volume of 1 gram-mole of gas and PV=ZnRT)
° R = 10.732 psia-ft3/lb-mole degrees R
° R = 8.3145 KPA-m3/kg-mole degrees K

Project Specifications and their
Use of Units of Measure
Special Units of Measure
Unit of Measure Name for Temperature: F (INCH-POUND) or C or K
(METRIC)
Use to specify:
• All items specifying temperature
Unit of Measure Name for pipe size: INCH (INCH-POUND) or MM (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Pipe, valves, fittings
Unit of Measure Name for driver power: HP (INCH-POUND) or KW
(METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Electric motors, turbines
Length and Area Units

Unit of Measure Name for: INCHES (INCH-POUND) or MM (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Vessel components
° wall/plate thickness
° tube diameter
° cladding thickness
• Conveyor belts - width
• Conveyors/vibrating - width of pan
• Centrifuge bowl/basket diameter
• Dryers, pan type - depth
• Dust collectors, cyclone diameter
• Filters, plate/frame size
• Feeders, rotary - diameter
• Feeders, vibrating - width
• Heat exchangers, shell diameter
• Mills, product, feed size
• Reboilers, port area
• Stacks - diameter
• Towers - tray spacing

• Insulation thickness
• Manhole diameter
• Steel, walkway width
• Vibrating screens - sifter screen diameter
Unit of Measure Name for: FEET (INCH-POUND) or M (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Vessel size
° span, length, height, diameter,
° tube length
• Fluid head- pumps
Unit of Measure Name for: MILES (INCH-POUND) or KM (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Site development
Unit of Measure Name for: MESH (INCH-POUND) or MESH (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Crushers
• Filter, tubular
Unit of Measure Name for: SF (INCH-POUND) or M2 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Dryers - tray surface area
• Dust collectors - cloth area
• Drum dryers - peripheral area
• Evaporators - heated surface area
• Flakers - area
• Heat exchangers
• Linings
• Rotary dryers
• Tray drying systems, tray surface
• Vibrating screen
Unit of Measure Name for: SY (INCH-POUND) or M2 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
Volume Units
Unit of Measure Name for: CF (INCH-POUND) or M3 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Centrifuges - capacity

• Filters, plate/frame capacity
• Mixers
• Rotary dryers, working capacity
• Vertical tanks, gas holders, live bottom
Unit of Measure Name for: CY (INCH-POUND) or M3 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
Unit of Measure Name for: GALLONS (INCH-POUND) or M3 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Vessel volume, liquids
• Kneaders
• Packings
• Vertical tanks
Unit of Measure Name for: BARRELS (INCH-POUND) or M3 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Vertical tanks
Unit of Measure Name for: BAGS (INCH-POUND) or BAGS-50KG (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Field-mixed concrete components
Unit of Measure Name for: BD FT (INCH-POUND) or M3 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Foundation formwork (shuttering)

Mass and Unit Mass
Unit of Measure Name for: LBS (INCH-POUND) or KG (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Cranes
• Scales
Unit of Measure Name for: TONS (INCH-POUND) or TON (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Elevators
• Cranes, hoists
Unit of Measure Name for: LB/FT (INCH-POUND) or KG/M (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Steel member sizes
• Pile sizes
Unit of Measure Name for: LB/YD (INCH-POUND) or KG/M (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Site development - railroad rails
Unit of Measure Name for: LB/BATCH (INCH-POUND) or KG/BATCH
(METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Centrifuges, batch type
• Filters
Unit of Measure Name for: PCF (INCH-POUND) or KG/M3 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Density of solids, fluids
• Blenders

Pressure Units
Unit of Measure Name for: PSIG (INCH-POUND) or KPA (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Gauge pressure
Unit of Measure Name for: IN HG (INCH-POUND) or KPA (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Vacuum pumps
Unit of Measure Name for: IN H2O (INCH-POUND) or PA (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Draft pressure measurement, ductwork
• Dust collector, cyclone - pressure drop
Unit of Measure Name for: MM HG (INCH-POUND) or PA (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Ejectors, absolute pressure
• Vacuum pumps, absolute pressure
Unit of Measure Name for: PSF (INCH-POUND) or KN/M2 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Civil - soil bearing capacity

Velocity and Flow Rate Units
Unit of Measure Name for: FPM (INCH-POUND) or M/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Conveyors, belt speed
Unit of Measure Name for: MPH (INCH-POUND) or KM/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Wind velocity
Unit of Measure Name for: RPM (INCH-POUND) or RPM (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Agitators, agitated tanks
• Motors
• Blenders
Unit of Measure Name for: CFM (INCH-POUND) or M3/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Air, gas compressors
• Air dryers
• Dust collectors, washers, precipitators, cyclone
• Fans
• Vacuum pumps
Unit of Measure Name for: CFH (INCH-POUND) or M3/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Feeders
Unit of Measure Name for: CFM/SF (INCH-POUND) or M3/H/M2 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Dust collectors
Unit of Measure Name for: GPM (INCH-POUND) or L/S (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Centrifugal pumps
• Barometric condenser - water flow rate
• Filter, cartridge, tubular
• Gear pumps
• Positive displacement pumps
• Towers, cooling
• Water treatment systems
Unit of Measure Name for: GPH (INCH-POUND) or M3/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Water treatment systems

Unit of Measure Name for: LB/H (INCH-POUND) or KG/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Dryers, evaporative capacity
• Drum dryers
• Evaporators
• Ejectors - air flow rate
• Filters
• Feeders
• Flakers, drum type
• Heat exchangers
• Reactors
• Rotary dryers
• Tray drying systems
• Towers, packed, trayed
• Water treatment systems - boilers
• Wiped film evaporators
Unit of Measure Name for: TPH (INCH-POUND) or TON/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Conveyors
• Bucket conveyors
• Crushers
• Feeders
• Filters
• Mills
Unit of Measure Name for: TPD (INCH-POUND) or TON/H (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Crystallizers
• Feeder, vibrating
• Mills
Electrical Units
Unit of Measure Name for: V (INCH-POUND) or V (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Electrical plant bulks
Unit of Measure Name for: KV (INCH-POUND) or KV (METRIC)
Use to specify:

Unit of Measure Name for: A (INCH-POUND) or A (METRIC)
Use to specify:
Unit of Measure Name for: KA (INCH-POUND) or KA (METRIC)
Use to specify:
Unit of Measure Name for: W (INCH-POUND) or W (METRIC)
Use to specify:
Unit of Measure Name for: KW (INCH-POUND) or KW (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Electric generators, portable
• Heat exchangers - tank heaters
Unit of Measure Name for: KVA (INCH-POUND) or KVA (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Electric generators
• Electrical substation equipment

Power Units
Unit of Measure Name for: TONS-REF (INCH-POUND) or KW (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Refrigeration units
Unit of Measure Name for: BTU/H (INCH-POUND) or W (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Heat transfer rate
Unit of Measure Name for: MMBTU/H (INCH-POUND) or MEGAW (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Furnaces
• Heating units
• Reboilers
Unit of Measure Name for: BTU/H/SF (INCH-POUND) or W/M2 (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Flarestacks
Unit of Measure Name for: BTU/LB (INCH-POUND) or KJ/KG (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Reboilers
• Flarestacks
Viscosity Units
Unit of Measure Name for: CPOISE (INCH-POUND) or MPA-S (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Pumps
• Agitated vessels
Unit of Measure Name for: CSTOKE (INCH-POUND) or MM2/S (METRIC)
Use to specify:
• Pumps, gear

30 Field Manpower Titles
and Wage Rates (G13)

US Country Base
UK Country Base
JP Country Base
EU Country Base
ME Country Base
30 Field Manpower Titles and Wage Rates (G13) 30-1

The rates in this chapter are escalated by the Construction Index value
specified by the user in the Indexing/Escalation data
US Country Base
Craft US Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
Code Wage Rate Wage Rate Loaded Wage
($/MH) ($/MH) 1 Rate ($/MH)
51 Laborer 15.70 34.30 37.50
52
53 *Millwright 24.60 53.80 58.90
54 Rigger 20.80 45.30 49.60
55
56 Light Vehicle Driver 17.20 37.50 41.10
57 Heavy Vehicle Driver 19.40 42.40 46.40
58
59 Oiler 18.90 41.20 45.10
60 Mechanic 24.30 53.10 58.20
61
62 Light Equipment Oper 19.00 41.50 45.40
63 Medium Equipment Oper 21.00 45.80 50.10
64 Heavy Equipment Oper 23.60 51.50 56.40
65
66 *Pipefitter 25.70 56.10 61.50
67 *Pipe Welder 26.20 57.20 62.60
68
69 Cement Finisher 20.10 43.80 48.00
70 Carpenter 22.40 49.10 53.60
71 Bricklayer 20.70 45.10 49.40
72 Ironworker - Rebar 21.30 46.50 51.00
73
74 Ironworker - Structural 21.30 46.50 51.00
75 Welder - Structural 22.50 49.20 53.90
76
77 Welder - Special 24.90 54.40 59.50
78 *Welder - Fabricator 24.40 53.20 58.20
79 *Boilermaker 25.90 56.20 61.90
80
81 *Instrument Fitter 28.90 63.10 69.10
82
83 *Electrician - Line 25.30 55.30 60.60
84 *Electrician - Wiring 25.20 54.90 60.10
85
30-2 30 Field Manpower Titles and Wage Rates (G13)

Craft US Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
($/MH) ($/MH) 1 Rate ($/MH)
86 *Sheetmetal Worker 24.70 54.00 59.10
87 Insulator 22.40 48.80 53.50
88
89 Painter 20.20 44.10 48.30
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Craft Helper 15.90 34.70 38.00
99 Foreman ** ** **
1
IPM Loaded Wage Rate excludes equipment rental.
* Principal Crafts.
** Foreman’s rate is 110% of the highest paid craft in the crew in which the
foreman works.
Base Construction Index Value (1Q 2007) = 1890.

UK Country Base ***
Craft UK Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
(PS/MH) (PS/MH) 1 Rate (PS/
MH)
51 Laborer 11.60 25.50 27.90
52
53 *Fitter/Millwright 15.10 33.20 36.30
54 Rigger 15.10 33.20 36.30
55
58
59
60 Plant Fitter 15.10 33.20 36.30
61
65
66 *Plater/Pipefitter 15.10 33.20 36.30
67 *Welder 15.40 33.80 37.00
68
69 Cement Finisher 13.50 29.80 32.60
70 Joiner 15.20 33.50 36.80
71 Bricklayer 13.70 30.20 33.00
72 Steel Fixer 13.50 29.80 32.60
73
74 Steel Erector 15.10 33.20 36.30
76
77 Welder - Special 15.50 34.20 37.40
79 *Boilermaker 15.10 33.20 36.30
80
82
83 *Electrical Technician 16.60 36.60 38.30
84 *Electrician 15.10 33.20 36.30
85
87 Insulator 15.10 33.20 36.30

Craft UK Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
(PS/MH) (PS/MH) 1 Rate (PS/
MH)
88
89 Painter 13.50 29.80 32.60
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Craftsman’s Mate 12.40 27.20 29.80
99 Foreman ** ** **
1
* Principal Crafts.
foreman works.
*** Wage Rate Basis: National Agreement for the Engineering Construction
Industry, 2006-2007 Update. Rates include measured incentive bonus
appropriate to large process industry sites. Rates for civil work reflect
"comparability" with rates for engineering trades on large process industry
sites.
Base Construction Index Value (1Q 2007) = 3830
Note: PS indicates Pounds Sterling

JP Country Base
Craft JP Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
(KY/MH) (KY/MH) 1 Rate (KY/MH)
51 Laborer 1.60 3.40 3.70
52
53 *Millwright 2.10 4.50 4.90
54 Rigger 2.10 4.50 4.90
55
58
59 Oiler 2.00 4.10 4.50
60 Mechanic 2.20 4.70 5.20
61
65
66 *Pipefitter 2.70 5.60 6.10
67 *Pipe Welder 2.80 5.80 6.40
68
69 Cement Finisher 2.30 4.80 5.30
70 Carpenter 2.40 5.10 5.60
71 Bricklayer 2.70 5.80 6.30
73
74 Ironworker - Structural 2.40 5.00 5.50
76
77 Welder - Special 2.60 5.50 6.10
79 *Boilermaker 2.60 5.40 5.90
80
82
83 *Electrician - Line 2.50 5.30 5.80
84 *Electrician - Wiring 2.50 5.30 5.80
85
87 Insulator 2.10 4.40 4.90
88

Craft JP Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
(KY/MH) (KY/MH) 1 Rate (KY/MH)
89 Painter 2.20 4.70 5.20
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Craft Helper 1.70 3.60 4.00
99 Foreman ** ** **
1 IPM Loaded Wage Rate excludes equipment rental.

* Principal Crafts.
foreman works.
Base Construction Index Value (1Q 2007 = 1160).
Note: KY indicates thousand Yen.

EU Country Base
Craft EU Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
(EUR/MH) (EUR/MH) 1 Rate (EUR/
MH)
51 Laborer 16.70 39.50 41.40
52
53 *Millwright 21.80 51.60 53.90
54 Rigger 21.80 51.60 53.90
55
56 Driver: Light 19.40 46.10 48.00
57 Driver: Heavy 19.40 46.10 48.00
58
59 Oiler
60 Mechanic 21.80 51.60 53.90
61
62 EquipOp: Light 19.40 46.10 48.00
63 EquipOp: Medium 19.60 46.60 48.60
64 EquipOp: Heavy 21.80 51.60 53.90
65
66 *Pipefitter 21.80 51.60 53.90
67 *Pipe Welder 22.10 52.40 54.60
68
69 Cement Finisher 19.40 46.10 48.00
70 Carpenter 21.90 51.90 54.10
71 Bricklayer 21.90 51.90 54.10
73
74 Ironworker: Struct 21.80 51.60 53.90
75 Welder: Struct 21.80 51.60 53.90
76
77 Welder: Special 22.30 52.90 55.20
78 *Welder: Fabr 22.30 52.90 55.20
79 *Boilermaker 21.80 51.60 53.90
80
81 *Instru.Fitter 21.80 51.60 53.90
82
83 *Electr: Line 21.90 51.90 54.10
84 *Electr: Wire 21.80 51.60 53.90
85
87 Insulator 21.80 51.60 53.90
88

Craft EU Craft Name Unloaded IPM Loaded Questimate
(EUR/MH) (EUR/MH) 1 Rate (EUR/
MH)
89 Painter 19.40 46.10 48.00
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Helper 17.80 42.30 44.10
99 Foreman ** ** **
1
* Principal Crafts.
foreman works.
Base Construction Index Value (1Q 2007 = 1720).

ME Country Base
Note: SAR = Saudi Arabian Riyals
Craft ME Craft Name Unloaded
Code Wage Rate
(SAR/MH)
51 Laborer 32.85
52
53 *Millwright 39.40
54 Rigger 39.40
55
56 Driver: Light 35.75
57 Driver: Heavy 35.75
58
59 Oiler 39.40
60 Mechanic 39.40
61
62 EquipOp: Light 35.75
63 EquipOp: Medium 35.75
64 EquipOp: Heavy 35.75
65
66 *Pipefitter 37.10
67 *Pipe Welder 37.10
68
69 Cement Finisher 35.75
70 Carpenter 35.75
71 Bricklayer 35.75
72 Ironworker - Rebar 35.75
73
74 Ironworker: Struct 35.75
75 Welder: Struct 35.75
76
77 Welder: Special 35.75
78 *Welder: Fabr 35.75
79 *Boilermaker 35.75
80
81 *Instru.Fitter 35.55
82
83 *Electr: Line 35.55
84 *Electr: Wire 35.55
85
86 *Sheetmetal Worker 32.85
87 Insulator 32.85

Craft ME Craft Name Unloaded
Code Wage Rate
(SAR/MH)
88
89 Painter 32.85
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Helper 32.85
99

31 Engineering (G13)

Design and Construction Engineering Disciplines and Wage Rates
US Country Base
UK Country Base
JP Country Base
EU Country Base
ME Country Base
Engineering Expenses and Indirects
Standard Engineering Drawing Types
User-Specified Drawing Classifications
31 Engineering (G13) 31-1

Design and Construction
Engineering Disciplines and
Wage Rates
US Country Base
Note: $ indicates US dollars
No. Design* Discipline $/MH No. Construction** $/MH
Discipline
Basic Engineering: Home Office
01 Project Engineering 53.50 01 Project Management 53.50
02 Process Engineering 60.80 02 Cost Accounting 41.30
03 Piping Design 55.90 03 Construction Dept. 36.50
04 Instrument Design 50.70 04 Planning, Scheduling 48.10
05 Mechanical Design 55.90 05 Tools, Equipment 36.70
06 Electrical Design 57.50 06 Industrial Relations 35.80
07 Civil Design 51.60 07 Subcontract Admin. 36.20
08 Piping Drafting 36.90 08 Support, Clerical 20.20
09 Instrument Drafting 44.10 Field Office:
10 Mechanical Drafting 35.80 01 Project Constrn. Supt. 49.90
11 Electrical Drafting 38.10 02 Area Superintendents 40.40
12 Civil Drafting 34.60 Field Superintendents:
13 General Drafting 34.60 03 Piping 37.70
14 Planning, Scheduling 56.10 04 Instrumentation 37.70
15 Cost Estimating 69.80 05 Electrical 37.70
16 Support, Clerical 20.20 06 Civil 37.70
Detail Engineering: 07 Mechanical 37.70
01 Project Engineering 53.50 08 QC&A, Inspection 37.00
02 Process Engineering 60.80 09 Subcontract Admin 38.70
03 Piping Design 55.90 10 Cost Engineering 41.30
04 Instrument Design 50.70 11 Field Engineering 41.20
05 Mechanical Design 55.90 12 Planning, Scheduling 48.10
06 Electrical Design 57.50 13 Safety & Medical 35.90
07 Civil Design 51.60 14 Field Accounting 33.10
08 Piping Drafting 36.90 15 Materials Control 36.80
09 Instrument Drafting 44.10 16 General Drafting 34.80
10 Mechanical Drafting 35.80 17 Support, Clerical 17.10
11 Electrical Drafting 38.10 Construction Management
(Home):
12 Civil Drafting 34.60 01 Project Management 53.50
31-2 31 Engineering (G13)

No. Design* Discipline $/MH No. Construction** $/MH
Discipline
13 General Drafting 34.60 02 Cost Accounting 41.30
14 Planning, Scheduling 56.10 03 Construction Dept. 36.50
15 Cost Estimating 69.80 04 Subcon. Admin. 36.20
(Field)
16 Support, Clerical 20.20 05 Construction Manager 59.00
17 Model Building 31.30 06 Area Managers 39.40
Procurement: 07 Subcon. Coordinator 36.20
01 Procurement 56.70 08 Field Inspector 37.90

02 Support, Clerical 20.20 09 Cost Engineering 41.10
Eng'g Management: 10 Field Engineering 38.70
01 Project Engineering 55.60 11 Planning, Scheduling 45.10

12 Safety & Medical 33.70
* These rates are the current (1Q 2007) 13 Support, Clerical 20.20
System base values, which are escalated Start-up, Commissioning:
by the Design Engineering Index specified
by the user in the Indexing/Escalation 01 Commissioning Staff 52.90
data.
Base Design Engineering Index = 1540

02 Start-up Staff 43.00
03 Performance Testing 43.00
** These rates are the current (1Q
2007) System base values, which are
escalated by the Construction
Management Index specified by the
user in the Indexing/Escalation data.
Base Construction Management

Index = 1540

UK Country Base
Note: PS indicates Pounds Sterling
No. Design* Discipline PS/MH No. Construction** PS/MH
Discipline
Basic Engineering: Home Office:
12 Civil Drafting 19.40 Field Superintendents

02 Process Engineering 28.10 09 Subcontract Admin. 23.80
(Home):
15 Cost Estimating 19.40 04 Subcon. Admin. (Field) 24.90
Procurement: 07 Subcon. Coordinator 24.60
01 Procurement 18.80 08 Field Inspector 24.90

No. Design* Discipline PS/MH No. Construction** PS/MH
Discipline
02 Support, Clerical 11.20 09 Cost Engineering 22.20
Eng'g Management: 10 Field Engineering 23.00
01 Project Engineering 27.50 11 Planning, Scheduling 22.20

Note: PS indicates Pounds Sterling 12 Safety & Medical 18.90
System base values, which are escalated
Start-up, Commissioning:
by the Design Engineering Index specified
by the user in the Indexing/Escalation data. 01 Commissioning Staff 24.90

2007) System base values, which
are escalated by the Construction

Index = 3890

JP Country Base
Note: KY indicates thousand Yen
No. Design* Discipline KY/MH No. Construction** KY/MH
Discipline

Detail Engineering: 07 QC&A, Inspection 3.8
01 Project Engineering 4.8 09 Subcontract Admin. 3.8
02 Process Engineering 5.2 10 Cost Engineering 3.6
03 Piping Design 5.4 11 Field Engineering 3.6
05 Mechanical Design 5.4 13 Safety & Medical 3.6
06 Electrical Design 5.4 14 Field Accounting 3.6
07 Civil Design 5.4 15 Materials Control 4.0
08 Piping Drafting 3.3 16 General Drafting 3.5
09 Instrument Drafting 3.3 17 Support, Clerical 2.0
10 Mechanical Drafting 3.3 Construction Management
(Home):
11 Electrical Drafting 3.3 01 Project Management 6.4
12 Civil Drafting 3.3 02 Cost Accounting 4.0
13 General Drafting 3.3 03 Construction Dept. 4.3
14 Planning, Scheduling 3.7 04 Subcon. Admin. (Field) 4.0
15 Cost Estimating 3.7 05 Construction Manager 5.1
16 Support, Clerical 2.0 06 Area Managers 5.1
17 Model Building 2.5 07 Subcon. Coordinator 3.4
Procurement: 08 Field Inspector 3.8
01 Procurement 4.3 09 Cost Engineering 3.6

No. Design* Discipline KY/MH No. Construction** KY/MH
Discipline
02 Support, Clerical 2.0 10 Field Engineering 3.6
Eng'g Management: 11 Planning, Scheduling 3.6
01 Project Engineering 6.4 12 Safety & Medical 3.6
Note: KY indicates thousand YEN 13 Support, Clerical 2.0
* These rates are the current (1Q

escalated by the Design Engineering
Index specified by the user in the
Indexing/Escalation data.
01 Commissioning Staff 4.3

Index = 1840

EU Country Base
Note: EUR indicates Euros
No. Design* Discipline EUR/MH No. Construction** EUR/
Discipline MH

Detail Engineering: 07 QC&A, Inspection 28.00
01 Project Engineering 45.10 09 Subcontract Admin. 25.80
02 Process Engineering 34.60 10 Cost Engineering 32.20
03 Piping Design 29.50 11 Field Engineering 28.00
05 Mechanical Design 34.10 13 Safety & Medical 25.80
06 Electrical Design 29.50 14 Field Accounting 25.70
07 Civil Design 29.50 15 Materials Control 25.70
08 Piping Drafting 23.10 16 General Drafting 21.80
09 Instrument Drafting 24.30 17 Support, Clerical 18.00
10 Mechanical Drafting 24.30 Construction Management
(Home):
11 Electrical Drafting 24.30 01 Project Management 44.00
12 Civil Drafting 24.30 02 Cost Accounting 32.20
13 General Drafting 22.30 03 Construction Dept. 25.80
14 Planning, Scheduling 31.80 04 Subcon. Admin. (Field) 25.80
15 Cost Estimating 33.00 05 Construction Manager 44.00
16 Support, Clerical 18.50 06 Area Managers 32.20
17 Model Building 22.70 07 Subcon. Coordinator 25.80

No. Design* Discipline EUR/MH No. Construction** EUR/
Discipline MH
* These rates are the current (1Q 13 Support, Clerical 18.00
escalated by the Design Engineering
Index specified by the user in the
Indexing/Escalation data.

Index = 1600

ME Country Base
Note: SAR indicates Saudi Arabian Rials
No. Design* Discipline SAR/ No. Construction** SAR/
MH Discipline MH
Basic Engineering: Home Office

02 Process Engineering 97.90 09 Subcontract Admin 68.70
(Home):
15 Cost Estimating 71.65 04 Subcon. Admin. 64.30
(Field)
07 Subcon. Coordinator 64.30

No. Design* Discipline SAR/ No. Construction** SAR/
MH Discipline MH


System base values. Start-up, Commissioning:
2007) System base values..

Engineering Expenses and
Indirects (Aspen Kbase, IPE,
and Questimate)
US Country Base
Phase % Eng'ng Manpower
Expense Rate ($/ Payroll Cost Indirects
MH)* Business
Basic Engineering 4.70 25 75
Detail Engineering 3.70 25 75
Procurement 8.40 25 75
Engineering 0.00 25 75
Management
($/MH)**
Home Office 3.40 25 75
Construction Services
Field Office Supervision 0.00 25 75
Construction 0.00 25 75
Management
Start-up, 0.00 25 75
Commissioning
UK Country Base
Expense Rate (PS/ Payroll Cost Indirects
MH)* Business
Management
(PS/MH)**
Management
Start-up, 0.00 40 90
Commissioning

Engineering Expenses and Indirects - continued
Japan Country Base
Expense Rate (KY/ Payroll Business Cost Indirects
MH)*
Management
(KY/MH)**
Management
Start-up, 0.00 25 75
Commissioning

EU Country Base
Expense Rate (EUR/ Payroll Business Cost Indirects
MH)*
Management
(EUR/MH)**
Management
Start-up, 0.00 40 90
Commissioning
*These rates are the current (1Q 2007) System base values, which are escalated by the
Design Engineering Index specified by the user in the Indexing/Escalation data.
**These rates are the current (1Q 2007) System base values, which are escalated by
the Construction Management Index specified by the user in the Indexing/Escalation
data.

Base Design Engineering Index = 1540 (US), 4190 (UK), 1960 (JP), 1660
(EU), 1540 (ME)
Base Construction Management Index = 1540 (US), 1840 (UK), 1460 (JP),
1580 (EU), 1540 (ME)
Note:
$ indicates U.S. Dollars
PS indicates Pounds Sterling
KY indicates thousand YEN
EUR indicates Euros
SAR indicates Saudi Arabian Riyals
Explanation of Expense Rate
The Expense rate is used to calculate the Basic Engineering Report's
"Overhead Items," which consist of the following:
• Reproduction
• Communications
• Travel
• Computation
These four line items collectively comprise engineering expenses. They result
from a fixed percentage split of this expense by phase. Multiply the Total Man-
hours for the phase by this rate to calculate the total expenses. The system
then allocates these to various categories by percentage as follows:
Basic Detail Procure Home
Reproduction 23% 30% 14% 42%
Communications 3% 4% 12% 8%
Travel 17% 12% 50% 50%
Computation 57% 54% 24% 0%
The amount of the expense is user-adjusted, but how it is split into these
categories is not.
Both the Payroll Burdens/Fringes and Indirects are Percentages of the Total
Engineering Cost in the Basic Engineering Report.
The relationship among the wage rates, expense rate, and cost indirect are as
follows:
• Wage rates are the wages paid to a specific disciplines (see page 31-3).
• The Expense rate is used to calculate the Overhead items in the Basic Engineering
Report.
• Indirects are typically office expenses. Indirect office expenses includes rent, heat,
electricity and other operating expenses not specifically covered in other
engineering accounts.

Standard Engineering Drawing
Types (Aspen Kbase and IPE)
Basic Detailed
Engin - Engineering
eering
Drawin Description Drawing No. Description
g No.
1 Process Flow Diagrams 1 Piping Arrangements (Plans &
Elevns.)
2 Piping & Instrument Diagrams 2 Piping Isometrics
3 Interconnecting Piping 3 Special Hanger/Support
Diagrams Drawings
4 Utility Flow Diagrams 4 Steam Tracing Drawings
5 Utility Piping & Instrument
Dgs
6 Electrical One Line Diagrams 7 Instrument Location Drawings
7 Elec. System Distribution 8 Control Cable Schedules
8 General Equipment 9 Control Room/Console
Arrangements Drawings
9 Other (Plot Plants, Etc.) 10 Control Systems Schematics
11 Instrument Loop Diagrams
12 Connection Diagrams/Junction
Box Drwgs
13 Electrical One Line Diagrams

14 Substation Layout Drawings
15 Electrical Schematics
16 Power Distribution Drawings
17 Circuit Scheds, Connection
Diagrams
18 Cable Tray Drawings
User-specified Drawings 19 Lighting Drawings
20 Grounding Drawings
Up to nine user-specified drawings (or 21 Electrical Tracing Drawings
other tasks, such as models) may be
added to the system drawings by using
a drawing number from the range 91- 23 Equipment Foundation
99. Drawings
Note: Only the drawing numbers shown 24 Steelwork Foundation
in this table and 91-99 are accepted. Drawings
25 Area Paving Drawings
26 Misc. Concrete, Supports, Etc.
27 Underground Piping Drawings

Basic Detailed
Engin - Engineering
eering
28 Structural Steel (Plans &
Elevns.)
29 Ladders & Platforms, Misc.
Steel
30 Grating Drawings
32 Building Arrangement Plans,
Elevns.
33 Architectural Details
34 Facilities Plot Plans

35 Area Equipment Layouts
36 Site Development
38 Other Detail Drawings, Lists
User-Specified Drawing
Classifications (Aspen Kbase
and IPE)
Account Symbol
Piping P
Instrumentation l
Electrical E
Civil C
Steelwork S
Building B
General G
Discipline Group Symbol
Design engineering 1
Design, drafting and checking 2
Drafting and checking 3
Model building 4 (piping account only)
Engineering support 5

32 Construction Equipment (G4)

Introduction to Construction Equipment Rental
Construction Equipment
32 Construction Equipment(G4) 32-1

Introduction to Construction
Equipment Rental
An Equipment Rental Report is prepared for project estimates when the
Construction Equipment Rental report option is selected. The report identifies
both user and system-selected rental items, durations and rental rates. This
report is deleted upon specific user entry of equipment/plant rental either as a
total cost or as a percentage of field manpower.
The user can revise the system’s evaluation of equipment rental requirements
on an item-by-item basis, and by contractor, by defining Equipment Rental
Data. Options are available for specifying the applicable contractor, adding
days or additional construction equipment to the account, changing days and
rental rates or deleting construction equipment from the account This chapter
includes an indexed list of several hundred rental equipment items contained
within the system base and directly related to work items for equipment and
bulk installation.
For Prime Contractor reporting, equipment rental applies to the project in its
entirety. For contract reporting, equipment rental applies to the responsible
contract and must be provided for each contract if required.
Construction Equipment
(Aspen Kbase, Icarus Process Evaluator, Icarus Project Manager) Rental days
and monthly rates may be adjusted for construction equipment items.
Equip Size
No. Equipment Class Description Metric Units I-P Units
21 AUTOMOTIVE AMBULANCE
26 AUTOMOTIVE CAR 2-DOOR SUBCOMPACT 1.3 LITER

27 AUTOMOTIVE CAR 4-DOOR COMPACT 1.6 LITER
28 AUTOMOTIVE CAR 4-DOOR STANDARD 2.0 LITER
31 AUTOMOTIVE MINIBUS BUS 10 PASSENGER

32 AUTOMOTIVE BUS 25 PASSENGER 25 PASSENGER
33 AUTOMOTIVE BUS 40 PASSENGER 40 PASSENGER
41 TRUCK PICKUP .5 TONS - 4 X 2 .50 TON - 4 X 2

42 TRUCK PICKUP .75 TONS - 4 X 2 75 TON - 4 X 2
43 TRUCK PICKUP .75 TONS - 4 X 4 .75 TON - 4 X 4
44 TRUCK PICKUP - CREW CAB .75 TONS - 4 X 4 .75 TON - 4 X 4
45 TRUCK PICKUP 1.0 TONS - 4 X 4 1 TON - 4 X 4
46 TRUCK HIGHWAY FLATBED 2 TONS - 4 X 2 2 TON - 4 X 2
32-2 32 Construction Equipment(G4)

Equip Size
51 TRUCK OFF-ROAD FLATBED 6 TONS - 6 X 6 6 TON - 6 X 6
56 TRUCK A-FRAME 4X4 4X4

57 TRUCK LUBE/GREASE
58 TRUCK FUEL/WATER 5000 GALLONS 18 M3
61 TRUCK POWERLINE, BUCKET INSULATED INSULATED

62 TRUCK CHERRY PICKER NON-INSULATED NON-
INSULATED
66 TRUCK DUMP TRUCK 6 CY 5 M3

71 TRUCK FORKLIFT 2 TONS 2 TON

72 TRUCK FORKLIFT 10 TONS 9 TON
76 EARTHMOVING WHEEL LDR. W/ 0.75 CY 0.6 M3
BACKHOE
77 EARTHMOVING WHEEL LOADER CAT930 1.75 CY CAT930 1.3 M3
78 EARTHMOVING WHEEL LOADER CAT950 3.0 CY CAT950 2.3 M3
81 EARTHMOVING CRAWLER LOADER 1.0 CY 0.75 M3

82 EARTHMOVING CRAWLER LOADER CAT955 1.75 CY CAT955
83 EARTHMOVING CRAWLER LOADER CAT977 2.75 CY CAT977
84 EARTHMOVING CRAWLER LOADER 4.50 CY 3.4 M3
86 EARTHMOVING WHEEL ARTICUL CAT966 3.50 CY CAT966 2.5 M3

LOADER
87 EARTHMOVING WHEEL ARTICUL CAT988 6.00 CY CAT988 4.5 M3
LOADER
88 EARTHMOVING WHEEL ARTICUL CAT980 PIPELOAD CAT980
LOADER PIPELOAD
91 EARTHMOVING MOTOR GRADER CAT 12 CAT 12

92 EARTHMOVING MOTOR GRADER CAT 14 CAT 42
95 EARTHMOVING TRENCHER, 12 IN X 3 FT 300 MM X 1.0 M

DITCHWITCH
96 EARTHMOVING TRENCHER, WHEEL 16 IN X 7 FT 6 IN 400 MM X 2.0 M

Equip Size
97 EARTHMOVING TRENCHER, WHEEL 28 IN X 8 FT 6 IN 700 MM X 2.5 M
98 EARTHMOVING TRENCHER, WHEEL 48 IN 1200 MM
99 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER-ELEVATING CAT613 11 CY CAT613 8 M3
100 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER-ELEVATING CAT621J 21 CY CAT621J 16 M3
101 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER-ELEVATING CAT633C 32 CY CAT633C 24 M3
102 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER,WHEEL TWIN627 14-20 TWIN627 11-15
TRACTR CY M3
103 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER,WHEEL CAT631C 21-30 CAT631C 16-23
TRACTR CY M3
104 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER,WHEEL CAT651B 32-44 CAT651B 24-33
TRACTR CY M3
105 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER, TOWED CAT435F 14-18 CAT435F 11-14
CY M3
106 EARTHMOVING SCRAPER, TOWED CAT D4 68 HP CAT D4
107 EARTHMOVING CRAWLER TRACT. CAT D6 120 HP CAT D6
DOZER
DOZER
DOZER
DOZER
111 EARTHMOVING BACKHOE CRAWLER .50 CY .40 M3
HYDR
112 EARTHMOVING BACKHOE CRAWLER .75 CY .60 M3
HYDR
113 EARTHMOVING BACKHOE CRAWLER 1.0 CY 75 M3
HYDR
114 EARTHMOVING BACKHOE CRAWLER 1.5 CY 1.1 M3
HYDR
115 EARTHMOVING BACKHOE CRAWLER 2.5 CY 1.9 M3
HYDR
116 EARTHMOVING TRUCK-MTD GRADALL 5/8 CY G660 G660
117 EARTHMOVING BACKHOE, SELF-PROP .50 CY 0.4 M3
118 EARTHMOVING BACKHOE, WHEEL .75 CY W/ 0.6 M3 W/
BREAKER BREAKER
121 DRILLING ROTARY ROCK DRILL CRAWLER MTD 12 CRAWLER MTD

IN
122 DRILLING TRACK DRILL,SWG 4.5 INCHES 115 MM
BOOM
123 DRILLING TWIN ROCK DRILL SUSP. VERTICAL SUSP.
VERTICAL
124 DRILLING AUGER,FLATBED- 2.5 2 TON,
MOUNTD TONS,OFFROAD OFFROAD

Equip Size
125 DRILLING DRILL QUAD,SWG 4.5 INCHES 115 MM
BOOM
126 COMPACTION ROLLER SELF- VIBR DRUM 7 VIB DRUM 6.5
PROPELLD TONS TON
127 COMPACTION ROLLER SELF- 9 WHEEL 15 TONS 9 WHEEL 14
PROPELLD TON
128 COMPACTION ROLLER SELF- SMOOTH 10 SMOOTH 9
PROPELLD TONS TON
131 COMPACTION ROLLER,TOWED, 1 SHEEPSFT 40X60 SHEEPSFT 1

DRUM IN X1.5 M
132 COMPACTION ROLLER,TOWED, 1 VIBRATNG 30X54 VIBRG.8 X1.4 M
DRUM IN
133 COMPACTION ROLLER, MANUAL VIB DRUM 1.0 VIB DRUM 1
GUIDE TONS TON
134 COMPACTION RAMMER, HANDHELD 350-700SPM, 130 350-700SPM,
60 KG
136 TRACTOR TRUCK TRACTOR 20 TONS 4X2 18 TON 4X2

139 TRACTOR OFF-ROAD TRACTOR 20 TONS 4X4 18 TON 4X4
140 TRACTOR OFF-ROAD TRACTOR 40 TONS 6X6 36 TON 6X6
141 TRACTOR WHEEL, W/TOW 50 HP 40 KW
HITCH
142 TRACTOR WHEEL, W/TOW 105 HP 80 KW
HITCH
146 TRAILER LOWBOY, PLATFORM 15 TONS 15 TON
147 TRAILER LOWBOY, PLATFORM 25 TONs 25 TON
148 TRAILER LOWBOY, PLATFORM 40TONs 35 TON
155 TRAILER FLATBED - 4 WHEEL 6 TONS 5 TON

156 TRAILER FLATBED 15 TONS 15 TON
157 TRAILER FLATBED 30 TONS 25 TON
158 TRAILER FLOAT, OFFROAD 30 TONS 35 TON
159 TRAILER FLOAT, OFFROAD 60 TONS 55 TON
161 TRAILER DIESEL BOWSER 600 GALLONS 2.25 M3

162 TRAILER FUEL/WATER 2000 GALLONS 7.50 M3

Equip Size
166 TRAILER MOBILE OFFICE 8 X 35 FEET 2.5 X 10 M

16
168 TRAILER X-RAY DARKROOM
169 TRAILER STORAGE VAN 8 X 28 FEET 2.5 X 8.5 M
171 TRAILER PIPE POLE 30 TONS 27 TON

172 TRAILER PIPE DOLLY/5TH 2 AXLE 2 AXLE
WHEEL
173 TRAILER CABLE REEL
176 CRANE TELESCOPIC JIB, SELF PROP. 5 TONS PROP 5 TON

181 CRANE TELESCOPIC JIB TRUCK - 15 TONS TRUCK - 14

TON
TON
TON
TON
TON
TON

TON
TON
189 CRANE TELESCOPIC JIB TRUCK - 110 TRUCK - 100
TONS TON
190 CRANE TELESCOPIC JIB TRUCK - 200 TRUCK - 180
TONS TON
191 CRANE FIXED JIB TRUCK - 15 TONS TRUCK - 14
TON
TON
TON

Equip Size
TON
TON
TON
TON
198 CRANE FIXED JIB TRUCK - 120 TRUCK - 110
TONS TON
201 CRANE FIXED JIB, CRAWLER 15 TONS

212 CRANE TOWER-HORIZ. JIB MAX MAX 1900KG @
10T 4190LB@164FT 50M
20T 9260LB@213FT 65M
40T 6500LB@247FT 75M
216 CRANE CLAMSHELL GRAB 1 CY 0.75 M3

ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
219 CRANE DRAGLINE BUCKET 1 CY 0.75 M3
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
223 CRANE CONCRETE BUCKET BTM DUMP 1 CY BTM DUMP 0.75
ATTACHMENT M3

Equip Size
224 CRANE CONCRETE BUCKET BTM DUMP 3 CY BTM DUMP 2.50
ATTACHMENT M3
226 GIN POLE W/HOIST 50 TONS 45 TON

231 DERRICK GUY DERRICK 250 TONS 225 TON
233 DERRICK CRAWLER GUY 225 TONS 200 TON

DERRICK
234 DERRICK CRAWLER GUY 400 TONS 360 TON
DERRICK
235 PILING PILE DRIVING 20 KFTLB DIESEL 27 KNM DIESEL
HAMMER
236 PILING PILE DRIVING 40 KFTLB DIESEL 55 KNM DIESEL
HAMMER
237 PILING PILE DRIVING 75 KFTLB DIESEL 100 KNM
HAMMER DIESEL
238 PILING DRIVER/EXTRACTOR 70 HP VIBRO VIBRO 50 KW
239 PILING PILING FRAME, LEADS 30 FEET 10 M
240 PILING DRILLING FRAME AUGER AUGER
241 COMPRESSOR DIESEL(SLIDING 125 CFM 210 M3/H
VANE)
VANE)
VANE)
246 COMPRESSOR DIESEL(ROTARY 250 CFM 420 M3/H

SCREW)
SCREW)
SCREW)

SCREW)
SCREW)
SCREW)

Equip Size
256 CONCRETE BATCHPLANT, 20 CY/H 15 M3/H
DEMOUNT.
257 CONCRETE CONCRETE MIXER 6 SACK .25 M3
258 CONCRETE CONCRETE MIXER 16 SACK (1 CY) .75 M3
261 CONCRETE VIBRATOR GASOLINE 2.4 HP, 2 IN HEAD 1.8 KW, 50MM
HEAD
261 CONCRETE VIBRATOR, AIR 2.5 IN HEAD 65 MM HEAD
263 CONCRETE CURB BUILDR, 75 HP, DIESEL 55 KW, DIESEL
SLIPFORM
264 CONCRETE POWER TROWEL, 4 36 IN DIA 1 M DIA
BLADE
266 CONCRETE MIXER TRUCK 6 CY 5 M3

267 CONCRETE SITE DUMPER .75 CY, DIESEL 0.5 M3, DIESEL
268 CONCRETE STATIC PUMP
269 CONCRETE TRUCK-MTD 60 CY/H, 4IN LINE 45 M3/H, 100
PUMP&BOOM MM
270 CONCRETE CONVEYOR 16 IN X 40 FEET 400 MM X 12 M
271 CONCRETE REBAR BENDER HYDRAULIC HYDRAULIC
272 CONCRETE REBAR SHEAR HYDRAULIC HYDRAULIC
274 CONCRETE SLIPFORM PAVER 10-24 FEET 3-7 M WIDE
276 WELDING PORTABLE GASOLINE 200 AMPERES 200 AMPERES

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
281 WELDING PORTABLE DIESEL 200 AMPERES 200 AMPERES

EQUIPMEN
EQUIPMEN
EQUIPMEN
284 WELDING PORTABLE DIESEL 650 A, TWIN ARC 650 A, TWIN
EQUIPMEN ARC
286 WELDING STATIC RECTIFIER 200 AMPERES 200 AMPERES

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT

Equip Size
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
293 WELDING PIPE SEMI-AUTO. CO2

EQUIPMENT
294 WELDING PIPE AUTOMATIC SUBMERGED ARC SUBMERGED
EQUIPMENT ARC
296 WELDING AUTO. SUB-ARC TANK BASE PLATE BASE PLATE

EQUIPMENT
297 WELDING AUTO. SUB-ARC TANK WALL WALL
EQUIPMENT HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL
298 WELDING AUTO. SUB-ARC TANK WALL VERTICAL WALL VERTICAL
EQUIPMENT
301 WELDING OXY./ACT. WELD & COMB. UNIT COMB. UNIT

EQUIPMENT CUT.
302 WELDING PROPANE GAS SE T & PROPANE GAS SE
EQUIPMENT TRCH T & TRCH
306 WELDING ELECTRODE DRYING

EQUIPMENT OVN
311 PIPING SIDEBOOM (CAT 571) (CAT 571)

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
316 PIPING CRAWLER TACK QUAD ARCS QUAD ARCS

EQUIPMENT TRACTOR
318 PIPING BENDING MACHINE 6 - 20 INCHES 150 - 500 MM

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT

Equip Size
EQUIPMENT
321 PIPING TAPESTER, HAND 2 - 12 INCHES 50 - 300 MM
EQUIPMENT WRAP
322 PIPING CLEAN PRM TAPE 8 - 16 INCHES 200 - 400 MM
EQUIPMENT MACH.
EQUIPMENT MACH.
EQUIPMENT MACH.
EQUIPMENT MACH.
326 PIPING CLEAN PRM TAPE 42-52 INCHES 1050 - 1300
EQUIPMENT MACH. MM
328 PIPING INTRNL LINE-UP 16 - 18 INCHES 400 - 450MM

EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
335 PIPING INTRNL LINE-UP OVER 48 INCHES OVER 1200MM
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
336 PIPING EXTRNL LINE-UP 8 - 14 INCHES 400 - 450MM
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
339 PIPING EXTRNL LINE-UP 36 - 44 INCHES 900 - 1100 MM
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
340 PIPING EXTRNL LINE-UP OVER 42 INCHES OVER 1100 MM
EQUIPMENT CLAMP
341 PIPING CUTTING & 1 - 4 INCHES 25 - 100 MM
EQUIPMENT BEVELLING
EQUIPMENT BEVELLING
EQUIPMENT BEVELLING

Equip Size
344 PIPING CUT & BEVEL, TORCH 10 - 48 INCHES 250 - 1200 MM
EQUIPMENT
346 PIPING PIPE/CONDUIT 0.5-2IN RATCHET UP TO 6

EQUIPMENT BENDER INCHES
347 PIPING HYDRAUL PIPE 1.25-4 INCHES 30 - 100 MM
EQUIPMENT BENDER
348 PIPING BENDER 2.5-6 IN DIA 65 - 150 MM
EQUIPMENT (MECHANICAL)
349 PIPING CUT & THREAD UP TO 6 INCHES UP TO 150 MM
EQUIPMENT MACHINE
351 PIPING DOUBLE JOINTING C/W RACK C/W RACK

EQUIPMENT YARD CONVYRS CONVYRS
352 PIPING X-RAY EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
354 PIPING INDUCTION HEATER

EQUIPMENT
355 PIPING HOLIDAY DETECTOR
EQUIPMENT
356 PIPING ELECTRIC THREADER UP TO 2 INCHES UP TO 50 MM
EQUIPMENT
358 PIPING BORING MACHINE ROAD BORER ROAD BORER

EQUIPMENT
361 MISCELLANEOUS POTENTIOMETER12 12 POINT

EQUIP. POINT
362 MISCELLANEOUS STRESS RELIEVER TRIPLE RELIEVER TRIPLE
EQUIP. RELIEVER
363 MISCELLANEOUS POWER DIST. CENTER 10 KVA 10 KVA
EQUIP.
364 MISCELLANEOUS BENCH SAW 10 - 12 INCHES 250 - 300 MM
EQUIP.
364 MISCELLANEOUS PAINT PRESSURE 5 GAL. 8CFM 20 LITER, 15
EQUIP. SPRAY M3/H
367 MISCELLANEOUS GUNITE 8 CY/H 6 M3/H

EQUIP.
368 MISCELLANEOUS CABLE PULLER UNIT 5000 LBF. ELEC. E LEC.
EQUIP.
369 MISCELLANEOUS AIR RECEIVING TANK 60 CF 2 M3
EQUIP.
370 MISCELLANEOUS CHAIN SAW 20 INCHES 500 MM
EQUIP.

Equip Size
371 MISCELLANEOUS TELEPHONES &
EQUIP. STATION
374 MISCELLANEOUS TENSIOMETER WIRE 200000 LB CAP 90000 KG CAP

EQUIP. ROP
375 MISCELLANEOUS TENSIOMETER WIRE 40000 LB CAP 18000 KG CAP
EQUIP. ROP
376 PUMP CENTRIFUGAL 1.5 INCHES 40 MM
377 PUMP CENTRIFUGAL 2.0 INCHES 50 MM
378 PUMP INJECTION PUMP INHIBITOR INHIBITOR
379 PUMP SUBMERSIBLE, 4 INCHES, 9 HP 100 MM, 7 KW
DEWATERG
380 PUMP SUBMERSIBLE, 6 INCHES, 27 HP 150 MM, 20 KW
DEWATERG
381 PUMP HYDROSTATIC TEST 4000 PSI 27500 KPA
382 PUMP WATER FILL 4 IN, 110 GPM 100 MM, 7L/S
383 PUMP WELLPOINTS & HOSE 8 IN, PER 100 FT 200 MM, PER 30
M
384 PUMP WELLPOINT, 8 INCHES 200 MM
DIAPHRAGM SUCTION SUCTION
385 PUMP DIAPHRAGM 4 INCHES 100 MM
SUCTION SUCTION
386 PNEUMATIC PORT. AIR WRENCH 1.25 IN DRIVE 30 MM DRIVE
TOOL
387 PNEUMATIC PORT. JACK HAMMER 65 LBS 30 KG
TOOL
388 PNEUMATIC PORT. SAND BLAST MACHINE 600 LBS, 7CF 275 KG, 0.2 M3
TOOL
391 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ LIGHT PLANT 3000 WATT 3000 WATT

TOOL
392 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ DRILL PRESS 1.5 INCHES 40 MM
TOOL
395 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ DRILL 1.0 INCH 25 MM

TOOL
396 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ GENERATOR SET 6 KW 6 KW
TOOL
TOOL
TOOL
TOOL
TOOL

Equip Size
TOOL
TOOL
404 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ SAW, CIRCULAR 6 INCHES 150 MM

TOOL
406 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ ELECTRIC GRINDER 6 INCHES 150 MM

TOOL
407 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ PEDESTAL GRINDER 12 INCHES 300 MM
TOOL
408 ELECTRIC EQUIP/ LATHE 9 INCHES 225 MM
TOOL
411 HOIST HAND-CHAIN 1.5 TONS 1.5 TON

412 HOIST HAND-CHAIN 4.5 TONS 4 TON
413 HOIST HAND-CHAIN 10 TONS 9 TON
414 HOIST HAND-CHAIN 2.0 TONS 2 TON
416 HOIST SINGLE DRUM 22 HP 16 KW

417 HOIST DOUBLE DRUM 32 HP 24 KW
419 HOIST PORTABLE MATL. 1.0 TONS 1 TON

TOWER
419 HOIST PORTABLE MATL. 1.0 TONS 1.0 TONS

TOWER
412 ASPHALT PAVER/FINISHER 10 FEET WIDE 3 M WIDE

EQUIPMENT
422 ASPHALT SPREADER TRAILER, 2000 GAL, SPRAY 7.50 M3, SPRAY
EQUIPMENT GAS
424 ASPHALT BITUMEN TANKER 2000 GALLON 7.50 M3

EQUIPMENT
425 ASPHALT ASPHALT HEATER
EQUIPMENT
426 SITE/OFFICE TRANSIT THEODOLITE
EQUIP
427 SITE/OFFICE PORTABLE BUILDINGS PER 1000 SF PER 100 M2
EQUIP
430 SITE/OFFICE SPACE HEATR, OIL, 150 MBTU 40 KW

EQUIP. AUTO

Equip Size
435 PIPING ROLI CRADLE 4 - 12 INCHES 100 - 300MM

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
438 PIPING ROLI CRADLE 36 - 42 INCHES 900 - 1050 MM
EQUIPMENT
439 PIPING ROLI CRADLE OVER 42 INCHES OVER 1050 MM
EQUIPMENT
440 PIPING HOT TAP MACHINE 2 - 4 INCHES 50 - 100 MM

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
444 PIPING BUTT FUSION 2 - 4 INCHES 50 - 100 MM
EQUIPMENT MACHINE
EQUIPMENT MACHINE
EQUIPMENT MACHINE
EQUIPMENT MACHINE
EQUIPMENT MACHINE

33 Base Indices (G13)

Base Indices
33 Base Indices (G13) 33-1

Base Indices
These indices are generated by Icarus after updating the system costs
(engineering disciplines, wage rates, material costs, shop and field labor rates,
construction equipment rental rates, etc.). We run estimates on our
benchmark projects using the updated system and then use the results to
calculate the indices. Since our benchmark projects contain a variety of
component types fabricated from a variety of materials, these indices are a
composite of the individual cost adjustments that are made. These indices do
not derive from public sources and they may not accurately reflect how the
update will affect your typical projects. To evaluate this, you should run
benchmark projects and develop your own adjustments. Note: “1Q”
represents first quarter, “3Q” represents third quarter.
Country Base Data System Base Index by Category
Base for System General Construction Design Construction
Costs
Materials Labor Engineering Management
Labor Labor
US Current:1Q- 2060 1890 1540 1540
2007
Prior:1Q-2006 1900 1820 1490 1490
1Q-2005 1840 1750 1480 1480
1Q-2004 1630 1690 1460 1480
1Q-2003 1540 1630 1480 1460
1Q-2002 1510 1590 1470 1480
1Q-2001 1520 1550 1450 1470
1Q-2000 1520 1510 1440 1450
1Q-1999 1510 1460 1450 1440
1Q-1998 1525 1430 1450 1450
1Q-1997 1500 1400 1450 1450
1Q-1996 1485 1365 1460 1450
1Q-1995 1460 1340 1480 1460
1Q-1994 1390 1320 1460 1480
1Q-1993 1370 1310 1450 1460
1Q-1992 1360 1290 1420 1450
1Q-1991 1350 1270 1390 1420
1390
33-2 33 Base Indices (G13)

Country Base Data System Base Index by Category
Base for System General Construction Design Construction
Costs
Materials Labor Engineering Management
Labor Labor
UK Current:1Q- 2630 3830 4190 3890
2007
Prior:1Q-2006 2500 3670 3970 3790
1Q-2005 2420 3510 3810 3670
1Q-2004 2290 3360 3670 3570
1Q-2003 2230 3220 3540 3510
1Q-2002 2190 3120 3480 3410
1Q-2001 2140 2980 3360 3250
1Q-2000 2080 2850 3210 3110
1Q-1999 2140 2700 2950 3050
1Q-1998 2100 2550 2780 2880
1Q-1997 2050 2410 2620 2660
1Q-1996 1990 2310 2470 2470
1Q-1995 1910 2200 2380 2380
1Q-1994 1850 2160 2280 2280
1Q-1993 1780 2110 2210 2210
1Q-1992 1670 2050 2140 2140
1Q-1991 1930 2020 2020
JP Current:1Q- 1760 1160 1960 1840
2007
Prior:1Q-2006 1450 1170 1460 1470
1Q-2005 1410 1180 1440 1460
1Q-2004 1330 1200 1380 1400
1Q-2003 1220 1250 1370 1380
1Q-2002 1210 1300 1350 1370
1Q-2001 1230 1330 1360 1370
1Q-2000 1260 1350 1360 1370
1Q-1999 1370 1370 1360 1350
1Q-1998 1350 1350 1360 1350
1Q-1997 1255 1340 1350 1350
1Q-1996 1250 1350 1360 1360
1Q-1995 1250 1350 1390 1390
1Q-1994 1390 1320 1460 1460
EU Current:1Q- 2030 1720 1660 1600
2007
Prior1Q-2006 1780 1700 1590 1580
1Q-2005 1700 1670 1560 1560
1Q-2004 1640 1650 1550 1540
1Q-2003 1580 1630 1530 1520
1Q-2002 1560 1600 1510 1490
1Q-2001 1520 1550 1450 1450
ME Current:1Q- 2060 1890 1540 3890
2007
33 Base Indices (G13) 33-3

33-4 33 Base Indices (G13)
34 Code Accounts (G10)

Introduction to Code Accounts
Indirect Codes and Descriptions
Direct Codes and Descriptions
Equipment and Setting
Piping
Civil
Steel
Instrumentation
Electrical
Insulation
Paint
34 Code Accounts (G10) 34-1

Introduction to Code Accounts
Aspen Icarus systems contain a 3-digit standard code of account set to which
costs and manhours are allocated in developing the project estimate. This is
referred to as the “ICARUS” code of accounts. The code of accounts form can
be used either to modify the ICARUS standard code of accounts or to create a
completely new set of accounts. The resulting user-developed code of
accounts is termed as the “user” code of accounts. In addition, the user may
develop two sets of code of accounts, namely, a “user-reporting” code of
accounts, and an “user-internal” code of accounts, where the reporting code of
accounts represent the level of granularity that user wishes to see in the
output reports, and the internal code of accounts refers to the allocation and
grouping of the standard ICARUS system code of accounts to a level of detail
intended for the user, for the purposes of indexing and contract scope
definition. If new codes of account are defined, account codes must be
supplied and all references to the account codes in subsequent codes must
reference the new codes of account (exceptions to this rule will be discussed
subsequently). If modifications are made to existing code of accounts, the
account code must not be specified, since the account code is implicitly defined
based on the account number that is used.
The Code of Accounts input data is composed of three types. The code of
account “Definitions” are used to define either a name for a new account
number or a new name for a standard ICARUS account. The code of account
“allocations” are used to reassign costs and manhours from one or more
standard system accounts into either another ICARUS account or a newly
defined user code of account. Costs and manhours may be assigned directly
into a current account or into a new account with a supplemental cost item.
The code of account “reporting” is used to further group a very detailed user-
developed code of accounts into a smaller set of accounts that can be
displayed in output reports. The user’s internal code of accounts must be used
on indexing and contract scope input forms, if the user code of accounts is
developed. However, for the ease of exchange of components between
multiple projects, the user may switch between the user-internal code of
accounts and ICARUS system code of account numbers by using the
appropriate switch between user/ICARUS code of accounts. However, the
user’s reporting code of accounts is never used in the input forms, and
displayed only the output reports. In the absence of reporting code of
accounts, output reports use the user (internal) code of accounts.
Modifying the System Code of Accounts

The ICARUS standard code of accounts may be transformed into a new code of
accounts in one or more of the following ways:
• An ICARUS account name can be changed.
• A new account can be created by defining it. This must be in the range
1-999 and must not already be defined as a standard account.
• Costs and manhours can be reassigned from one account to another.
34-2 34 Code Accounts (G10)

The account code for the modified code of accounts must not be specified and
is determined by the system (e.g., PIPING account code includes all accounts
from 300 to 399).
Creating a Different Code of Accounts

A new code of accounts may be created that is different from the ICARUS
system standards code of accounts. A new code of accounts is the one in which
one or both of the following conditions are met:
• Account numbers are created outside the range of the ICARUS system
code of accounts (i.e., outside the range of 1-999, e.g., 1000-99999999).
• The account type (piping, civil, etc.) must be specified, thus changing the
account number range to which the account type is applied.
To develop a different code of accounts, every required code of account must
be specified, and the account type must be specified to designate its allocation
in various summary reports. This caveat applies to the indirect codes of
account, where all indirect account types P1 through PB must be specified.
Thus, these accounts, as defined, will constitute the entire code of accounts
(direct and indirect) for the estimate.
While modifying the ICARUS code of accounts, or creating a completely new
user code of accounts, the user may specify the currency symbol of
procurement. This currency symbol refers to direct material procurement cost,
and to a limited set of indirect, and allows the user to develop a multi-currency
procurement strategy. The symbols and conversion rates (in terms of a
multiplier to one of the four country basis currencies in the system) ate stored
in a central CURRENCY.DAT file. When a particular, direct material code of
account is defined as being procured in the selected currency, special
procurement output reports display the currency exposure of the given project
in terms of that selected currency, in addition to the project basis currency.
However, all other reports are always in the project currency.
Transfers from the ICARUS system standard code of accounts to the User-
internal code of accounts can be very simple or complex, depending on the
desire of breakdown. Breakdown can be very complex, by material, subtype,
size (for piping), equipment symbol and equipment type. Thus, a single code
of account can be broken into multiple codes. This transfer is performed using
the code of account allocation, together with exceptions. User-internal code of
accounts are referred to, in the user input, in the indexing and contractor
scope input. As already mentioned, the user may choose either the user-
internal code of account or the ICARUS system code of accounts on the
component forms, using the user/ICARUS switch.
Example
The allocations are one step transfers from one account to a second account.
They should not be interpreted as sequential transfers. For example, if the
following costs were calculated by the system in the designated codes of
account:
COA Cost
315 1000
417 10000
591 100000

From ICARUS To ICARUS COA Allocate to
COA ICARUS User
Matl COA
315 blank 4178325
417 blank 5911234
591 blank 4178325
The following resulting allocations would be reported, if no further reporting

COAs are specified:
COA Cost
315 0
4178325 1000
5911234 110000
However, allocations have been specified in a different sequence, the same

result will be reported.
Reporting Code of Accounts

Creating complex user code of accounts is important for proper indexing,
contract scope allocation, and procurement strategy. But, it may be necessary
to summarize the results in a simple form for easy understanding of results. In
other cases, the results may be summarized in to ways, one for the use of the
client, and another way for the use of the management. The reporting code of
account layer provides a method of summarizing the user-internal code of
accounts into a simpler set for reporting use. The only place that the reporting
code of accounts is used, is in reporting. The reporting COA form allows the
user to group the user-internal or ICARUS Codes of account to a more
manageable subset, for reporting purposes.
Example
COA Cost
3154 1000
3191 10000
3300 100000
From ICARUS To ICARUS COA Allocate to

COA ICARUS User
Matl COA
3100 3300 3
The following resulting allocations would be reported:
COA Cost
3 111000

There are several useful applications for the Code of Accounts input:
• Multiple Codes of account files can created for different clients in the code
of accounts library. Each file can represent the client’s COA structure.
Appropriate COA file can be selected at the project level and used.
• Costs can be moved from one account group to other. For example, the
system reports electrical trenching in the electrical account, and the user
may wish to report trenching as a civil item. The system maintains fidelity
in account groups, in three distinct categories, indirects, bulks and
equipment. Codes can be transferred inside the three categories, but not
between them. This applies to both, reporting and the user-internal code
of accounts.
• A special supplemental item is to be added to the estimate. The user may
wish to create a new account to maintain visibility of the
supplemental cost.
• On the contrary, an entirely new set of code of accounts can be created.
This may be useful in clarifying the costs of the project to the
management, in addition to indexing and defining the contractor scope.
• Use of reporting codes of account allow the separation of reporting
structure from the user-internal COA structure. More importantly, it
simplifies reporting the estimate results to the client.
• Currency selection at the account definition level allows the user to develop
a procurement strategy for the project.
Output Reports
The Code of Accounts Summary reflects the user-specified account numbers
and names. The Master Summary, Contract Summaries and Area Summaries
allocate the estimated costs according to the account type (piping, civil, etc.).
It is incumbent upon the user when defining an entirely different code of
accounts to specify account types that correspond with the chosen account
number groups. An inconsistency would occur, for example, if, within a series
of account numbers for piping (P), one of the accounts were assigned an
instrumentation account type (I). This account would be grouped numerically
with the piping accounts in the Code of Accounts Summary, but it would be
summarized with instrumentation in the other summaries. This inconsistency
could be avoided by allocating this account into a numbered account in the
Instrumentation group. Then the estimated costs and man-hours for this item
would appear both in a numbered instrumentation account and in the
instrumentation summary.
In the Bulk Detail and Bulk Summary Appendices of the system output report
the user-specified account numbers are reported, but the account names are
the system names and not the user-specified names. The system account
name forms an integral part of the detailed item description. It is necessary,
therefore, to retain the system account name in these appendices for clarity
and for Aspen Icarus to provide technical support.

Indirect Codes and Descriptions
Field Indirects (P1) Engineering Indirects (PA)
01 -09 Titles not assigned 80 LUMP SUM CONST. MGMT
10 LUMP SUM CONST. INDIRECT 81 HOME OFFICE CONST. SUPP.
11 FRINGE BENEFITS 82 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
12 BURDENS 83 -84 Titles not assigned
13 CONSUMABLES, SMALL TOOLS
14 MISC. (INSURANCE, ETC)
15 SCAFFOLDING
16 EQUIPMENT RENTAL
17 VENDOR REPRESENTATIVES
18 FIELD SERVICES
19 TEMP. CONST., UTILITIES
20 MOBILIZATION, DEMOBILIZE
21 CATERING, ACCOMODATION
22 TRAVEL
23 OVERTIME PREMIUM
Special Indirects (P2 Contractor Indirects (PB)
24 SPECIAL INDIRECT ITEM 1 85 FIELD CONST. SUPERVISION
25 SPECIAL INDIRECT ITEM 2 86 STARTUP, COMISSIONING
26 - 49 Titles not assigned
Freight (P3) G & A Overheads (P6)
50 LUMP SUM FREIGHT 90 G AND A OVERHEADS

51 DOMESTIC FREIGHT
52 OCEAN FREIGHT
53 AIR FREIGHT
54 MODULE FREIGHT
55 OTHER FRIEGHT
56 - 59 Tittles not assigned
Taxes (P4) Contractor Fee (P7)
60 LUMP SUM TAXES, PERMITS 91 CONTRACT FEE

61 PERMITS
62 MATERIALS TAXES
63 CONSTRUCTION TAXES
64 ENGINEERING TAXES
65 OTHER TAXES
Engineering (P5) Escalation (P8)
70 LUMP SUM ENGINEERING 97 ESCALATION

71 BASIC ENGINEERING
72 DETAIL ENGINEERING
73 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT
74 SUBCONTRACT PROCUREMENT
75 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

Field Indirects (P1) Engineering Indirects (PA)
Royalty, Miscellaneous Charges (P9)
98 ROYALTY, MISC. CHARGES
Contingencies (P0)
99 CONTINGENCY

Equipment and Setting
100 EQUIPMENT AND SETTING 200 FLUID SEPARATION EQUIP.
103 SPECIAL PLANT ITEM 201 DUST COLLECTORS
104 SPECIAL EQUIPMENT ITEM 202 SCRUBBERS
105 MISC. ITEM ALLOWANCE 203 BAG HOUSES
106 OTHER EQUIPMENT ITEMS 204 PRECIPITATORS
107 WAREHOUSE SPARES 205 SEPARATORS
109 EQUIPMENT DEMOLITION
110 PROCESS VESSELS 210 MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIP
111 TRAY TOWERS & TRAYS 211 CONVEYORS
112 PACKED TOWERS & PACKING 212 FEEDERS
113 VERTICAL VESSELS 213 CRANES,HOISTS,ETC
114 HORIZONTAL VESSELS 214 ELEVATORS
115 VACUUM VESSELS 215 SCALES
116 CRYSTALLIZERS 216 MAGNETS
117 EVAPORATORS 217 CAR DUMPERS & SHAKERS
120 STORAGE VESSELS 220 ELECTRICAL GENERATORS
121 ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANK 221 GAS TURBINE GENERATORS
122 PRESSURIZED STORAGE TANK 222 DIESEL GENERATORS
123 SILOS 223 STEAM TURBINE GENERATORS
124 BINS AND HOPPERS 224 PORTABLE GENERATORS
125 GAS HOLDERS
126 STOCK CHESTS
130 REACTION,MIXING EQUIP. 240 BOILER PLANT EQUIPMENT
131 REACTORS & AUTOCLAVES 241 BOILERS
132 AGITATED VESSELS 242 PACKAGE BOILER
133 BLENDERS 243 ECONOMIZERS
134 MIXERS 244 PREHEATERS
150 COMPRESSORS & BLOWERS 250 PROCESS HEATERS
151 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS 251 FURNACES,HEATERS
152 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR 252 WASTE HEAT BOILERS
153 TURBO-EXPAND. COMPRESSOR 253 INCINERATORS
154 FANS AND BLOWERS 254 KILNS
255 STACKS
160 PUMPS 260 HEAT EXCHANGERS
161 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 261 SHELL & TUBE EXCHANGERS
162 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 262 REBOILERS
163 VACUUM PUMPS 263 DOUBLE PIPE EXCHANGERS
164 ROTARY,GEAR PUMPS 264 AIR COOLERS
165 VERTICAL PUMPS 265 COOLING TOWERS
166 SUMP & WELL PUMPS 266 MISC. HEAT EXCHANGERS
167 SLURRY PUMPS

170 DRIVERS & GEAR REDUCERS 270 LININGS
171 ELECTRIC MOTORS 271 REFRACTORY LININGS
172 STEAM TURBINES 272 ACID BRICK LININGS
173 GAS TURBINES 273 CAST LININGS
174 GAS & DIESEL ENGINES 274 POND LININGS
175 GEAR REDUCERS 275 OTHER LININGS
180 SIZE REDUCTION EQUIP 280 MISC. PACKAGE UNITS
181 CRUSHERS,BREAKERS 281 REFRIGERATION UNITS
182 MILLS 282 HVAC EQUIPMENT
183 PULVERIZERS 283 WATER TREATING UNITS
184 CUTTERS,FLAKERS 284 INSTRUMENT AIR SYSTEMS
185 STOCK TREATMENT 285 MODULE SETTING
190 SOLIDS SEPARATION EQUIP. 290 MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
191 SCREENS AND GRIZZLIES 291 EJECTORS
192 FILTERS 292 PROPRIETARY EQUIPMENT
193 CENTRIFUGES 293 FLARES
194 DRYERS
195 LIQUID CYCLONES
196 FLOATATION CELLS
197 THICKENERS,CLARIFIERS

Piping
300 PIPING 350 NON-METAL PIPE/FITTINGS
302 SUBCONTRACT PIPING 351 NON-METAL FIELD MAT’L
303 SPECIAL PLANT PIPING 352 NON-METAL FIELD SHOP FAB
304 SPECIAL EQUIP. PIPING 353 NONMETAL REMOTESHOP MATL
305 OTHER EQUIPMENT PIPE 354 NONMETAL REMOTESHOP FAB
306 PIPING SYSTEM TESTING 355 NON-METAL VALVES
307 PREFAB PIPE REWORK
309 PIPING DEMOLITION
310 CARBON STL PIPE/FITTINGS 357 NON-METAL PIPE ERECTION
311CS FIELD MAT’L
312CS FIELD SHOP FAB
313CS REMOTE SHOP MAT’L
314CS REMOTE SHOP FAB
315CS VALVES: FLANGED
316CS VALVES: NON-FLANGED
317CS PIPE ERECTION
320 STAINLESS PIPE/FITTINGS 360 PIPING SPECIALTIES
321SS FIELD MAT’L 361 TRAPS & VACUUM BREAKERS
322SS FIELD SHOP FAB 362 TRACING TUBING & FITTING
323SS REMOTE SHOP MAT’L 363 JACKET INTERCONNECTIONS
324SS REMOTE SHOP FAB
325SS VALVES: FLANGED
326SS VALVES: NON-FLANGED
327SS PIPE ERECTION
330 MISC.METAL PIPE/FITTINGS 365 HAND CONTROLS
331 MISC. METAL FIELD MAT’L 366 PIPE HANGERS, SHOES ETC.
332 MISC.METAL FIELDSHOP FAB
333 MISC.METAL RMT SHOP MATL
334 MISC. METAL RMT SHOP FAB
335 MISC.METAL VALVE:FLANGED
336 MISC.METAL VALVE:NOFLANG
337 MISC.METAL PIPE ERECTION
340 LINED PIPE/FITTINGS 368 MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
341 LINED PIPE FIELD MAT’L 369 FLOW DIVERSION PANELS
342 LINED FIELD SHOP FAB
343 LINED REMOTE SHOP MAT’L
344 LINED REMOTE SHOP FAB
345 LINED VALVES
347 LINED PIPE ERECTION 370 FIREWATER, BURIED PIPE
371 FIREWATER PIPING
372 HYDRANTS,HOSE,NOZZLE,ETC
373 DELUGE SYSTEMS
374 SHOWER, EYEWASH, ETC.
376 BURIED PIPE INSTALLATION
377 PIPE TRENCH & BACKFILL
378 COAT AND WRAP PIPE

380 DUCTWORK/LAUNDERS
381 PROCESS DUCTWORK
382 HVAC DUCTWORK
383 LAUNDERS
390 PIPELINES
391 PIPELINE-MAINLINE PIPE
392 PIPELINE-VALVES,FITTINGS
393 PIPELINE-FAB. & INSTALL
394 PIPELINE-SCRAPER L/R
395 PIPELINE-DBL JOINT/COAT
396 PIPELINE-SUPPORTS
397 PIPELINE-RADIOGRAPH TEST
398 PIPELINE-MARINE WORK
399 PIPELINE-MISC. ITEMS

Civil
400 CIVIL 450 REBAR, FORMWORK, ETC.
402 SUBCONTRACT CIVIL 451 REBAR
403 SPECIAL PLANT CIVIL 452 FOUNDATION ACCESSORIES
404 SPECIAL EQUIP. CIVIL 453 INSTALL REBAR
405 SCAFFOLDING 454 FORMWORK MATERIALS
409 CIVIL DEMOLITION 455 FIELD FABRICATE FORMWORK
456 INSTALL FORMWORK
457 STRIP & CLEAN FORMWORK
458 BACKFILL
410 EARTHWORK 460 PRECAST CONCRETE
411 CLEAR SITE 461 PRECAST PIPERACK
412 BULK EXCAVATION 462 PRECAST BEAMS & COLUMNS
413 ROCK EXCAVATION
414 BLASTING
415 HAULING & DUMPING
416 SITE FILL & COMPACT
417 DEWATERING
418 STABILIZATION
419 CONTAINMENT,EMBANKMENTS
420 ROADS,RAILROADS 470 BUILDINGS
421 GRADE,COMPACT BASE 471 SUBCONTRACT BUILDINGS
422 ROADS 472 BLDG STRUCTURE/FINISHES
423 PAVING 473 BUILDING FURNISHINGS
424 RAILROADS 474 BUILDING ELECTRICAL
425 BOARD ROADS 475 BUILDING PLUMBING
476 BUILDING HVAC
430 OTHER SITEWORK 480 MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL
431 TEST BORINGS 481 LININGS AND COATINGS
432 DEMOLITION & RELOCATION 485 OFFSHORE CIVIL
433 LANDSCAPING
434 FENCING
435 RETAINING WALLS
436 PILING
437 SHORING
438 DRILLED WELLS
439 DRAINAGE
440 CONCRETE 490 PIPELINE CIVIL WORK
441 AGGREGATE 491 PIPELINE-ROW & SITE WORK
442 CEMENT 492 PIPELINE-ROW CROSSINGS
443 SAND 493 PIPELINE-DITCHING
444 CONCRETE 494 PIPELINE-ANCHORS/SUPPORT
445 GROUT 499 PIPELINE-MISC. ITEMS
446 CONCRETE POUR AND FINISH
447 EXCAVATION & BACKFILL
448 MISCELLANEOUS CONCRETE
449 OTHER EQUIP. CONCRETE

Steel
500 STEEL 540 TOWERS AND TRUSSES
502 SUBCONTRACT STEEL 541 STEEL TOWERS
503 SPECIAL PLANT STEEL 542 STEEL TRUSSES
504 SPECIAL EQUIP. STEEL
509 STEEL DEMOLITION
510 EQUIPMENT STEEL 550 STEEL PLATE ITEMS
511 EQUIPMENT SUPPORT STEEL 551 FABRICATED PLATE
512 LADDERS
513 PLATFORMS
519 OTHER EQUIPMENT STEEL
520 STRUCTURAL STEEL 580 OFFSHORE STEELWORK
521 STEEL STRUCTURES
522 PIPERACK STEEL
523 PIPE SUPPORTS
530 OTHER STEEL ITEMS 590 OTHER STEELWORK
531 FLOORING & STAIR TREADS 591 STEEL UNLOAD & HANDLING
532 HANDRAIL AND TOE PLATE 592 THRUST ANCHORS
533 OTHER BLDG/STRUCT STEEL 593 DEFLECTION ANCHORS
534 BUILDING SIDING
535 MISCELLANEOUS STEEL ITEM

Instrumentation
600 INSTRUMENTATION 640 INSTR. SUPPORT & ENCL.
602 SUBCONTRCT INSTMENTATION 641 TRAYS & SUPPORT
603 SPECIAL PLANT INSTRUMENT 642 CONDUIT & FITTINGS
604 SPECIAL EQUIP INSTRUMENT 644 INSTRUMENT HOUSING
609 INSTRUMENT DEMOLITION 645 PNEU. JUNCTION BOXES
646 ELEC. JUNCTION BOXES
647 T/C JUNCTION BOXES
648 MULTIPLEX JUNCTION BOXES
649 OTHER SUPPORTS
610 FIELD INSTRUMENTATION 650 INSTRUMENT ELECTRICAL
611 FLOW INSTRUMENTS 651 WIRE/CABLE ETC.
612 LEVEL INSTRUMENTS 653 SOLENOIDS
613 PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS 659 OTHER INSTR. ELECTRICAL
614 TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS
615 ANALYZERS
616 MOTION INSTRUMENTS
617 BURNER INSTRUMENTS
618 ORIFICE PLATES
619 OTHER EQUIPMENT INSTR.
620 PANELS, PANEL DEVICES 660 COMPUTER CONTROL
621 CONTROL CENTER PANELS 661 CONTROLLER INTERFACES
622 CONTROL CTR CONNECTIONS 662 INDIC./RECORD INTERFACES
623 BACK OF PANEL INSTRUMENT 663 T/C INTERFACES
624 EMERGENCY SHUT-DOWN BOP 664 OPERATOR STATIONS
625 ALARM SWITCH BOP 665 CABLE/DATA HIGHWAYS
627 EQUIP. CONTROL PANEL 666 BARRIERS & TRANSDUCERS
628 EQUIP. PANEL DEVICES 667 PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLERS
629 OTHER PANEL DEVICES 669 OTHER COMPUTER CONTROL
630 INSTRUMENT RUNS 670 MISC. INSTRUMENTATION
631 AIR SUPPLY PIPING 671 Q.C. EQUIPMENT
632 INSTRUMENT PIPING
633 TERMINATIONS
634 PNEUMATIC TUBING
635 PNEUMATIC MULTI-TUBE
636 INSTRUMENT SIGNAL WIRING
637 MULTI-COND. INSTR. WIRE
638 T/C EXTENSION WIRING
639 T/C MULTI-COND. WIRING
680 FINAL CONTROL ELEMENTS
681 CONTROL VALVES
682 SAFETY VALVES
683 RUPTURE DISCS
684 MOTOR OPERATED VALVES
685 REGULATING VALVES
686 DIVERTER VALVES
690 OTHER INSTRUMENT WORK
691 INSTRUMENT TESTING

Electrical
700 ELECTRICAL 747 SUBSTATION STEEL
702 SUBCONTRACT ELECTRICAL 748 SWITCHRACK
703 SPECIAL PLANT ELECTRICAL 749 RECTIFIERS
704 SPECIAL EQUIP ELECTRICAL 750 BLDG/AREA ELECTRICAL
709 ELECTRICAL DEMOLITON 751 BLDG/AREA LIGHTING
752 LIGHTING FIXTURES
753 RECEPTACLES/SWITCHES
754 HVAC ELECTRICAL
755 MISC. SMALL TRANSFORMERS
756 PANELBOARDS
757 WIRE/CABLE - LIGHTING
710 WIRE, CABLE, ETC. 760 BURIED CABLE
711 WIRE/CABLE - LOW VOLTAGE 761 ELECTRICAL TRENCHING
712 WIRE/CABLE -HIGH VOLTAGE 762 UNDERGROUND CABLE DUCT
713 PILOT LIGHT
714 PUSH BUTTON STATION
715 TERMINATORS/CONNECTORS
716 JUNCTION BOXES
717 WIRE/CABLE - MV
718 WIRE/CABLE - CV
719 OTHER EQUIPMENT WIRING
720 CONDUIT, TRAYS, ETC. 770 GROUNDING, CATH. PROTEC.
721 CONDUIT 771 GROUNDING SYSTEMS
722 CONDUIT FITTINGS 772 CATHODIC PROTECTION
723 CABLE TRAYS
730 OTHER ELEC. EQUIPMENT 780 COMMUNICATION,ALARMS,ETC
731 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE 781 TELEPHONE
732 CAPACITORS 782 INTERCOM
733 MOTOR CONTROL CENTER - LV 783 ANNUNCIATORS
734 TRANSFORMERS - MV
735 TRANSFORMERS - LV
736 SWITCHGEAR - MV
737 SWITCHGEAR - LV
738 BUS DUCT - LV
739 DISCONNECT SWITCH
740 MAJOR ELEC. EQUIPMENT 790 OTHER ELECTRICAL
741 TRANSFORMERS - HV 791 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT TSTNG
742 SWITCHGEAR - HV 792 ELECTRICAL TRACING
743 MCC EQUIPPED SPACE 794 SOLAR PANELS
744 MOTOR CONTROL CENTER - MV 795 BATTERY PACKS
745 BUS DUCT - MV/HV 796 UPS
746 TRANSMISSION LINES 797 EMERGENCY GENERATOR

Insulation
800 INSULATION
802 SUBCONTRACT INSULATION
803 SPECIAL PLANT INSULATION
804 SPECIAL EQUIP INSULATION
809 INSULATION DEMOLITION
810 INSULATION
811 PIPE INSULATION
812 EQUIP INSULATION
813 MODULE INSULATION SHOP
814 MODULE INSULATION FIELD
815 PERSONNEL PROTECTION
819 OTHER EQUIP. INSULATION
820 FIREPROOFING
821 STRUCTURAL FIREPROOFING
822 SKIRT/LEG FIREPROOFING
823 CABLE TRAY FIREPROOFING
830 SPECIAL COATINGS
831 ACID TILE PAVING
Paint
900 PAINT
902 SUBCONTRACT PAINT
903 SPECIAL PLANT PAINT
904 SPECIAL EQUIP PAINT
909 PAINT DEMOLITION
910 PAINTING
911 PAINT - EQUIPMENT
912 PAINT - PIPING
913 PAINT - STRUCTURES
914 PAINT MODULE EQUIPMENT
915 PAINT MODULE PIPING
916 PAINT MODULE STRUCTURES
918 OTHER COATINGS
919 OTHER EQUIPMENT PAINT
920 SURFACE PREPARATION
921 SURFACE PREP - EQUIPMENT
922 SURFACE PREP - PIPING
923 SURFACE PREP - STEEL

35 Database Relations (G10)

Sequence Numbers of Attributes in Relations
Relationship of Database Relations
DETAILS Relation
DESIGN Relation
REMARKS Relation
PROJDATA Relation
NEWCOA Relation
CERATE Relation
CRWSCH Relation
EQRENT Relation
CSTCTRL Relation
CUSSPC Relation
REPGRP Relation
CNTRCT Relation
COMPONENT Relation
INDIRECTS Relation
Aspen Kbase Indirect Codes and Descriptions
RTABLE Relation
Attribute Descriptions
35 Database Relations (G10) 35-1

Sequence Numbers of
Attributes in Relations
COMPONENT (N)
INDIRECTS (P)
PROJDATA (D)
REMARKS (C)
CRWSCH (G)
NEWCOA (E)
DETAILS (A)
CSTCTRL (J)
CNTRCT (M)
EQRENT (H)
CUSSPC (K)
REPGRP (L)
DESIGN (B)
RTABLE (R)
CERATE (F)
Attribute
Name Type Width
ACCOUNT INT 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ACTCOA INT - - - - - - 5 - 5 - - - - - -
ACTSEQ INT - - - - - - 3 - 3 - - - - - -
ACTSRT INT - - - - - - 4 - 4 - - - - - -
ACTTYP INT - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - -
AMOUNT REAL - - - 5 - - - - - - - - - - -
APPTYPE INT - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 - -
AREA INT 12 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
AREAWBS TEXT 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - -
ATYPE INT - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -
BTSEQ INT - 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CATLNO TEXT 20 - - - - - - - - - 6 - - - - -
CCOA INT - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - -
COADES TEXT 24 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 -
CEAMT REAL - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - -
CEDESC TEXT 60 - - - - - 5 - - - - - - - - -
CEFLAG TEXT 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - -
CENUM INT - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - -
CESEQ INT 31 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1
CLASS INT 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CNTRBY INT - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - -
CNTRNM TEXT 24 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - -
CNTRNO INT - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - -
CNTWKF INT - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - -
COA INT 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 -
CCOAACT TEXT 2 - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - -
CCOADES TEXT 24 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - -
COAIND INT - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
COAMOD INT 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
35-2 35 Database Relations (G10)

COMPONENT (N)
INDIRECTS (P)
PROJDATA (D)
REMARKS (C)
CRWSCH (G)
NEWCOA (E)
DETAILS (A)
CSTCTRL (J)
CNTRCT (M)
EQRENT (H)
CUSSPC (K)
REPGRP (L)
DESIGN (B)
RTABLE (R)
CERATE (F)
Attribute
Name Type Width
COMCOD TEXT 36 37 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
COMPWBS TEXT 3 35 - - - - - - - - - - 7 - - -
CONTRACT INT 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 -
DAYPWK INT - - - - - - 7 - - - - - - - -
DESCR TEXT 76 - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - -
DIAM REAL 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
DUPITEMS INT - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - -
DUPQTY INT 33 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EXTRA1 INT 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EXTRA2 REAL 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EXTRA3 TEXT 4 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
HOURRRAT FLOAT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
HRSPDA REAL - - - - - - 9 - - - - - - - -
ICACOA INT 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 -
ICUNIT INT 36 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
INDDES TEXT 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 -
INDAMOUNT INT - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 -
INDHOURS INT - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 -
ITEM TEXT 24 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - -
ITEMDES TEXT 28 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ITEMCOD INT - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
INTREF INT 34 - - - - - - - - - - - 6 - -
IUMVAL REAL - 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LCODE INT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LDESC TEXT 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LCOST REAL 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LCOSTRAT FLOAT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
LHOURS REAL 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LINELOOP INT 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LOCID TEXT 8 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sequence Numbers of Attributes in Relations - continued
COMPONENT (N)
INDIRECTS (P)
PROJDATA (D)
REMARKS (C)
CRWSCH (G)
NEWCOA (E)
DETAILS (A)
CSTCTRL (J)
CNTRCT (M)
EQRENT (H)
CUSSPC (K)
REPGRP (L)
DESIGN (B)
RTABLE (R)
CERATE (F)
Attribute
Name Type Width
MATL TEXT 5 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
MCODE INT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
MCOST REAL 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
MCOSTRAT FLOAT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
MDESC TEXT - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NOITEM INT - - - - - - 10 2 6 - - - - - -
NPCT01 INT - - - - - - 11 3 7 - - - - - -
NPCT02 INT - - - - - - 12 4 - - - - - - -
NPCT03 INT - - - - - - 13 5 - - - - - - -
NPCT04 INT - - - - - - 14 6 - - - - - - -
NPCT05 INT - - - - - - 15 7 - - - - - - -
NPCT06 INT - - - - - - 16 8 - - - - - - -
NPCT07 INT - - - - - - 17 9 - - - - - - -
NPCT08 INT - - - - - - 18 10 - - - - - - -
NPCT09 INT - - - - - - 19 11 - - - - - - -
NPCT010 INT - - - - - - 20 12 - - - - - - -
NPCT011 INT - - - - - - 21 13 - - - - - - -
NPCT012 INT - - - - - - 22 14 - - - - - - -
NPCT013 INT - - - - - - - 15 - - - - - - -
NPCT014 INT - - - - - - - 16 - - - - - - -
NPCT015 INT - - - - - - - 17 - - - - - - -
ORIGIN TEXT 6 2 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - -
PARAM TEXT 32 - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PCLASS TEXT 4 - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - -
PCTOF INT - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - 8 -
PERCENT REAL - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - 7 -
PIPSPC TEXT 8 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - -
PIPTYP INT 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PRCURC TEXT 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PROPNAM TEXT 36 - 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

COMPONENT (N)
INDIRECTS (P)
PROJDATA (D)
REMARKS (C)
CRWSCH (G)
NEWCOA (E)
DETAILS (A)
CSTCTRL (J)
CNTRCT (M)
EQRENT (H)
CUSSPC (K)
REPGRP (L)
DESIGN (B)
RTABLE (R)
CERATE (F)
Attribute
Name Type Width
PROPNUM INT - 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
QUANT REAL 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
REFID INT 28 14 5 - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
REPGRP INT - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - -
RESULT REAL - - - 6 - - - - - - - - - - -
RPGSEQ INT - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - -
SCHAREA INT - - - - - - 6 - - - - - - - -
SCHED TEXT 4 - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - -
SHIFTS INT - - - - - - 8 - - - - - - - -
SOURCE TEXT 2 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SUBAREA INT 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SUBTYPE INT 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SUMCODE INT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TITLE TEXT 32 - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - -
TYPSCT INT - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - - -
UNIT TEXT 8 - 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
UNITIN TEXT 8 - 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
UNITS TEXT 8 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
USERDES TEXT 25 26 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
USERTAG TEXT 12 27 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - -
VALUER REAL - 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VALUET TEXT 12 - 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VALUEU TEXT 12 - 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WGT REAL 18 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WUNIT TEXT 4 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Relationship of Database
Relations

DETAILS Relation
No. Column Name Type of Data Description of Data Stored under
each Column
1 COA integer Code of Account (COA)
2 ORIGIN text 6 3 characters each of Item Type + Item
Ref No. (HE 101)
3 COADES text 24 Title of cost element which is assigned
to account code
4 ITEMDES text 28 Detailed description of cost element,
material or labor
5 QUANT real Quantity
6 UNITS text 8 Unit of measure associated with
quantity
7 MCOST real Material cost for total quantity
8 LHOURS real Man-hours of field labor for total
quantity
9 LCOST real Cost of field labor for total quantity
10 MATL text 5 Material symbol (five character string)
11 ACCOUNT integer Major account for this item.
12 AREA integer Area ID/report group, assigned an
integer value of unity
13 CONTRACT integer Contract ID
14 COAMOD integer Code of account (COA) modifier
15 PIPTYP integer Class of material for piping
16 LOCID text 8 Sub-description related to ORIGIN (LINE
03, LOOP 02)
17 SOURCE text 2 Symbol used to characterize direct,
subcontract or remote shop costs
18 WGT real Weight
19 WUNIT text 4 Unit of measure associated with weight
20 CLASS integer Class
21 EXTRA1 integer Your use, for integer values, filled with 0
22 EXTRA2 real Your use, for decimal values, filled with
0.00
23 EXTRA3 text 4 Your use, for text, filled with blanks
24 DIAM real Pipe diameter, decimal (e.g., 2.0)
25 LINELOOP integer For piping - the line number (01-40)
For instrumentation - the loop number
(01-50)

each Column
26 For text 25 For instrumentation - the loop number
instrumentation - (01-50)
the loop number For components - Item description
(01-50) For Mat’l/Man-hour Additions - Item
description
For Pipe Bulk - Item Details - Item
description
For Instrument Bulk Items - Item
description
27 USERTAG text 12 User Tag Number or Pipe Specs if
custom pipe specs are used
28 REFID integer The 4-digit Item reference number for
the component
29 SUBTYPE integer For Equipment - cost basis
For Piping - type of valve or fitting
For Civil - type of foundation
For Instrumentation - type of loop main
component
For Insulation - type of insulation or
fireproofing
30 SUBAREA integer Subsidiary area number, within AREA
31 CESEQ integer Sequence number for records in Details
relation
32 ICACOA integer Icarus code of account for item
33 DUPQTY integer Duplicate quantity flag
34 INTREF integer Internal reference identification
35 COMPWBS text 3 Component Work Breakdown Structure
identifier
36 ICUNIT integer Internal Unit of Measure unit
37 COMCOD text 36 Commodity code for materials (Future
use)
38 PRCURC text 36 Procurement Currency

DESIGN Relation
each Column
1 ITMCOD integer Item code.
2 AREA integer Area ID, assigned integer value of unity.
3 ORIGIN text 6 3-characters: Item Type + Item
Reference No. (HE 101).
4 PARAM text 25 Description of design element.
5 VALUET text 25 Value of design parameter, as text.
6 VALUER real Value of design parameter, decimal
value.
7 UNIT text 8 Unit of measure associated with numeric
design value
8 VALUEU text 12 Value of design parameters specified by
user as text. (For Aspen Kbase and
Icarus Project Manager only.)
9 UNITIN text 8 Unit of measure associated with VALUEU
10 PROPNUM integer Reserved for future use
11 ICUNIT integer Internal Unit of Measure identifier
12 IUMVAL real System value in internal units of
measure
13 PROPNAM text 36 System property name
14 PROPNAM integer For Questimate, integer value of 3-digit
component number
15 INDLVL integer Indicates indent level for reports
16 BTSEQ integer Sequence number for DESIGN table
REMARKS Relation
each Column
1 ITMCOD integer Item code. (Two digits.)
2 AREA integer Area reference number defined by user.
(Two digits, default is 01.)
3 ORIGIN text 6 Responsible item for the data in the
record (e.g., "HE 101").
4 DESCR text 76 Description of ITEM as specified by user
(e.g., “PROPANE STORAGE TANK").
5 REFID integer For Questimate, integer value of 3-digit
component number

PROJDATA Relation
each Column
1 COA integer System code of account or user's
account code as revised (3 digits).
2 ITEM text 24 System-generated or user-defined
description for this item (e.g.,
"CONSUMABLES/SMALL TOOLS").
3 PERCENT real System-generated or user-defined
description for this item (e.g.,
"CONSUMABLES/SMALL TOOLS").
4 PCTOF integer System-calculated code representing
the portion of the project estimate to be
precentaged (1 digit)
5 AMOUNT real Lump sum value specified by user.
RESULT real The value calculated when PERCENT is
applied to PCTOF, where appropriate.
NEWCOA Relation
each Column
1 CCOA integer User-changed code of account
2 CCOADES text 24 User-changed code of account
description (e.g.,”SPECIAL COMPANY
ITEMS").
3 CCOAACT text 2 COA category (EQ, P, C, ST, I, E, IN, PT)
CERATE Relation
each Column
1 CEFLAG text 2 Record type (CR = craft, ER =
equipment rental)
2 CENUM integer Item number (CR = 51 - 99, ER = 1 -
450)
3 CNTWKF integer Contract or work force
4 CEAMT real Rate (CR = CUR/HR, ER = CUR/Month)
5 CEDESC text 60 Description of item

CRWSCH Relation
each Column
1 CESEQ integer Key - relates to DETAILS relation
2 ACTTYP integer Activity level (area, project, proc.)
3 ACTSEQ integer Activity ID at component level
4 ACTSRT integer Activity ID at area level
5 ACTCOA integer Scheduling code of account
6 SCHAREA integer Display flag
7 DAYPWK integer Working days per week
8 SHIFTS integer Number of shifts per day
9 HRSPDA real Working hours per day
10 HRSPDA integer Number of items in list
11 NPCT01 integer List item 1
14 NPCT04 integer List item4
EQRENT Relation
each Column
2 NOITEM integer Number of items in list

each Column
CSTCTRL Relation
each Column
2 ACTTYP integer Activity level (area, project, proc.)
3 ACTSEQ integer Activity ID at component level
4 ACTSRT integer Activity ID at area level
5 ACTCOA integer Scheduling code of accounts
6 NOITEM integer Number of items in list
CUSSPC Relation
each Column
2 PIPSPC text 8 Custom piping spec
3 SCHED text 4 Pipe schedule
4 PCLASS text 4 Flange class
5 TYPSCT text 4 Type of data (1 = class, 2=schedule, 3
= thickness)
6 CATLNO text 20 Item designation
7 CONTYP text 2 Type of Fitting Connection (one of the
following: SW, SC, SB, WW, WF. VC, PF,
VS)
8 PIPTYP text 1 Pipe Type (“S” or “W” or “ “)

REPGRP Relation
each Column
1 ATYPE integer Report group designation (1 = report
group, 2 = sub-group)
2 REPGRP integer Report group number
3 RPGSEQ integer Report group sequence (sub-group)
4 TITLE text 32 Report group title
5 AREAWBS text 2 Area Work Breakdown Structure
identifier
6 SCHAREA integer Scheduling Area for this report group
percentaged (1 digit)
CNTRCT Relation
each Column
1 CNTRNO integer Contractor number
2 CNTRBY integer Contracted by (parent contractor)
3 CNTRNM text 24 Contractor name
COMPONENT Relation
each Column
1 REFID integer The integer value of the 4-digit internal
reference number
2 USERDES text 25 Item description
3 USERTAG text 12 User Tag Number
4 DUPITEMS integer Number of duplicate items
5 APPTYPE integer Component type
6 INTREF integer Internal reference identification
7 COMPWBS text 3 Component Work Breakdown Structure
identifier
8 STRUCTAG text 12 User Tag of Structure where component
is mounted

INDIRECTS Relation
each Column
1 COA integer Code of Account (COA) (See list on
following page).
2 COADES text 24 Title of cost element which is assigned
to account code (See list on following
page).
3 CONTRACT integer Contract ID
4 INDHOURS integer Indirect hours for this account
5 INDAMOUNT integer Indirect hours for this account
6 ICACOA integer Icarus code of account for item
7 PERCENT real Percent value entered by user or
calculated by system
percentaged (1 digit)
9 INDDES text 32 User indirect description or “SYSTEM
GENERATED”
RTABLE Relation
each Column
1 CESEQ integer Key- relates (links) to the DETAILS
relation (A table or AprojID)
2 COAIND integer Title of cost element which is assigned
to account code (See list on following
page)
3 MCOSTRAT float Ratio of MCOST output to MCOST
system
4 HOURRRAT float Ratio of HOURS output to HOURS
system
5 LCOSTRAT float Ratio of LCOST output to LCOST system

Aspen Kbase Indirect Codes
and Descriptions
Field Indirects Engineering
01 -09 Titles not assigned 70 LUMP SUM ENGINEERING
10 LUMP SUM CONST. INDIRECT 71 BASIC ENGINEERING
11 FRINGE BENEFITS 72 DETAIL ENGINEERING
12 BURDENS 73 MATERIAL PROCUREMENT
13 CONSUMABLES, SMALL TOOLS 74 SUBCONTRACT PROCUREMENT
14 MISC. (INSURANCE, ETC) 75 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
15 SCAFFOLDING 76 - 79 Titles not assigned
16 EQUIPMENT RENTAL
17 VENDOR REPRESENTATIVES
18 FIELD SERVICES
19 TEMP. COST., UTILITIES
20 MOBILIZATION, DEMOBILIZE
21 CATERING, ACCOMODATION
22 TRAVEL
23 OVERTIME PREMIUM
Special Indirects Engineering Indirects
24 SPECIAL INDIRECT ITEM 1 80 LUMP SUM CONST. MGMT
25 SPECIAL INDIRECT ITEM 2 81 HOME OFFICE CONST. SUPP.
26 - 49 Titles not assigned 82 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
83 -84 Titles not assigned
Freight Contractor Indirects
50 LUMP SUM FREIGHT 85 FIELD CONST. SUPERVISION
51 DOMESTIC FREIGHT 86 STARTUP, COMISSIONING
52 OCEAN FREIGHT
53 AIR FREIGHT
54 MODULE FREIGHT
55 OTHER FRIEGHT
56 - 59 Tittles not assigned
Taxes G & A Overheads
60 LUMP SUM TAXES, PERMITS 90 G AND A OVERHEADS
61 PERMITS
62 MATERIALS TAXES
63 CONSTRUCTION TAXES
64 ENGINEERING TAXES
65 OTHER TAXES
Contractor Fee
91 CONTRACT FEE
Escalation
97 ESCALATION

Royalty, Miscellaneous Charges
98 ROYALTY, MISC. CHARGES
Contingencies
99 CONTINGENCY

Attribute Descriptions
Attribute Description
ACCOUNT Major account for this item, leading digit taken from system code of accounts to
characterize the account class:
Account Description
0 Other, indirects
1 Equipment, Code of Account (COA) 100 - 199
2 Equipment, Code of Account (COA) 200 - 299
3 Piping
4 Civil
5 Steel
6 Instrumentation
7 Electrical
8 Insulation
9 Paint
ACTCOA Scheduling code of account. For Icarus Project Manager only.

ACTSEQ Activity ID at component level. For Icarus Project Manager only.
ACTSRT Activity ID at area level. For Icarus Project Manager only.
ACTTYP Activity level (area, project, proc.). For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project
Manager only.
AMOUNT Lump sum value specified by user for indirect costs.
APPTYPE Equipment Equipment

0 Not applicable 58 TDS Tray drying systems
1 AC Air compressors 60 TW Towers
3 AD Air dryers 62 VP Vacuum pumps
4 AT Agitated tanks 63 VS Vibrating screens
6 BL Blenders 64 VT Vertical tanks
7C Condensers 65 WFE Wiped film evaporators
8 CTW Cooling towers 66 WTS Water treatment systems
9 CE Cranes 68 MOT Motors
10 CO Conveyors 69 RB Reboilers
11 CP Centrifugal pumps 70 FU Furnaces
12 CR Crushers 71 TUR Turbines
13 CRY Crystallizers 72 AG Agitators
14 CT Centrifuges 73 LIN Linings
15 DDT Double diameter towers 74 PAK Packings
16 D Dryers

Attribute Descriptions - continued
APPTYPE 17 DC Dust collectors Known Cost
18 DD Drum dryers 76 Cost known equipment
19 E Evaluators 77 Cost known bulks
20 EG Electrical generators
21 EJ Ejectors Plant Bulks and Buildings
22 EL Elevators 80 Buildings
24 F Filters 81 PIP Piping
26 FE Feeders 82 CIV Civil
27 FL Flakers 83 STL Steelwork
28 FLR Flares 84 INS Instrumentation
29 FN Fans 85 ELC Electrical general
32 GC Gas compressors 86 INL Insulation
34 GP Gear pumps 87 PNT Paint
36 HE Heat exchangers 88 ELC Electrical substation
37 HO Hoists
38 HT Horizontal tanks Site Development
39 HU Heating units 91 DEMOL Demolition
42 K Kneaders 92 DRAINS Drainage
43 M Mills 93 EARTH Earthwork general
44 MX Mixers 94 FENCE Fencing
45 P Pumps 95 LANDSP Landscaping
48 R Reactors 96 PAVING Paving
49 RD Rotary dryers 97 PILING Piling
50 RU Refrigeration units 98 RAILRD Railroads
52 S Scales 99 EARTH Earthwork excavation
53 ST Stock treatment
54 SE Separation equipment Library Items
55 STK Stacks 100 Library items
56 STB Steam boiler 101 Equipment model library
57 T Thickeners
AREA Area reference number defined by user. Default is 01. Reference
number 00 refers to project data in the C relation.
ATYPE Report group designation (1 = report group, 2 = sub group).
AREAWBS Area level Work Breakdown Structure -- 2 characters.
BTSEQ Unique sequence number to define the order of records in the DESIGN
table for design reports.
CATLNO Item designation. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project Manager only.
CATLNO Item designation. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project Manager only.
CCOA User-changed code of account.
CCOAACT COA category (EQ, P, C, ST, I, E, IN, PT).
CCOADES User-changed code of account description (text, 24 characters).

CEAMT Rate (CR = CUR/HR, ER = CUR/Month). For Icarus Project Manager only.
CEDESC Rate (CR = CUR/HR, ER = CUR/Month). For Icarus Project Manager only.
CEFLAG Record type (CR = craft, ER = equipment rental). For Icarus Project
Manager only.
CENUM Item number (CR = 51 - 99, ER = 1 - 450). For Icarus Project Manager
only.
CESEQ Sequence number for records in Details relation. For Aspen Kbase and
Icarus Project Manager only.
CLASS Class as defined below:
Class Description
0 Other
01 Site Development
10 Process Equipment
20 Bulk Items
30 Area components, testing
31 Buildings
40 Area Site Development
50 Unit Substation
60 Main Substations
70 Control (CTL) Centers
80 OPS Centers
90 Project Items (rotating equipment, spare parts,
transmission lines, testing).
CNTRBY Contracted by (parent contractor). For Aspen Kbase only.

CNTRNM Contractor name. For Aspen Kbase only.
CNTRNO Contractor number. For Aspen Kbase only.
CNTWKF Contract or work force. For Icarus Project Manager only.
COA System code of account or user’s account code as revised. For Questimate
and Icarus Project Manager, COA is 3-digits. For Aspen Kbase, COA is 4-
digits.
COADES System code of account description or user's description as revised (text,
24 characters).

COAMOD Code of account (COA) modifier
COAMOD COA Range Description
01 1 - 999 Default if not shown below
Equipment
0 100 - 299 Direct Hire
1 100 - 299 Subcontract Equipment
Piping
0 300 - 399 Above Ground Piping
1 300 - 399 Underground Piping
2 300 - 399 Chemical Sewer
Civil - Site Development
1 422 - 423 Site Development Paving (Roads)
2 422 - 423 Site Development Paving (Other)
Civil - Concrete
1 400 - 459 Small blocks: <3 CY[< 2.3 M3]
2 400 - 459 Medium blocks:3-10 CY[2.3-7.65 M3]
3 400 - 459 Large blocks:10-25 CY[7.65-19.1 M3]
4 400 - 459 25-50 CY[19.1-38.2 M3
5 400 - 459 Mass pours:50-100 CY[38.2-76.5 M3]
6 400 - 459 >100 CY[> 76.5 M3]
7 400 - 459 Piling
8 400 - 459 Conduit Envelopes
9 400 - 459 Elevated slabs
Steel
1 500 - 599 Extra light:<12 LB/FT[< 18 KG/M]
2 500 - 599 Light:12-< 20 LB/FT[ 18-< 30 KG/M]
3 500 - 599 Medium20-< 40 LB/FT[ 30-< 60 KG/M]
4 500 - 599 Heavy40-80 LB/FT[ 60-122 KG/M]
5 500 - 599 Extra Heavy> 80 LB/FT[>122 KG/M]
6 500 - 599 Stairs and Ladders
7 500 - 599 Ladders
8 500 - 599 Misc. (Fab. Plate)
Instrumentation
1 641 Pneumatic Instrument Cable Tray
2 641 Electronic Instrument Cable Tray
Electrical
0 700 - 799 Above Ground Electrical.
1 700 - 799 Underground Electrical.

COAIND Title of cost element which is assigned to account code.
COMCOD Commodity code to uniquely identify materials used in the Icarus
Evaluation Engine (IEE). The Commodity Code COMCOD is a 30
Character code. Each major bulk type has an individual a coding
sequence. Currently only piping has a coding sequence defined.
For Piping:
To decode use the following column breakdown:
Column: 1 2 3
123456789012345678901234567890
AMMMMMUDDDDPEECFFFFFGWRSSS####
Column Position Description

A 1 Account Code Indicator - 3=Piping
M 2-6 Units of measure Indicator - I/P(I) or Metric(M)
U 7 Units of measure Indicator - I/P(I) or Metric(M)
D 8-11 Diameter in units indicated
E 12 Material Type indicator - Pipe (P), Valve (V) or
Fitting (F)
C 13-14 Subtype extension (e.g. Trim on Valve, Flange
type, etc) (Currently Not Used)
C 15 Class/Schedule Indicator - Schedule (S), Flange
Class (F), Din designation (D) or Thickness (T)
F 16-20 Class/Schedule designation as indicated in above
units
G 21 Location - Above Ground (A)/Underground
Code(U)
W 22 Pipe Fabrication - Welded(W)/Seamless(S)
R 23 Fabrication Type - Remote Shop(R)/Field
Shop(F)
S 24-26 ICARUS Subtype(See Subtype attribute)
# 27-30 Reserved for future use
COMPWBS Component level Work Breakdown Structure -- 3 characters.

CONTRACT Reference number of contractor assigned to purchase/install this item. For
Aspen Kbase, the default is one. For all other systems, the default
is zero.
DAYPWK Working days per week. For Icarus Project Manager only.
DESCR Description of item as specified by user (text, 76 characters).
DIAM Pipe diameter, decimal (for example, 2.0).
DUPITEMS Number of duplicate items.

DUPQTY Duplicate quantity flag. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project Manager only.
0 = standard (unique quantity field)
1 = QUANT field of this record duplicated elsewhere.
EXTRA1 Integer. Not assigned. This is a spare attribute for the user to allocate
values asnecessary. The system will initialize to integer zero. The attribute
name can be changed and values calculated as a function of other numeric
data.
EXTRA2 Real. Not assigned but initialized to a real number of the value 0.0.
EXTRA3 Text. Not assigned but initialized to a value of four blank characters (“
").
HOURRAT Ratio of HOURS output to HOURS system.
HRSPDA Working hours per day. For Icarus Project Manager only.
ICACOA Icarus code of account for item. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project
Manager only.
ICUNIT Icarus Internal Units of Measure identifier.
Unit I/P Conversion Metric Notes

No. Description I/P Metric Description
1 INCHES 2.5400E+01 MM
2 FEET 3.0480E-01 M
3 MILES 1.6093E+00 KM
4 MESH 1.0000E+00 MESH
5 FT 3.0480E-01 M
6 SF 9.2903E-02 M2
7 SY 8.3613E-01 M2
8 SQ IN 6.4516E+02 MM2
9 IN THK 2.5400E+01 MM THK
10 IN DIAM 2.5400E+01 MM DIAM Piping Diameters
11 CF 2.8317E-02 M3
12 CY 7.6455E-01 M3
13 GALLONS 3.7854E-03 M3
14 BARRELS 1.5899E-01 M3
15 BD FT 2.3597E-03 M3
16 BAGS 8.5275E-01 BAG-50KG
17 cur/CY cur/M3 Currency Units/Unit
Volume
18 cur cur Currency Units
19 cur/LB cur/KG Currency/Unit Weight
20 LB 4.5359E-01 KG
21 LBS 4.5359E-01 KG
22 TONS 9.0718E-01 TONNE

ICUNIT Icarus Internal Units of Measure identifier. (Continued)
23 LB/FT 1.4882E+00 KG/M

25 LB/YD 4.9605E-01 KG/M
26 cur/SF cur/M2 Currency/Unit Area
27 LB/BATCH 4.5359E-01 KG/BATCH
28 LB/MMBTU 7.5066E+00 KG/MW-HR
29 PCF 1.6018E+01 KG/M3
30 W/SF 1.0753E+01 W/M2
31 PSIG 6.8948E+00 KPA Vessel pressure
32 PSI 6.8947E-03 PA
33 IN H2O 2.4908E+02 PA
34 IN H2O 2.4908E+02 PA
35 IN HG 3.3864E+00 KPA
36 MM HG 1.3332E+02 PA
37 PSF 4.7880E-02 KN/M2
38 LBF 4.4482E+00 N
39 FT-LB 1.3558E+00 N-M
40 IN/S 2.5400E+00 CM/S
41 FPM 1.8288E+01 M/H
42 RPM 1.0000E+00 RPM
43 MPH 1.6093E+00 KM/H Motor RPM
44 HERTZ 1.0000E+00 HERTZ Country Based
45 RPM 1.0000E+00 RPM
46 CFH 2.8317E-02 M3/H
47 CFM 1.6990E+00 M3/H
48 CFM 1.0000E+00 MINUTE
49 TPD/SF 4.0689E-01 TPH/M2
50 GPM 6.3090E-02 L/S
51 GPH 3.7854E-03 M3/H
52 LB/H 3.7854E-03 KG/H
53 TPH 9.0718E-01 TONNE/H
54 TPD 3.7799E-02 TONNE/H
55 CFM/SF 1.8288E+01 M3/H/M2
56 V 1.0000E+00 V
57 W 1.0000E+00 W
58 A 1.0000E+00 A
59 KV 1.0000E+00 KV
60 KW 1.0000E+00 KW
61 KA 1.0000E+00 KA
62 KVA 1.0000E+00 KVA
63 HP 7.4570E-01 HP Motor Power

64 MVA 1.0000E+00 MVA

65 OHM-IN 2.5400E+00 OHM-CM
66 DEG F 1.0000E+00 DEG C Temperature
67 DEG F 5.5556E-01 DEG C Temperature
Difference
68 FC 1.0764E+01 LUX Lighting
69 TONS-REF 3.5169E+00 KW Tons of Refrigeration
70 GPM/SF 6.7909E-01 L/S/M2
71 BTU/H/SF 3.1546E+00 W/M2
72 BTU/H 2.9307E-01 W
73 BTU/LB 2.3260E+00 KJ/KG
74 MMBTU/H 2.9307E-01 MEGAW
75 BTU/CF 3.7250E+01 KJ/M3
76 CPOISE 1.0000E+00 MPA-S
77 CSTOKE 1.0000E+00 MM2/S
78 BTU/LB/F 4.1868E+00 KJ/KG/K
79 DEGREE 1.0000E+00 DEGREE Slope
80 PERCENT 1.0000E+00 PERCENT
81 GAUGE 1.0000E+00 GAUGE Duct, HEX tubing
82 PAIR 1.0000E+00 PAIR Instrumentation
83 BWG 1.0000E+00 BWG HEX tubing
84 LOOP(S) 1.0000E+00 LOOP(S) Instrumentation
85 COATS 1.0000E+00 COATS Paint
86 wire size wire size Electrical
87 MCM 1.0000E+00 MCM Electrical
88 AWG 1.0000E+00 AWG Electrical
89 CUTS 1.0000E+00 CUTS Piping
90 SECTION 1.0000E+00 SECTION
91 CLASS 1.0000E+00 CLASS Electrical
92 SPACES 1.0000E+00 SPACES Electrical
93 CIRCUITS 1.0000E+00 CIRCUITS Electrical
94 CIRCUITS 1.0000E+00 CIRCUITS Compressors
95 ITEM(S) 1.0000E+00 ITEM(S)
96 FLOORS 1.0000E+00 FLOORS
97 EACH 1.0000E+00 EACH
98 BAYS 1.0000E+00 BAYS Buildings, Air Coolers
99 1.0000E+00 Blank Units
101 IN 2.5400E+01 MM
102 IN DIA 2.5400E+01 MM DIA
103 IN LG 2.5400E+01 MM LG

104 IN THK 2.5400E+01 MM THK

105 IN DP 2.5400E+01 MM DP
106 IN WD 2.5400E+01 MM WD
107 IN SZ 2.5400E+01 MM SZ
108 IN HT 2.5400E+01 MM HT
109 IN WL 2.5400E+01 MM WL
111 FT 3.0480E-01 M
112 FT DIA 3.0480E-01 M DIA
113 FT LG 3.0480E-01 M LG
114 FT DP 3.0480E-01 M DP
115 FT WD 3.0480E-01 M WD
116 FT HT 3.0480E-01 M HT
117 FT MHOLE 3.0480E-01 M MHOLE
118 HOURS 1.0000E+00 HOURS
119 WEEKS 1.0000E+00 HOURS
INDAMOUNT Indirect cost for this account.
INDDES Indirects description. Either user-supplied or “SYSTEM GENERATED”.
INDHOURS Indirect hours for this account.
INTREF Internal reference identification.
ITEM System-generated or user-defined description for this item
(text, 24 characters)
ITEMDES System-generated or user-defined description for this item
(text, 28 characters).
ITMCOD Item code:
ITMCOD Description
DESIGN
0 Other
10 For equipment design data — brief
11 For equipment design data — full (10 is a subset of 11 with
the provision that it must be a design item)
19 For driver power only (where applicable).
20 For brief plant bulk, area bulk and area site development
items
21 For plant bulk items — full
30* For project site development items

ITMCOD Item code:
40 For library items
96 Custom pipe specs
97 Project or area data sheets
98 Project or area data sheets
REMARKS Equipment Items:
10 For user's description
11 For equipment symbol
13 For user's tag number
Plant Bulk Items:
23 For first 2 lines of remarks
* Project Site Development:
**Library Items:
42 For first 2 lines of remarks
99 For project title and other project level text (for example:
location, currency name)
*These values do not appear in Questimate.

**These values only appear in Questimate.
IUMVAL System value in internal Units of Measure. Does not apply when
ICUNIT is 0 or 99 and may be incorrect for items containing costs.
LCOST Field manpower cost for this item.
LCOSTRAT Ratio of LCOST output to LCOST system.
LHOURS Field man-hours associated with this item.
LINELOOP Piping line number (01 - 40) or instrument loop number (01 - 50).
O if not applicable.
LCODE Not assigned. Used in cost tracking programs to identify a category of
labor costs.
LDESC Not assigned. Used in cost tracking programs to describe a category of
labor costs

LOCID Identifier to help qualify the part associated with this item (text, 8
characters).
Examples:
Piping
Line 1 PLT AIR
DRAINS
Instrumentation
LOOP 1 UNIV
AIR SUP LOCAL
Civil
TYPE 15
Electrical
MOTOR PUSHB
FEEDER
MATL System material symbol characteristic of the material of construction
for this item (text, 5 characters; e.g., "SS304").
MCODE Not assigned. Used in cost tracking programs to identify a category of
material costs
MCOST Material cost for this item.
MCOSTRAT Ratio of MCOST output to MCOST system.
MDESC Not assigned. Used in cost tracking programs to describe a category of
material costs.
NOITEM Number of items in list.
NPCTnn List item for number nn. For Icarus Project Manager only.
The CRWSCH relation includes nn for 1 to 12.

The EQRENT relation incudes nn for 1 to 15.
The CSTCTRL relation includes nn for 1.
ORIGIN Responsible item for the data in this record (text, 6 characters).
Example:
CP 100 GRADE PIP001 USS110 (unit substation)
DDT222 PAD CIV001 MSS001(main)
BLD001 OPEN STL001 CTL 60
AREA EXOPEN INS001 SUBSTN (project testing - all substations)
UT HDR MILBLD ELC001 UT STN
INL001
PNT001
PARAM Parameter description (text, 32 characters).
PCLASS Flange class. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project Manager only.
PCTOF A system-allocated code representing the portion of the project
estimate to be percentaged, as follows. For IPM only. (In other
systems, PCTOF is reserved for future use.

PCTOF Description
1 Direct materials plus direct field labor costs
2 Direct material costs
3 Direct field labor cost
4 Direct material plus labor, and construction indirect costs
5 All project costs
6 Unit Cost Library Item(s) Booked to COA 1-48
7 Unit Cost Library Item(s) Booked to COA 49-98
8 Unit Cost Library Item(s) Booked to COA 99
PERCENT Percentage value specified by the user.
PIPSPC Custom piping spec. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project Manager
only.
PIPTYP Class of material for piping.
PIPTYP Piping Material
0 Pipe labor
1 Carbon steel
2 Stainless steel
3 Titanium
5 Aluminum
6 Monel/Inconel
7 Copper
8 Hastelloy
9 Lined pipe, miscellaneous pipe
PRCURC Procurement Currency symbol for alternate material sources.
PROPNAM System Property Name
PROPNUM Property number used to describe the field description
QUANT Quantity, used in conjunction with "UNITS" attribute.
REFID For Questimate, Icarus Project Manager and COST® —3-digit
component number.
For Aspen Kbase —4-digit internal reference number.
REPGRP Report group number.
RESULT The value calculated when PERCENT is applied to the values,
represented by PCTOF, where appropriate.
RPGSEQ Report group sequence (sub-group).
SCHAREA In Icarus Project Manager: Display flag
In Aspen Kbase: For concurrent scheduling within the project used for
reporting and schedule tracking.
SCHED Pipe schedule. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project Manager only.
SHIFTS Number of shifts per day. For Icarus Project Manager only.

SOURCE Symbol used to characterize direct, subcontract or remote shop costs
(text, 2 characters):
SOURCEDescription
RSRemote shop
IT User input — total direct cost
lM User input — direct material costs
lL User input — direct manpower cost
IS User input — total subcontract cost
SS User input — direct costs, system-prepared subcontract cost
ST User input — subcontract total cost
SM User input — subcontract material cost
SL User input — subcontract manpower cost.
STRUCTAG Indicates structure to which the component is assigned.
SUBAREA Subsidiary area number, within AREA. For Aspen Kbase and Icarus Project
Manager only.

SUBTYPE For Equipment — cost basis
0 System calculated
1 User specified
2 Remote shop paint
For Piping — type of valve or fitting
0 Other
2 Remote shop paint
80 Steam tracing
99 Pipe
101 90 DEG elbow
102 Flange
103 Reducer (to next lower size)
104 Tee
105 Blind
106 Union (also Couplings)
107 Spectacle blind
108 Strainer
109 Threadolet
110 Expansion joint
111 Transition joint
112 WYE for HDPE only
113 Steam trap
120 Clamp
121 45 DEG elbow
122 Ferrule

SUBTYPE - For Piping — type of valve or fitting - continued
continued 123 Cross
124 Eccentric reducer
125 Hose adapter
126 Pipe adapter
127 Swivel joint
128 Caps
129 Screwable Plugs
130 Weldolet
131 Sockolet
201 Globe valve
202 Ball valve
203 Butterfly valve
204 Gate valve
205 Knife gate valve
206 Plug valve
207 Angle valve
208 Check valve
311 Rotameter
314 Meterrun
332 Vortex flow meter
333 Mag meter
334 Mass flow meter
390 Orifice flange-union
391 Orifice plate
401 Control valve GLO
402 On/off ball valve
403 Control valve BUO
411 Control valve GLP
412 Control valve BAP
413 Control valve BUP
421 Control valve ANO
422 Control valve ANP
423 Control valve DVS
424 Control valve TKS
431 Control valve (no reducers)
432 Control valve
433 3-way valve
434 Regulating valve
481 Slide gate on/off
482 Slide gate positioning
483 Diverter valve
501 TSV
502 Relief valve
503 Rupture disk
801 Victaulic coupl.

SUBTYPE - For Piping — type of valve or fitting - continued
continued
802 Insul. flange
899 Vent/drain
900 Gaskets
950 Bolts
SUBTYPE - For Piping - Field Labor Subtype
continued STRESS RELIEF 3
FIELD ERECTION 4
MISC FIELD FABRICATION 5
CUT PIPE 6
BEVEL PIPE 7
WELD PIPE 8
PIPE TESTING 9
ERECT VALVES 10
BOLT-UP CONNECTIONS 11
FIELD X-RAY 12
Bend Pipe 13
threadolets 14
weldolets 15
JUMPER CONNECTIONS 16
SWAGE AND WELD JACKET 17
Shop Handling Small Pipe 18
Cut & Thread Pipe 19

SUBTYPE - For Civil — type of foundation
Continued
0 Other
1 OCT+PROJ
2 OCTAGONL
3 PAVING
4 MASSPOUR
5S M BLOCK
6 LG BLOCK
7 PILECAP
8 CONDUIT
9 RING
10 BASIN
11 EL SLAB
12 COLM/BM
13 WALL
14 GRAD BM
15 PIER
16 FOOTING
17 BOX
18 SLAB GRD
30 Rectangular - Above grade and below grade concrete tanks, and tile
chests
31 Cylindrical - Above grade and below grade concrete tanks, and tile
chests
50 User defined excavation in Bulk Adjustment Civil entry
71 SHEET PILING
72 HPILE
80 User defined piles in Bulk Adjustment Civil entry or in Site Design.
81 RAYMOND
82 WOOD
83 PIPE
84 PRECAST
85 POURED
86 STEEL-H
87 CAISSON
Subtype Piling
88 FRANKI
89 AUGUR
For Steel
2 Remote shop paint
3 Remote shop fireproofing

SUBTYPE - For Electrical
Continued
• Type of wire/cable and cable termination
– Where xx = position of the wire size in the Wire Sizes table. For
example:
Wire size 14 AWG is in Position 1 on the Wire Sizes table for US Country
Base; therefore, a low voltage (LV) 14 AWG wire would be expressed as
101.
– Wire size 35 MM2 is in Position 8 on the Wire Sizes table for UK, JP,
and EU Country Bases; therefore, a medium voltage (MV) 35MM2 wire
would be expressed as 208. Note that the position of the wire size on
the table is determined by counting down, not across.
1xx Low voltage (LV) cable/wire
2xx Medium voltage (MV) cable/wire
3xx High voltage (HV) cable/wire
4xx Control voltage (CV) cable/wire
5xx Lighting (LT) cable/wire
• Type of conduit
100 LV conduit
200 MV conduit
300 HV conduit
400 CV conduit
500 LT conduit
551 Low Voltage Feeder Cable - Lighting
552 Low Voltage Feeder Cable - Electrical Tracing
Type of termination
611 LV termination
612 MV termination
613 HV termination
614 CV termination
615 LT termination
• Tracing
800 Electrical tracing
801 Self-Regulating Heating Cable
811 Mineral Insulated Alloy 825 Heating Cable
821 Tracing Panelboard
831 Tracing Controller

SUBTYPE - For Instrumentation — type of main loop component construction -
Continued
continued
110 PI Gauge
111 PI Gauge
112 PI Draft
120 PIT
121 PT W/ Seal
130 PIC Local
140 PS Switch
160 DPI Gauge
170 DPIT
171 DPT W/ Seal
190 DPS Switch
200 Testwell
210 TE/TC
211 TI Dial
230 TT/TC
231 TIT/FILL
232 TT/RTD
233 TT Wet Bulb
234 TT Surface
250 TIC Local
270 TS Switch
310 FI Gauge
311 FI ROT
312 FI DP Cell
313 FQI
314 FI Meterrun
330 FIT DP Cell
331 FIT W/O SEN
332 FIT Vortex
333 FIT Magnet.
334 FIT Mass FL
335 FIT Ultras
336 FIT Turbine
350 FIC Local
360 FS Switch
361 FQIS
390 Orifice Flange
391 Orifice Plate
410 LI Gauge
411 LI Gauge
412 LI Bubbler
430 LIT DP

Continued
continued
431 LIT Tape FL.

432 LIT DISP
433 LIT Ultras.
434 LIT Nuclear
435 LIT Radar
450 LC DISP
460 LS Wet
461 LS Dry
462 LS Vibrating
463 LS Cond.
464 LS CAP.
510 AT (PH)
511 AT (ORP)
512 AT (O2)
513 AET BTU
514 Density Inst.
515 Consistency
516 AT%LEL
517 AT H2S DET.
518 AT CO2
519 AT VIST.
520 AT Color
521 AT Flame
522 AT Cloud
523 AT Smoke
524 AT Flash
525 AT Gravity
526 AT Heating
527 AT GC.
528 AT H2&HC
529 AT H2S PHY.
530 AT HC
531 AT H2S/SO2
532 AT Sulphur
600 CT Conduct.
620 W LD 4 Cell
621 W LD 3 Cell
622 W LD 6 Cell
640 SIT
650 SS
660 XE Axial
661 XE Radial

Continued
continued
670 XS VIB
680 PNT Variable
681 PNT ON/OFF
690 PNS
691 EL Position
700 HIC Local
701 HIC
710 HSW
720 BS Infrared
740 Solenoid
999 CV CNTRL VLV
For Insulation — type of insulation or fireproofing
0 Other
1 CASIL
2 MWOOL
3 FOAM (Hot insulation)
4 FOAM (Cold insulation)
11 CONC Fireproof
12 MAGN Fireproof
13 Pyrocrete FPR
For Piping: Pipeline
602 Haul pipe to R-O-W/Stringing pipe on R-O-W

603 Launcher
604 Receiver
605 Main road/RR crossing
606 Minor/Dirt road crossing
607 Clearing and Grading
608 Clean up R-O-W
609 R-O-W blasting
610 Build BERM through marsh
611 Build BERM on trench
SUMCODE Not assigned. Used in cost tracking programs to group costs into cost
centers.
TITLE Report group title.

TYPSCT Type of data (1 = schedule, 2 = class). For Aspen Kbase and Icarus
Project Manager only.
UNIT Unit of measure associated with numeric design value.
UNITIN Unit of measure associated with user specified design value.
UNITS Units of measure associated with QUANT (ity) (text, 8 characters; e.g.,
FEET, CY ,M3).
USERDES User specified description for component, installation material/man-
hour additions, installation pipe or installation instrumentation.
USERTAG Equipment component user tag or pipe specs if custom pipe specs are
used.
VALUER The value of the design parameter (PARAM) as a real number (useful in
calculations). For parameter (PARAM) "ITEM TYPE", VALUER contains
the number of items.
VALUET Value of design parameters, as text.
VALUEU Value of design parameter specified by user as text.
WGT Weight of this item.
WUNIT Unit of measure associated with item weight (WGT) attribute (text, 4
characters; e.g., "LBS ", "KG ").

36 Icarus Technology (G10)

Introduction to Areas
Area Specifications
Report Groups
Icarus Systems are Based on Craft Labor
How Questimate Develops Material Costs
Project Schedule
Equipment Fabricate/Ship Items
Barchart Report Format
Equipment Procurement Schematic
Process Control
Overview of System Input Specifications for Power Distribution
Power Distribution
Mode of Supply and Distribution
Power Distribution Components
Redundancy
Usage Instructions
Reporting of Results
Project Definition
Workforce
Construction Overhead - Prime Contractor Basis
Contracts: Description/Scope
36 Icarus Technology (G10) 36-1

Introduction to Areas
In Aspen Kbase and Icarus Process Evaluator, areas can be defined as a way
to describe the construction methodology that prevails for that section of the
project. Specifications are defined for each area. These specifications include
mechanical design specifications for each of the major accounts along with
dimensions and indexing.
Reasons for Areas

Areas are defined for the following reasons:
• Cost accounting: Project components arranged into areas are easier to
review. Many of the cost reports are arranged by area.
• Site conditions: Different sections of the plant site may contain different
site conditions. The user can define these site conditions, such as soil type,
instrumentation type, electrical class and division, or area type (on-grade,
in-steel, and so on.), in the area specifications. As a result, the site
conditions will impact the area bulk quantities, costs, and man-hours
developed for an area.
• Contractor assignments: As contractors and contractors’ scope of work
(CONSETs) are defined, areas are then assigned to the defined scope of
work. Areas can affect the flexibility of assigning work to contractors. For
example, if different contractors are responsible for above grade and below
grade piping, each of these can be defined in separate areas and assigned
to the appropriate contractors. Without these being defined in separate
areas, it would be impossible to assign above grade and below grade pipe
to different contractors.
• Process control and power distribution: Once the user defines the major
process control and power distribution elements in the estimate, the user
must assign areas to defined control centers and unit substations. For
example, the total instrumentation developed for an area would be used
to size that area’s Control Center. Details of process control and power
distribution are developed and reported in the last area sections of the
Detailed Bulk report and Area Bulk section of the Equipment List report for
the last area. It is suggested that users define one last area as an
OFFSITES/PROCESS & POWER area to separate the numerous details
developed for Process Control and Power Distribution from all other detail.
• Importing: When defining areas, keep in mind that whole areas and their
components can be imported into other projects with matching country
base, currency and units of measure. “Checklist” areas can be created as a
way to prevent from forgetting typical project components in a new project
estimate. An example of this would be a steelwork Checklist Area that
would include all typical sitework items. Once imported into a project,
sitework items that are not needed in a project would be deleted and
design specifications for the different sitework components would be
revised.
36-2 36 Icarus Technology (G10)

Area Types
There are several different area types to select from. Each area type has its
own set of default area bulks that will be developed. The different area types
that may be defined are:
• On-Grade (with or without concrete pad). This is the default area type. By
default the system develops the following bulks for an on-grade area:
° Perimeter lights every 50 feet.
° Lights are supplied from 1 or more area panelboards, supplied from a
disconnect switch in the MCC for this area.
° A ground grid the length of the perimeter.
° A concrete pad will be developed based on the dimensions of the area if
the PAD option is selected.
• Open-Steel (OPEN)
The following area bulks will be developed for an OPEN type area:
° A multi-level, open-steel structure developed based on the dimensions
of the area.
° One in-steel level for every 15 feet [4.5 M] of height.
° 75% of each level is floor grating for steel structure and concrete slab
for concrete structure, with perimeter toe-plate and handrail.
° Pendant lights supplied from a local panelboard developed just to
supply the lights in the structure.
° Structural members are sized for both dead and live loads based on the
weight of equipment “hung” in the structure. See section below for
information on “hanging” equipment. Note: Equipment items that are
“hung” lose their foundations and support steel is provided to tie the
item into the structure.
° Bracing is provided according to wind and seismic requirements.
• Open-Structure (OPEN)
Open structure type can be steel, pre-cast concrete, or cast-in-place
concrete. Steel is the default structure type.
The following area bulks will be developed for an OPEN type area:
° A multi-level, open-steel structure developed based on the dimensions
of the area.
° One in-steel level for every 15 feet [4.5 M] of height.
° 75% of each level is floor grating for steel structure and concrete slab
for concrete structure, with perimeter toe-plate and handrail.
° Pendant lights supplied from a local panelboard developed just to
supply the lights in the structure.
° Structural members are sized for both dead and live loads based on the
weight of equipment “hung” in the structure. See section below for
information on “hanging” equipment. Note: Equipment items that are

“hung” lose their foundations and support steel is provided to tie the
item into the structure.
° Bracing is provided according to wind and seismic requirements.
• Existing Open-Steel (EX-OPEN)
The following area bulks are developed for an EX-OPEN type area:
° All bulks that were developed for the OPEN type area will be developed
except for the OPEN STEEL STRUCTURE as it is assumed to exist.
° Support steel is provided.
Logic for Hanging Equipment
Equipment Loaded Automatically Loaded when Skirt/
Leg is set to 0
Shell & Tube Heat Yes

Exchanger
Horizontal Tank Yes
Thermosiphon reboiler Yes
Other reboilers No
Agitated Tank Yes
Double-Diam. Tower Yes
Packed Tower Yes
Trayed Tower Yes
Vertical Tank Yes
All Others (pumps, and so No or N/A No or N/A
on)
See also: Chapter 20: Steel - Logic for Hanging Equipment in Steel Structures
• Module
These area bulks are developed for a MODULE type area:
° A SKID (flat base structural model) module is developed by default or
the user can select from the following module types:
- Cylindrical 1-bay cold box
- Rectangular, 1-bay cold box fully enclosed
- Rectangular, 1-bay cold box 3 sides enclosed
- Truckable* (See details below.)
- Bargeable* (See details below)
- Module lighting
° Ground grid
• * Truckable Module - TRMD

The truckable module is designed as a one bay braced frame structure and
the user can specify the number of levels. The user can add up to four
truckable modules within the area and up to two modules can be stacked.
Use the Structure Tag TRMD-1 to TRMD-4 for specifying the module to
which the equipment is loaded. If no Structure Tag is specified, equipment
weight is distributed among the modules. One dimension can be up to 80ft
(24m) [Length, Width, or Height] and the other two dimensions up to 25ft
(7.6m).
• * Bargeable Module - Bargeable Module - BRGM

Bargeable process module is designed as a braced frame structure.
Dimensions can be up to 200ft(60.8m) [Length] x 200ft(60.8m)[Width] x
100ft(30.4m) [Height]. You can add up to four modules within an area and
up to two modules can be stacked similar to Truckable. Use structure tag
BRGM-1 to BRGM-4 for specifying the module to which the equipment is
loaded. If no structure tag is specified, equipment weight is distributed
among the modules. The transportation cost varies significantly from one
project to another, so you should enter the transportation cost from
module shop to site.
• * Piperack (see details) - Piperack Module - PRMD
A plant bulk piperack is required to specify the piperack module dimensions
and details. Specify only one piperack in one piperack module area.
Equipments, Structures, and Buildings are not allowed on the piperack
module except Air cooler.
• Floor
The following area bulks are developed for a FLOOR type area:
° Pendant lights

Figure A.1: How Aspen Kbase Hangs
Equipment in an OPEN or EX-OPEN Area
Equipment Automatic Set Skirt/Leg = 0
Shell & Tube Exchanger Yes
Horizontal Tank Yes
Thermosiphon Reboiler Yes
Other Reboilers No
Agitated Tank Yes
Double-Diameter Tower Yes
Packed Tower Yes
Trayed Tower Yes
Vertical Tank Yes
All others (pumps, etc.) No or N/A No or N/A
Default Area Bulks

There are area bulks that are automatically generated for an area. These area
bulks are developed to meet the requirements of the area and can be
suppressed in the Area Specifications for that area. If you execute a project
level estimate, you can review these area bulks in the Area Bulks section of
the Equipment List report.
Figure A.2: Summary of Area Bulks

Automatically Developed for Each Area
Area Bulks On-grade Pad Area Types
Open Ex-open Module Floor
Area Lighting & Grounding X X X X X X
Equipment Grounding X X X X X
Concrete Pad X
Open Steel Structure X X
Module Structure
Area Specifications
For each defined area, the user may enter specifications that will affect
designs and quantities of bulks in an area. While most of the area
specifications are design specifications that will override design specifications
entered at the project level, the most significant area specifications are those
that will affect lengths of pipe, electrical cable, and instrument signal wiring or
tubing. These length specifications include:
• Area Dimensions
Defined in Area Type Definition, Area Dimensions are used as a default to
develop lengths for all of the following system developed items:

- Piping.
- Electrical cable/wiring.
- Instrument signal wiring /tubing.
Note: Area dimensions do not have any effect on user-added bulks, such as
yard pipe, cable runs, signal wire runs, and so on.
The user can enter area length (L), width (W), and height (H). Only area types
OPEN or EX-OPEN will recognize and use the height dimension.
One example of how the system uses Area Dimension is the determination of
pipe lengths. If an area dimension of 30 X 30 is entered, the system will take
½ (L+W) of the area to determine the default final cut-off lengths of pipe, so
in the above example, ½(L+W)= ½ (30+30) = ½ (60) = 30. The default final
cut-off length of pipe in this area would be 30’. Any line of pipe that had an
original length of less than 30’ would be unaffected by this 30’ x 30’
area dimension.
Area Dimensions are used in a similar way to determine cable and signal
wiring lengths in an area unless the user overrides this calculation with
specific entries.
The area dimensions are also used to size and/or quantify area pads, modules,
open steel structures, grounding, area lighting, concrete pads, etc.
• Pipe Envelope
Defined in Area Pipe Specifications, Pipe Envelope takes precedence over
Area Dimensions in calculating pipe lengths in an area. Just as Area
Dimensions did in the above example, Pipe Envelope defines the final cut-
off length of pipe for all system developed piping in an area. The user
can make entries for Pipe Envelope length, width, and height as well as%
Adjustment and Maximum Pipe Length.
The following is an example of how the system will use this information to
calculate pipe length:
1 The “standard length” is calculated using the line length equation.
2 The “standard length” is multiplied by area pipe spec for% adjustment.
3 The final cutoff length is calculated:
a) EQPIPELEN + 0.5 * HT
- EQPIPELEN=0.5*(Area Pipe Envelope L+W+H)
- if not set, then EQPIPELEN=0.5*(Area L+W+H)
b)Then area spec for Maximum Pipe Length is applied.
• Electrical cable run lengths
Defined in Area Electrical Specifications, there are distance specifications
available that will be used to calculate lengths for all system developed
electrical cable in an area. These specifications include Distance to MCC
and Distance to Panel.
• Instrument signal wiring or tubing lengths
Defined in Area Instrumentation Specifications, there are distance
specifications available that will be used to calculate lengths for all system
developed signal wiring or tubing lengths in an area. These include
Distance from Junction Box (JB) to Control Center (CC).

Report Groups
All defined areas are assigned to defined Report Groups in the Area Tree
diagram. Report groups are a way to group areas together for reporting in
various Report Group summary reports. For example, if you had a process
area where some components were on-grade and some were in-steel, you
could define two separate areas: an ON-GRADE area and an OPEN-STEEL
area. These two areas are separate to ensure that the appropriate bulks are
developed, but can be assigned to the same REPORT GROUP so costs and
man-hours can be summarized together in REPORT GROUP summary reports.
Icarus Systems are Based on Craft Labor

All country base locations are based on a division of labor along craft lines.
Each craft performs only those work items assigned to it — pipefitters only
perform pipefitting operations; welders only perform welding operations; etc.
In Icarus systems, work items can be reassigned to a craft to reflect
site conditions.
This strict default division of labor is a necessary starting point if you are to be
able to change the work rules. It is only because hours are initially “booked” to
the correct crafts that you can subsequently book them to different crafts and
thereby change the division of labor appropriate for any contractor. This is
done by creating a new workforce and then reassigning the labor hours away
from the default crafts to the new workforce crafts.
For example, a skid fabrication shop might be represented as follows:
1 Create a new workforce to be used by the skid fabricator. This workforce is
initially an exact copy of the system’s default workforce. Change (or add)
the craft names in the new workforce to reflect those present in the skid
fabrication workforce. For example, change “laborer” to “day-laborer,” add
a new craft called “mechanical,” etc.
2 Change the division of labor. Reassign labor hours booked to the default
crafts in the workforce to the newly-defined crafts. For example, reassign
100% of the labor hours booked to riggers and pipefitters to the new
“mechanical” craft.
3 Enter the wage rate and productivity for each craft in the new workforce.
4 Link (assign) the new workforce to the skid contractor. Any work assigned
to this contractor is performed using the new workforce.
Using this method, up to nine distinct construction workforces for each
project can be created. This permits the simulation of an extremely
complicated mix of contractors having diverse work rules.

How Questimate Develops
Material Costs

Project Schedule
A project schedule is developed based on the estimate scope of work for a
project estimate. This schedule includes dates and durations for design
engineering, procurement, delivery of material and equipment, site
development and construction. The construction schedule is integrated with
the cost estimate to provide the basis for estimation of schedule-dependent
costs such as equipment rental requirements, field supervision and
construction management.
The schedule information may be reported in three different ways:
1 The total construction duration will be shown on the Project Data Sheet,
and, if applicable, the construction durations for each contract will also be
shown on the Contract Data Sheet.
2 If the Schedule report option is specified, the system generates two
histogram reports, the Project Cash Flow Summary and Project Manpower
Schedule (which displays the manpower resources required for each week
of the construction schedule). Manpower should also be provided for any
contracts refined.
3 The Project Schedule Data may be used to develop barchart reports in
addition to the histograms for greater schedule detail.
The Project Schedule Data, with an entry for the date to start engineering, is
required to generate the barchart reports. These standard barcharts
are produced:
• General Schedule - Provides a balanced view of all phases of the project
schedule.
• Engineering Schedule - Focuses on details of the design phase, such as the
production of piping isometrics, and on specific procurement items,
showing only a single bar for all construction.
• Construction Schedule - Shows only a single bar for the design and
procurement phases but focuses on major construction elements such as
piperack erection and piping installation.
Each barchart may also show additional bars created by the user. Also, if
contracts are used, another barchart is provided for the Contracts Schedule.
The barcharts appear within the body of the project estimate report and a
duplicate is appended to the report.
The project schedule is affected by adjustments to engineering man-hours,
field man-hours and productivity and construction workweek specified
elsewhere and any schedule modifications requested in the Project Schedule
Data. The techniques of the scheduling system are utilized in the logical
sequencing of the adjusted design and construction tasks to produce a
summary schedule. Simulation of delayed or accelerated schedules is possible
through the various adjustments available. However, the user interested in
developing a detailed schedule for rush projects, or projects using offset
prefabrication, is advised to use the scheduling system, where control of
activity logic is possible.
Regardless of whether the barchart reports are to be produced, the Project
Schedule Data may be used to adjust the schedule and therefore adjust the
cost estimate. The data provides percentage adjustment fields for design/

procurement duration, for delivery times and for construction duration.
Changes to the system default equipment fabricate/ship times, which may
increase or decrease the total construction duration, can be made in various
ways. A specific value for total construction weeks may be specified.
Equipment Fabricate/Ship
Items
In the absence of user input, the system will use the fabricate/ship times (in
weeks) shown in Table PS-2. If a percentage adjustment is specified for
deliveries, these defaults will all be adjusted accordingly. An entry for a
particular class will be used exactly as entered. A fabricate/ship time entry for
a particular piece of equipment will also be used as entered; all other
equipment of the same class will be assigned the system default value as
adjusted, or the value of the class if specified.
Equip. Equipment Class 1 2 3
Class No. Receive Receive Fabricate
Quotes Vendor Data and Ship
(weeks) (weeks) (weeks)
01 Process Vessels 3 4 14
02 Towers 4 4 26
03 Storage Vessels 3 4 33
04 Pumps 3 0 18
05 Compressors 6 8 24
06 Turbines 4 8 32
07 Heat Exchangers 3 4 20
08 Boilers 6 8 32
09 Furnaces 4 6 26
10 Air Coolers 4 4 18
11 Package Refrigeration 4 6 30
12 Electric Generators 4 6 22
13 Air Dryers 3 3 16
14 Conveyors 3 4 20
15 Mills; Crushers 6 6 30
16 Fans, blowers 3 2 12
17 Elevators 4 4 16
18 Motors 3 4 10
19 Dust Collectors 3 4 14
20 Filters 2 3 12
21 Centrifuges 4 6 28
22 Agitators, Mixers 3 4 12
22 Cooling Towers 4 3 26
24 Miscellaneous Equipment 4 4 16

Equip. Equipment Class 1 2 3
Class No. Receive Receive Fabricate
Quotes Vendor Data and Ship
(weeks) (weeks) (weeks)
25 Pre-Engineered Package 4 4 24
26 Packings, Linings 3 4 12
Note: For field erected equipment, the schedule will be sequenced with the
field erection period included in the fabricate and ship deliver time.
1 No user adjustments available
2 User may specify a % adjustment with Project Schedule Data.
3 A % adjustment or weeks may be specified with Project Schedule Data.
The user intending to substantially reduce the default fabricate/ship times is
cautioned to specify a value for all classes or use a percentage adjustment to
deliveries, to avoid overlooking a longer delivery time for a minor piece of
equipment.
Barchart Report Format

For the user interested in restricting each barchart report to a single page to
improve the appearance of the report, the following table shows the maximum
number of summary bars on each barchart (that is, report length) developed
by the system:
System Summary Bars With Basic Without
Engineering Basic
General Schedule 24 20
Engineering Schedule 16 14
Construction Schedule 19 18
The user may highlight up to five classes of equipment and up to five specific
items of equipment which appears on all reports except the Contracts
Schedule. Up to five user-defined bars may be added, which appear on the
Engineering and Construction Schedules.
User Additions Bars Equipment

General Schedule N/A 10
Engineering Schedule 5 10
Construction Schedule 5 10
Since a single page report can contain only 24 summary bars, a combination of
system summary bars and user additions that exceeds 24 is printed on a
second page.
The horizontal time scale is adjusted automatically by the system to show
either six years, three years or one and a half years on one page-width
as required.

Fabricate and Ship Weeks
When defining the equipment fabricate and ship time per class, you are
specifying the number of weeks for equipment fabrication and shipping of
vendor data. These times should be entered for any equipment classes whose
anticipated fabricate and ship time differs from the system default. Refer to
“Equipment Procurement Schematic” for the procurement/delivery sequence.
Impacting the Project Schedule

To produce a project schedule when using Aspen Kbase or COST®, an
TM
engineering start date must be specified. (Specifying a construction start date

is optional.) The system then develops a critical path method (CPM) planning
schedule based on the estimate scope of work. The estimate scope of work is
tied to the engineering and construction work items in the project. Included in
this schedule are:
• Dates and durations for design engineering
• Procurement
• Delivery of materials and equipment
• Construction.
The following items have an impact on the project schedule:

• Percentage adjustments for design/procurement duration, delivery times
and construction duration
• Project scope
• Field labor shifts, productivities, etc.
• Index man-hours
• Percentage adjustments to man-hours through material/man-hours
adjustments
• Supplemental man-hours added through material/man-hour additions
• Overrides to the system’s fabrication and ship times to increase or
decrease the total construction duration by equipment class (for example,
HE - 20 weeks) or by equipment item (for example, DDT 101 - 10 weeks).
Remember that the project schedule is based on project scope. The project
schedule is more realistic if components are specified correctly and accurately.
Most importantly, keep in mind that the schedule is a preliminary conceptual
schedule. The schedule is not for execution.
Process Control
The Process Control Data may be used to specify the desired configuration and
type of control scheme:
• Analog
• Digital
• Combinations of analog and digital control.
Overview
Two types of process control systems are discussed here:
• Analog
• Distributed digital control.
The user may select either type, or combinations of each type, to represent
the desired control scheme.
The process control scheme may be defined by two types of data. Control
Center data defines a group of analog or digital devices of similar types,
assigned by the user via a Control Center Reference Number, to provide
control system functions to one or more Areas for Sub-units.
Operator Center data defines a distributed digital control Operator Center; that
is, a staffed center consisting of video display and computer-controlled
indicating, recording, controlling, processing, and transmitting devices.
Operator Centers are used in conjunction with Control Centers only for digital
control schemes.
Groups of analog devices are defined only by analog types of Control Centers.
If Process Control Data is not defined by the user, the system develops one
digital Control Center and one Operator Center for the project to be estimated.

Note: The costs of Operator and Control Centers will be reported in project
estimates only, against the Instrumentation account for the last Area in the
project. Accordingly, control room specifications and other instrumentation-
related items to be reported with project process control items should be
included as part of the last Area.
Introduction
The system is designed to develop a list of quantities of materials, material
costs, and field manpower needed to install items relating to the
instrumentation and control of process equipment.
The user’s equipment list, as organized into Areas, is used to develop
individual items of instrumentation in the following major categories.
• Sensors and transmitters
• Panels and panel mounted devices - analog; front/back of panel, ESD
(emergency shut-down), annunciators, switches, etc.
• Supply and signal tubing, wiring, bundles
• Supports, racks, enclosures, junction boxes
• High voltage instrumentation (switches, switch wire, solenoids)
• Computer-controlled instruments: controllers, process interface units (high
and low entry level signals), operator stations, co-axial data cable,
redundancy, transducers, barriers, etc.
• Final control elements.
The user guides the system in developing instrumentation by defining the
desired control scheme at four discrete levels which are listed here and
discussed below:
• Equipment: Instrumentation Volumetric Model
• Area considerations (Area, Sub-unit)
• Control Center: one or more, each serving a group of areas, containing
panels, mounted instruments (if analog) or computer-controlled
instruments (if digital)
• Operator Center: one or more, if required, each serving one or more
Control Centers, containing computer console operator stations for
purposes of processing:
- process information
- alarm conditions
- control signals
- records for display and printing.
Equipment-Instrumentation Volumetric
Model
Each item of equipment selected by the user is assigned a model for
instrumentation. Specific Volumetric Model drawings in the Piping and

Instrumentation Drawings illustrate piping (by line number) and
instrumentation (by loop number).
Volumetric Models for instrumentation of process equipment are assigned
based upon equipment item and type, function to be performed, and special
user requirement identified by applicable type or installation bulks.
For example, a tower would be instrumented as a distillation tower (default
application type) unless it was redefined to function as an absorber, thereby
receiving piping and instrumentation for use as an absorber.
A tank, horizontal or vertical, will be instrumented for normal process
conditions. However, the user may designate knock-out or storage application
requirements thereby revising the nature of piping and instrumentation to be
provided to the vessel.
An installation bulk feature permits the user to create an entire
instrumentation scheme for any item of equipment, or for the user to modify
the system’s instrumentation Volumetric Model on a loop by loop basis -
adding a new loop, deleting a system defined loop, or appending loops to a
loop thereby providing for extremely flexible instrumentation schemes.
For each loop, you can specify a sensor, two control valves and their costs with
currency.
There is a field for Hookup option at the Project, Area and bulk level to
specify the hookup option to be used. The default is Primary hookup option.
For creating custom assemblies and choosing your own hookup parts, use
Customer External Files.
In each case, instrumentation materials, quantities, material costs, and field
man-hours to install equipment instrumentation would be reported against the
item of equipment. Material items include:
• All local instrumentation, sensors, transmitters, air supplies, tubing, wiring,
control, and relief valves
• Equipment panel and instrument costs for those items of equipment
designated by the system (turbine, gas compressor) or by the user to bear
local panel mounted instruments.
Area Considerations
The concept of an Area and Sub-unit are discussed in the Area section. The
Area or Sub-unit may be viewed, for present purposes, as an area or section of
the project, and includes all equipment and bulk items so contained.
For instrumentation, an Area or Sub-unit grouping of equipment items would
be characterized by a unique set of the following:
• Designated Control Center
• Design level - standard or full. (See Piping and Instrumentation Drawings.)
• Type of instrumentation - pneumatic or electronic
• Type of transmission, thermocouple extension cabling, and nature
of support
• Average length of transmission line from equipment item to Control Center
• Cable tray dimensions

• Electrical classification to establish cabling and barrier requirements.
It is important that these area criteria affect the installed cost of each
equipment item requiring instrumentation; the design level and type of
instrumentation are most important influences on instrument selection,
quantities and costs. The remaining area criteria heavily influence the lengths
and type of signal wire cable and tubing and are not insignificant.
Instrument materials, quantities, costs and field man-hours to install and test
will be developed by the system and assigned and reported against the area.
These include field junction boxes and wire, cable and tubing runs, conduit,
cable trays serving the area and communicating with the designated
Control Center.
Control Centers
The system surveys the various items of equipment within an Area for Control
Center instrumentation requirements. More than one Area may be delegated
to a Control Center; several Control Centers may be designated by the user. If
of the digital type, such Control Centers would normally be unstaffed electronic
centers that may be grouped together for operator control using the Operator
Center concept described in the next section.
Two classes of Control Centers are defined by the following characteristics:
1 Analog Control Centers -
• Electrical, panel mounted instruments based upon pneumatic, electronic,
high voltage switching.
• Instruments to record or indicate the value of a variable, or develop and
transmit a control signal (pneumatic, electronic, high voltage switch signal)
to field mounted control elements.
• Four types, depending upon desired extent of graphic panels:
- NONEtotally devoid of instruments, panels, etc.
- CONVconventional panel board (4.75 instruments per linear foot
[15.6 per meter])
- SEMI semi-graphics panel (3.75 instruments per linear foot [12.3 per
meter])
- FULL full graphic display (2.5 instruments per linear foot [8.2 per
meter]).
• Staffed by Control Center operators.
2 Digital Control Centers -
• Devices, that is, process interface units, for conversion of analog signals
(pneumatic, electronic, high voltage switching) into digital computer
signals to be utilized at the designated Operator Center.
• Reconversion of computer developed digital control signals into analog
signals (pneumatic, electronic, high voltage switch signals) for
transmission to field mounted control elements.
• Limited pretreatment of digital signals (arithmetic, logical, combinatorial).
• Display devices appropriate to testing, maintenance functions.

• Not generally staffed by operator personnel except for maintenance
and testing.
Designation of Control Center Requirements

The user may designate the desired control scheme, first at the Unit Area level
for purposes of designating area requirements and then at the Control Center
level to establish the nature of the Control Center. Areas and Control Centers
are linked together by a user assigned Control Center Reference Number; the
reference number is defined for each Control Center and referenced for each
Unit Area assigned to transmit/receive signals to/from the defined
Control Center.
Absence of User Control Center Designation

Should the user not define or refer to a Control Center for one or more Areas,
the system develops a digital Control Center for those units. This system-
developed Control Center is referred to as Control Center Reference Number
“0” in SCAN and PROJect Estimate reports. Quantities, costs, and man-hours
for instrumentation items required to support those Unit Areas unreferenced
by the user will be developed and listed by the system for Control Center “0”.
Operator Centers
The system is designed to evaluate, size, and develop installed costs of digital
control and data processing equipment, cabling and furnishings for
Operator Centers.
The major cost items considered are:
• CRT’s - though termed CRT’s (cathode ray tubes) these are
microprocessors that provide supervisory, control, and data processing
functions in addition to multi-color display and keyboard entry functions.
• History module - hardware and software devices for displaying or recording
the history of a variable (important for large or complex process, less so
for small process facilities).
• Printers - to permit printed output of selected current or historical values of
variables; to log the operations of the center.
• Engineers keyboard - for building and changing configurations or displays.
• Local Control Network (LCN) - principally fiber-optic cable (redundant) and
associated microelectronics to direct data “moving” along the data path to
and from:
- devices in one Operator Center
- one Operator Center and another
- the Operator Center and each of its subordinate Control Centers.
• Other data processing peripherals and furniture.
The user may designate the type (local or universal) and size of an Operator
Center, or alternatively permit the system to determine Operator Center
requirements.

Sizing an Operator Center is accomplished by the system by matching the list
of items with process equipment requirements. The principal sizing parameters
are the number of digital control loops and control points to be serviced by the
Operator Center. These parameters are obtained at the Operator Center level
according to the following hierarchy:
• Operator Center
• Control Center
• Area
• Equipment and piping control instrumentation.
Thus, control instrumentation requirements at the equipment level are used
first to size individual Control Centers and then to size each Operator Center
upon grouping relevant Control Center requirements.
Example
In the sketch below, a proposed project is to be provided with a combined
analog/digital control system for five areas, that is, Area 100, 200, 300, 400,
500. One section of Area 100 and all of Area 500 is to be provided with a
conventional analog control system. Further, suppose that Area 100 and 400
require individual process interface unit locations, that is, different
Control Centers.
Because Area 100 requires both digital and analog control, it is convenient to
split it into two Areas, one a Sub-unit of the other, and thereby enable the
description of one portion as digitally controlled and the other as analog
controlled.
Reference numbers need be assigned to the Unit Areas and centers. Suppose:
MAIN-100: Area No. = 01
SUB-UNIT 100: Area No. = 01
AREA-200: Area No. = 02

and for the Control Centers:
Digital, for MAIN 100: Center No. 10

Analog, for SUB-UNIT-100: Center No. 11
Digital for AREA-200: Center No. 20
Analog for AREA-500: Center No. 11
and for the Area, a reference number of 90.
The Project Control Data

The Project Control Data would be prepared as follows:
Project Control
Center No. Type
90 Operator Center
10 Digital Control Center
11 Analog Control Center
Note that additional Project Control Data may be appended to this list to
expand the control system for other yet undefined process areas. Up to five
independent Operator centers may be defined along with their subordinate
Control Centers to a combined maximum total of 20.
The Area Data for this Example

In the text below, the Unit Area Data is illustrated; the term “etc.” denotes all
remaining area information, that is, the complete set of area data and the
component descriptions. Area 100 is split into two sub-units, named MAIN-100
and SUB-UNIT-100:
Area Title MAIN-100

Area Number 01
Control Center Number 10
etc.
Area Title SUB-UNIT-100

Area Number 01
etc.

Note: The Control Center Number is 10 for the Main Section and 11 for the
Sub-unit.
Then for the remaining units:
Area Title MAIN-200

Area Number 02
etc.
Area Title MAIN-300
Area Number 03
etc.
Area Title MAIN-400
Area Number 04
etc.
Area Title MAIN-500
Area Number 05
etc.
Note: AREA-200 and AREA-300 share Control Center Number 20; SUB-UNIT-
100 and AREA-500 share analog Control Center Number 11.
Reporting of Results for this Example

PROJect estimate reports would be prepared for this example as follows:
• Equipment: instrumentation local to the item would be reported in the
detailed listing of field materials and manpower for the item of equipment.
• Area: junction boxes, bundle runs (and associated tray and conduit) would
be developed as an Unit Area cost for each Sub-unit; instrument testing
would be developed for each area.
• Project costs: all instrumentation costs for the project would be developed
and reported against the last Unit Area in the project. Analog Control
Centers would be sized and reported independently of digital centers.
Digital Control Center Number 10 would be sized based upon the
requirements of equipment in MAIN-100. Center Number 20 would be
sized from requirements of both AREA-200 and 300; and Center Number
40 from AREA-400 requirements. The Operator Center would be developed
from group requirements, that is, those of Control Centers 10, 20, and 40.
Notes for Defining the Operator Center

The following entry field notes are helpful when defining the type of Operator
Center to serve the instrumentation requirements of subordinate digital
Control Centers. A maximum of five sets of PC OPS Data may be used.

An Operator Center is not provided in support of analog Control Centers.
Entry field Note
Operator center no. The Operator Center Reference Number is a unique
number assigned by the user to identify each digital
Operator Center. The reference number, from 01 to 99,
is used to identify the Operator Center in detailed
system reports.
Conset The contract set number (CONSET) identifies which
group of contractors is performing work in this
Operator Center. The CONSET number must have been
previously defined with Contract Scope Data.
CONSET must be specified for multiple contractor type
estimates. CONSET is not applicable to prime
contractor type estimates.
Configuration The configuration consists of items affecting the design
of a Universal Operator Center.
No. of operator CRT Specifies the total number of Operator CRT’s (cathode
ray tube terminals) required for the Operator Center;
includes touch screen console and operator keyboard. Micro-
electronics associated with the CRT’s provide supervisory and
control functions.
No. of indicating Specifies the total number of Indicating CRT’s required
CRT for the Operator Center. Upper tier units for indicating
only. The number specified must be less than or equal to the
number of Operator CRT’s and the sum of the Operator CRT’s
and Indicating CRT’s must be 10 or less.
History module Indicates inclusion or exclusion of the history module
for trend analysis.
Engineer’s Indicates inclusion or exclusion of an engineering
keyboard: keyboard for configuration and display building.
LCN Cable Indicates inclusion or exclusion of the Local Control
Network Cable. The Cable is a pair of fiber-optic cables
connecting up to 10 Universal Operator Centers with
their associated Control Centers.
Power supply data The Power Supply to Operator Center specifies the feeder
type and source of power for this Digital Operator Center.
Unit Substation ID A value must be specified if Power Distribution Data is
present in the project or an ERROR condition will prevail.
If Power Distribution Data is not provided, the system will
generate a MAIN and UNIT substation to serve power at the
voltage(s) required by loads in this Operator Center. The
system generated UNIT substation(s) will be assigned ID=0.
The Reference Number consists of two parts:
• ID- The ID portion of the Reference Number of the stand-
alone UNIT or principle UNIT substations in the family of
UNIT substations serving power to this Operator Center.
• No. - The “NO.” portion of the Reference Number of the
subordinate Unit substation in the family of UNIT
substations serving power to this Operator Center.
Please see Power Distribution Data for further information.

Entry field Note
Cable type Denotes the type of power cable to be used for this
Operator Center.
Cable placement Indicates the desired method of cable placement for
this Operator Center.
Valid entries include:
• ABOVE - Cable run above ground.
• BELOW - Cable run below grade (not available for wire-/
cable in trays); includes trenching, sandbed and backfill;
one trench allocated for four equipment item cable runs;
cable protection type is defined by the user by General
Project Data Electrical.
Distance to MCC Specifies the distance to the motor control center
serving power to this Operator Center.
Notes for Defining the Standard

Control Center
The following entry field notes are helpful when defining the standard
control center.
Entry field Note
Control center no. The Control Center Reference Number is a unique number,
from 01 to 99, assigned by the user to identify each Control
Center to serve the instrumentation requirements of the
various Area or Sub-units. This is the same reference number
used in the Area Description to identify the relationship
between the Area and Control Center.
Conset The contract set number (CONSET) identifies which group of
contractors is performing work in this Control Center. The
CONSET number must have been previously defined in
Contract Scope Data.
A Control Center Reference Number must be specified for

multiple contractor estimates. This field is not applicable for
prime contractor type estimates.

Entry field Note
Control center type Specifies a symbol representing the types of Control Center,
devices, and general configuration.
Valid entries are:
Analog Control Center

• CONV - Conventional display.
• SEMI - Semi-graphics display.
• FULL - Full graphics display.
• NONE - Existing Control Center; costs and manpower
pertaining to all instruments, panels, and peripheral
equipment will be excluded from the estimate.
Digital Control Center

• DDCTL - Distributed digital Control Center.
Distance to OPS ctr For distributed digital Control Centers only. Specifies the
distance between this Control Center and the supervisory
Operator Center. The range is 0 to 5000 FEET [0 to 1525 M]. A
redundant data digital path or “highway” will be developed
using this distance.

Notes for Defining the Standard Control Center - continued
Entry field Note
Design data Design allowance, as a percentage (0 to 100%) of the
number of instrumentation points, loops, devices, etc., that
are developed by the system from Volumetric Models or
from user-defined loops of instrumentation.
Note: 1.If this PC CTL Data is for an analog Control Center

(type symbol = CONV, SEMI, FULL, NONE), the only
functional design allowance is that for Spares.
If for a digital Control Center, allowances apply to each of

the five categories.
Note: 2.The design allowance will be applied on a

percentage basis, that is 100% indicates a one for one basis
(exception, 100% for recorders is a one per ten basis).
Spares(%) If an analog Control Center, allowance for spares will be
delegated the sizing and selection of field junction boxes,
and pneumatic and cable bundle runs from the field junction
box to the Control Center.
If a digital Control Center, the spares allowance will be
delegated to junction box and tube and cable bundle
sizing and selection, as above, and additionally to
spare boards in either multifunction controllers or
process interface units for (a) controllers, (b)
recorders, and indicators, and (c) thermocouples.
Analog indicators(%) For digital Control Centers only. The design allowance for
analog indicator type instrumentation to be installed in the
Operator Center for this Control Center. The allowance will
be applied to develop additional analog indicators (TI, FI,
etc.) in Operator Center cabinetry based upon the number of
indicating loops serviced by the Control Center.
Analog recorders(%) For digital Control Centers only. The design allowance for
analog recorder type instrumentation to be installed in the
Operator Center for this Control Center. The allowance will
be applied to develop additional analog recorders in
Operator Center cabinetry based upon the number or
recording instruments serviced by the Control Center.
Redundant For digital Control Centers only. Indicate the percent of the
control(%) controllers determined by process specifications that require
redundancy. Multifunction - UAC units will be substituted for
the requested percentage of controllers.
Battery back-up(%) For digital Control Centers only. The design allowance for
battery operated back-up supply. The design allowance
provides battery backup for multifunction controller
cabinets only.

Notes for Defining the Standard Control Center - continued
Entry field Note

Power supply data Specifies the feeder type and source of power for this
Control Center.
Unit substation
Specifies the Reference Number of the UNIT substation serving
power to this Control Center. The Reference Number consists of
two parts, as defined by the user with Power Distribution Data.
ID-The ID portion of the Reference Number of the stand-alone

UNIT or principle UNIT substations in the family of UNIT
substations serving power to this Control Center.
No. -The “No.” portion of the Reference Number of the

subordinate UNIT substation in the family of UNIT substations
serving power to this Control Center.
Cable type
Denotes the type of power cable to be used for this Control
Center.
Cable placement
Indicates the desired method of cable placement for this Control
Center.
• ABOVE-Cable run above ground.

• BELOW-Cable run below grade (not available for wire/cable
in trays); including trenching, sandbed and backfill, one
trench allocated for four equipment item cable runs; cable
protection type is defined by the user in the General Project
Data - Electrical.
Distance to MCC
Specifies the distance to the motor control center serving power
to this Control Center

Notes for Defining the PLC
Control Center
The following entry field notes are helpful when defining the PLC
control center.
Entry field Note

Control center no. The Control Center Reference Number is a unique number, from
01 to 99, assigned by the user to identify each Control Center to
serve the instrumentation requirements of the various Unit
Areas. This is the same reference number used in the Unit Area
Description to identify the relationship between the Unit Area
and Control Center.
Conset The contract set number (CONSET) identifies which group of
contractors is performing work in this Control Center. The
CONSET number must have been previously defined in Contract
Scope Data.
A Control Center Reference Number must be specified for

multiple contractor estimates. This field is not applicable for
prime contractor type estimates.
Power supply data Specifies the feeder type and source of power for this Control
Center.
Unit substation Specifies the Reference Number of the UNIT substation serving
power to this Control Center. The Reference Number consists of
two parts, as defined by the user with Power Distribution Data.
ID - The ID portion of the Reference Number of the stand-alone
UNIT or principle UNIT substations in the family of UNIT
substations serving power to this Control Center.
No. - The “No.” portion of the Reference Number of the

subordinate UNIT substation in the family of UNIT substations
serving power to this Control Center.
Cable type Denotes the type of power cable to be used for this Control
Center.
Cable placement Indicates the desired method of cable placement for this Control
Center.
ABOVE - Cable run above ground.
BELOW - Cable run below grade (not available for wire/cable in

trays); including trenching, sandbed and backfill, one trench
allocated for four equipment item cable runs; cable protection
type is defined by the user in the General Project Data -
Electrical.
Distance to MCC Specifies the distance to the motor control center serving power
to this Control Center.

Overview of System Input
Specifications for Power
Distribution
The following figure graphically displays the four levels of input specifications
for defining electrical installation bulks:
1 Project level
2 Area level
3 Component Level
4 Component Installation Level.
The electrical input specifications, which include default values that may be
overridden, take a few minutes to define for even the most detailed power
distribution network.
At the component level, process equipment, plant bulks and buildings give rise
to electrical bulks. Installation procedures are available for quoted items as
well as items from the user library of components.

Power Distribution
The Power Distribution Data specifies the configuration and size of a project’s
electrical power distribution system. The user may specify the location and
size of each transmission line, main and unit substation, the degree of
redundancy, and the type and method of placement of distribution cable.
The Power Distribution Data works in conjunction with the voltage levels
defined by the user for General Project Data and Area specifications and
component requirements within the unit.
Most users define the distribution configuration (for example, which main
substation is to feed which “downstream” unit substation) and cable
placement. The system will then size the components based upon power
requirements to be fulfilled in each area by drivers, lighting, tracing, etc. and
then size unit and main substation components, always heading “upstream,” to
size the
transmission line.
Mode of Supply and Distribution

The system offers the user a choice of either a US-based or UK-based mode of
electrical power supply, distribution, and associated components. The mode is
currently determined by the user’s selection of the country base location. The
following table identifies the default values and principal differences between
the two bases.
Principal Differences of Electrical Power Supply Between Country Base
Location
Electrical Power Supply Items US Base UK Base

Line or feeder voltage 69 KV at 60 HZ 66 KV at 50 HZ
Main Substation 13.8 KV 11.0 KV
Secondary voltage
(distribution and equipment voltage)
Unit Substation 4160 V 3300 V
480 V 415 V
Secondary voltages
(distribution and equipment voltages)
Cable Types Wire (individual Multi-core cable
conductors) on on tray or in
tray or in conduit, or
conduit, or armored cable
armored cable
Cable Gauge AWG MM2 gauge

Power Distribution Components
Power distribution components are sized and cost estimated based on
information provided with General Project Data, (project cabling and
intermediate voltage levels), the Power Distribution Data (distribution
scheme), the Unit Area Data and the list of equipment and bulk items requiring
electrical power.
Figure PD-1 serves two purposes. The left side of the figure lists the major
power distribution components that are designed and reported by the system.
The right side is a schematic of a sample power distribution
network.
Figure PD-1: Illustration of Power Distribution Components
The individual components constituting a typical power distribution system

(detailed data instructions follow).

Primary Feeders - Transmission Lines
Electrical power for a processing facility is either generated directly by the
consumer or transmitted to the processing facility at high voltage (generally
less than 250 KV) on overhead transmission lines. Primary feeder lines run on
poles from the grid tie-in to a dead-end structure in the main substation
switchyard.
Main Substation
The main substation consists of one or more main transformers that distribute
power through switcheroo to unit substations.
The main transformer reduces the voltage of the incoming power (at the
transmission line voltage) to a level at which it may be safely and economically
distributed through switcheroo to:
1 Unit substation for further transformation and distribution at a lower
voltage
2 Drivers in the 11-14 KV class within the process plant.
A disconnect switch isolates each main transformer from its power supply
when necessary, while the oil circuit breaker protects against abnormal
conditions. Oil circuit breakers (O.C.B.) are generally used in high voltage
(over 10 KV) applications.
The main substation switchgear protects each unit substation from damage
due to abnormal operating conditions. The main substation switchgear
includes circuit breakers and metering devices that can detect an abnormal
condition and automatically open the current-carrying circuit in which the fault
occurs.
Cable from the main substation terminates at either unit substations or at
motors requiring power at the high voltage supplied by the main substation.
Unit Substations
Electrical equipment is normally not evenly dispersed throughout a process
facility. Heavy power users (pumps, compressors, etc.) usually are located
within well-defined boundaries. The substations serving these areas of high
load-density are called unit substations or load centers because they are
located near the center or the electrical load.
The transformer in the unit substation reduces the voltage of power supplied
by the main substation to the voltage required for the equipment served by
this substation. The power path consists of motor starters, power cable, and
control wire.
The on/off switch for the motor is connected by control wire to a set of
contacts in the motor starter, which, when closed, allows power to be sent to
the motor.
The motor starter provides a means of starting and stopping the motor and
also protects the motor from abnormal operating conditions.
When several motor starters are installed together in a common cabinet, they
become a motor control center (MCC). Each MCC is protected from abnormal
operating conditions by unit substation switchgear.

Redundancy
When designing an electrical distribution system, a decision must be made as
to the degree and type of redundancy to be built into the power distribution
system. The greater the degree of redundancy, the more reliable the system.
The additional equipment required for increased reliability will make the power
distribution system more expensive.
The system offers the user two options:
1 The simple radial system
2 The spot network system.
Both radial and spot systems are illustrated in Figure PD-2.
The following table lists the characteristics of each option.
Characteristics Simple Radial Spot Network
Redundancy 0% 100%
Cost Less expensive More expensive
Reliability Less reliable More reliable
Typical usage:
Spare parts On-hand Scarce
Skilled maintenance On-hand Scarce
Severity of shutdown Not critical Critical
Referring to Figure PD-2A for an illustration of a simple radial system, a single

main substation transformer is shown to distribute power to two unit
substation transformers and a 5,000 HP motor. The unit substation
transformers in turn are shown to distribute power via switchgear and MCC’s
to the equipment in the appropriate Areas.
Should a unit substation or main substation transformer fail, the equipment
served by these would be inoperative.
The spot network system has 100% redundancy. It is the most expensive and
the most reliable power distribution system. Each set of switchgear is fed by
two transformers. Either transformer is capable of handling the entire
electrical load by itself. This system is commonly used in remote locations
where replacement parts and skilled power system maintenance personnel
are scarce.
Figure PD-2B is an illustration of a spot network system. Two transformers in a
single main substation are shown delivering power to two unit substations.
Each unit substation contains two transformers which in turn distribute power
via switchgear and MCC’s to the process equipment classified in the
appropriate Area.
Should one transformer fail in either the main or unit substation, the
companion transformer would carry the entire load.

Figure PD-2B Schematic= Spot Network System

Some sections of a process plant are more critical to the continuous operation
of the plant than other sections. For example, a section of the plant which
operates in the batch mode may have sufficient surge capacity so that the rest
of the facility would continue operating until repairs were made if this section
lost power. The user may therefore want to specify some substations to be
spot network systems and others to be simple radial systems. Further, one
user might require several main substations. A general example showing
combinations of multiple systems of simple radial and spot networks is shown
in Figure PD-3.
Usage Instructions
Power Distribution Information
The Power Distribution Data provides the means of designating each
transmission LINE, MAIN, and UNIT substation and the cable between them.
The transmission line provides power to a “family” of MAIN and UNIT
substations.
If the MAIN substation provides service to one or more UNIT substations, each
may be described in detail using the input parameters in the Power
Distribution Data.
A unit substation may be designated to supply power to one or more areas,
and/or to supply power at reduced voltage to another UNIT substation. In the
latter case, the higher voltage UNIT substation is termed a principle UNIT
substation, providing power to one or more subordinate unit substations. The
relationship between principle and subordinates is indicated by defining a
group “ID” and individual member “No.”, thus forming the unit substation
reference number.
The Substation Reference Number is important for accumulating power usage.
This reference number points to those Unit Areas to be served by the
referenced unit substation.
All equipment in an Area, except motors driven at the distribution voltage,
must be served by the referenced UNIT substation. Should a motor require
power at the distribution voltage, than a separate power line would
automatically be “drawn” from the MAIN substation serving that unit. Should a
motor require power at some voltage not supplied by the referenced UNIT
substation, then the system will make that voltage available by:
1 Creating a new UNIT substation that draws power from the MAIN
substation serving the referenced substation, if it is of single tap type, or
2 Drawing power form another tap from the referenced substation, if it is of
the multi-tap type.
Substation Buildings
Substation buildings are not automatically generated and must be specified
separately using the Building Data.

Non-Standard Power Networks
The user may wish to incorporate a power distribution network of special
design. Practiced users use a strategy based upon one or more system power
estimates, using the system design methods in combination with user-selected
power equipment bulk items.
Figure PD-3: Illustrative Example of Multiple Main and Unit Substations with
Radial and Spot Network Systems
Unreferenced Area Requiring Power
One UNIT substation is generated to serve those Areas for which a substation
reference number was not specified.
Absence of Power Distribution Data
If no Power Distribution Data is specified, the system generates one UNIT
substation and one MAIN substation to serve the entire facility. The

characteristics of the substations and components are determined from the
default values for the Power Distribution Data.
Reporting of Results
Project estimate reports will be prepared as follows:
1 Component: Electrical materials local to a component would be reported in
the detailed listing of field materials and manpower for the component; for
example, power and signal cable, local and remote start/stop switches,
indicator lights, electrical heat tracing, lights, masts, and grounding.
2 Area: MCC (Motor Control Centers cabinetry and starters), MCC equipped
space (empty cabinetry), area lighting, lighting and heat tracing
transformers and associated panels, switchgear and cabling, ground grid,
cable trays testing.
3 Project: UNIT and MAIN substation costs of transformers, switchgear,
cabling, transformer concrete pads, grounding, transmission LINE,
structures, testing, etc.; costs are reported against the last Unit Area in the
project data.
Power Description Data

A series of data is used to identify a unique segment of the power distribution
network. Individual types of one or more Power Distribution Data includes the
following:
• Transmission LINE
• MAIN substation
• Stand-alone UNIT or family of UNIT substations.
The sequence of Power Distribution Data designates the top-down hierarchy of
the user’s power distribution network.
If no Power Distribution Data is specified, the system sizes and costs a MAIN
substation and UNIT substation to provide power to the various load centers
contained in the Unit Area descriptions. The characteristics of the substations
and electrical components are defined by the General Project - Electrical Data,
Unit Area - Electrical Data, and power requirements (power and supply
voltage). The entire power network is conditioned by the country base location
defined for the project.
Project Definition
Project Title Data is used to convey user descriptions and specifications for the
following major items:
• Project title and document data.
• Country base location - establishes basis for design procedures, currency,
and evaluation of costs and man-hours.

• Currency data - used to enter the display costs in all reports in a currency
other than the system currency base for the country base location of
the estimate.
• Units of Measure - used to select either of two system-defined base sets of
units of measure: I-P (Inch-Pound) or METRIC. See “Units of Measure” for
a complete definition of these and other user-defined sets of units
of measure.
• Rates to be applied for evaluating costs of freight, taxes, contingencies,
fee, and special charges.
The specification of the Project Title Data should be prepared and reviewed
carefully. Special consideration should be given to this data since it controls
the content and numeric values of the entire project.
Country Base
Table T-1 illustrates the differences in style upon selection of the “country
base.” The differences are summarized in this table according to the hierarchy
of the system; the tabulation does not imply relative importance of each item.
Designation of the country base location is mandatory, as the country base
defines the style of engineering, materials selection and costs, and
construction manpower and costs. Specifically, the country base
location defines:
• Base monetary unit (which may be redefined)
• Base set of units of measure (which may be redefined)
• Base indices for system costs of material, construction, design engineering,
and construction management, important for purposes of escalating
an estimate
• Base construction manpower pool: crafts, productivity, wage rates, crew
mix, work week, and shift work (which may be adjusted to suit the actual
manpower pool)
• Base of engineering: disciplines, wage rates, and expenses (which may be
adjusted to reflect the rates, productivities, etc. for the proposed scope
of engineering)
• Base of design codes and installation standards and practices, for example,
vessel design, electrical power distribution (which may be selected or
adjusted).
Currency Base
The user-designated country base location implies a base monetary unit, for
example, Dollars for US, Pounds Sterling for UK, Thousand Yen for JP, Euros
for EU, and Saudi Arabian Riyals for Saudi Arabia. You can define a currency
unit for the estimate and provide a conversion for the estimate currency
relative to the base monetary unit. Once the currency base is defined by the
user, all user-entered costs, such as freight rates, ready-mix cost, wage rates,
lump sum costs, and equipment or bulk costs, are expected to be in the user-
defined currency units. The system uses the user-defined currency and

conversion value to convert system-developed costs from the system
monetary base to the user-defined currency.
Table T-1: System Default Values Affected by Selection of Country Base
Primary Effect of Selected Country Base

Item Description US Base UK Base JP Base EU Base ME Base
Base monetary US Dollars Pounds Sterling Thousand Yen Euros Saudi Arabian
Unit Riyals
Base Units of I-P METRIC METRIC METRIC I-P
Measure
Units of Measure revise I-P variable revise METRIC revise METRIC revise METRIC revise I-P variable
variable variable variable
System Base US indices UK indices JP indices EU indices ME indices
Indices
Electrical Feeder 34.5KV (60HZ) 33KV (50HZ) 33KV (50HZ) 33KV (50HZ) 115KV (60HZ)
Line Voltage
(and entire mode
of distribution)
Pressure Vessel ASME (Section BS5500 JIS DIN ASME (Section
Design Code VIII, Division 1) VIII, Division 1)
(materials and
temperature/
stress
relationships)
Depth of 48 INCHES [1200 36 INCHES [1000 36 INCHES [1000 36 INCHES [1000 30 INCHES (750
Concrete MM] MM] MM] MM] MM)
Footings
Structural Steel AISC AISC AISC AISC I-P: AISC,
Shapes INCH- AISC BSI BSI Euronorm METRIC:
POUND METRIC Euronorm
Manpower pool; • Houston/Gulf • Northwest UK • Tokyo, Japan • Rotterdam, • Dhahran, Saudi
base of crafts, Coast • 100,000 MHR • 100,000 MHR Netherlands Arabia
crew mix, • 100,000 MHR • Site or Nat’l • Union • 100,000 MHR • 100,000 MHR
productivity, • Union Agreement • Site • Site Agreement
• 1 shift
wage rates Agreement
• 1 shift • 1 Shift • 40 hr. week • 1 shift
• 40 hr. week • 40 hr. week • 1 shift • 40 hr. week
• Bonus • 40 hr. week
Project Adjusted US Adjusted UK Adjusted JP MHRS Adjusted EU MHRS Adjusted ME
Schedule: MHRS MHRS MHRS
duration
Equipment US rates and UK rates and JP rates and EU rates and ME rates and
Rental/Plant selection selection selection selection selection
rental rates
Engineering US Base UK Base JP Base EU Base ME Base
Department:
base of
disciplines, wage
rates,
productivity ,
and expenses

Primary Effect of Selected Country Base
Item Description US Base UK Base JP Base EU Base ME Base
Prime From adjusted US From adjusted UK From adjusted JP From adjusted EU From adjusted ME
Contractors: MHRS or user MHRS or user MHRS or user MHRS or user MHRS or user
construction entry US indirect entry Uk indirect entry JP indirect entry EU indirect entry ME indirect
overheads rates rates rates rates rates
Contract Fee Costs reduced to Costs reduced to Costs reduced to Costs reduced to Costs reduced to
Structure: based $, US indirect £, UK indirect Thous ¥, JP €, EU indirect SAR, ME indirect
on costs reduced rates rates indirect rates rates rates
to base time
Power 60 HZ 50 HZ 50 HZ 50 HZ 60 HZ
Distribution 13.8 KV 11KV 11KV 11KV 13.8 KV
MAIN 4160V 3300 V 3300 V 3300 V
distribution
wire (trayed or in multi-core cable multi-core cable multi-core cable
voltage UNIT
conduit) or (trayed or in (trayed or in (trayed or in
voltage Wire
armored US wire conduit) or conduit) or conduit) or
types
gauge armored gauge in armored gauge in armored gauge in
MM2) MM2) MM2)
Process US cost models, UK cost models, JP cost models, JP EU cost models, ME cost models,
equipment US base costs UK base costs base costs EU base costs ME base costs
Bulks: piping, US cost modes, UK costs modes, JP cost modes, JP EU cost modes, EU ME cost modes,
civil, steel, US type UK type type descriptions, type descriptions, ME type
instrumentation, descriptions, US descriptions, UK JP base costs EU base costs descriptions, ME
electrical, base costs base costs base costs
insulation, paint
User-specified none none none none none
supplemental
cost
Cost Reporting: Currency and System

Base Indices
Costs developed by the system without assistance of user-entered rates,
costs, etc., are evaluated at the reported values of the System Base Indices
for the designated country base. See Indexing/Escalation Data.
Cost Reporting: Currency and Escalation

Costs provided by the user in the form of a cost, cost per unit, etc., are
presumed to be in the user-defined currency and valued at a point in time
reflected by the user-specified values for the User Base Indices.
System-developed costs will be elevated from the system base to the user
base condition by index ratio and further escalated by escalation indices.
Units of Measure
The country base location, once designated by the user, implies a base set of
units of measure, for example, I-P for US, METRIC for UK, EU, JP, and ME. You

can reverse this choice, or create a hybrid unit of measure, by defining the
variable to be revised, the label for the new unit of measure, and the
conversion from old to new unit of measure. However, such redefinition could
have unpredictable downstream effects; for example, in selection of plates,
wire, tubing, pipe, and so on.
Again, all user input is expected to be in the defined set of units of measure
and all reporting by the system conforms to the established set of units
of measure.
Workforce
Two of the most significant variables that account for construction cost
differences from one location to another are the productivity of field manpower
and the wage rates that prevail for each geographic area.
The system recognizes four country base locations — US, UK, JP, EU, and ME.
Upon selecting a country base location, the user obtains a base set of crafts,
wage rates, crew mixes, production rates, and so on, for field manpower
consistent with the selected country base location.
The Workforce Data can be used to change the system base wage rates,
workweek, and productivities. This input can, therefore, be an effective tool in
helping the user examine the effects of local field manpower on prospective
plant sites. In addition, modifications may be made to the system craft and
crew mixes.
Multiple Workforces
In a prime contractor estimate, the system is limited to one set of wage rates,
workweek and productivities (that is, one workforce) per estimate. In a
contracts case, however, the user may define up to nine different construction
workforces (CWF) in one project. This is accomplished by developing multiple
sets of wage rates and productivities with each set identified by a workforce
reference number. This reference number is used in the Contract Definition
Data to indicate which workforce is assigned to each contractor.
Wage Rates/Productivity
There are two types of wage rate and productivity data:
• General data applicable to all crafts in the workforce
• Specific data by craft.
The general data may be used to globally set the wage rates and productivities
of all crafts, either as a percentage of some reference base or as a fixed rate.
The reference base may be either the system base rates or the rates of a
previously defined workforce. These globally assigned rates may then be
modified for individual crafts by entering specific rate data for those crafts.
Example 1:
Suppose workforce “1” is to be assigned wage rates that are 110% of the
system base rates and a productivity of 80% of the system base (the symbol
“B” signifies the system base).

Then the general data would be coded as follows:
CWF = 1
(ALL CRAFTS -% OF BASE)
BASE = B
WAGE RATE% = 110
PROD.% = 80
Example 2:
Suppose workforce “2” is to be assigned wage rates that are 105% of the rates of
workforce “1” and a productivity equal to the system base (100%). Then a second set
of general data would be added as follows:
CWF = 2
(ALL CRAFTS -% OF BASE)
BASE = 1
WAGE RATE% = 105
PROD.% = 125
This would result in wage rates that are 110 x 105/100 = 115.5% of the
system base and a productivity that is 80 x 125/100 = 100% of the system
base. Obviously, the same result could have been obtained for workforce “2”
by using the system base “B” as the referenced base, a “WAGE RATE%” equal
to 115.5 and a PROD.%” equal to 100.
Example 3:
Suppose in workforce “2” Craft X (where X is the craft code) is to have a rate
of $17.70 per hour and a productivity of 75%. Then specific craft data would
be added for workforce “2” with the follow data:
CWF = 2
(CRAFT WAGE RATES/PRODUCTIVITIES)
CRAFT CODE = X
WAGE RATE COST/MH =17.50
PROD.%= 75
Example 4:
Suppose workforce “3” is to be assigned a fixed wage rate and productivity for
all crafts of $12.00 per hour and 90%, respectively. Then a third set of general
data would be coded as follows:
CWF=3
(ALL CRAFTS - FIXED RATES)
WAGE RATE COST/MH=12.00
PROD.%=90
Again, exceptions could be made to the fixed rates for workforce “3” by
entering specific data for individual crafts.
Unless the user had adjusted indirects, the wage rate used in the estimate
should be the actual unloaded cost (in the user-defined currency) per man-
hour for the craft, and should not include any fringe or burdens. Fringe

benefits, burdens, and other related construction overhead accounts are
itemized and determined separately by the system.
Data is available for deleting indirect costs from the estimate. This may be
used if the wage rates are to be considered all-inclusive rates, and separate
calculation of indirect costs is unnecessary.
The wage rates for two general crafts are itemized separately. These are craft
code 98 (Helper) and craft code 99 (Foreman). These two crafts are accorded
special treatment because they appear in most crews, and their wage rates
and productivities are typically related to the crew in which they appear. Their
wage rates may be specified as either fixed rates or crew dependent rates.
Their productivities, however, are determined by the system and are a
function of the crew productivity.
The user may enter one or more craft wage rates. Omitted rates are calculated
by the system based upon a set of system default values as tabulated
elsewhere in the Icarus Reference. The ultimate value used by the system is
determined by:
• The degree to which the user has provided craft rates
• The user-specified value of the Escalation and User Base Indices for
Construction in the Indexing/Escalation Data.
For instance, if a user has not submitted any Workforce Data, then the values
for wage rates for all crafts are based upon the system Base Wage Rates,
subject to:
• Elevation to the user base of construction (UBI/SBI)
• Escalation (EI/UBI).
If, however, the user has specified one or more craft wage rates, those rates
are taken by the system as valued at the User Base Index and subject to
escalation.
Example 5:
To illustrate escalation, suppose the user entered a craft rate of 12.00 per
hour and construction indices of 1248 for escalation and 1200 for the base
(see Indexing/Escalation Data). The system considers the user rate at the
user’s base index for “ACCUM” reporting and for “SPREAD” reporting will figure
an escalated rate of 12.00 x (1248/1200) = 12.48.
It should be noted that productivity is expressed as a percentage value; that
is, 100 implies a base productivity. A value of 50 implies a less effective
workforce, thereby doubling the system-calculated base man-hours. A value of
150 implies a more effective work force, thereby obtaining man-hours at two
thirds (100/150) of the system-calculated base man-hours. For a more
detailed description of the base or norm productivity for each craft, refer to the
discussion of productivity provided later in this section.
Crew Mix Modifications

The system crew mixes may be modified using Crew Mix Data. This data
enables the transfer of man-hours from one craft to another. By manipulating
crafts in this manner, a project may be modelled as an open or a closed shop
or some variation of the two. All or a portion of the man-hours in one craft
may be transferred to one or more other crafts. Man-hours may be deleted

from the estimate by transferring them out of a craft and by not indicating a
second craft to which they are assigned. A useful example of this procedure is
the removal of crane operators from the estimate if the rental rates for cranes
include operators.
Man-hours are transferred between crafts by indicating “FROM” which craft the
man-hours are removed and “TO” which craft they are added. The man-hours
that will be transferred are only those initially assigned to the craft by the
system and not those previously assigned to the craft by the user through
other Crew Mix Data.
Crafts 98 and 99 (Helper and Foreman) may be assigned man-hours from any
other craft, but their man-hours may not be assigned to any other single craft.
If their man-hours are reassigned, they will be allotted to the principal crafts in
each crew. The principal crafts are indicated elsewhere in the Icarus
Reference. The reason for this special condition is that these two crafts are
composite crafts that appear in most crews, and to allow their assignment to
any single other craft would distort the consistency of many crews. For
example, if man-hours were transferred from Foreman to Pipefitters, then
Pipefitters would appear incorrectly in every crew which had contained
a Foreman.
If multiple workforces are used, each workforce may be structured differently
by providing the appropriate man-hour transfers. If a workforce is defined as
having wage rates and productivities at some percentage of a previously
defined workforce, it will also use the same crew mix modifications as that
workforce. This may be changed, however, by coding new crew mix
modifications for the second workforce.
Craft Names
The name of any system base craft may be replaced by entering the craft code
and the desired name. The system base craft codes and craft names are listed
elsewhere in the Icarus Reference. In addition, a new craft may be created by
specifying a name for one of the blank craft codes. If, however, a new craft is
created, it must be assigned a wage rate and productivity and it must be
assigned some man-hours from another craft. Only one set of craft names
may be defined per estimate (that is, craft names may not be changed from
one workforce to another). It is not, however, necessary for all crafts to be
used by all workforces.
Reports
Wage rates and productivity values, as adjusted, develop man-hours and
manpower costs, craft by craft. Craft man-hours and costs are reported
against tasks performed in various system reports and summarized for the
project in the Field Manpower Summary.
Productivity Concepts
This section is devoted to a discussion of:
• How the system utilizes a user-specified productivity value
• The variables affecting productivity and their numeric evaluation.

The user may enter an all-crafts productivity figure and specific craft
productivity. The all-crafts productivity value, set at 100% by the system in
the absence of a user entry, will be used to establish the productivity for any
and all user-omitted craft productivities. The all-crafts productivity will not be
applied in any manner to user-specified craft productivity
User-entered craft productivities should be considered as efficiencies, and
man-hours developed by the system to perform a specific task by that craft
will be adjusted accordingly.
Example 6:
Suppose at the system’s base, six hours of Craft A are required to set a vessel.
If the productivity of Craft A were entered as 50%, then the adjusted system
value would be (100/50) x 6 = 12 hours. Thus Craft A is 50% efficient
compared to the system’s base. Similarly, a craft productivity of 200% relative
to the system’s base will indicate doubly effective craftsmen and thus half the
base man-hours.
A time-proven and extremely useful method of quantifying a complex subject
such as field productivity is as follows:
• Establish a standard set of key variables and base conditions for each
variable
• Evaluate, for each variable, the deviations expected for the actual
conditions from the base conditions
• Combine the identified individual deviations, thereby forming an overall
productivity relative to the base conditions.
The five key productivity variables (PV) and their associated system-base
definitions are:
PV1:
Source of Manpower Pool, sometimes identical to location of
construction site.
US Base - Houston/Gulf Coast, time period 1972-1973.
UK Base - Northwest UK, 1979.
JP Base - Japan.
Evaluation of deviation for other sources - area data sources.
PV2:
Size of Project, as measured by total direct and subcontract field man-
hours.
Base - Medium-size, 100,000 man-hours of field manpower.
Evaluation of deviation for other project sizes - change in productivity
vs man-hours shown in Figure W-1.

Figure W-1: Job Size Adjustment (PV2)
PV3:
Mode of Manpower; closed or open shop.
US Base - Closed shop.
UK Base - Site or national agreement.
JP Base - Closed shop.
ME Base - Site agreement.
Evaluation of deviation - determined by construction site location and local
conditions, effect of site/national manpower agreements for the particular
project.
PV4:
Length of Work Week:
Base - 40-hour work week.
Evaluation of deviation - automatically evaluated by system based upon
user work week input on general Workforce Data, specifically through
relationships shown in Figure W-2. The system value may be offset by
creating a value of PV4 sufficient to adjust the system value to the user’s
desired value.

Figure W-2: Productivity Versus Work Week (PV4) - First Shift
PV5:
All Other Effects, such as general economy, work to be performed, kind
of manpower, quality of supervision, job conditions, weather, etc. Base
- Reasonably average conditions, all other productivity variables at
their base value. Evaluations of deviations - Table W-1 and the
following associated discussion for this productivity variable.
Table W- 1: Productivity Element Table (PV5)
Productivity Element Productivity (%)

Low Average High
50 85 100 115 140
1 General Economy Prosperous Normal Hard times
Local business trend Stimulated Normal Depressed
Construction volume High Normal Low
Unemployment Low Normal High
2 Amount of work Extensive Average Limited
Site complexity Dense Average Sparse
Manual Operations Extensive Average Limited
Mechanized operations LImited Average Extensive
3 Field Manpower Pool Poor Average Good
Training Poor Average Good
Wages Low Average High
Supply Scarce Normal Surplus

Productivity Element Productivity (%)
Low Average High
4 Field Manpower Supervision Poor Average Good
Training Poor Average Good
Wages Low Average High
Supply Scarce Normal Surplus
5 Job Conditions Poor Average Good
Management Poor Average Good
Materials and site Unfavorable Average Favorable
Required workmanship First Rate Regular Passable
Length of operation Short Average Long
6 Weather Bad Fair Good
Precipitation Much Some Occasional
Cold Bitter Moderate Occasional
Heat Oppressive Moderate Occasional
7 Construction Equipment Poor Normal Good
Applicability Poor Normal Good
Condition Poor Fair Good
Maintenance and repairs Slow Average Quick
8 Delays Numerous Some Minimum
Job Flexibility Poor Average Good
Equipment delivery Slow Normal Prompt
Expediting Poor Average Good
The overall productivity per craft or for all crafts is developed from the product
of the individual deviations and final conversion to a percentage figure:
Overall Productivity + PV1 x PV2 x PV3 x PV4 x PV5
In the reference charts and tables mentioned, productivity variables are each
identified as a percentage deviation from the system base of 100% for
that variable.
In developing the overall productivity, each deviation should be reduced to a
fraction by division by 100, and the final resulting figure appropriately rounded
to a significant value and then converted to a percentage for entry in the data.
Productivity Variable: Other Effects - PV3

The Productivity Element Table (Table W-1) enables you to determine
productivity for proposed plant facilities over a wide range of working
conditions and local restrictions. Productivity deviation is classified into three
basic ranges: low, average and high. The “low” end of the range indicates an
efficiency of 50% to 85%; “average” is indicated by an efficiency of 85% to
115%; and the “high” end of the range is indicated by an efficiency of 115% to
140%. These percentages are based on the amount of work a typical
construction worker can be expected to perform under a given set of
conditions. Given ideal circumstances, a field crew may achieve an
approximation of 140% efficiency. In actual estimating, you should not count
on this high degree of productivity unless the operations in the project are
highly mechanized. In manual-operations such as bricklaying, pipe fitting, and
insulating, for example, the scheduling of high-range productivity may mean

that the contractor will have to push field crews for maximum production
during the entire course of the projects.
In general, the productivity represented by this class of variables is a function
of two major factors: the present national economy and the specific local
conditions under which the work is to be accomplished for the project. The first
major factor (present economy) directly affects the productivity of the
individual construction worker. In good times, when construction jobs are
plentiful and manpower is scarce, productivity usually decreases, resulting in
increasing field costs. In normal times, average productivity and costs are the
rules. During depressions, recessions or slumps in the economy, manpower
becomes plentiful and more productive; consequently, field costs decline. The
Productivity Element Table (Table W-1) has been assembled to reflect
variables of major impact.
The second major factor (local conditions) affecting productivity relates more
directly to the project. It consists of the many variables that influence
construction activity, such as the character of the job site, volume of work to
be performed, quantity of available manpower, and other such unusual
conditions as dense or sparse plot plans, etc. Each of these variables is listed
in the Productivity Element Table. You should review these variables, keeping
in mind both the existing and foreseeable conditions that will affect the
proposed construction project. At the same time, you must make an
evaluation of the contractor as a productive unit to determine potential
performance under a given set of circumstances. A reasonable approach to
obtain a composite value of Productivity Variable 5 (PV5) is the averaging of
the eight major categories of individual elements in Table W-1.
Example 7:
After studying a proposed project, a user arrived at the following values for
individual categories of productivity:
Item Productivity Deviation,%
Element Category
1 General economy 9
2 Amount of work 100
3 Manpower 75
4 Manpower supervision 100
5 Job conditions 110
6 Weather 90
7 Construction equipment 110
8 Delays 100
Total 765
The average value for productivity is the total divided by eight:

Productivity Variable (PV5) = 765/8 = 99.6%.
Example 8:
Consider Example 7 to be extended to a revamp. Suppose the revamp requires
twice the man-hours of a normal grassroots project. Then, a large revamp
project (assume a 90% Job Size Productivity, Figure W-1) would be figured at
a compounded effect: Productivity per Productivity Element Table x Job Size
Productivity x Revamp Productivity =.956 x.9 x.5 = 0.43 (43% productivity).

Example 9:
Should but a small portion of the project be subject to revamp, that portion
may be described as one or more Areas or Sub-areas. In this example, the
man-hours would be adjusted by 200% values for the appropriate accounts
using code of account indexing within the area. The workforce productivities
would, of course, be entered free of the revamp effect.
Work Item Concept

The work item concept, Figure W-3 relates manpower to materials installation
requirements. The user may recall the role of the Volumetric Model to
generate a bill of material types and quantities. The role of the Work Item
Model is to develop crew requirements to accomplish the task of installing each
item in the bill of materials. Thus the Work Item Model, when applied to a
particular task such as placing ribber (Figure W-4), must develop a crew mix
and man-hours for each craft.
Figure W-3: Typical Civil Tasks and Work Items

Adjustment for Craft Productivity
The system contains several hundred Work Item Models with base manpower
requirements established for the particular country base location. A user-
entered craft productivity would be used to adjust the base man-hours
developed by the Work Item Models.
Adjustment for the Effective Hour
In the Work Item Models, when man-hours are assigned to crafts,
consideration is made as to the reality of work spread over a day rather than
over a short time-measured duration. Thus system-base man-hours are actual
hours, based on a 42-minute hour, reflecting the time required to initiate the
complete task. Should the project be managed under a different working time,
the productivity should be adjusted as in Figure W-5.

Figure W-5: Productivity Versus Working Minutes Per Hour
Adjustments for Work Week

The duration of the actual work week and number of shifts to be employed
during construction may be defined in the Workforce Data. Should the user’s
schedule deviate from the 40-hour, 1-shift basis for Work Item Models, the
system makes an automatic adjustment to the Work Item-developed man-
hours for each craft by the relationship illustrated in Figure W-6.
Figure W-6: Job Duration Versus Work Week

Engineering
The project scope is analyzed by the system’s engineering model to determine
man-hours and costs for design engineering, procurement and construction
supervision. The system-calculated values for engineering may be adjusted by
using the Engineering Data. This data allows input modifications/adjustments
at two levels:
• An entire phase of engineering
• A particular discipline within a phase.
The system’s engineering model may be modified by specifying total man-
hours and cost or by specifying a proportional adjustment to system-
calculated man-hours.
The Engineering Drawings Data may be used to modify the Basic and Detail
Engineering phases by specifying adjustments to the number and type of
drawings produced. This data may also be used to add a lump sum of
engineering hours for special drawings or specific tasks, such as small scale
models, which are not provided by the system.
Definitions of the task and work products considered for each engineering
phase are presented in Table EN-1.
Prime Contractor Engineering

The system’s Prime Contractors engineering account includes four major
categories or phases:
• Basic engineering
• Detail engineering
• Procurement
• Home office construction services.
Field supervision and project start-up are affiliated with engineering activities
and are discussed later; these are, however, considered to be construction
overhead items and are reported as contributions to the system’s construction
overhead account.
Because of the turnkey nature of the Prime Contractor mode, the Engineering
Management and Construction Management phases are inappropriate, and
these phases are excluded from Prime Contractor estimates.
Contracts - Assignment of Engineering

By use of the Contracts Description and Scope Data, each phase of
engineering may be assigned to a different contract or to the owner. Moreover,
each phase may be split between multiple engineering contracts according to
unit area. In addition, the Contracts feature allows two optional phases of
supervision to be assigned:
• Engineering Management
• Construction Management

Engineering Workforce (EWF)
When contracts have been specified, the user may create multiple engineering
workforces (EWF). The system uses the concept of an Engineering Work Force
(EWF) in order to allow the user the flexibility of specifying different
adjustments (for example, hourly rates), for different engineering contractors.
Each contract can be cross-referenced to a particular EWF (see Contract
Description). An EWF is, in effect, a description of a work force resulting from a
combination of user-specified and system default values for hourly rates,
productivity, and indirect costs. Up to 9 EWF sets may be created. An EWF set
will not be used by the system unless it is referenced by a contract that has
been assigned an engineering scope of work.
It is not necessary to define multiple engineering workforces for the contracts
mode; however, if used, the EWF numbers must be referenced by all
engineering contracts.
The EWF serves no purpose for estimates in the Prime Contractor mode (since
only one work force is possible).
Phase Adjustments
The user may specify both the total man-hours and cost for an entire phase,
however, if one is specified, the other is also required. When these totals have
been specified for a phase, any subsidiary data for that phase will not be used
by the system.
A percentage adjustment to an entire phase should be considered as an
adjustment to the scope of the estimate, rather than a productivity
adjustment. The change will be reflected in the quantity of work performed, for
example, the drawing count and other tasks listed in Table EN-1, with a
corresponding change in man-hours.
An adjustment by phase is convenient way to allow for project complexity,
(see Table EN-2), but an adjustment by discipline, which does not affect the
drawing count, may be preferable.
The user may set the appropriate profile for payroll burdens, indirects, and
expenses. If contracts are specified, this information could also be provided as
part of the Contract Description.
Only one Engineering by Phase set of data is used per phase and EWF
combination. If global (that is, phase = *) Engineering by Phase Data are
used, however, additional Engineering by Phase data may be subsequently
added to adjust individual phases separately.
Discipline Adjustments
Adjustments by discipline will not affect the number of drawings in the
estimate and should appropriately be considered as productivity or
complexity adjustments.
The user may combine phase and discipline percentage adjustments, thereby
changing both the number of drawings and the man-hours. In this case, the
overall effect is a compounding of the adjustments, since new productivity is
calculated based on the new scope of work.

Engineering Reports
If the Engineering report option is selected in the Project Title Data, detailed
reports will be provided for each phase calculated. If a total cost is specified for
any phase, that total will appear on a summary report, and the detailed report
normally prepared for that phase will not be provided.
Table EN-1: Engineering Accounts - Tasks and Work Products
BASIC ENGINEERING: Includes engineering and drafting for the following items:
• Project and Process Scope Definition
• Process Flow Diagram
• Heat and Material Balances
• Equipment Process Data Sheets and Requisitions
• Long-Lead Equipment Purchase/Commitment
• Equipment Lists
• Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams
• Control System Vendor Selection
• Interconnecting Piping Diagrams
• Utility Process Flow Diagrams
• Utility Balance
• Utility Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams
• Electrical One-Line Diagram

• Electrical System Distribution
• Equipment Specifications
• Job Specifications
• Overall Facilities Plot Plans
• Site Location Plot Plans

• Area Equipment Arrangements
• Fire Protection and Safety Systems
• Environmental Data
• Building and Enclosure Requirements
• Comparative Economic Evaluations

• Documentation
• Early Scheduling
DETAIL ENGINEERING - Includes engineering and drafting for the following items
Equipment
• Review Vendor Design
Piping
• Piping Arrangements
• Piping Isometrics
• Pipe Support
• Steam Tracing Drawings
• Piping Text Schedules

Table EN-1: Engineering Accounts - Tasks and Work Products - continued
Instrumentation
• Instrumentation Location Drawings
• Cable Schedules
• Instrumentation Schematics & Connection Diagrams
• Instrument Loop Diagrams
• COntrol Room/Console Design
Electrical
• One-Line Diagrams
• Electrical Schematics
• Substation Layout Drawings
• Power Distribution
• Lighting
• Tracing
Civil
• Equipment Foundation Drawings
• Steelwork Foundation Drawings
• Area Paving Drawings
• Misc. Concrete, Supports, Etc.
• Underground Piping Drawings
• Structural Steel Plans and Elevations
• Ladder and Platform Details
• Grating Drawings
Buildings and Enclosures

• Building Arrangement Plans and Elevations
• Architectural Details
General Facility Requirements

• Facility Plot Plans
• Area Equipment Layouts
• Site Preparation Plans, Details
Other Job Requirements

• Cost Estimation
• Planning and Scheduling
• Material Takeoffs
• Equipment, Line Lists
• Project Operations and Start-up Manual
PROCUREMENT - Includes all in-country purchasing, inspection, and expediting.

International purchasing and shipping administration costs are not included.
Requisitioning and technical review are included in Basic or Detail Engineering.

Table EN-1: Engineering Accounts - Tasks and Work Products - continued
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT - Client liaison and design coordination for projects with
multiple design contractors.
HOME OFFICE CONSTRUCTION SERVICES - Includes costs for construction

department, cost control, construction planning and scheduling, industrial relations
and administration, subcontract administration, construction cost engineering, and
drafting.
FIELD OFFICE CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION - Includes costs for project

superintendent, site engineers, subcontract coordination, planning and scheduling,
safety and medical, field engineering, field drafting, and construction accounting.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT - An independent, client- appointed, organization

responsible for overall construction budget and schedule monitoring, inspection for
contract and specifications compliance, subcontract coordination.
SUPPORT PERSONNEL - Includes costs for secretarial, clerical, administrative, and

accounting support in each engineering category.
INDIRECTS - Includes rent, heat, electricity, and other operating expenses not
specifically covered in other accounts in each engineering category.
PAYROLL BURDENS - Includes the following:
For US country base - mandatory contributions to vacations, holidays, workmen’s

compensation, social security, and unemployment insurance in each engineering
category.
For UK country base - mandatory contributions for National Insurance, pensions in

each engineering category.
ENGINEERING AND MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES - Includes cost of reproduction,

communication (telephone, telex, and postage), travel, and computer services in each
engineering category.
PROJECT START-UP - Includes the construction contractor's support of plant start-up,

instrument calibration, and plant commissioning. Does not include the Owner's costs.
MECHANICAL COMPLETION: The point in time when instrument testing, electrical

testing and piping system testing are all complete for all construction areas.
Landscaping, insulation and painting may still be unfinished.

Prime Contractor Engineering
If the Engineering report option is not selected, only an Engineering Summary
report is provided, illustrating total hours and costs for Basic, Detail,
Procurement, and Home Office Construction Services. Field Office Supervision
and Start-up are summarized on the Construction Overhead Cost report.
Contracts Engineering
Detailed reports are included with the reports for each contract, where
applicable, when the Engineering report option is selected.
The Engineering Summary for each contract is part of the Contract Data
Sheet.
Construction Management will not be developed by the system unless assigned
to a specific contractor (see Contract Scope - Engineering Data). The system-
calculated man-hours would then be based on the scope of work for all
construction contracts to be managed.
Table EN-2: Plant Complexity - Guidelines for Adjusting Basic and Detail
Engineering Man-hours
Suggested Percent
Adjustment to Engineering
Man-hours
Basic Detail Typical Facility Type
48 60 Storage Facilities
Gas/Oil Separation Facilities
60 70 Mining Facilities
Ore Processing Facilities
84 90 Basic Chemical Manufacturing
Ambient Temperature and Pressure Processes
100 100 Typical Petrochemical/Refinery Facilities
Municipal Sewage Treatment Facilities
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facilities
120 125 Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Vacuum Processes
Cryogenic Processes
High Pressure/High Temperature Processes
140 150 Coal Gasification/Liquification Facilities
Specialized Polymer Production Facilities
160 175 Pharmaceutical Facilities
Speciality Food Processing Facilities
200 200 Coal Gasification/Liquification Pilot Facilities
High Temperature/High Pressure Pilot Facilities
Engineering Management will not be developed by the system unless assigned

to a specific contractor (see Contract Scope - Engineering Data) and all man-
hours are specified in the Engineering Data. The system will not develop man-
hours for Engineering Management.

The Engineering Organization
Engineering costs may be affected not only by the scope of the project and its
complexity, but also by the size and nature of the engineering organization
assigned to execute the design and procurement phases of the project.
As engineering man-hours, costs, and calendar time comprise a large
proportion of the total project effort, it is important to consider the nature of
the organization(s) assigned to perform the various phases of engineering.
The system evaluates engineering man-hours and costs based upon the user’s
project scope definitions, as if performed in-country by a large national or
international engineering organization for a large-scale project. An expanded
discussion of project types and guidelines for adjusting from a large-scale
project/large contractor basis to the user’s project requirements
follows.
Adjustments to Engineering Costs

Engineering costs may be affected not only by project size and complexity (see
Table EN-2), but also by the size of the engineering organization executing the
design and procurement phases of the project. In order to illustrate the effect
of organization size, three guideline categories are defined:
Small - 100 to 400 employees, performing smaller, local projects to less
than US $50 [PS25] million total installed cost (TIC).
Medium - 300 to 750 employees, performing fairly large national projects
of $50-500 [PS25-250] million TIC.
Large - over 600 employees, performing large and very large national or
international projects of greater than $50 [PS 25] million TIC. (The system
basis is in-country design and procurement by a large engineering
contractor.)
For the purpose of estimating, the three categories generally are defined with
the following characteristics:
Small organizations, under normal marketing conditions, pay slightly less in
salaries, offer slightly less in fringe benefits, and yet have higher productivity
for a number of reasons. Work volume is typically steadier, staff turn-over
lower, and time management more effective than in larger design groups
because problems are less likely to be obscured by the volume of work and the
number of people involved. Staff are productive since their work is highly
visible, projects are rarely very complex and the effects of changes are
minimized because of ease of communication within the group. However,
working conditions and limited equipment/systems may be a drawback. Such
organizations tend to use less specialists in scheduling and estimating; instead
the project manager may develop his own barcharts, while project engineers
may handle all estimating except for take-off. Overhead costs are reduced by
lower real estate and office equipment expenses. While ideally structured for a
certain project size and complexity, small organizations will usually be unable
to quickly staff larger, fast-tracked projects or meet the technical needs of
complex projects. It should be noted, however, that many larger organizations
currently maintain a specialized small projects group, with the benefits of
economy and flexibility.

Medium-sized, national engineering companies are generally very close to the
large organizations in terms of adjustments to engineering cost estimation,
except in the areas of overhead costs for maintaining under-utilized office
space and key staff, and productivity advantages derived from low staff turn-
over and centralized engineering offices. Productivities may further improve if
the company tends to specialize in certain kinds of work. Salaries will be the
same or slightly less than paid by the largest companies.
Large organizations are accustomed to maintaining excess capacity in terms of
offices and staff in order to be responsive to the client’s needs on large
projects, and this naturally carries a price reflected in overhead costs.
Productivity will generally be dependent upon project size, time constraints
and project definition. The largest projects also often cause unusually high
project management and procurement costs due to complex contracting
procedures and exacting approval cycles. Note that the system does not
currently allow for worldwide procurement of equipment or materials, nor for
overseas expediting and ocean freight.
Evaluation of these effects for each project is a matter of estimating
judgement. Different engineering organizations can be characterized, phase-
by-phase, as illustrated in the following table. The use of engineering
adjustments is strongly recommended, since few other elements of a project
comprise as large a proportion of the total project costs as does engineering.
The following table demonstrates how the appropriate adjustments for
different sizes of engineering organizations may be represented to the system.
Adjustment to:
Size of Organization Phase Discipline Adjustment Item Adjustment
Range
** Operation Costs **
Small All na % rates 85-95
(on local projects) na % indirects 55-65
na % expenses 0 (incl.)
Medium All na % rates 90-100
(on national projects) na % indirects 65-75
Basic na % expenses 6-8
Detail na % expenses 6-8
Large (for worldwide Procurement na % expenses 50-100
procurement)

Adjustment to:
Size of Organization Phase Discipline Adjustment Item Adjustment
Range
**Man Hours**
Small Basic All % manhours 85-90
(on local projects) 01 % manhours 95-100
14 % manhours 0
15 % manhours 50
Detail All % manhours 80-85
01 % manhours 95-105
14 % manhours 0
15 % manhours 50
Procurement 01 % manhours 90-95
Home Office All % manhours 50-70
03 % manhours 0
04 % manhours 0
07 % manhours 0
Field Office All % manhours 60-80
13 % manhours 0
15 % manhours 0
16 % manhours 0
Medium (on national Basic All % manhours 90-100
projects) Detail All % manhours 85-95
Procurement 01 % manhours 95-100
Home Office All % manhours 85095
Field Office All % manhours 85-100
Large (for worldwide Procurement All % manhours 150-200
procurement)
General Instructions: SPAN* Users Only

Since only four activity groups have been reserved for each account in the
SPAN* network, no more than four user-specified drawing types should be
added to any one major account (piping, civil, etc.). User drawings in excess of
four per account will not be passed from the estimate into the network.
*SPAN is a Proprietary Mark of Icarus Corporation.

Construction Overhead - Prime
Contractor Basis
The information in this section applies only to estimates prepared on a prime
contractor reporting basis. If the project estimate require contracts based on
reporting, the procedures of this section are bypassed.
Construction overhead includes field manpower fringe benefits, associated
burdens, small tools, temporary facilities, field services, construction
equipment rental and miscellaneous overhead expenses. The construction
overhead data can be used to adjust any of the values within the construction
overhead accounts. The user may adjust each account by specifying the cost
in the user-defined currency units or as a percentage of the direct field
manpower cost. Note that the user-defined costs are presumed to be
referenced to a time frame denoted by the User Base Construction Index.
Costs are subject to escalation.
The following table includes a description of the overhead accounts.
Description of OVerhead Accounts
Project Costs
Engineering General and Administrative overhead costs for engineering
(basic, detail, procurement, engineering management, home
office construction services and construction management)
performed under this contract, as a percent or lump sum of
engineering discipline costs, payroll burdens and other indirects
and expenses. The fee for engineering performed under this
contract, as a percentage of engineering and G&A costs.
Construction General and Administrative overhead costs for construction
performed under this contact, as a Overhead & Feespercentage or
lump sum of construction costs (direct field manpower,
construction equipment rental, field supervision and other
indirects). The fee for construction performed under this
contract, as a percentage or lump sum of construction and
G&A costs.
Contingency The contingency for materials purchased under this contract, as a
percentage of cost of materials, G&A and fee.
Indirects:
Fringe Benefits Prime contractor’s contribution to vacations, holidays, sick leave,
retirement, health insurance, etc.
Burdens Prime contractor’s mandatory contributions for Federal Social
Security (FICA), Federal Unemployment Insurance (FUI),
US Country Base Workmen’s Compensation and State Unemployment
Insurance (SUI).
UK Country Base Prime contractor’s mandatory contributions for
National Insurance.
Consumables/ Includes small tools and consumable materials.
Small Tools
Miscellaneous Includes job cleanup costs, watchmen, construction equipment
(Insurance, servicing and handling, public liability, public damage, automobile
Safety, etc.) and all-risk insurance, warehousing and nonproductive
field manpower.

Description of OVerhead Accounts
Scaffolding Includes all scaffolding, except as required for assembly and/or
field erection by vendor.
Vendor Includes travel and subsistence as well as average rates for
vendor field representatives.
Representatives
Field Services Includes medical, first aid, transportation, weld tests and
welding supplies.
Construction Construction rental equipment costs.
Rental
Equipment
Temporary Cost of temporary sanitary and shelter facilities, roadways,
Construction and rigging, utilities and fencing.
Utilities
Mobilization/ Cost of construction equipment handling and transport to and
Demobilization from jobsite.
Catering/ Includes all catering and accommodations for all field personnel
Accommodations at site.
Travel Includes all travel and subsistence when required.
Contracts: Description/Scope
The contracts feature provides the user with the means of:
• Describing the desired owner-contractor relationships and scopes of effort
to prevail during the course of the proposed project.
• Obtaining detailed estimates of the cost-to-construct for the project, the
owner and each contractor in turn, with each estimate reflecting the tiered
nature of contracts, scope of effort, and individual contractors’ costs of
“doing business”.
In this section, the term “owner” is used to identify the “one” or “Number 01”
contract at the top of the tier of contracts. The “owner”, whether operating
company or contractor, is the focal point for payment of all contract costs
relative to the project. An operating company preparing an estimate of the
cost-to-construct might designate itself as the owner for purposes of
evaluating bid package proposals and the total cost of the project. Or, a
contractor might designate itself the owner when preparing a client bid.
Organizations providing services directly to another organization are termed
contractors, or, if indirectly through another contractor, are termed
subcontractors.
Prime Contractor Basis: Default Condition

(Contracts Not Defined)
In the absence of contract descriptions the system will revert to its standard
reporting method. That is, all costs and cost structures will be on a Prime
Contractor basis. Engineering, materials, and construction will be charged to
the Prime Contractor and reported in a single summary report.

Within the Prime Contractor basis of reporting, subcontracting is limited to
individual bulk accounts for designated Unit Areas and site development, all
under nonadjustable cost structures. The contracts feature of this section
relieves these constraints.
Contract Definition - Description and Scope

Two sets of contract information must be assembled. The Contract Description
Data and the Contract Scope Data provide the means of assembling
this information.
Contract Description
The contract description must be provided for each contract and is assembled
in the Contract Description Data. The contract description includes:
• Characteristic name or title, for reporting purposes
• Reference number of contract, to identify the contract and chain of
responsibility
• To whom responsible, via contract reference number
• Contract overheads to be applied (G&A, fee, contingency) for -
- engineering
- materials
- construction
• Charge for handling subcontracts
• Field indirects, in lieu of the Indirect Data, see Construction Overhead -
Prime Contractor Basis Data Equipment rental
• Definition of the engineering workforce (EWF) to be used for each
engineering contract. Adjustments to wages, man-hours and overheads for
the desired EWF are made using Engineering Data.
• Definition of the construction workforce (CWF) to be used for each
contract. Adjustments to wages, productivity and crafts for the desired
CWF are made in the Workforce Data.
The second set of contract information is entered in the Contract Scope Data.
Contract Scope Data describes the scope of each contract for:
• has of engineering, which may be allocated to areas (Unit Areas):
- basic engineering
- detail engineering and procurement
- engineering management (optional)
- construction management (optional)
- start up.
• Materials and/or construction (installation) within defined areas (Unit
Areas) and covering or excluding items or tasks in the following categories
as defined by the code of accounts:
- equipment

- piping
- civil
- steel
- instrumentation
- electrical
- insulation
- paint.
Contracts - Concepts
By the very nature of contracts and this contracts feature, costs of
engineering, materials, and construction are assigned to that contact bearing
the scope responsibility. Contract Scope Data forms a contract set (CONSET)
and is used to assign scope responsibilities. The function of the CONSET is to
define a framework of contract responsibilities for engineering, materials, and
construction. This framework may be detailed down to the phase level for
engineering, and to the code of account (COA) level for materials and
construction. The CONSET number which identifies this framework may then
be indicated in the following project areas to designate responsibility:
• Unit areas
• Power Distribution items
• Process Control Centers or Operator Centers
• Site Development items (project-level only).
Multiple CONSETS would be required only where different frameworks of
responsibility exist; for instance, varying by area or groups of areas.
The responsibilities of a contract for materials purchasing and construction are
defined first for each major account, that is, equipment, piping, etc., then by
COA exception. Materials contract responsibilities are for payment for
materials, but not procurement. The responsible purchasing contractor is
defined for each major account. Construction contract responsibilities include
field manpower, equipment rental, field supervision, and home office
construction services. The responsible construction contractor is identified for
each major account.
Contract exceptions are defined for materials and construction by identifying
the contract (contract number) responsibility by the code of account (COA).
Owner-contract-subcontract responsibilities are identified by the system based
upon the user’s assignment of contract numbers. The owner is always
assigned contract reference number “01”. Contractors directly responsible to
the owner would be assigned contract numbers such as “02”, “03”, etc. To
identify the chain of responsibility, a “contracted-by” reference number is
required. Thus “02” is responsible to “01”. Should a subcontractor to “02” be
desired and identified as contractor number “13”, the chain would be: “13” is
responsible to “02”. These reference numbers are assigned as part of the
contract description.

Contracts - Cost Elements
Table CDS-1 illustrates the principal cost elements of a contract; each will be
discussed in turn relative to the manner of evaluation and adjustment.
Table CDS-1: Cost Components of Contract Elements
Class Expenditures
Construction
Data Type Design Eng’g @ Materials Manpower Indirects All
Procurement Subcontracts
Engineering Basic, Detail, na na Start-up na
Procurement
Mgt, Construction
Mgt.
G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee,

Contingency Contingency
Purchasing na Equipment na Freight, na
and bulks Taxes
G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee, (1)

Contingency Contingency
Installation Home Office na Manpower Field na
Construction to Install Indirects,
Services Field
Supervision
G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee, (1)

Contingency Contingency Contingency
na = not applicable
(1) = Subcontract costs are allocated to each contractor based on the contract
hierarchy established.
Overheads, fee, and contingency are added to the direct costs to develop the
contract total for each category.
Contract costs are then charged to the responsible contract higher in the chain
as a subcontract with attendant handling charge.
Contract Engineering and Procurement
Each phase of contract engineering:
• Basic
• Detail (with procurement)
• Engineering management
• Construction Management
• Start-up
is considered assignable to an individual contract. Work efforts within a phase
may be split among several contracts. A contract may cover one or more
phases for the entire project. Contracts must be assigned for basic, detail, and

start-up. If construction management is not assigned, construction
management will not be included in the estimate. If engineering management
is not assigned and the required man-hours and cost have not been specified
by the user, engineering management will not be included in the estimate.
Note that the procurement effort for materials and equipment is not assigned
by the user, but follows the detail engineering assignment automatically. The
procurement effort for subcontracts is automatically assigned to the
responsible contract.
Similarly, home office construction services and field office supervision are not
assigned by the user, but follow the construction assignment. However, these
costs are adjustable by the user via Engineering Data.
Discipline man-hours are evaluated by the system using engineering models
for equipment, unit bulk items, area and project bulks, and site development
for the above categories in the same manner as for Prime Contractor reporting
(construction management excluded). For contract engineering, the system
uses the Engineering Data to define the engineering workforce (EWF). An
engineering contract is cross-referenced to an EWF, and discipline and phase
adjustments are made in the Engineering Data.
Engineering discipline costs (product of man-hours x wage rate for each
discipline) are combined with user-specified or system default values for
payroll burdens, office indirects, and miscellaneous expenses. The contract
total is evaluated upon considering G&A, fee, and contingency as described
later in this section as Contract Overheads.
Materials
A materials contract consists of payment for materials, subcontracts, freight,
and taxes. General and administrative costs (G&A), fee and contingency
specific to each contract are combined with these material costs to form the
contract total.
The system generates material types, quantities, and costs based upon
Equipment Models and Volumetric Models. Material costs are established by
the system through the appropriate country base of costs, adjusted for
escalation and indexing and any other material adjustments, and converted to
the user’s country base.
Each contract assigned the responsibility for materials is charged with
payment for those materials.
The total material cost is reported in the contract summary as the cost of
materials, including freight and taxes, for construction. Detail reports identify
the contract responsibility for materials.
Construction Contracts
A construction contract consists of the following classes of expenditure:
• Construction:
- direct field manpower
- field supervision
- G&A, fee, contingency.

• Construction Supervision:
- home office construction services
- field supervision
- G&A, fee, contingency.
Each of these classes is described in detail below. G&A, fee and contingency
are covered below under Contract Overheads.
Construction - Direct Field Manpower

The system develops crew mix, man-hours and construction equipment
requirements from Work Item Models for equipment, unit and area bulks, and
site development. These values and user-entered man-hours are combined
with the appropriate craft wage rates to obtain manpower costs.
Construction - Field-erected Vessels

A special contracts feature may be used to change the way the system reports
manpower for field-erected storage vessels.
The system will normally include the cost of field-erection (materials and
manpower) as part of the purchased equipment cost of a field-erected storage
tank. The user may then only adjust the overall equipment cost, but will not
have the opportunity to adjust manpower (such as wages, productivity,
burdens). In fact, the manpower would be considered to be the equipment
vendor’s manpower and not subject to adjustments pertinent to the materials
contractor.
However, if the user includes an installation assignment to designate a specific
contract for code of account 121 (or the equivalent new COA, the system will
then consider all field-erected storage vessels (within the area specified), as
being installed by direct manpower and consequently the particular designated
contract adjustments for manpower will be observed. Note that this must be
done specifically for the indicated COA only, not as part of a range.
In the absence of an installation assignment designating a contract for this
specific code of account, the costs for field-erection vessels would be charged
as a material cost to the contract responsible for equipment purchase.

Construction - Field Indirects
An equipment rental estimate is developed for each construction contract
based upon rental items developed from Work Item Models. In determining
equipment rental rates and rental durations, the system uses a contract
duration based upon the user’s defined schedule or a system-developed
schedule. The value for contract equipment rental is adjustable in terms of
rental rates. Should the user wish to enter a lump sum cost or take equipment
rental as a fraction of manpower costs, the user-specified value will prevail
over the system-calculated figures.
Other field indirect costs such as fringe benefits, burdens, travel, consumable,
scaffolding, field services, temporary construction and utilities, and
miscellaneous items may be specified relative to direct field manpower.

Costs of vendor representatives, mobilization/demobilization, catering and
accommodation, and any special items may be specified as lump sum costs.
Should a single value for field indirect costs be entered, this value will prevail
for field indirects over any other user-specified or system-developed field
indirect category value.
Construction - Field Supervision

Field supervision is estimated for each construction contract based upon the
direct field manpower requirements and contract duration in the same manner
as for Prime Contractor reporting. Payroll burdens, indirects, and
miscellaneous expenses are evaluated and added to the supervision cost, thus
arriving at the total cost for field supervision - classed as a construction field
indirect cost.
Construction - Home Office Construction Services

Home office construction services cost is estimated in the same manner as
field supervision. Man-hour requirements (tied to contract duration and field
requirements) are combined with appropriate discipline rates to develop direct
discipline costs. The payroll burdens, indirects, and miscellaneous expenses
are added to develop the total cost. Associated costs for G&A, fee, and
contingency are applied as described below.
Contract Overheads
The overheads:
• General and administrative costs (G&A)
• Fee
• Contingency
are part of the user’s contract description or are evaluated through system
default procedures. These overheads are applied and reported against costs in
the following categories:
• Design (engineering and procurement, including home office construction
services)
• Materials
• Construction.
General and administrative costs are evaluated as a percentage of direct and
indirect costs.
Contract fee percentages are calculated by the system as a function of the
total cost of the scope of effort: directs, indirects, and G&A. Figure CDS-1 and
the example below illustrate the method used by the system to develop a fee.
The fee is determined by the phase (engineering, materials, construction) and
extent (total cost) of each phase. The total cost of directs, indirects, and G&A
is reduced by the Escalation Index to a graph base. The fee percentage
obtained from Figure CDS-1 using this reduced cost is applied to the phase
total cost.

For example, suppose (1) a US country base is chosen and all costs are in US
Dollars, (2) the System Base Index for all costs is set and tabulated (see
Indexing/Escalation Data) at “1200,” (3) the user has indicated a requirement
for 21% escalation from the base by entering 1.21 x 1200 = 1452, and (4) the
system has arrived at an escalated total cost for construction directs, indirects,
and G&A of $290,400. The system would develop a reduced total cost of
$290,400/(1452) = 200. Applying this value to Figure CDS-1, the curve for
construction would be used to obtain the fee percentage (11.1% for
construction) applied to the $290,400 figure. The user of another country base
location and currency would use the appropriate country base scale and
currency conversion to use Figure CDS-1; the system would perform these
conversions automatically.
Contingency may be adjusted by the user on a contract basis or on a project
basis.
A fee for handling other contracts is determined by the percentage of the value
of contracts handled.
The above individual fee categories are disregarded should the user enter a
single lump sum fee for the contract.

Contracts - Impact Upon Other User Input
The use of the contracts feature has a significant impact on other user input.
The interrelationships between contract definitions and other system data are
described in each section of this document so affected.
Figure CDS-1: System Calculated Fee Percentage to be Applied to Total Cost of

Directs, Indirects, and Overheads for Engineering (Curve E), Materials (Curve
M), and Construction (Curve C).
Note: Use the appropriate country base location scale and Escalation Index
and should apply the appropriate currency conversion to enter this chart. The
system will perform this calculation in normal fashion.

37 Vendors/Suppliers of
Design & Cost Data (G7)

Introduction
Capitan Overlay Technologies, Inc.
DOW Plastic-Lined Piping Products
Fisher Controls International, Inc.
Honeywell Inc.
John Zink Company
Victaulic Company of America
Hawke International
37 Vendors/Suppliers of Design & Cost Data (G7) 37-1

Introduction
Vendors and suppliers have been helpful in providing Icarus with design and
cost data for process equipment and bulks which are specific to their lines of
products and services. In the past, we have expressed our appreciation to
contributors of detailed design and cost data, keeping their names on an “upon
request” basis. This chapter is dedicated to those vendors and suppliers that
contribute design and cost data who do not wish to remain anonymous.
It is important to recognize the data supplied to Icarus by contributors is
processed for inclusion into Icarus systems using Icarus’ time-tested cost
modeling technology. As a result, a contributor’s data, while of “quotation
grade” upon contribution, should be considered of “estimation grade” when
developed by an Icarus system.
This list of contributing vendors and suppliers contains references to offices
where detailed information and additional assistance may be obtained.
37-2 37 Vendors/Suppliers of Design & Cost Data (G7)

Contributing Vendor: Capitan Overlay Technologies
9304 Horton Road, S.W.
Calgary, Alberta T2V2X4
Canada
www.capitanoverlay.com
Telephone: (403) 253-1882
Fax: (403) 253-2187
Item • Couplings: 3/4 INCH minimum
diameter, up to 4 INCH maximum
length
• Nozzles & Pipe: 1 INCH minimum
diameter, any length
• 90 & 45 DEGREE Elbows 2 INCH
minimum diameter
• Reducers & Tees: 2 INCH
minimum diameter
• Flanges & Blinds: 1/2 INCH
minimum diameter, RTJ & RF type
• Valve Bodies: 2 INCH minimum
diameter
• Tubesheets & Channels: Any Size
• Piping Systems: Any Size &
Configuration
• Pressure Vessels: Any Size
• Base Materials: Carbon, Alloyed
and Exotic Steels
• Weld Overlays: 300 Series SS,
Nickel, Monel, Inconel, Hasteloy,
etc.
• Hardfacing: Chromium Carbides,
Complex Carbides, Stellite

Captain Overlay Technologies - Contacts
Canada: 9304 Horton Road S.W. Oman: OHI Petroleum & Energy
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Services LLC
T2V2X4 P.O. Box 889, Muscat, Post
Tel 1(403) 253-1882 Code 113
Fax 1(403) 253-2187 Sultanate of Oman
Email: okaneb@cadvision.com Tel (968) 605-665
Fax (968) 602084
U.S.A U.S. Sales Office Email: opeso@gto.net.om
Pit Rankin
6626 NW Sioux Dr. Kuwait: Al-Arfaj Engineering Co. W.L.L.
Kansas City, MO 64152 S. Panchu
Tel 1(816) 891-0790 P.O. Box 391, Salmiya 22004,
Fax 1(816) 891-0767 Kuwait
Email: prankin103@aol.com Tel (965)481-7448
Fax (965) 4817442
Email: arfaj@ncc.moc.kw
United Anticorrosion Protective
Systems ARK Technologies
Arab S.E. Asia
Graham Young Ann Marie Kimber
Emirates: and
P.O. Box 4705 P.O. Box 119
Australia: Castlecrag NSW 2068 Australia
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Tel (971)(2) 722894 Tel (61)(2) 9882-1180
Fax (971)(2) 792760 Fax (61)(2) 9882-1190
Email: Email: arktech@tig.com.au
apsdubai@emirates.net.ae

Contributing Vendor: DOW- Plastic-Lined Piping Products
4675 E. Wilder Road
P.O. Box 927
Bay City, MI 48707-0927
Telephone:
North America: 1-800-233-7577
Outside North America: 517-638-2533
Fax: 517-638-0522
Item Plastic-Lined Pipe, Valves and Fittings:
• SARAN*-lined pipe and fittings, 1”- 8” diameter
• Polypropylene-lined pipe and fittings, 1”- 12” diameter
• PVDF-lined pipe and fittings, 1”- 8” diameter
• PTFE-lined pipe and fittings, 1”- 12” diameter
Pipe and fittings available with housings of carbon steel
and stainless steel.
Plastic-Lined Carbon Steel Valves:

• Check valves, 1”- 8” diameter
• Diaphragm valves, 1”- 8” diameter
• Plug valves, 1”- 2”
Contacts
Dow has over 25 distributors with over 90 locations globally. Please contact Dow, Bay City,
Michigan for the distributor in your area.

Contributing Vendor: Fisher Controls International, Inc.
205 South Center Street
P.O. Box 190
Marshalltown, Iowa 50158
Telephone: 515-754-3011
Item Valves: Control Relief
Regulators:
Air, Gas, and Steam
Self Operated
Pilot Operated
Controllers:
Electronic and Pneumatic
Pressure
Temperature
Level
North Fisher Controls International,

Inc.
America:205 South Center Street
P.O. Box 190
Marshalltown, Iowa 50158
(515) 754-3011
Contacts
Asia: Fisher Controls Asia Pacific Ltd. United Fisher Controls Ltd.
1 Pandan Crescent Kingdom: Meridian East
Singapore 0512 Leicester
Republic of Singapore England LE3 2WU
+ 65 777 8211 + 44 (533) 82 28 22
France: Fisher Controls S.A.

Rue Paul-Baudry
B.P. 10
68700 Cernay, France
+ 33 89 75 48 00
Fisher Controls GmbH

Germany: Rheinische Strasse 2
D-5675 Haan
Federal Republic of Germany
+ 49 (2129) 553 0

Contributing Vendor: Honeywell Inc.
16404 North Black Canyon Highway
Phoenix, AZ 85023
Telephone: 602-863-5000
Item Totally distributed control system components
• TDC 3000 system equipment and services:

- Operator and Control Center Components
- Cable, Conduit, Connectors
• Smart-transmitters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Magnetic Flow
Contacts
U.S.A. Honeywell Industrial Mediterranean: Honeywell SpA
Automation and Control Via Vittor Pisani 13
16404 North Black Canyon 20124 Milano
Highway Italy
Phoenix, AZ 85023
U.S.A. Pacific: Honeywell Pty Ltd.
602-863-5000 863-871 Bourke Street
Waterloo NSW 2017
Europe: Honeywell N.V./S.A. Australia
Process Automation Center
Europe Canada: The Honeywell Centre
1 Avenue du Bourget 155 Gordon Baker Road
B-1140 Brussels Willowdale, Ontario M2H 3N7
Belgium Canada
Japan: Yamatake-Honeywell Co. Ltd. Latin America: Honeywell Miami Lakes

Nagai International Building Florida
2-12-19 Shibuya U.S.A.
Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo 150 305-364-2355
Japan
Asia: Honeywell Asia Pacific Inc.

Suite 3001
30/F Convention Plaza
1 Harbour Road
Wanchai
Hong Kong

Contributing Vendor: John Zink Company
11920 E. Apache
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74116-1300
Telephone: 918-234-1800
Item Flare:Recuperative Thermal Oxydizer
Contacts
Headquarter KOCH Engineering Company, Netherlands: Koch Int’l B.V. - Benelux
s: Inc. Ligusterbaan 14 - Postbus 5177
4111 East 37th Street, North 2900 ED Capelle a/d IJssel
Wichita, Kansas 67220 The Netherlands
316-832-5110 + 4580755
U.S.A. John Zink Company (Gulf Spain: Koch Int’l KI, S.A. - Spain
Coast)
Calle Espronceda, 27 - 1oC
600 Travis Street, 13th FL.
Madrid, Spain 28003
Houston, Texas 77002
+ 533-2502
713-229-5900
Germany: John Zink GmbH - Germany
John Zink Company
Voltenseestrasse 2
14823 Stonberg Avenue
6000 Frankfurt AM Main 60
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70816
Federal Republic of Germany
504-275-5123
+ 308-0
John Zink Company Japan: John Zink KK - Japan

81 Dia DeLuna
Sankai do Building, 8th Floor
Pensacola Beach, Florida
1-9-13 Akasaka
32562
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
904-932-7341
Japan
+ 813-5978-5580
John Zink Company
220 Continental Drive, Ste 207 Venezuela:
John Zink Latin America -
Newark, Delaware 19713
Venezuela
302-456-9035
Centro Seguros La Paz
Ofc. PB-24-K
John Zink Western
Avenidad Francisco Miranda
6820 Orangethorpe Avenue,
El Marques
Unit E
Caracas, Venezuela 1070A
Buena Park, California 90620
+ 237-6608
714-739-0315
Canada: England: John Zink Limited - England
John Zink Canada West
High Common
Suite 500
77 Woodside Road
205 - 9th Avenue, S.E.
Amersham
Calgary, Alberta T2G 0R3
Bucks, England HP6 6AA
Canada
+ 434100
403-269-4300
Singapore: John Zink - Singapore
John Zink Canada
Block 2
35 Crawford Crescent
Taman Serasi #01-06
Block D, Suite 11
Singapore 1025
Campbellville, Ontario L0P 1B0
+ 473-2752
Canada
905-854-0063

Contributing Vendor: Victaulic Company of America
4901 Kesslerville Road

P.O. Box 31
Easton, PA 18040
Telephone: 610-559-3300
Telefax: 610-250-8817
Internet: http://www.victaulic.com
E-mail: vic@mail.com
Item • Grooved and plain end pipe
couplings, fittings, valves,
accessories and grooving tools;
Pressfit® system (304, 316 &
carbon) couplings, fittings,
valves, certified pipe and tools:
• Carbon steel 3/4 - 48 INCHES [20 - 1200
MM]
• Pressfit carbon steel 3/4 - 2 INCHES [20 -
50 MM]
• Stainless steel 3/4 - 18 INCHES [20 - 450
MM]
• Pressfit stainless (304) 3/4 - 2 INCHES [20
- 50 MM]
• Pressfit stainless (316) 3/4 -2 INCHES [20
- 50 MM]
• Ductile iron (AWWA) 3 - 36 INCHES [80
- 900 MM]
• Copper tubing (CTS) 2 - 8 INCHES [50 -
200 MM]
• HDPE Plastic 2 - 14 INCHES [50 - 350
MM]
• PVC Plastic 3/4 - 16 INCHES [20 - 400
MM]
• Aluminum 1 - 8 INCHES [25 - 200 MM]
• Applied Vic-Ring® adapters up to 144
INCHES [3600 MM]

Contacts
Colorado (Denver): U.S.A. Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh):
Phone: 303-371-1320 • Fax: Phone: 412-931-1693 • Fax: 412-
303-371-1324 776-0730
California (Los Angles) Texas (Houston):

310-537-9536 635-1743
Georgia (Norcross): Texas (Odessa):

770-381-7391 332-4924
Illinois (Chicago): Washington (Seattle):

Phone: 630-595-8310 • Fax Phone: 206-872-2200 • Fax: 206-
630-595-8324 872-2203
Maryland/DC (Baltimore): Canada:Alberta (Edmonton):

Phone MD - 410-796-0500 • Phone: 403-452-0680 • Fax: 403-
DC - 301-621-2360 452-2430
Fax: 410-796-1974 Ontario (Toronto):
Phone: 416-675-5575 • Fax: 416-
Massachusetts (Boston): 675-5729
Phone: 508-528-7500 • Fax:
508-528-7550 Europe:Victaulic Europe
Phone: 011-32-93-694454
Missouri (Kansas City) Fax: 011-32-93-662553
Phone: 816-241-4521 • Fax:
816-241-6258 Int’l: Victaulic International
Phone: 610-559-3300 • Fax: 610-
NY/NJ/PA Metro: 559-3608
Phone: 800-742-5842
• Fax: 800-437-6573

Contributing Vendor: Hawke International
Oxford Street West
Ashton Under Lyne
Lancashire
OL7 ONA
Internet: www.ehawke.com/
Fieldbus
E mail: fieldbus@ehawke.com
Item Fieldbus equipment:
4/8 Drop Fieldbus Bricks (non-pluggable) with Short
Circuit Protection (I.S. and Non-Hazardous applications)
Fieldbus Power Supply (I.S. and Non-Hazardous

applications)
Contacts
Americas Harry Wilson, National Sales
Manager - Fieldbus
hwilson@hawkeusa.com
Tel: 1 (972) 335 0176
Europe and the Middle East Paul Raftery, Business

Development Manager
Tel: +44 (0)161 308 5806
Asia Vivien Lettington, Manager

Tel: 00 65 6282 2242

38 Glossary (G5)
AACE
American Association of Cost Engineers.
ABC
Tracking costs on an activity-by-activity basis. Tracking costs this way
provides the ability to identify tasks which are on track and are beginning to
run
over budget.
Accelerated depreciation
Depreciation methods that allow the company to depreciate and write-off the
cost of assets at a rate faster than the write-off under the straight line
method.
Account
A major account series, e.g., piping 300-399.
Acid-test ratio
See Quick ratio.
Action button
An action that may be performed represented by a button on a menu.
Activity
An individual task needed for the completion of a project. It is the smallest
discrete block of time and the resources are typically handled by project
management software. It is a single task which needs to be done in a project.
Multiple activities are related to each other by identifying their immediate
predecessors. Solitary activities, which have no predecessors or successors,
are allowed.
38 Glossary (G5) 38-1

Activity duration
Specifies the length of time (hours, days, weeks, months) that it takes to
complete an activity. This information is optional in the data entry of an
activity. Work flow (predecessor relationships) can be defined before durations
are assigned. Activities with zero durations are considered milestones
or hammocks.
Actual dates
Actual dates are entered as the project progresses. These are the dates that
activities really started and finished as opposed to planned or estimated dates.
Addendum
A change or graphic instrument issued before the date bids are opened. An
addendum may interpret and/or modify the bidding documents by making
additions, deletions, clarifications or corrections.
AFC
Approved for construction.
AFD
Approved for design.
AFE
Authorized for expenditures.
Allocate
To book the costs under one COA to another COA.
Allowances
Additional resources included in estimates to cover the cost of known but
undefined requirements for any individual activity, work item or account.
Alternate
A request from the owner for the cost of adding or deleting an item or work
element from the basic bid. The cost of adding an item is usually known as
additive alternate, while the cost of deleting an item is known as
deductive alternate.
Amortization
See Loan amortization and Full loan amortization.
38-2 38 Glossary (G5)

ANSI
American National Standards Institute.
API
American Petroleum Institute.
Apply
For Aspen Kbase, includes the entered information in the
project specifications.
Apply & Close

For Aspen Kbase, includes the entered information in the project specifications
and closes the entry window.
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Aspen Kbase
ICARUS’ state-of-the-art, integrated, ready-to-use, computer aided design,
estimating, and scheduling system for evaluating major process plants and
mills worldwide. Aspen Kbase is available on both a UNIX workstation and a PC
running Microsoft Windows NT.
Asset structure
The particular mix of possessions a corporation holds. These are divided into
those to be held for a short time (current assets) and those to be held for a
long time (fixed assets). In a dynamic corporation this mix is continuously
changing. It is the job of the financial manager to keep this mix at the most
desirable combination.
Average collection period

An efficiency ratio. A measure of how long it takes the company on the
average to collect on a credit sale = receivables X 360/net sales. It should be
approximately the same length as the credit terms of the company.
Average rate of return (ARR)

A non-discounted capital budgeting technique. This is the ratio of average net
income to average investment.

B
Balance sheet
A record of the company’s assets, liabilities and equity as of a certain date.
Balloon
Symbol for field instrument in a P&ID.
Balloon payment
A very large payment due at the maturity of a loan arrangement, which has
not fully amortized the loan.
Baseline schedule
A fixed project schedule. It is the standard by which project performance is
measured. The current schedule is copied into the baseline schedule which
remains frozen until it is reset. Resetting the baseline is done when the scope
of the project has been changed significantly. At that point, the original or
current baseline becomes invalid and should not be compared with the
current schedule.
Basic engineering
Engineering required to bring the Phase I design to the AFD level. Basic
engineering is the initial stage of projects where process flow diagrams (Puffs)
are created to arrange process operations, functionality and the necessary
equipment list. This is accomplished by taking the results of the process
analysis (from a simulator) of a general design to define process conditions,
requirements, functionality and equipment for the specified process. The basic
process design is then created. At this stage, design conditions are defined
based on process conditions and operations and models of actual equipment
are mapped out.
Benefit-cost ratio (BCR)

A discounted cash flow capital budgeting technique; also called the profitability
index. This is the ratio of the present value of the future cash inflows of a
project to the initial investment.
Bid documents
The advertisement for bids, instructions to bidders, information available to
bidders, bid form with all attachments and proposed contract documents
(including all addenda issued before the receipt of bids).
Bond
A corporate promissory note issued to an investor.

Bond covenants
The terms and provisions of a debt issue contained in the indenture. These
include the interest rate, maturity date, call price, protections and
other specifics.
Bond indenture
The contract in a debt issue that outlines all the covenants.
Bond refunding
The procedure of recalling an existing bond issue and replacing it with another.
This is usually done to take advantage of changes in market interest rates.
Book value
For a company, the book value is total net worth.
Book value per share

The total net worth divided by the number of shares outstanding.
Break-even analysis
A planning procedure that analyzes the relationships between costs, revenues
and volume and uses these relationships to project profits at various levels
of sales.
Break-even budget
The amount of the budget at which the company has exhausted all internally
generated equity and must begin to use externally generated equity.
Break-even point
That point in the level of production or sales at which total revenues equal
total costs.
BS5500
British Standards.
Clear
Erases entries currently selected or displayed in active window.
Click
To press and release the left mouse button.

Close
For Aspen Kbase, makes no changes to the project specifications — simply
closes the entry window.
Closed-end mortgage bond

A mortgage bond issue that prevents the company from issuing additional
senior debt by pledging the same assets.
CM
Construction manager/management.
COD
A credit term that means “Cash on Delivery” and specifies that goods must be
paid for in full upon delivery.
Code of account (COA)

A specific cost code (e.g., 315 CS VALVES: FLANGED.)
Coincident indicator
An economic indicator that changes concurrently with changes in the
general economy.
Collateral
An asset used as security to guarantee payment of the principal and interest
on a loan.
Collection costs
Clerical and administrative costs involved with granting credit and managing
accounts receivable.
Commercial paper
Short-term promissory notes issued only by very financially secure
corporations. It is generally safe and very liquid. It has very short maturities
and very high denominations. It has yields higher than treasury bills. It usually
can be either placed directly or through commercial paper dealers.
Common equity
That portion of the balance sheet accounts composed of common stock, capital
in excess of par and retained earnings. Also called net worth and
stockholders’ equity.

Comparative analysis
An analysis of the overall performance of a company that compares the ratios
of a given company with ratios of other companies in the same industry.
Compensating balance
A credit arrangement restriction that requires a borrower to keep a specified
percentage of the outstanding balance of a certain loan in a checking account
with the bank.
Components
The pieces of the process plant (or mill) that when linked together complete a
process. ICARUS components are categorized into process equipment, plant
bulks, site development, buildings, quoted equipment, unit cost libraries and
equipment model libraries.
Composition
A voluntary financial agreement whereby creditors accept partial payment on
debts owed them as full payment.
Conglomerate merger
A merger between two companies whose businesses are not directly related.
Construction overhead and fees

See Overhead
Consumable
The cost of small tools, fixings, consumable material other than
welding supplies.
Consumer survey method for forecasting

A survey method of sales forecasting in which consumers are asked to reveal
their purchasing intentions.
Contingency
An amount added to the estimate to allow for changes that will likely be
required. This may be derived either through statistical analysis of past-project
costs or by applying experience gained on similar projects. Contingency
usually does not include changes in scope or unforeseeable major events such
as strikes or natural disasters.
Contract documents
The contract forms, general and special conditions, drawings, specifications
and addenda describing the project scope and contract terms.

Control
The process of comparing actual performance with planned performance,
analyzing the differences and taking the appropriate corrective action.
Control process
A procedure to determine whether or not actual performance is in keeping with
planned or budgeted performance.
Conversion premium
The difference between a convertible bond’s issue price and its conversion
value at issue time.
Convertible security
A convertible bond or preferred stock that allows the holder to convert the
security into a specified number of shares of common during a specified
time period.
Copy & change

For Aspen Kbase, copies an existing component (with any associated bulks)
and displays the copy for modifications.
Cost
The amount a contract item is known or estimated to cost the contractor.
Cost index
A number that relates the cost of an item at a specific time to the
corresponding cost at some arbitrarily specified time in the past. A cost index
is useful in taking known past costs for an item and relating them to
the present.
Cost modeling
Taking basic process data (such as capacity of tanks, flow rates of pumps and
areas of heat exchange) and applying them to industry standard design
procedures and codes (ASME, API, TEMA, NEMA, BS5500, JIS and DIN). Cost
modeling also includes developing a mechanical design and simulating the
fabrication and manufacturing of equipment to determine a total equipment
cost and man-hours for installation.
Cost of capital
Cost incurred by utilizing various forms of financing for capital projects. It is
the minimum return required from a project in order for that project to be
acceptable into the capital budget.

Coupon rate
The published rate of a bond. It is equal to the annual interest amount divided
by the face value = I/F.
Covenants
See Bond covenants.
Create
For Aspen Kbase, creates a new project for entering specifications.
Credit discount
A credit term that specifies the percentage discount which may be taken if the
invoice is paid within a specified number of days.
Credit period
A credit term that specifies the number of days a client can take to pay an
invoice without being considered delinquent.
Credit period only

A credit term that specifies that no discount will be given, but the bill is due
within a specified time period.
Credit policy
Policy for management decisions on credit standards, limits and specific terms.
Critical activity
A critical activity has zero or negative float. This activity has no allowance for
work slippage. It must be finished on time or the entire project will fall behind
schedule. (Non-critical activities have float or slack time and are not in the
critical path. Super-critical activities have negative float.)
Critical path
There may be several paths within one project. The critical path is the path
(sequence) of activities which represent the longest total time required to
complete the project. A delay in any activity in the critical path causes a delay
in the completion of the project. There may be more than one critical path
depending on durations and work flow logic.
CS
Carbon steel, specifically A285C plate, A106, pipe
< 2”, A 53 pipe > = 2”, A299 castings.

Current ratio
A liquidity ratio. The ratio of total current assets to total current liability equals
CA/CL. It indicates the amount of money in CA for each unit of CL and is a
measure of liquidity.
Current yield
The return a bond is presently producing, which is equal to the annual interest
rate divided by its current market value.
Database
A collection of data that can be used to produce additional information.
Debenture
A bond that is backed only by the earning power of the company and no
specific assets. Debenture holders are general creditors of the company.
Decision engineering
An engineering of decisions. Decision engineering allows you to develop a
series of process strategies based on information developed from ICARUS’
systems. The best strategy is then identified from the series of strategies.
Considering the best strategy, a decision can then be made which then
becomes your tactic on which to act.
Decision point
A point on a decision tree over which management has control.
Decision tree
A graphic method of risk analysis that shows the magnitude of expected net
cash flows, their associated probabilities, and the interrelationships between
the various outcomes.
Deferred call provision

A restricted call provision that does not permit a bond to be called before a
specified amount of time passes after the initial issue.
Definitive: -5 to +15 percent estimate

(as defined by AACE)
This type of estimate is developed from very defined engineering data
including plot plans and elevations, piping and instrumentation diagrams, one-
line electrical diagrams, equipment data sheets and quotations, structural

sketches, soil data and sketches of major foundations, building sketches and a
complete set of specifications.
Degree of financial leverage

Quantification of financial leverage that measures the fractional change in net
income due to a fractional change in operating income.
Degree of operating leverage

The fractional change in earnings before interest and taxes for each fractional
change in sales.
Delete
For Aspen Kbase, removes the specified item from the project.
Delphi method for forecasting

A qualitative sales forecast method in which several experts give their own
opinions, listen to the opinions of the others, give individual opinions again and
continue through this process until they reach a consensus. This consensus
then constitutes the sales forecast.
Demand-diversity factor
The ratio of the actual power demand of an electrical system to the sum of the
nameplate ratings of each piece of equipment within that electrical system.
This ratio will always be less than unity for three reasons. First, motors are
manufactured in standard sizes so the actual power used will always be less
than the nameplate rating of the motor. Second, electrical equipment is
normally brought with some excess capacity; and third, not all equipment
operates at the same time.
Demobilization
See Mobilization/Demobilization.
Design basis
A set of specifications defining the country base, units of measure and
currency used in a project.
Detailed engineering
Defining specific equipment needs, areas, capacities, plot plans, utility
systems and tracks based on process engineering specifications and designs
defined during the Basic engineering phase. Pads and Oasis are created during
the detailed engineering phase. In addition, equipment is defined in relation to
the process flow during this phase.

DH (Direct hire)
Practice by some general contractors of hiring craftsmen directly from the local
labor pools rather than subcontracting the work.
Dialog box
A window that either requests or provides information.
DIN
Dutch-Industrie-Normen.
Direct costs
Costs that can be directly attributed to a particular item of work or activity.
Direct field cost (DFC)

Permanent equipment and materials and the construction contractor’s labor to
install them.
Discount period
A credit term that specifies the number of days during which the credit
discount can be taken.
Discount rate
The interest rate used to discount a future amount of money back to the
present. It is equal to the opportunity cost rate.
Display
For Aspen Kbase, shows the selected P&ID.
Distributable
A cost item that is spread over other cost items rather than managed as a
separate account.
Distribution of assets
Both the payment of dividends by the corporation to its stockholders and the
distribution of the liquidation proceeds to the creditors and the stockholders.
Dividend declaration date

The date upon which the board of directors met and declared the dividend.
Dividend payment date

The date upon which the dividend checks are mailed to the stockholders.

Dividend payout ratio
A measure of the percentage of earnings that are paid out in dividends. It can
be calculated by dividing dividends per share by earnings per share or by
dividing total dividends by net income.
Dividend policy
The established course of action management maintains in terms of that
portion of retained earnings paid out in dividends.
Dividend yield
A measure of the dividend return to investors for their investment in the
company. It is calculated by dividing dividends per share by the price of a
share of common stock.
Dividends
That portion of retained earnings which is paid to the stockholders.
Duration
Length of time needed to complete an activity. The time length can be
determined by user input or resource usage. Activities with no duration are
called milestones which act as markers. Estimating durations for future
activities is difficult. It is recommended that the largest duration possible be
used to account for possible delays.
E-P-C (Engineering, procurement and construction)

Consolidation of the responsibility for those activities under a single
contract(or).
• Engineering-Designing the plant or facility, calculating all the sizes,
dimensions, quantities and how and when the plant is to be assembled.
• Procurement-Purchasing material quantities and setting contracts with
engineering firms.
• Construction-Actually building the plant or facility based on engineering
specifications.
Early finish
The earliest calculated date on which an activity can end. It is based on the
activity’s Early start which depends on the finish of predecessor activities and
the activity’s duration.

Early start
The earliest calculated date on which an activity can begin. It is dependent on
when all predecessor activities finish.
Earned surplus
Also called retained earnings — the accumulated annual earnings of
a corporation.
Earnings per share

The amount of earnings available for each share of common stock. It is
calculated by dividing the net income by the number of common
shares outstanding.
Economic forecast
Projection of those factors that indicate the general condition of the
national economy.
Economic indicator
The factor within the national economy that can be used to identify a particular
trend in the general economy.
Economic order quantity

The appropriate number of units that should be ordered to efficiently balance
holding and reorder costs.
Efficiency
The ability of a corporation to most effectively use its assets to produce sales
in a particular sales period.
Efficiency ratios
Ratios drawn with items concerning the company’s asset base and sales. They
are useful in evaluating the ability of management to generate sales using
the assets.
Elapsed time
Total number of calendar days needed to complete an activity. This provides a
realistic view of an activity’s length.
Engineering Expense rate

Used to calculate the Basic Engineering Report's "Overhead Items," which
collectively comprise engineering expenses. See Chapter 31 for
more information.

EOM
A credit term that means “End of Month” and indicates that the credit period
begins on the first of the following month.
Equity
See Common equity.
Equity ratios
Ratios generated using items of interest to stockholders that give the
stockholder an indication of how desirable the company is for investment.
Equivalent dividend return

This is a theoretical evaluation of the return the investor would be receiving if
the returns on the convertible bonds were thought of as dividends for each
share that could be realized by conversion. It allows for comparison of the
return on the bond and the current return on the common stock of
the company.
Escalation
Provision for an increase in the cost of equipment, material, labor, etc., over
the costs specified in the contract, due to continuing price-level change
over time.
EWF
Engineering workforce.
Exercise price
The price for which one share of common stock can be purchased through the
exercise of warrants.
Exit
Leaves the program.
Expected return
The mathematically anticipated return of a project, obtained by multiplying
each possible outcome by the associated probability of that outcome and
summing all the resulting values.
Exponential smoothing
A quantitative sales forecasting method in which past sales data and past sales
forecasts are used to forecast sales.

Export
For Questimate, copies data from the current project into a format that can be
read by another application, such as a spreadsheet program.
Extension
A voluntary financial agreement whereby the repayment period for debt
is extended.
Factored estimating
Making estimates based on multiple factors. Equipment items are on-site as
are completed costs, equipment schedules and plotting schedules from earlier
projects. These numbers are then adjusted with multipliers from current
equipment and man-hour costs. Factored estimating is a method of generating
the cost of related items without designs. ICARUS’ systems are not based on
factored estimating.
Fast tracking
Overlapping of project activities normally executed in a consecutive manner.
Field costs
Indirect costs of engineering and construction associated with the project’s
field site rather than with the home office.
Field services
An indirect cost including medical, first aid, transport, welder tests and
welding supplies.
Field warehouse receipt

Short-term financing instrument used with pledged inventories whereby the
goods are transferred to a specified warehouse on the borrower’s property.
The goods cannot be released without the lender’s authorization. This is done
in cases when it is impractical to move the inventory.
Financial forecasting
Projection of future revenues and costs.
Financial lease
A lease that cannot be canceled until the lessee has paid an entire fixed
amount of money over a specified period in order that the lessor gets back all

costs plus a reasonable return. It generally does not include repair and
maintenance service.
Financial leverage
The operationalization of financial risk that can be measured to show the
influence of differing forms of financing on net income as operating
income changes.
Financial ratios
Ratios drawn between items from the balance sheet and income statements
that provide indications of a company’s strengths and weaknesses.
Financial risk
The risk inherent in using a particular form of funding for the asset base of
a corporation.
Financial statements
The financial records of a corporation some of which are used as internal
controls and some of which are published for various external parties.
Financial structure
The particular combination of common equity, preferred stock and short- and
long-term liabilities maintained by a company.
Finish float
The amount of excess time an activity has at its finish before a successor
activity must start. This is the difference between the start date of the
predecessor and the finish date of the current activity, using the early or late
schedule. (Early and late dates are not mixed.) This may be referred to as
slack time. All floats are calculated when a project has its schedule computed.
Finish-to-finish lag
The minimum amount of time that must pass between the finish of one activity
and the finish of its successor(s). If the predecessor’s finish is delayed, the
successor activity may have to be slowed or halted to allow the specified time
period to pass. All lags are calculated when a project has its schedule
computed. Finish-to-finish lags are often used with start-to-start lags.
Finish-to-start lag
The minimum amount of time that must pass between the finish of one activity
and the start of its successor(s). The default finish-to-start lag is zero. If the
predecessor’s finish is delayed, the successor activity’s start will have to be
delayed. All lags are calculated when a project has its schedule computed. In
most cases, finish-to-start lags are not used with other lag types.

Finishing activity
The last activity that must be completed before a project can be considered
finished. This activity is not a predecessor to any other activity — it has
no successors.
Fixed costs
Costs that do not vary over the production or sales range.
Flg.
Flanged.
Float
The amount of time that an activity can slip past its duration without delaying
the rest of the project. The calculation depends on the float type (start float,
finish float, positive float and negative float.) All float is calculated when a
project has its schedule computed.
Floating lien
A loan arrangement used when accounts receivable and inventories are used
as collateral. With this there is a general loan against the accounts on the
goods without any records being kept on specific ones.
Free float
The excess time available before the start of the following activity, assuming
that both activities start on their early start date. Free float can be thought of
as the amount of time an activity can expand without affecting the following
activity. If the current activity takes longer to complete than its projected
duration and free float combined, the following activity will be unable to begin
by its earliest start date.
Fringe benefits (FB)

Contractual adders to the base labor rate: medical and pension plans,
vacation, travel pay, holidays, etc.
Full loan amortization

A type of loan amortization procedure under which periodic payments are
made until all of the principal of the loan and all interest due are paid in full.
Funded debt
Debt with a maturity of more than 1 year. It includes bonds, debentures, term
loans and mortgages.

Funded debt to net working capital
The leverage ratio, which gives an indication of the company’s ability to retire
its debt by using its liquid assets = funded debt/NWC.
Funds forecast
The projection of any additional financing that may be necessary to achieve
and support projected sales.
G&A
General and administrative costs. Includes head office (corporate) expenses,
such as rental, heating and air conditioning (HVAC), maintenance, and
allocated costs (e.g., accounting).
Gantt (bar) chart

A graphic display of activity durations. It is also referred to as a bar chart.
Activities are listed with other tabular information on the side with time
intervals over the bars. Activity durations are shown in the form of
horizontal bars.
GC
General contractor.
General conditions
A specific portion of the contract documents. They state the responsibilities
and relationships of all parties to the contract, as well as any conditions
applicable to the contract.
GMP
Guaranteed maximum price.
Go Back
For Aspen Kbase, retraces your steps one level.
Grassroots
Constructing an entirely new facility from pre-basic, through basic, through
detailed engineering through construction on an undeveloped site.

H
Hammocks
A hammock groups activities, milestones, or other hammocks for reporting.
Most project management software calculates the duration of a hammock from
the early and late dates of the activities to which they are linked.
Hedging approach
In the hedging approach to working capital financing, the portion of current
assets that fluctuates is financed with current liabilities, and the portion that is
in effect fixed is financed through permanent financing.
Help
In Aspen Kbase, accesses the online help system.
Histogram
A graphic display of resource usage over a period of time. It allows the
detection of overused or under-used resources. The resource usage is
displayed in bars.
Historical average cost of capital

The cost associated with the company’s existing financing.
Historical cost estimating

Using old specifications and estimates from similar, earlier and already built
projects, and then adding some form of index to these past numbers to
determine costs for a current project.
Host
For Aspen Kbase (on a UNIX workstation), the computer that is in charge of
the operation of a group of computers linked in a network.
HP
Horsepower.
HVAC
Heating, ventilating and air conditioning.

I
ICARUS Process Evaluator (IPE)

ICARUS’ powerful PC-based software package designed for the automatic
preparation of detailed process facility designs, estimates and engineering and
construction schedules from your process simulation results.
ICARUS Project Manager (IPM)

ICARUS’ easy-to-use, fully-integrated, PC-based design, estimating,
scheduling, cost tracking and reporting system for in-plant and mill projects.
Icon
A graphical representation of an application or document.
ICUE
A stand-alone relational database management system provided as part
of Questimate.
Import
For Aspen Kbase, copies specified information from an existing project into the
current project.
Income bonds
A debt instrument that requires interest payments only when the corporation
has positive earnings. It is often used for reorganizations.
Income statement
A record of a company’s recorded earnings and expenses for a given
time period.
Incremental average cost of capital

The cost associated with using or generating new funds.
Indenture
See Bond indenture.
Indirect costs
All costs that do not become a final part of the installation. Indirect costs are
temporary construction costs and contractor overheads, burdens, fees, project
freight, design engineering, project management, taxes, insurance, cleanup
and contingency.

Industry forecast
Projection of revenue and cost trends for a particular industry.
Industry ratios
Ratios generated for an entire industry by calculating the ratios for each
corporation in that industry.
Inflation
An economic situation in which the costs of goods and services increase and
the relative worth of a given amount of money decreases.
Info
For Aspen Kbase, lists information about the current backup or retrieval.
Input-output model
A causal sales forecasting method in which interindustry transactions are used
to set up a purchaser-seller matrix, which in turn is used to establish
sales trends.
Installation bulks
Items that are directly associated with the component being defined and that
are used to complete the installation of the item. Refer to the user’s guide for
details on the twelve types of installation bulks summarized below:
1 Material/man-hour% adjustment - specifies percentage adjustments to
system developed material costs and man-hours.
2 Material/man-hour additions - adds lump sum material costs and/or man-
hours to a specified code of account.
3 Piping - General Specs - defines the rules for developing all of the
component’s installation piping, which carry liquids, gasses and/or solids
between successive equipment items in the process stream.
4 Piping - Detail Items - specifies individual runs of piping and associated
fittings, tracing, paint and insulation.
5 Duct - for applicable components, specifies individual runs of ducting and
associated fittings and insulation. Up to five duct lines may be specified for
each component.
6 Civil - specifies additional bulk excavation and up to three different
foundation types/sizes. Includes the excavation, erection of formwork,
installation of reinforcing steel and pouring of concrete for foundations to
support equipment.
7 Steel - specifies ladders, stairs, platforms, and up to three different steel
items (e.g., structural elements such as the pipe rack and open
steel structures).

8 Instrumentation - specifies individual instrumentation loops (or parts of
loops) with associated sensors, transmitters and signal cabling. Up to 50
loops may be defined for each component.
9 Electrical - specifies local equipment wiring and up to three different types
of loads. Electrical equipment and cable carries power from a main plant
substation to a unit area substation and, in turn, to each equipment item
requiring electricity.
10 Insulation - specifies insulation and fireproofing for component and
installation bulk steel. For components, the insulation type, jacket type,
thickness, and area can be specified. For component and steel fireproofing,
type, rating and area can be specified.
11 Paint - specifies paint preparation and painting of component and
installation bulk steel.
12 Nozzel - for applicable components, replaces the system-standard nozzle
schedule for vessels and towers. Up to 12 sets of nozzles may be specified,
including diameter, quantity, and location (e.g., shell or jacket).
Intermediate term loan

A loan that is repaid within 1 to 10 years. These loans are usually acquired
through banks, insurance companies and pension funds.
Internal rate of return (IRR)

A discounted cash flow capital budgeting technique. The internal rate of return
is that discount rate which equates the present value of future cash inflows
with the initial investment. It is calculated using a trial and error procedure.
Intrinsic value
The underlying “true” value of a company as determined by its management of
assets and liabilities and by the risks taken on, and the returns given its
shareholders. It is also in part determined by the individual investor’s attitudes
toward risk and return. For an actively traded stock, given sufficient
information availability, the intrinsic value is equal to the market value.
Inventory holding costs

The inventory costs that arise from the fact of actually having the inventory.
Included in the holding costs are costs of storing, handling, insuring and
auditing the inventory, and also the costs of taxes, obsolescence, theft,
physical damage and capital investment.
Inventory reorder costs

The inventory costs incurred when inventory stocks must be replaced. These
include the costs of processing, telephoning, typing and receiving orders and
mailing and stationery and invoice costs.

Inventory shortage costs
The inventory costs incurred when a company runs out of inventory. Included
in this are the costs of lost sales, ill will and special orders.
Inventory turnover
An efficiency ratio. A measure of how many times the inventory is “sold” or
“turned over” in a sales period = net sales/inventory. It indicates how well the
size of the inventory has been managed.
ISO (Isometric drawing)

A very detailed piping and engineering drawing which includes very specific
equipment items like valves, fittings, elbows, nuts and bolts, etc. Can also
refer to three-dimensional computer drawings which display this piping and
engineering detail as it will appear when fully constructed.
Issued stock
The common stock of a corporation that has actually been sold to an investor.
Item
In Aspen Kbase, a capsule-shaped element of a tree diagram representing
project specifications.
Item run
The process of having Aspen Kbase prepare a design and estimate at the
component level for all or selected components in a project.
JIS
Japanese Industrial Standard.
Jury of executive opinion method for forecasting

A qualitative method of sales of forecasting in which a group of executives
estimate sales and then have these estimates averaged to give the forecast.

K
KV
Kilovolts
KVA
Kilovolts-amperes
KW
Kilowatts
Labor burden
Taxes and insurance costs based on labor payroll that the employer is legally
required to pay on behalf of or for the benefits of laborers. (In the U.S., these
include federal old age benefits, federal unemployment insurance tax, state
unemployment tax and workers’ compensation.)
Labor cost
The base salary, plus all fringe benefit costs and labor burdens associated with
labor, that can be definitely assigned to one item of work, product, area or
account.
Lag
The time delay between the start or finish of an activity and the start or finish
of its successor(s).
Lagging indicator
An economic indicator the changes in which follow the changes in the general
economy during a known period of time.
Late finish
The latest dates by which an activity can finish to avoid causing delays in
a project.
Late start
The latest dates by which an activity can start to avoid causing delays in
a project.

Leading indicator
An economic indicator the changes in which precede concomitant changes in
the general economy in a known amount of time.
Lease
A legal contract whereby a lessee is able to obtain the use of certain assets
without having to actually purchase these assets. The assets remain the
property of a lessor who receives a series of payments for the use of
the assets.
Lease capitalization
The evaluation of a lease arrangement that uses the present value of future
lease payments as the value for lease obligations to be shown as liabilities and
an equal value to be shown as net leased assets on the balance sheet of the
lessee. This is done by capitalizing the lease payments at an appropriate lease
capitalization rate. If this rate is applied to the lease payments after the first
payment is made, it results in a net capitalized value. If it is done before the
first payment is made, a gross capitalized value results.
Lease capitalization rate

See Capitalization rate for leases.
Leverage
The amount of debt financing used by a corporation. A general measure is the
ratio of total debts to total assets.
Leverage ratios
The ratios generated using items dealing with the company’s indebtedness,
which monitor the company’s ability to meet its financial obligations.
Library
A set of user-defined specifications that may be added into a project when
requested.
Lien
A legally recognized pledge against specific physical property.
Line of credit
An arrangement between a bank and a client company that allows the client to
borrow up to a maximum amount of cash at its own discretion within a set
amount of time. Designed to get the company through periods of short-term
seasonal needs, a line of credit also allows the company the flexibility of
determining the timing and size of amounts outstanding at any one time. The
account generally must be paid up each year.

Link
For Aspen Kbase, a connection between an item in one tree diagram with an
item in another tree diagram.
Liquidation value
The residual proceeds from selling off the company’s assets and paying off the
company’s liabilities.
Liquidity
The nearness of a certain asset to cash, the ease with which it can be
converted into cash and the amount of cash realized at conversion.
Liquidity ratios
The ratios using current assets and current liabilities that measure a
company’s ability to pay its short-term liabilities.
LJ
Lap joint.
Loaded labor rate

Base labor plus PAC's, fringe benefits and other subcontractors costs, including
overhead and project.
Loan amortization
The procedure of paying off a loan by making a series of equal payments
at regular intervals. These payments include both interest and
principal repayment.
Lock-box system
A method of improving funds collections, based upon having funds mailed to
post office boxes. These funds are then collected several times a day by
representatives of the company’s local banks and deposited into the banks.
The company’s market is divided into regions and the post offices and banks
are chosen for each region.
Log
For Aspen Kbase, lists prior backups for selecting files to retrieve.

M
Main substation
A substation which feeds power at the distribution voltage to either a unit
substation or directly to a motor driven at the distribution voltage.
Maintenance lease
A type of financial lease under which the lessor pays maintenance and
insurance costs.
Making a market
The act of maintaining an inventory of unlisted stocks and selling them as
orders for them are received.
Marginal average cost of capital

The weighted average cost associated with raising the last dollar of a
hypothetical new budget.
Marginal cost of capital

The minimum rate of return expected by the company’s suppliers of capital.
Mark text
For Aspen Kbase, to select text by dragging the mouse pointer over the
selected text while holding down the left mouse button.
Mark-up
As variously used in construction estimating, such percentage applications as
general overhead, profit, and other indirect costs. When mark-up is applied to
the bottom of a bid sheet for a particular item, system or other construction
price, any or all of the above items (or more) may be included, depending on
local practice.
Market extension merger

A horizontal merger by which the geographical market of the merging
companies is extended.
Market value
The value established in the market place by supply and demand and
market transactions.

Maturity value of a bond
The value of a bond if held until the maturity date and then redeemed. It is
usually the same as the face value and remains constant over the life of
the bond.
MCC
Motor control center.
MCC equipped space

Motor control center equipment, i.e., cabinetry and back-plane wiring,
exclusive of starter gear; unfilled MCC space available for rearrangement
or expansions.
Mechanical engineering
Primarily concerned with the function, use, design and fabrication of
equipment. The designing, testing, building and operating of machinery are
also of importance. Mechanical engineering focuses on two areas: machinery
and thermodynamics (heat and energy management based on laws of
conversion of matter and energy).
Micro-scheduling
The scheduling of activities with durations less than one day (in hours or
fractional days.)
Milestones
An activity with zero duration (usually marking the end of a period.)
Minimum market value

For a convertible bond at any given point in time, this is the higher of the pure
bond value or the conversion value.
Miscellaneous indirect costs

Job cleanup costs, watchmen, equipment servicing (insurance and safety),
public liability, damage, automobile and all-risk insurance, warehousing and
nonproductive field labor.
Mobilization/Demobilization
An indirect cost including transportation cost of equipment, offices, etc. to and
from the construction site.
Mortgage bond
A bond that is backed by the pledge of specific assets of the company. If the
company is liquidated, proceeds from the liquidation of these assets are used

to satisfy these bondholders’ claims. They are considered the most secure type
of bond although they do not guarantee perfect safety. They can be either
senior or junior mortgage bonds, the senior having priority over all other
creditors of the company, the junior coming next.
Mouse
A device connected to the computer, that when moved, moves the cursor on
the monitor screen. In addition, the buttons on the mouse enable the user to
select text and objects.
Moving averages
A quantitative sales forecasting method in which an arithmetic average over
some predetermined number of sales periods is used to determine trends.
MPS
Master project schedule.
Multi-project analysis
Used to analyze the impact and interaction of activities and resources whose
progress affects the progress of a group of projects or for projects with shared
resources or both. Multi-project analysis can also be used for composite
reporting on projects having no dependencies or resources in common.
Negative float
Indicates activities must start before their predecessors finish in order to meet
a target finish date. All float is calculated when a project has its schedule
computed. Negative float occurs when the difference between the late dates
and the early dates (start or finish) or any activity are negative. In this
situation, the late dates are earlier then the early dates. This can happen when
constraints (activity target dates or a project target finish date) are added to
a project.
Negatively correlated projects

Projects whose net cash flow patterns are inversely related.
NEMA
National Electrical Manufacturing Association.
Net cash flows

The difference between cash inflows and outflows.

Net present value (NPV)
A discounted cash flow capital budgeting technique: NPV is the difference
between the present value of the future net cash flows of a project and the
initial investment.
Net working capital (NWC)

The difference between current assets and current liabilities: CA - CL = NWC.
It can be thought of as the company’s “conscious commitment in CA to
generate sales.”
Net working capital turnover

An efficiency ratio. A measure of how well management generates sales
utilizing current assets = net sales/net working capital.
Net worth
Total stockholders’ equity or total assets minus total liabilities.
Net worth turnover

An efficiency ratio. A measure of how well management utilizes stockholders’
equity to generate sales = net sales/net worth.
Network
A group of computers connected together.
Network analysis
The process of identifying early and late start and finish dates for
project activities.
Network diagram
A graphic representation of activity sequence and relationships. Activity boxes
are connected together with one-way arrow to indicate precedence. The first
activity is placed on the left side of the diagram with the last activity on the
right side. Activity boxes are usually placed at different levels (not in a single
row) to accommodate activities that are done simultaneously.
Offsets
Items located external to the facility battery limits, including cooling towers
and boilers.

OH
Overhead.
OK
For Aspen Kbase and Questimate, specifies that you wish to continue with the
current activity.
Open-end mortgage bond

A mortgage bond issue that does not limit the ability of the company to sell
additional senior mortgage bonds by pledging the same assets.
Operating lease
Also called service lease — a lease that allows the lessee to terminate the
lease at his convenience. The payments under an operating lease usually
include service and maintenance charges.
Operating leverage
A measure of the effect of changes in sales level on changes in earnings before
interest and taxes. The magnitude of the effect is determined by the portion of
sales revenue that has to be used to cover fixed costs.
Operational unit area

Any physical or geographical area of the facility, either inside or external to the
battery limits.
Opportunity cost
The cost incurred by foregoing the opportunity to take advantage of the next
best alternative.
Option menu
Within a dialog box or entry form, a listing of all allowable entries/options.
Order of magnitude: -30 to +50 percent estimate

(as defined by AACE) This type of estimate is made without any detailed
engineering data. The estimate is often developed using cost-capacity curves,
scale-up or -down factors or ratio estimating techniques.
Organizational goal
The aim or end product that the corporation as a whole works to achieve. All of
the decisions made within the corporation should be made in terms of
this aim.

Organized exchange
An organized capital market complete with physical facilities, governing boards
and membership regulations and requirements.
Orifice union
Special set of flanges designed to hold an orifice plate.
Origin
The identity of a direct cost component (such as a pump), consisting of a 3-
character symbol and a number from 100 to 999 (e.g., CP 100 for Centrifugal
Pump numbered 100). This identity is also used to label all installation bulks
attached to the pump.
OSHA
U.S. Occupational Safety and Heath Administration.
OT
Overtime.
Overhead
A cost or expense inherent in performing an operation, i.e., engineering,
construction, operating, or manufacturing, that cannot be charged to or
identified with a part of the work, product, or asset and which, therefore, must
either be allocated on some arbitrary basis believed to be equitable, or
handled as a business expense independent of the volume of production.
P&ID
Piping and instrumentation diagram. Basics of detailed engineering. P&IDs are
detailed drawings of a specific process to be built. P&IDs do not list specific
items, such as inessential valves, fittings and elbows.
PAC's
Payroll added costs: Social Security, workers' compensation, insurance,
federal and state taxes.
Paid-in capital
See Paid-in surplus.

Paid-in surplus
Also called paid-in capital, excess over par, and capital in excess of par — the
difference between the par value of a share of stock and the amount the
company realized on the initial issue of that share.
Par value
An arbitrary value assigned to each share of common stock. It is used for
accounting purposes only and has no influence on either the issue price or the
market price of a share of stock.
Parallel activities
Two or more activities that can be done at the same time. This allows a project
to be completed faster than if the activities were arranged serially in a
straight line.
Path
A series of connected activities. Refer to Critical path for information on critical
and non-critical paths.
Payback method (PM)

A non-discounted capital budgeting technique. This method calculates the
length of time necessary to recover initial investment. Most calculations of
payback assume that the cash inflows occur uniformly.
PC
Any personal computer (such as an IBM PC or compatible) using MS-DOS, OS/
2, Windows, Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, Windows NT Workstation,
or Windows NT Server operating systems.
Percent-of-sales method for forecasting

A funds forecasting method in which it is assumed that a change in sales will
require a determined change in the assets of the company, which in turn need
to be funded in some way.
Perpetual bond
A bond with no maturity date.
Perpetual warrants
Warrants with no expiration date.
PFD
Process flow diagram. Process configuration with heat and material balances.

Phase 0
Preliminary process design.
Phase I
Firm process design.
Phase II
Detailed engineering design, procurement and project control.
Plant bulk
An item (piping, civil, steel, instrumentation, electrical, insulation and/or
paint) which is needed to properly install a project component or operate
a facility
Plant start-up
Includes man-hours spent by the contractor’s discipline representatives
(specialists, foremen, superintendents, etc.), after mechanical completion of
the project, to perform the following tasks:
1 Support the testing and calibration of field instruments, electrical
measuring devices, etc.
2 Assist the owner with starting the plant and address any technical issues.
3 Consult with the owner on adjustments during the commissioning process.
Items not included in this contractor cost are such things as conferring with
the DCS vendor, developing control software, temporary utilities (e.g., more
steam required for start-up than thereafter), initial catalyst charges, changes
to the project scope or exchanging items, and any of the owner’s calibration or
commissioning staff.
PLC
Programmed logic controller.
Plot plan
A geographic (sky-view) plan for a future site. This is sometimes
called “dimensioning.”
PM/PE
Project manager/engineer.
PO
Purchase order.

Portfolio effect
The reduction in portfolio risk realized by diversification into negatively
correlated projects.
Portfolio risk
The total risk incurred by holding a portfolio of assets.
Positive float
The amount of time that an activity’s start can be delayed without affecting
the project completion date. An activity with positive float is not on the critical
path and is called a non-critical activity.
Power factor
The ratio of KW/KVA for an electrical system.
Precautionary motive
A motive for holding cash reserves that stems from management’s desire to be
able to handle any extraordinary and unexpected cash outflows.
Precedence notation
A means of describing project work flow. It is sometimes called activity-on-
node notation. Each activity is assigned a unique identifier. Work flow direction
is indicated by showing each of the activity’s predecessors and their lag
relationships. Graphically, precedence networks are represented by using
descriptive boxes and connecting arrows to denote the flow of work.
Predecessor
An activity that must be completed (or partially completed) before a specified
activity can begin. The combination of all predecessors and successors
relationships among the project activities forms a network. This network can
be analyzed to determine the critical path and other project
scheduling implications.
Preferred stock
A type of equity that has certain priorities over common stock. It is generally
characterized by fixed dividend payments, which are payable before
common stock
dividends and claims on the liquidation value of the company that are
subordinate to all creditor claims but prior to common stockholder claims.
Preprocessor
A set of one or more ICUE commands stored in a file which can be opened,
edited, saved and run. Preprocessors are helpful when you access the estimate
results database and run the same ICUE commands.

Present value
The mechanism whereby future costs and benefits can be made comparable to
present costs and benefits.
Price
The amount of money asked or given for a product. The chief function of price
is to ration the existing supply among prospective buyers. Price incorporates
direct and indirect costs, general overhead, profit and contingency.
Primary KV
Voltage in KV of the incoming power to a substation.
Primary market
That segment of the capital market which deals with new issues of securities
and the movement of funds from investors to issuing companies.
Prime rate
The lowest interest rate applicable to business loans.
Privilege level
For Windows NT, one of three settings (User, Administrator, or Guest)
assigned to each user account. The privilege level a user account has
determines the actions that the user can perform on the network.
Pro forma financial statements

Projections of possible future statements developed by taking existing
statements and changing them according to the effects of assumed financial
transactions. This is most often done with income statements, balance sheets
and funds statements.
Process engineering
Performing and determining process needs prior to Basic engineering and
Detailed engineering. Process engineering, usually performed by chemical
engineers, includes defining process streams using the data from
process simulators.
Process equipment
Equipment for handling liquids, gasses and solids.
Process fluid
A gas or liquid raw material, intermediate project or chemical (e.g., a solvent)
used in the manufacture of the product.

Product extension
A horizontal merger by which the product line of the merger companies
is extended.
Productivity
A relative measure of labor efficiency, either good or bad, when compared to
an established base or norm as determined from an area of great experience.
Alternatively, productivity is defined as the reciprocal of the labor factor.
Profit margin
A profitability ratio. A measure of how well management has controlled costs
while successfully marketing the company’s products = net profits/net sales. It
shows how many cents of profit are realized out of each sales dollar.
Profitability
The ability of a corporation to show a surplus of income over expenses in a
particular sales period. This is usually measured in dollars of total profit to
sales for the period.
Profitability ratios
Ratios that measure how effective management has been in generating a
return utilizing the assets of the company.
Program evaluation and review technique (PERT)

A project management technique for determining how much time a project
needs before it completed. Each activity is assigned a best, worst and most
probable completion time estimate. These estimates are used to determine the
average completion time. The average times are used to figure the critical
path and the standard deviation of completion times for the entire project.
Project
A collection of general specifications and component design specifications
which describe a facility for an ICARUS system to designate/estimate.
Project database
The design and cost information stored in multiple SQL files for a
specific project.
Project estimate
The process of designing and costing the direct cost components and the
indirect costs in the project scope and creating database files.

Project manager
In owner/operator plants, someone who is responsible for design decisions and
reviewing processes, their viability and sometimes their completion. In
contractor companies, someone who is responsible for detailed design
decisions (integrating PFD, P&ID and ISO specifications) to complete a
project’s construction.
Project run
The process of having an ICARUS system prepare a design and estimate at the
project level for the entire project.
Promissory note
An IOU that establishes tangible proof of debt.
Proxy
An arrangement that allows common stockholders of a corporation to assign
their voting rights over to someone else for one particular
stockholders’ meeting.
QA/QC
Quality assurance and control.
Questimate
ICARUS’ PC-based quick-estimate system for renovations, revamps,
expansions and retrofits for process plants and mills worldwide.
Queue
For Aspen Kbase, lists active print jobs.
Quick ratio
The liquidity ratio. Ratio of total current assets less inventories to total current
liabilities = (CA - Inv)/CL. Also called the acid-test ratio.
Quit
For Aspen Kbase, terminates an activity.

R
Rapid growth stocks

Stocks for which the dividends are expected to grow at a rapid rate for a few
years and then level to a normal, constant growth rate.
Recession
A situation in which the economy of a given area worsens.
Red herring
A preliminary prospectus on a new securities issue sent out by the
underwriters. It includes a history of the company, the intended use of the
funds, up-to-date certified financial statements and a statement on risks. It is
used to provide information, generate interest and help set the final selling
price of the new securities.
Refit
Changing an existing facility by adding something left out, overhauling worn
out components or adding or subtracting from the current capacities of
existing components.
Registered bond
A bond that belongs to a specific investor whose name is recorded with the
company. This bondholder receives interest payments automatically.
Regression analysis
A causal sales forecasting method in which sales are defined as a function of a
number of independent variables. Changes in these independent variables are
then used to determine a model that will forecast future sales levels.
Regression analysis can also be used to forecast the need for funding.
Remote Shop Fab

Contains vendor costs for labor, overhead and profit, which is typically
reported from the vendor in weight.
Remote Shop Mat

Contains material cost (excluding freight, taxes, and duties, which should be
specified as project indirects).
Reorganization
Under bankruptcy proceedings, this is the formal restructuring of the debtor
company’s financial structure. It involves discharging the debt, making
managerial and operational changes and acquiring new working capital.

Rescheduling
Recalculating the start and finish dates of all uncompleted activities based on
progress as of a specified date.
Residual assets
Any assets that remain after assets have been liquidated to pay off creditors.
Residual theory of dividends

A dividend policy which maintains that retained earnings should first be
applied to any financing needs of the corporation. Any retained earnings not
needed internally can be paid out as dividends.
Resource
Anything that is assigned to an activity or needed to complete an activity. This
may include equipment, people, buildings, etc.
Resource based duration

Provides the option to determine activity duration, remaining duration and
percent complete through resource usage. The resource requiring the greatest
time to complete the specified amount of work on the activity determines
its duration.
Resource leveling
Provides the capability to adjust project schedules to minimize the peaks in
daily resource usages. This is usually done when resources are over-allocated.
Activities are moved within their available float to produce a new schedule.
Resources and projects may have leveling priorities. Some activities may not
have any rescheduling flexibility due to lack of float. Either resource-
constrained or schedule-constrained leveling may be selected.
Retrofit
See Refit.
Return on net worth

A profitability ratio. A measure of the amount of profit realized through the use
of the company’s equity, which represents a return to stockholders = net
profits/net worth.
Return on net working capital

A profitability ratio. A measure of the amount of profit realized through the use
of the company’s current assets = net profit/NWC.

Return on total assets
A profitability ratio. A measure of the amount of profit realized through the
utilization of the company’s assets = net profit/total assets.
Revamp
See Refit.
Revolving credit
A credit arrangement between a bank and a client in which the bank makes a
formal, legally binding commitment to extend credit to the client up to a
specified limit. It incurs a commitment fee in addition to the interest. Quite
often it extends for more than 1 year.
Rights offering
The method whereby stockholders who have the preemptive right are offered
the opportunity to maintain their proportionate share when new stock is
being issued.
Risk averter
A person who possesses very little utility for high risk undertakings.
Risk neutral
The state of having utility only for the expected return of a project.
Risk-adjusted discount rate

A discount rate that includes a premium to allow for the risk associated with
the net cash flows to be analyzed.
Risk-free interest rate

The return offered by investments that have no risk in them. This rate is
usually established by the rate of return offered by U.S. Treasury
debt instruments.
Risk-seeker
A person who has very high utility for high risk projects.
ROG
A credit term that means “receipt of goods” and indicates that the credit period
does not begin until the day the goods are received.
Run
For Aspen Kbase, produces the selected estimate type.

S
Safety stock
A quantity of inventory above the amount determined by using an EOQ model,
which will handle unanticipated demand. These levels are dependent upon lead
time to delivery, the probability distribution of demand and customer
service policies.
Sale and leaseback

A type of financial lease whereby a company sells an asset to a second
company, which in turn leases the asset back to the first company. These
assets can be either old or new. They must be sold near their appraised
market value and the lease must be fully amortized. The only real difference
between a sale and leaseback arrangement and a financial lease is that the
former usually involves assets the company is already using and the latter
usually involves assets new to the company.
Sale of assets
A business combination whereby one company purchases the assets of
another. The buying company may also assume some or all of the liabilities of
the other company.
Sales force composite method for forecasting

A Sales forecast The projection of estimated sales for a specific period for a
particular company, which serves as the basis for other forecasts made by the
company and for many of its decisions.
Salvage value
The expected value of an asset at the end of its usable life for the company.
The difference between an asset’s cost and its salvage value is the amount to
be depreciated over the asset’s usable life.
SC
Subcontract/subcontractor.
Scan
The process of checking the project scope for feasibility of design.
Scheduling
The process of determining when project activities will take place depending
on defined durations and precedent activities. Schedule constraints specify

when an activity should start or end based on duration, predecessors, external
predecessor relationships, resource availability or target dates.
Scope
The equipment and materials to be provided, and the work to be performed.
Scope is documented by the contract parameters for a project to which the
company is committed.
Seasonal dating
A credit arrangement that extends the credit period for certain seasonal goods
into their selling season.
Secondary markets
That segment of the capital markets that deals with existing securities and the
transactions that occur between investors.
Security
A means of ensuring that shared files can be accessed only by
authorized users.
Select
For Aspen Kbase, to highlight an item by clicking it with the mouse or using
key combinations. Selecting does not initiate an action.
Selling group
A group of brokerage houses and dealers who sell the new securities
to investors.
Semi variable costs

Costs that have both fixed and variable components.
Sensitivity analysis in cash budgeting

The systematic change of certain assumptions underlying the cash budget in
order to study the effects of these changes and to anticipate and control any
real life situations involving these assumptions.
Sequence
The order in which activities occur with respect to one another. This
establishes the priority and dependencies between activities. Successor and
predecessor relationships are developed in a network format. This allows those
involved in the project to visualize the work flow.

Sinking fund
A bond indenture provision that requires the company to make periodic
payments to the trustee. This fund is to be used to retire portions of the bond
issue, either by buying the bonds off the market or calling and retiring portions
of it by lottery.
Site development
Includes those actions that must be taken to convert a prospective facility site
into a reasonably flat plant area, free of major obstructions, and with
provisions for water drainage, fencing, paving and rail spurs.
Slippage
The amount of slack or float time used by the current activity due to a delayed
start. If an activity without float is delayed, the entire project will slip.
Source of funds
The inflows of funds from operations, decreases in assets and increases in
liabilities and net worth accounts.
Sources and use of funds statement

A financial statement that traces the flow of funds through the income, assets
and liabilities of a company.
Special reports
Customized reports created by the ICUE Reporter.
Speculative motive for holding cash

A motive for holding cash reserves that stems from management’s desire to
take advantage of any unexpected opportunities.
SQL
Structured query language, a database sub language for querying, updating,
and managing relational databases. The basic structure of the relational model
is a table, consisting of rows and columns. Data definition includes declaring
the name of each table to be included in a database, the name and data types
of all columns of each table, constraints on the values in and among columns,
and the granting of table manipulation privileges to prospective users. Tables
can be accessed by inserting new rows, deleting or updating existing rows, or
selecting rows that satisfy a given search condition for output.
SS
Stainless steel.

Stable dollar dividend policy
A dividend policy adopted by a company to pay out a fixed dollar amount of
dividend per share annually.
Stable payout ratio policy

A dividend policy used by a company that would result in the dollar amount of
the dividend per share changing from year to year to conform to an
established ratio of earnings per share and dividends per share. This policy is
used by companies with fluctuating earnings.
Standard basis
A previously defined project which is copied to provide the starting point for a
new project.
Start float
The amount of excess time an activity has between its early start and late
start dates.
Start-to-start lag
The minimum amount of time that must pass between the start of one activity
and the start of its successor(s).
Starting activity
A starting activity has no predecessors. It does not have to wait for any other
activity to start.
Statutory consolidation
A merger in which both merging companies cease to exist as separate
companies and a brand new company is formed. Shares of the old companies
are exchanged for shares of the new. The new company assumes all the assets
or liabilities of the old companies.
Statutory merger
A merger in which one of the partners is completely taken over and ceases to
exist as a separate business. There is a tax-free exchange of shares. All of the
assets and liabilities of the acquired company are assumed by the
surviving company.
Stock dividend
The payment of dividends in stock. This increases the number of shares
outstanding, leaves unchanged the par value of the stock and capitalizes part
of the retained earnings.

Stock markets
Stock markets such as the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock
Exchange and the Midwest Stock Exchange are examples of organized
exchanges where corporate securities are traded.
Stock right
A subscription option that exists with each share of existing stock during a
rights offering. It has a value during the rights offering but is worthless
thereafter. The existing stockholder can choose to exercise the right, sell it or
allow it to expire.
Stock split
A stock dividend that results in an increase of 25 percent or more in the
number of shares of stock outstanding. The par value of the stock is adjusted
to account for this increase in number. Retained earnings do not change.
Stockholders’ equity
See Total stockholders’ equity.
Straight run equivalent pipe

A shortcut method to approximate the material plus labor cost of insulating
pipe valves and fittings. The SREL is the length of like type, diameter and
thickness straight run pipe insulation which has an "equivalent" cost.
Straight run pipe

Pipe with no fittings/valves; just the straight pipe (no bends or turns).
Structured query language (SQL)

A database sub language for querying, updating, and managing relational
databases. The basic structure of the relational model is a table, consisting of
rows and columns. Data definition includes declaring the name of each table to
be included in a database, the name and data types of all columns of each
table, constraints on the values in and among columns, and the granting of
table manipulation privileges to prospective users. Tables can be accessed by
inserting new rows, deleting or updating existing rows, or selecting rows that
satisfy a given search condition for output.
Sub-critical activity
A sub-critical activity has a float threshold value assigned to it by the project
manager. When the activity reaches its float threshold, it is identified as being
critical. Since this type of criticality is artificial, it normally does not impact the
project’s end date.

Subordinated debenture
A bond whose holders’ claims are subordinate or lower than the claims of all
other creditors. They tend to have rather high interest rates.
Subproject
A distinct group of activities that comprise their own project which in turn is a
part of a larger project. Subprojects can be summarized into a single activity
to hide the detail.
Subscription price
The price at which a new share of common stock can be purchased at issue.
Successor
An activity whose start or finish depends on the start or finish of a
predecessor activity.
Summary funds statement

A sources-and-use-of-funds statement that combines certain accounts into
broad categories.
Super-critical activity
An activity that is behind schedule is considered to be super-critical. It has
been delayed to a point where its float is calculated to be a negative value. The
negative float is representative of the number of units an activity is
behind schedule.
SW
Socket weld.
T-T
Tangent to tangent. Straight-side dimension of vessels, columns and reactors.
Take-off
Detailed quantity count of work components: cubic yards, tons, feet, etc.
Target finish — activity

The user’s imposed finish date for an activity. A target finish date is used if
there are pre-defined commitment dates.

Target finish — project
A user’s target finish date can be imposed on a project as a whole. A target
finish date is used if there is a pre-defined completion date.
Target start — activity

An imposed starting date on an activity.
Technical insolvency
A financial state in which a company cannot pay its due and payable
financial obligations.
TEFC
Totally enclosed fan cooled. Term applied to electrical motors.
TEMA
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturing Association.
TEWAC
Totally Enclosed Water Cooled.
Temporary construction
An indirect cost including temporary shelter and sanitary facilities, utilities,
temporary power, roadways, rigging and fencing.
Tender offer
An offer made by one company directly to the stockholders of another to
purchase the shares of the second company. This is a method used in a
takeover of a company. It is usually done without the consent of the
management of the second company.
Terminal warehouse receipt

Short-term financing instrument used with pledged inventories by which the
goods are transferred to a public warehouse and released only by
authorization of the lender. It is used when there is concern that the borrower
might liquidate the inventory without paying.
TEWAC
Totally enclosed water cooled.
Text string
A set of one or more characters, including letters, numbers, symbols and
blank spaces.

Time value of money
The concept that the value of an amount of money changes over time. It
assumes that money now is preferable to the same amount later and implies
that $1 received today is worth more than $1 received later.
Times interest earned

A leverage ratio. The ratio of operating income to interest expense = OI/
interest. This measures the ability of the company to meet interest payments
with funds generated from operations.
Total assets turnover

An efficiency ratio. A measure of how well management uses the assets of the
company to generate sales = net sales/TA.
Total debt to total assets ratio

A leverage ratio. This gives an indication of the amount of debt used to finance
each dollar of total assets = TD/TA.
Total float
The excess time available for an activity to be expanded or delayed without
affecting the rest of the project — assuming it begins at its earliest time.
Total stockholders’ equity

Also called total net worth — the sum of common stock, paid-in surplus and
retained earnings less treasury stock.
Trade acceptance
A formal acknowledgment of debt that is initiated by the seller of the goods
and accepted by the buyer in order to permit shipment of the desired goods.
Trade credit
Also called accounts payable. A short-term financing source realized by
assuming a liability by buying goods on credit. Three types of trade credit
arrangements are open accounts, notes payable and trade acceptances.
Transaction loans
A short-term, 30 - 90 days, credit arrangement that allows a bank client to
borrow money for some special purpose.
Transactional motive for holding cash

A motive for holding cash that stems from management’s desire to meet
operating requirements.

Treasury stock
The authorized and issued stock of a corporation that the corporation itself has
repurchased off the market. This stock is no longer outstanding.
Tree diagram
Branched graphical representation of specifications for contractors, contractor
scopes, power distribution, process control and areas.
Trend projection
A quantitative sales forecasting method in which sales trends are estimated
through the analysis of data that have been systematically gathered for some
period of time.
Trust receipt
A short-term financing instrument used in inventory pledging in which the
borrower acknowledges it holds merchandise in trust for the lender. It is used
when the goods are more easily held by the borrower and when they can be
identified by serial number.
Trustee
The overseer of a bond issue who protects the interests of the bondholders. It
is usually a bank or some other responsible financial institution.
Underwriting syndicate
A temporary alliance of investment brokers who jointly underwrite a particular
new issue.
Unit cost database

An electronic, computer-based version of the once encyclopedic versions of
lists of process equipment items and their associated unit costs. Mean’s and
Richardson’s and other book versions have been transferred to computer
databases. Unit cost databases are used for definitive (detailed) engineering
and estimating.
Unit substation
A substation which feed power at a voltage less than the distribution voltage
(a) electrical equipment such as motors and lights within the process facility or
(b) another unit substation for further transformation to a lower utilization
voltage. Thus for (b), the subordinate unit substation would draw power from
the serving principle unit substation.

Unsecured loan
A loan for which the bank requires no collateral.
Uses of funds
The outflow of funds used for increases in assets and decreases in liabilities
and net worth accounts.
Value
The perceived utility or satisfaction inherent in a product or service.
Value engineering
A practice function that is targeted at the design itself. The objective of value
engineering is to develop or design a facility or item that will yield the least life
cycle costs or provide the greatest value while satisfying all performance and
other criteria established for it.
Variable cash budget

A series of budgets developed at various levels of production or sales that
allows for immediate reaction to any shifts.
Variable costs
The costs that change directly with changes in production or sales levels.
Variable payment sinking fund

A sinking fund arrangement that requires payments only when the company’s
earnings are high enough. This arrangement minimizes the possibility of
default due to a missed payment.
Vendor representatives
An indirect cost including travel, sustenances and average rates for vendor
field representatives, e.g., a compressor specialist.
Vertical merger
A merger that involves two companies in the same business at different
manufacturing and distribution levels.

W
Wage rate
The wage paid to a specific discipline.
Weighted cost of capital

Also called average cost of capital. Calculation of the cost of capital that takes
into account the proportionate weights of each component utilized.
Windows NT workstation
The portable, secure 32-bit preemptive multitasking member of Microsoft
Windows operating system family.
Work breakdown structure (WBS)

A tool for defining the hierarchical breakdown of responsibilities and work in a
project. It is developed by identifying the highest level of work in the project.
These major categories are broken down into smaller components. The
subdivision continues until the lowest required level of detail is established.
These end units of the WBS become activities in a project. Once implemented,
the WBS facilitates summary reporting at a variety of levels.
Work flow
The relationship of the activities in a project from start to finish. Work flow
takes into consideration all types of activity relationships.
Work load
The amount of work units assigned to a resource over a period of time.
Work unit
Standard unit established to value all work components in a rational and
consistent manner. (The measurement of resources.) For example, people as
a resource can be measured by the number of hours they work.
Working capital
Current assets such as cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable and
inventories. Working capital has a life of less than 1 year.
Working capital management

Managerial decisions on the amount of capital to be invested in various current
assets and how this investment is to be financed.

Y
Yield to maturity
That discount rate which makes the present value of future inflows from a
bond equal to its present market value.
Zero float
Zero float is a condition where there is no excess time between activities. An
activity with zero float is considered a critical activity. If the duration of any
critical activity is increased (the activity slips), the project finish date will slip.
Zero growth stocks

Stocks for which expected dividends are considered to remain constant.
Zero-base budgeting
A planning procedure that assumes that the relevant base for all planning is
zero dollars.

Index (G6)
Numerics pacing materials 57

1 2, 5, 2, 50, 9, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 7, 8, 24, packing 4
25, 29, 15, 2, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 15, 29, 32, 33, Activity duration 2
11, 30, 33, 40, 44, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, 66, 70, Actual dates 2
5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 1, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 21, 24, Addendum 2
25, 32, 38, 44, 46, 49, 50 Adsorption towers 3
1 SPEED AERATOR
Hoists (HO) 18 Water Treatment Systems (WTS) 8
2 STAGE AFC 2
Ejectors (EJ) 4 AFD 2
4 STAGE Agitated falling film
Ejectors (EJ) 5 Evaporators (E) 4
4-STAGE B Agitated pan batch dryer
Ejectors (EJ) 5 Dryers (D) 9
5 SPEED Agitated Tanks (AT) 7
Hoists (HO) 18, 22 COND-CELL 20
5-STAGE B FLOAT-CELL 20
Ejectors (EJ) 6 general nomenclature 21
MACH-PULP 17
A MIXER 8, 9
AACE 1 OFF-MACH 17, 18
ABC 1 OPEN TOP 11
Above-grade piping Agitated thin film evaporator
piping plant bulks 3, 6 Wiped Film Evaporators (WFE) 7
Absorber towers 3 Agitators (AG) 7
Absorption towers 3 ANCHOR 3
ABVGR-TANK DIRECT 2
civil plant bulks 2 FIXED PROP 3
AC/DC Transformer GEAR DRIVE 2
electrical plant bulks 16 HIGH SHEAR 5
Accelerated depreciation 1 MECH-SEAL 3
Accelleration PORT-PROP 3
seismic data 15 PULP STOCK 4
Accommodations SAN-FIXED 6
construction overhead 63 SAN-PORT 7
Account 1 side entry 4
ACID BRICK top entry 4
Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) 8 Air Compressors (AC) 8
Acid-test ratio 1 CENTRIF-M 2
Action button 1 packaged unit 2, 3
Activated aluminas RECIP-GAS 3
packing 4 RECIP-MOTR 4
Activated carbon SINGLE 1-S 4
Index (G6) 1
SINGLE 2-S 4 ATM SUSPEN
AIR COOLER Centrifuges (CT) 2
Heat Exchangers (HE) 3 Atmospheric
AIR DRYER solid/liquid storage
Dryers (AD) 8 Vertical Tanks (VT) 33
Air Dryers (AD) 15 Atmospheric tray batch dryer
AIR DRYER 8 Dryers (D) 9
Air fan ATM-SYSTEM
AIR COOLER (HE) 3 Tray Drying Systems (TDS) 14
Allocate 2 ATTRITION
Allowances 2 Mills (M) 7
ALMNA 57 Attrition mill
Alternate 2 Mills (M) 7
Alumina AUTOGENOUS
packing materials 57 Mills (M) 8
Aluminum Autogenous mill
non-ferrous plate materials Mills (M) 8
ASME 8 Automotive
DIN 45 construction equipment 2
JIS 32 Average collection period 3
Amortization 2 Average rate of return (ARR) 3
Analog, process control 14 Axial
ANCHOR Gas Compressors (GC) 5
Agitators (AG) 3 AXIAL FLOW
Anion exchangers Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 9
DEMINERAL 8
SOFTENING 8 B
Anodes BACKFILL
electrical plant bulks 11 earthwork - site development 8
ANSI 3 Baghouse
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 2 cloth bay 6
ANSI PLAST Balance sheet 4
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 4 Ball
API 3 Fisher control valve information 23
API 610 BALL MILL
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 5 Mills (M) 8
API 610-IL Ball mill
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 7 Mills (M) 8
Apply 3 Balloon 4
Apply & Close 3 Balloon payment 4
APRON BAR
Conveyors (CO) 7 Screens (VS) 29
Area Barcharts
insulation/fireproofing 3 project schedule 10
Area lighting BAROMETRIC
electrical plant bulks 8 Condensers (C) 2
AREA-LIGHT Base indices
electrical plant bulks 8, 9 country base
Areas US 2
pipe envelope 7 BASE-PREP
process control 20 site development 13
types 3 Basic engineering 4
unreferenced requiring power 36 disciplines and wage rates
ASME 3 JP 6, 8
ASPHALT UK 4
site development 13 US 2
Asphalt equipment BASINS
construction equipment 14 drainage - site development 5
Asphaltic resin lining 54 Basins, catch
2 Index (G6)
drainage - site development 5 BOT-UNLOAD
Batch Centrifuges (CT) 3
Centrifuges (CT) 2 BOX
Batch dryer Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) 36, 37
Dryers (D) 9 Boxes
Tray Dring Systems (TDS) 14 steel plant bulks 17
Batch tray dryer Boxes, junction
Tray Drying Systems (TDS) 14 instrumentation plant bulks 4
BATCH VAC Bracing
Crystallizers (CRY) 2 steel plant bulks 17
Batch vacuum Brackets
Crystallizers (CRY) 2 steel plant bulks 17
BATCH-AUTO BRADFORD
Centrifuges (CT) 2 Crushers (CR) 6
BATCH-BOTM Brass
Centrifuges (CT) 3 non-ferrous plate materials
BATCH-TOP JIS 32
Centrifuges (CT) 3 non-ferrous tube materials
BEAM SCALE DIN 51
Scales (S) 19 JIS 38
Beams BREAKER
steel plant bulks 17 electrical plant bulks 15
BELGR-TANK Break-even analysis 5
civil plant bulks 3 Break-even budget 5
BELT Break-even point 5
Feeders (FE) 14 Bridge crane
Scales (S) 19 Cranes (CE) 13
Belt feeder BRIDGE-CRN
Feeders (FE) 14 Cranes (CE) 13
BENCH BRUSH
Scales (S) 19 earthwork - site development 7
Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) 4 BS design code
Berl saddle ferrous tube materials
packing 4 high alloy steel 25
Berl saddles 57 low alloy steel 24
Bid documents 4 BS5500 5
Bin activator Bubble cap trays 3
Feeders (FE) 14 Bucket elevator
BIN-ACTVTR Conveyors (CO) 10
Feeders (FE) 14 Buildings
BLASTING demolish 3
earthwork - site development 8 mill, steel plant bulks 13
BLENDER BUMPER
Blenders (BL) 25 railroads - site development 18
Blenders (BL) 8 Bundle runs - pneumatic
BLENDER 25 instrumentation plant bulks 3
KETTLE 25 Burdens
RIBBON 32, 33, 34 construction overhead 62
ROTARY 25 Buried pipe
ROTARYBOWL 26 piping plant bulks 3, 19
BOILER BUS DUCT 14
Steam Boilers (STB) 4 Butterfly
Bond covenants 5 Fisher control valve information 23
Bond indenture 5 Butyl rubber
Bond refunding 5 lined steel pipe 58
Book value 5 Butyl rubber lining 54
Book value per share 5
BORINGS C
earthwork - site development 7 CABLE DUCT 12
Index (G6) 3
Cable tray Fans, Blowers (FN) 11
electrical plant bulks 4 Gas Compressors (GC) 5
instrumentation plant bulks 3 CENTRIF-IG
Cable, data-highway Gas Compressors (GC) 6
instrumentation plant bulks 9 CENTRIF-M
Caged ladders 16 Air Compressors (AC) 2
steel plant bulks 7 Centrifugal
CAISSON Fans, Blowers (FN) 11
piling - site development 16 filters
Calcium chloride Centrifuges (CT) 2
packing materials 57 Centrifugal precipitator
Calcium silicate Dust Collectors (DC) 6
insulation materials 5 Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 11
CANNED ANSI 2
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 9 ANSI PLAST 4, 15
CANNED RTR API 610 5
Gear Pumps (GP) 17 API 610-IL 7
Carbon AXIAL FLOW 9
packing materials 57 CANNED 9
Carbon steel CENTRIF 10
lining materials 54 FLUME PUMP 15
packing materials 58 GEN-SERV 11
Carpenter 20 IN LINE 11
ASME non-ferrous MAG DRIVE 13
tube materials 14 PULP STOCK 12
BS non-ferrous SAN-PUMP 13
plate materials 21 TURBINE 12
DIN non-ferrous Centrifuges (CT) 17
plate materials 46 ATM SYSPEN 2
tube materials 51 BATCH-AUTO 2
JIS non-ferrous BATCH-BOTM 3
plate materials 33 BATCH-TOP 3
tube materials 38 BOT-UNLOAD 3
CARTRIDGE DISK 4
Filters (F) 11 INVERTING 5
Cartridge filter RECIP-CONV 4
Filters (F) 11 SCREEN-BWL 5
Cascade rings 58 SCROLL-CON 4
Cast steel SOLID BOWL 4
casting materials 56 TOP UNLOAD 3
Castable refractories, linings 5 TUBULAR 5
Catalyst VIBRATORY 5
bed reactor, packed 8, 16 CENT-TURBO
Catch basin Fans, Blowers (FN) 10
drainage - site development 5 Ceramic
Catering packing materials 57
construction overhead 63 CERATE Relation 1, 10
Cation exchangers Chain drivers
DEMINERAL 8 variable speed motor reducer 5
Cement CHAIN-LINK
lined steel pipe 58 fencing - site development 11
CENT-BKT-L Chemical lead lining 54
Conveyors (CO) 9, 10, 11, 12 CHEST-CYL
CENT-COMPR Vertical Tanks (VT) 37
Refrigeration Units (RU) 6 CHEST-MTL
CENTRF-PRE Vertical Tanks (VT) 39
Dust Collectors (C) 6 CHEST-REC
CENTRIF Vertical Tanks (VT) 35
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 10 Chests, tile
4 Index (G6)
Vertical Tanks (VT) 35 disciplines and wage rates
Chutes JP 7, 9
steel plant bulks 17 UK 5
Circuit breakers US 3
electrical plant bulks 15 expenses and indirects 10, 11, 12
Civil Common equity 6
code of accounts 13 COMPACT
concrete foundations 3 earthwork - site development 8
concrete tanks 2 Compaction
structures 3 construction equipment 5
Cladding material Comparative analysis 7
ASME design code 10 Compensating balance 7
BS design code 22 COMPONENT Relation 1, 13
DIN design code 47 Components 7
JIS design code 34 Composition 7
Classified-suspension crystallizer COMPRESGAS
Crystallizers (CRY) 3 Filters (F) 16
Clear brush Compressed gas filter
earthwork - site development 7 Filters (F) 16
CLEAR-GRUB Compressor
earthwork - site development 7 construction equipment 8
Clearing Concentrators
earthwork - site development 7 THICKENER
Click 5 Thickeners (T) 26
Close 6 CONC-PAVNG
CLOSED-BLT site development 13
Conveyors (CO) 4 CONCRETE
Closed-end mortgage bond 6 civil plant bulks 3
CLOTH BAY Concrete
Dust Collectors (DC) 6 construction equipment 9
Cloth bay baghouse pipe, piping plant bulks 19
Dust Collectors (DC) 6 tanks, civil plant bulks 3
CM 6 Concrete drainage
CNTRCT Relation 1, 13 civil 5
COAT WRAP COND-CELL
piping plant bulks 34 Agitated Tanks (AT) 20
Coatings Condensers (C) 12
Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) 9 BAROMETRIC 2
COD 6 CONDENSING
Code of account 6 Turbines (TUR) 9
Code of accounts Conditioning cell
contingencies 8, 16 Agitated Tanks (AT) 20
creating 3, 4 CONDUIT
equipment and setting 10 electrical plant bulks 3
modifying 2 CONE
output reports 5 Crushers (CR) 2
summary reports 5 Cone bottom
Coincident indicator 6 Vertical Tanks (VT) 31
Coke CONE BTM
paking materials 57 Vertical Tanks (VT) 31
Collateral 6 Cone roof tank (storage)
Collection costs 6 Vertical Tanks (VT) 26
Columns Conglomerate merger 7
packed 8, 16 Conical rotary vacuum dryer
steel plant bulks 2, 17 Rotary Dryers (RD) 13
tray towers 12, 20 Coning 4
washers 10 CONSET (contract set number) 22, 23, 27
Commercial paper 6 Construction
Commissioning contracts 67
Index (G6) 5
direct field manpower 68 Contingency 7
field office 57 Continuous spray drying system
field supervision 70 Dryers (D) 10
home office 57 Contract documents 7
home office construction services 70 Contracts
management 53, 57 concepts 65
Construction eqiupment construciton - home office construction
introduction 2 services 70
Construction equipment construction 67
asphalt equipment 14 construction - direct field manpower 68
automotive 2 construction - field erected vessels 68
compaction 5 construction - field indirects 69
compressor 8 cost benefits 66
concrete 9 description 64
crane 6 engineering 58, 66
crane attachment 7 materials 67
drilling 4 overheads 70
earthmoving 3 prime contractor defaults 63
electric equipm/tool 13 procurement 66
hoist 14 Control 8
miscellaneous equipment 12 Control centers 14, 15, 17
piping equipment 10 analog 17
pneumatic port. tool 13 default 18
pump 13 defining 23, 25
site/office equipment 14 digital 17
trailer 5 electrical plant bulks 15
truck 2 PLC 27
welding equipment 9, 10 redundant control 25
Construction management requirements 18
disciplines and wage rates spares 25
JP 8 types 23
US 2 Control process 8
Construction overhead Control valve size
accommodations 63 piping 6
burdens 62 Controllers
catering 63 Fisher Control International, Inc. 6
construction overhead & fees 62 Controllers, multifunction
construction rental equipment 63 instrumentation plant bulks 6
consumables 62 CONTYP 12
field services 63 Conversion premium 8
fringe benefits 62 Convertible security 8
miscellaneous 62 Conveyor belt scale
scaffolding 63 Scales (S) 19
small tools 62 Conveyor transfer tower
vendor representatives 63 steel plant bulks 16
Construction overhead & fees Conveyors (CO) 16
construction overhead 62 APRON 7
Construction overhead and fees 7 CENT-BKT-L 9, 10, 11, 12
Construction rental equipment CLOSED-BLT 4
construction overhead 63 CONT-BKT-L 10, 11, 12
Consumables 7 OPEN BELT 2
construction overhead 62 PNEUMATIC 7
Consumer survey method for forecasting 7 ROLLER 8
CONTAINMNT S BELTCONV 10
civil plant bulks 5 S VERTICAL 11
CONT-BKT-L S VIBRATORY 11
Conveyors (CO) 10, 11, 12 sanitary
Contingencies horizontal 10
code of accounts 8, 16 vertical 11
6 Index (G6)
vibratory 11 Credit period only 9
SCREW 8 Credit policy 9
VIBRATING 8 Crew mixes
COOLING workforce 43
Cooling Towers (CTW) 2 Critical activity 9
Cooling Towers (CTW) 19 Critical path 9
COOLING 2 CROSS BORE
COOLING-WP 3 Heat Exchangers (HE) 24
factory assembled 3 Cross gutter
PACKAGED 3 site development 13
COOLING-WP Crossflow trays 3
Cooling Towers (CTW) 3 bubble cap 3
Copper sieve 3
ASME non-ferrous valve 3
tube materials 14 CROSS-GUTT
BS non-ferrous site development 13
tube materials 26 CROSSING
DIN non-ferrous railroads - site development 18
tube materials 51 Crossing signal
JIS non-ferrous railroads - site development 18
tube materials 38 Crushed limestone
Copy & change 8 packing materials 57
Cost 8 Crushed stone
Cost index 8 packing materials 57
Cost modeling 8 Crushers (CR) 14
Cost of capital 8 BRADFORD 6
Cost reporting CONE 2
currency and escalation 40 ECCENTRIC 3
COST…f1COST® ICARUS’ mainframe-based es- GYRATORY 3
timating and scheduling system for evaluating HAMMER-MED 6
major process plants and mills. COST® was JAW 4
first marketed by ICARUS in 1969. 12 PULVERIZER 6
Counter flow trays 3 reversible hammermill 6
COUNT-ROT REV-HAMR 5
Agitators (AG) 5 ring granulator 7
Country base ROLL RING 7
base indices ROTARY 4
EU 2 rotary breaker 6
JP 2 SAWTOOTH 5
UK 2 S-IMPACT 6
US 2 single roll 4
project definition 38 size reduction 5
Covenants 9 S-ROLL-HVY 5
Crafts S-ROLL-LT 4, 5
names 44 S-ROLL-MED 5
productivity 51 swing jaw 4
wage rates 43 SWING-HAMR 6
Crane CRWSCH Relation 1, 11
construction equipment 6 CRYOGENIC
Crane attachment Vertical Tanks (VT) 28
construction equipment 7 Cryogenic storage tank
Cranes (CE) 16 Vertical Tanks (VT) 28
BRIDGE-CRN 13 Crystallizers (CRY) 15
HOIST 13 BATCH VAC 2
hoist trolley 13 batch vacuum 2
travelling bridge crane 13 classified-suspension 3
Create 9 growth 3
Credit discount 9 MECHANICAL 2
Credit period 9 mechanical scraped-surface crystallizer 2
Index (G6) 7
OSLO 3 Water Treatment Systems (WTS) 8
scraped surface 2 Demobilization 11
CS 9 DEMOL
CSTCRL Relation 12 demolition - site development 3
CSTCTRL Relation 1 DEMOLITION
CURB demolition - site development 3
site development 13 DERRICK
Curb and gutter Flares (FLR) 3, 4
site development 14 Design basis 11
Currency base DESIGN Relation 1, 9
conversion 38 Desorption towers 3
project definition 38 Desulferization reactors
Current ratio 10 packed 8, 16
Current yield 10 Detail engineering 55
CUSSPC Relation 1, 12 disciplines and wage rates
CUT-FILL JP 6
earthwork - site development 8 UK 4
CYCLONE US 2
Dust Collectors (DC) 9 Detailed engineering 11
CYLINDER DETAILS Relation 1, 7
Heating Units (HU) 5 DEWATERING
Vertical Tanks (VT) 11 drainage - site development 5
Cylindrical chests Dewatering wells
Vertical Tanks (VT) 37 drainage - site development 6
DH (Direct hire) 12
D Dialog box 12
Database 10 DIAPHRAGM
Data-highway cable Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps
instrumentation plant bulks 9 (P) 20
DC HE TW Digital, process control 14
Single Diameter Towers (TW) 23 DIKE
Debenture 10 earthwork - site development 7
Decision engineering 10 DIKE-MEMBR
Decision tree 10 civil plant bulks 5, 7
DEEP-ANODE DIRECT
electrical plant bulks 11 Rotary Dryers (RD) 13
Deferred call provision 10 Direct contact heat exchanger tower 23
Definitive Direct costs 12
-5 to +15 percent estimate 10 Direct feld fanpower
DEFLAKE-CN construction 68
Stock Treatment (ST) 10 Direct field cost (DFC) 12
DEFLAKE-DK Direct steam heat module
Stock Treatment (ST) 9 sanitary 29
Deflakers Discharge elevator
Stock Treatment (ST) Conveyors (CO) 9
concentric conical type 9 DISCNCT SW 14
plate type 9 Discount period 12
Degree of financial leverage 11 Discount rate 12
Degree of operating leverage 11 DISK
Delete 11 Centrifuges (CT) 4
Delivery times Disk filter
process equiment procurement 11 Filters (F) 12
Delphi method for forecasting 11 Display 12
Demand-diversity factor 11 DISPOSAL
DEMINERAL demolition - site development 3
Water Treatment Systems (WTS) 8 Distillation towers 2
Demineralizers Distributable 12
packed towers 8, 16 Distribution of assets 12
Demineralizing system Ditching
8 Index (G6)
earthwork - site development 10 Dust Collectors (DC) 18
Dividend declaration date 12 CENTRF-PRE 6
Dividend payment date 12 CLOTH BAY 6
Dividend payout ratio 13 CYCLONE 9
Dividend policy 13 ELC-H-VOLT 10
Dividend yield 13 ELC-L-VOLT 10
Dividends 13 MULT-CYCLO 10
Dollars PULSE SHKR 8
currency base 38 WASHERS 10
DOUBLE ATM
Drum Dryers (DD) 11 E
Double Diameter Towers (DDT) 12 Early finish 13
PACKED 8 Early start 14
TRAYED 12 Earned surplus 14
Double-arm Earnings per share 14
Kneaders (K) 28 Earth (dirt)
Mixers (MX) 30 packing materials 57
DOW Plastic-Lined Piping Products 5 Earthmoving
Dowtherm unit construction equipment 3
Heating Units (HU) 5 EARTHWORK
Drain field earthwork - site development 7
drainage - site development 5 Ebonite
DRAINAGE lined steel pipe 58
drainage - site development 6 ECCENTRIC
Drainage Crushers (CR) 3
civil 5 Economic forecast 14
DRAINS Economic indicator 14
drainage - site development 5 Economic order quantity 14
Drilling Efficiency 14
construction equipment 4 Efficiency ratios 14
DRUM Ejectors (E) 12
Flakers (FL) 7 Ejectors (EJ)
Drum Dryers (DD) 15 2 STAGE 4
DOUBLE ATM 11 4 STAGE 5
S-COOKCOOL 11 4-STAGE B 5
SINGLE ATM 11 5-STAGE B 6
single atmospheric 11 SINGLE STG 3
SINGLE VAC 11 TWO STAGE 3
vacuum rotary 11 EL6 4
Drum filter Elapsed time 14
Filters (F) 13 ELC-H-VOLT
Dryers (D) 15 Dust Collectors (DC) 10
agitated pan batch 9 ELC-L-VOLT
atmospheric tray-type batch 9 Dust Collectors (DC) 10
continuous spray system 10 ELEC-TRAY
PAN 9 electrical plant bulks 4
SPRAY 10 Electrical
VAC-TRAY 9 cable tray 4
vacuum tray-type batch 9 circuit breakers 15
DUCT RD code of accounts 16
piping plant bulks 20 construction equipment 13
DUCT SQ galvanic anode 11
piping plant bulks 21, 22 ground grid 7
Ductwork group of anodes in shallow surface bed 11
piping 20 motor control center 15
DUPLEX potential measurement test station 11
Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps rigid conduit 3
(P) 19 solar panel 12
Duration 13 tracing (existing equipment) 4
Index (G6) 9
tracing (existing piping run) 5 UK 5
transformer/rectifier 11 US 3
uninterupted power supply 16 EOM 15
Electrical Generators (EG) 20 E-P-C (Engineering, procurement and
PORTABLE 7 construction) 15
TURBO-GEN 7 Epoxy resin lining 54
Electrical Motors (MOT) 9 EQPT-TRACE
ENCLOSED 3 electrical plant bulks 4
explosion proof 4 EQRENT Relation 1, 11
EXP-PROOF 4 Equipment and setting
OPEN 2 code of accounts 9, 10
SYNCHRON 3 Equipment fabricate/ship times 11
Synchronous motors 3 Equipment model library 2
TEFC 3 Equipment SUBTYPE 29
TEWAC 4 Equity 15
VARY-SPEED 5 Equivalent dividend return 15
Electronic signal wire EROSION
instrumentation plant bulks 3 landscaping - site development 12
Elevated access platforms Erosion control
steel plant bulks 14 landscaping - site development 12
Elevators, Lifts (EL) 16 Escalation 15
FREIGHT 13 Escalation, cost reporting 40
PASSENGER 13 EU country base
Ellipsoidal towers 5 base indices 2
Elliptical towers 5 Euros 38
EMER LIGHT 12 Evaporators (E) 15
Emergency diesel generator agitated falling film 4
electrical plant bulks 16 FALL-FILM 4
Emergency eyewash and shower units 40 FORCED CIR 4
Emergency light forced circulation 4
electrical plant bulks 12 LONG TUBE 4
EM-PWR-SET long tube rising film 4
electrical plant bulks 16 long tube vertical 5
ENCLOSED LONG-VERT 5
Electrical Motors (MOT) 3 standard horizontal tube 6
Engineering STAND-HOR 6
adjustments to costs 59 STAND-VERT 5
construction management 57 EWF 15
contracts 58 EWF (engineering work force) 54
contracts assignment 53 Excavation
detail 55 earthwork - site development 8
discipline adjustments 54 machine 10
field office construction supervision 57 manual 8
home office construction services 57 Exchange resin
indirects 57 demineralizer 8
miscellaneous expenses 57 packed towers 8, 16
organization 59 Packing (PAK) 7
payroll burdens 58 Exercise price 15
phase adjustments 54 Exit 15
prime contractor 53 Expected return 15
procurement 56 EXPL-DEMOL
reports 55, 58 demolition - site development 3
SPAN* 61 Explosion-proof motors
start-up 57 Electrical Motors (MOT) 4
support personnel 57 Exponential smoothing 15
workforce 54 Export 16
Engineering management 53 EXP-PROOF
disciplines and wage rates Electrical Motors (MOT) 4
JP 9 Extension 16
10 Index (G6)
Extraction towers 3 Field office construction supervision 57
EXTRUDER Field services 16
Mixers (MX) 29 construction overhead 63
Eyewash Filter
WSHWR 40 presses
PLATE+FRAM 12
F Screens (VS) 29
Fabric filters Filters (F) 18
Dust Collectors (DC) 6 CARTRIDGE 11
Fabricated plate items COMPRSGAS 16
steel plant bulks 17 LEAF-DRY 11
FABR-PLATE LEAF-WET 11
steel plant bulks 17 PLATE+FRAM 12
Factored estimating 16 RECL-REEL 17
FALL-FILM ROTY-DISK 12
Evaporators (E) 4 ROTY-DRUM 13
Fans, Blowers (FN) 9 SAN-PIPE 18
CENTRIF 11 SAN-PRESS 19
CENT-TURBO 10 SAN-STRAIN 22
general purpose blower 12 SCROLL 14
heavy duty, low noise blower 10 SEWAGE 14
PROPELLER 11 SPARKLER 15
ROT-BLOWER 12 TUBULAR 15
VANEAXIAL 12 WHITEWATER 15
Fast tracking 16 Fin fan coolers
Feeders (FE) 17 AIR COOLER (HE) 3
BELT 14 FIN TUBE
BIN-ACTVTR 14 Heat Exchangers (HE) 23
ROTARY 14 Financial forecasting 16
SACK-DUMP 16 Financial lease 16
SAN-BELT 17 Financial leverage 17
SAN-FLOOR 21 Financial ratios 17
SAN-SCREW 16 Financial risk 17
VIBRATING 15 Financial statements 17
WT-LOSS 15 Financial structure 17
FENCE-WOOD Finish float 17
fencing - site development 11 Finishing activity 18
FENCING Finish-to-finish lag 17
fencing - site development 11 Finish-to-start lag 17
Fiber optic cables Finned double-pipe heat exchanger 23
instrumentation plant bulks 9 Fireclay
Field costs 16 lining materials 52
Field erected vessels Fireproofing
agitated open tanks insulation plant bulks 3
Agitated Tanks (AT) 12 FIREP-SSTL
construction 68 insulation plant bulks 3, 4
floating roof tanks 25 Fisher Controls International, Inc. 6
gas holders 30 FITSPC.DAT file 13
lifter roof tanks 26 Fitting Connection 12
open top tanks 26 Fitting specs file 13
storage tanks 25 Fixed costs 18
tray towers 12, 20 FIXED PROP
Field Manpower Summary report Agitators (AG) 3
workforce 44 Mixers (MX) 29
Field office Fixed tube
disciplines and wage rates Heat Exchangers (HE) 4
JP 6, 8 FIXED-T-S
UK 4 Heat Exchangers (HE) 4, 5, 6, 7
US 2 Flakers (FL) 14
Index (G6) 11
DRUM 7 Freight elevator
Flares Elevators, Lifts (EL) 13
John Zink Company 8 Fringe benefits
Flares (FLR) 20 construction overhead 62
DERRICK 4 Fringe benefits (FB) 18
diameter of flare tip 2 Froude number
emmisivity of flame 3 Agitated Tanks (AT) 21
GUYED 5 Full loan amortization 18
height of flare stack 2 FULL-FRAME
HORIZONTAL 8 Scales (S) 19
introduction 2 Funded debt 18
SELF-SUPP 7 Funded debt to net working capital 19
STORAGE 10 Funds forecast 19
THRM-OX LC 9 Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) 10
vapor control 10 BOX 36
Flat roof tank (storage) BOX - continued. 37
Vertical Tank (VT) 25 HEATER 37
Flg. 18 PYROLYSIS 37
FLO PANEL PYROLYSIS - continued. 38
piping plant bulks 41 REFORMER 38
FLOAT-CELL VERTICAL 38
Agitated Tanks (AT) 20
FLOAT-HEAD G
Heat Exchangers (HE) 8, 9, 10 G & A 19
Floating lien 18 GALLERY
Floating roof tank (storage) steel plant bulks 15
Vertical Tanks (VT) 25 Galvanic anode
Flue gas scrubbing systems electrical plant bulks 11
packed towers 8, 16 Gantt (bar) chart 19
Fluid heat tracing GAS
existing equipment 23 Turbines (TUR) 10
existing pipe runs 24 Gas
Fluidized bed reactors standard equations for piping
demineralizers (WTS) 8 diameters 45
SPHERE 21 Gas absorbers
SPHEROID 23 demineralizer 8
WASHERS (DC) 10 packed columns 8, 16
FLUME PUMP Gas Compressors (GC) 9
Centrifigal Pumps (CP) 15 axial 5
Foam glass CENTIFG-IG 6
insulation materials 5 CENTRIF 5
Foam spray systems inline 5
FOAM 38 RECIP-GAS 9
FORCED CIR RECIP-MOTR 8
Evaporators (E) 4 GAS HOLDER
Forced circulation Vertical Tanks (VT) 30
Evaporators (E) 4 Gas turbine 9
Foundation subdrain GATES
drainage - site development 5 fencing - site development 11
Foundations GC 19
civil plant bulks 3 GEAR
Frame filters (F) 12 Gear Pumps (GP) 17
Free float 18 GEAR DRIVE
Free standing wall Agitators (AG) 2
fencing - site development 11 Gear Pumps (GP) 11
FREIGHT CANNED RTR 17
Elevators, Lifts (EL) 13 GEAR 17
Freight MECH-SEAL 18
code of accounts 7, 15 General conditions 19
12 Index (G6)
General electrical Hangers
electrical plant bulks 5 piping plant bulks 3
General service pumps 2 Hastelloy
GEN-SERV non-ferrous plate materials
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 11 ASME 9
Globe DIN 45
Fisher control valve information 23 JIS 33
GMP 19 non-ferrous tube materials
Go Back 19 ASME 14
Grading, site development DIN 51
landscaping 12 HAULING
roads - slabs - paving 13 earthwork - site development 8
Grassroots 19 HD STOCK
GRATE Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps
steel plant bulks 16 (P) 22
Grating HDPE PIPE 41
GRATE, steel plant bulks 16 Head design, towers/columns 6
Gravel Heat Exchanger (HE)
packing materials 57 MULTI-P+F 27
GRND-GRID Heat Exchangers (HE) 9
electrical plant bulks 7 AIR COOLER 3, 27
Ground grid CORRUGATED 26, 27
electrical plant bulks 7 CROSS BORE 24
Grout FIN TUBE 23
CONCRETE - civil plant bulks 3 FIXED-T-S 4
Growth crystallizer FIXED-T-S - continued 5, 6, 7
Crystallizers (CRY) 3 FLOAT-HEAD 8
Grubbing FLOAT-HEAD - continued 9, 10
earthwork - site development 7 HEATER-ELC 22
GUNITE HEATER-STM 22
earthwork - site development 7 HOT WATER 27
Gunite JACKETED 22, 23
lining materials 53 MULTI-P+F 27
Gunite slope protection ONE SCREW 24
earthwork - site development 7 PLAT+FRAM 26
Gunning mixes, linings 5 PRE-ENGR 20
Gutter (and curb) PRE-ENGR - continued. 21
site development 14 SHELL+TUBE 24
GUYED SPIRAL PLT 25
Flares (FLR) 3, 5 SUC-HEATER 25
GYRATORY TEMA-EXCH 14
Crushers (CR) 3 TWO SCREW 24
U-TUBE 11
H U-TUBE - continued 12, 13
HAMMER-MED WASTE HEAT 25
Crushers (CR) 6 Heat tracing
Hammocks 20 piping plant bulks 23
Hand excavation HEATER
earthwork - site development 8 Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) 37
HAND GT HEATER-ELC
Hoists (HO) 18 Heat Exchangers (HE) 22
Hand hoists HEATER-STM
Hoists (HO) 18 Heat Exchangers (HE) 22
HAND NT Heating Units (HU) 20
Hoists (HO) 19 CYLINDER 5
HAND PT dowtherm unit 5
Hoists (HO) 18 Hedging approach 20
HAND-EXCV Help 20
earthwork - site development 8 Helper, crew mix 44
Index (G6) 13
Hemispherical towers 5 HOT TAP
Hemispheriod piping plant bulks 34
speheroid vertical tanks 23 HOT WATER
High alloy steel Heat Exchangers (HE) 27
ferrous tube materials HP 20
BS 25 HUMMER
High density polyethylene pipe 41 Screens (VS) 28
High density stock pump HVAC 20
Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps Hydrogenation reactors
(P) 22 packed columns 8, 16
High energy level process interface units Hydrotreaters
instrumentation plant bulks 9 CYLINDER 11
High pressure gas/liquid storage
Vertical Tanks (VT) 21 I
HIGH SHEAR ICARUS Process Evaluator (IPE) 21
Agitators (AG) 5 ICARUS Project Manager (IPM) 21
HIGH SPEED Icon 21
Mixers (MX) 32 ICUE 21
Histogram 20 Immersion heaters
Historical average cost of capital 20 HEATER-ELC (HE) 22
Historical cost estimating 20 Import 21
History module 6 IN LINE
HL-PIU Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 11
instrumentation plant bulks 9 Incoloy
HOIST tube materials
Cranes (CE) 13 ASME 14
Hoists (HO) 18 BS 26
Hoist DIN 51
construction equipment 14 Income statement 21
Hoist trolley Inconel
Cranes (CE) 13 clad plate materials
Hoists (HO) 17 ASME 10
1 SPEED 18 JIS 34
5 SPEED 18, 22 tube materials
HAND GT 18 ASME 14
HAND NT 19 BS 26
HAND PT 18 DIN 51
HOIST 18 JIS 38
Home office Incremental average cost of capital 21
disciplines and wage rates Indenture 21
JP 6, 8 INDIRECT
UK 4 Rotary Dryers (RD) 13
Home office construction services 57 Indirect costs 21
Honeywell Inc. 7 INDIRECT Relation 14
Honeywell TDC 2000/3000 process control INDIRECTS 1
system 6 Indirects 57
HORIZ-DRUM construction 69
Horizontal Tanks (HT) 2 INDIRECTS Relation 1
HORIZONTAL Industrial gate
Flares (FLR) 8 fencing - site development 11
Horizontal plate filters 12 Industry forecast 22
Horizontal Tanks (HT) 13 Industry ratios 22
HORIZ-DRUM 2 Inflation 22
JACKETED 7 Info 22
MULTI WALL 5 Inline
SAN-TANK 9 Gas Compressors (GC) 5
Hortonspheriod Input-output model 22
spheroid vertical tanks 23 Installation bulks 22
Host 20 INST-PANEL
14 Index (G6)
instrumentation plant bulks 3 Jackhammer
Instrumentation earthwork - site development 9
cable tray 3 JAC-VACUUM
fiber optic cables 9 Rotary Dryers (RD) 13
Honeywell TDC 2000/3000 process control JAW
system 6 Crushers (CR) 4
Honeywell TDC3000 5 J-HAMMER
junction boxes 4 earthwork - site development 9
multifunction controllers 6 JIS 24
operator center 6 JIS design code
panel 3 ferrous plate materials
pneumatic multi-tube bundle runs 3 low alloy steel 29
signal wire 3 JP country base
SUBTYPE 29, 32 units of measure 40
thermocouple wire 4 JUNC-BOX
INST-TRAY instrumentation plant bulks 5
instrumentation plant bulks 3 Junction boxes
INST-WIRE instrumentation plant bulks 4
instrumentation plant bulks 3 Jury of executive opinion method for
INSUL-AREA forecasting 24
insulation plant bulks 3
Insulation K
code of accounts 17 KETTLE
existing piping 4 Blenders (BL) 25
existing surface area 3 Reboilers (RB) 30, 31, 32, 33
fireproofing 3 Kettle reboiler
piping (existing) 4 Reboilers (RB) 30
structural steel (existing) 3 Kneaders (K) 8
SUBTYPE 36 STATIONARY 28
Intalox saddles TILTING 28
packing materials 57 VAC-TILTING 28
Intermediate term loan 23 KV 25
Internal rate of return (IRR) 23 KVA 25
Intrinsic value 23 KW 25
Inventory holding costs 23 Kynar
Inventory reorder costs 23 lined steel pipe 58
Inventory shortage costs 24 Kynar sheet lining 54
INVERTING
Centrifuges (CT) 5 L
Ion exchangers Labor burden 25
demineralizer 8 Labor cost 25
I-P (inch-pound) LADDER
units of measure 40 steel plant bulks 16
Iron Ladders 16
casting materials 55 caged 7, 16
ISO 24 Lag 25
Issued stock 24 Lagging indicator 25
Item 24 LANDSCAPE
Item run 24 landscaping - site development 12
Item symbols Late start 25
process equipment 6 LAUNDER RD
piping plant bulks 34
J LAUNDER SQ
JACKETED piping plant bulks 34
Heat Exchangers (HE) 22, 23 Launders
Horizontal Tanks (HT) 7 piping 34
Vertical Tanks (VT) 18 LD STOCK
Jacketed rotary vacuum dryer Screens (VS) 29
Rotary Dryers (RD) 14 Lead
Index (G6) 15
linings 6 instrumentation plant bulks 9
Leading indicator 26 Loaded labor rate 27
LEAF-DRY Loan amortization 27
Fitlers (F) 11 Local control network (LCN) 18
LEAF-WET Lock-box system 27
Filters (F) 11 Log 27
Lease 26 LONG TUBE
Lease capitalization 26 Evaporators (E) 4
Lease capitalization rate 26 Long tube rising film
Level Evaporators (E) 4
sensor loop descriptions 14 Long tube vertical
Leverage 26 Evaporators (E) 5
Leverage ratios 26 LONG-VERT
Libraries Evaporators (E) 5
equipment model 2 Low alloy steel
unit cost 2 plate materials
Library 26 JIS 29
Lien 26 tube materials
LIFT BS 24
Vertical Tanks (VT) 25 Low consistency stock pump
Lifter roof tank (storage) Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 12
Vertical Tanks (VT) 26 Low energy level process interface units
Lighting instrumentation plant bulks 9
(area) electrical plant bulks 8 Lump sum quotation
Limestone site development
packing materials 57 demolition 3
Line of credit 26 drainage 6
Line siding crossing earthwork 7
railroads - site development 18 landscaping 12
Lining materials railroads 18
fireclay 52
gunite 53 M
Linings Machine excavation
acid brick 5, 8 earthwork - site development 10
brick 6, 9 MACH-PULP
castable refractories 5, 9 Agitated Tanks (AT) 17
firebrick 9 MAG DRIVE
fluorocarbon 5 Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 13
glass 9, 54 Main substation 28
gunning mixes 5, 8 power distribution 32
introduction 7 Maintenance lease 28
Lead 6 Making a market 28
lead 6 Manholes
organic 9 drainage - site development 5
refractory brick 6 towers 5
resin 6 Marginal average cost of capital 28
rubber 6 Marginal cost of capital 28
zinc 6 Mark text 28
Link 27 Market extension merger 28
Liquid Market value 28
standard equations for pipe diameters 45 Mark-up 28
Liquidation value 27 Materials of construction
Liquidity 27 towers 6
Liquidity ratios 27 Maturity value of a bond 29
Live bottom MCC 29
Vertical Tanks (VT) 33 electrical plant bulks 15
LIVE BTM MECHANICAL
Vertical Tanks (VT) 33, 34 Crystallizers (CRY) 2
LL-PIU Refigeration Units (RU) 6
16 Index (G6)
Vacuum Pumps (VP) 7 HIGH SPEED 32
Mechanical MULLER EXT 29
seal agitators, MECH-SEAL (AG) 3 PAN 29
Mechanical booster 7 PISTON HOM 34
Mechanical engineering 29 PORT-PROP 29
Mechanical oil-sealed vacuum pump 7 SHEAR HOM 35
mechanical scraped-surface crystallizer SIGMA 30
Crystallizers (CRY) 2 SPIRAL RIB 30
MECH-BOOST STATIC 30
Vacuum Pumps (VP) 7 TWO-ROLL 32
MECH-SEAL Mobilization/Demobilization 29
Agitators (AG) 3 Molecular sieve
Gear Pumps (GP) 18 packing materials 58
Mercalli Number Monel
seismic data 15 tube materials
METAL TRAP ASME 14
Filters (F) 17 DIN 51
Metalic chests JIS 38
Vertical Tanks (VT) 39, 40 Monolithic 8
METRIC Mortgage bond 29
units of measure 40 Motion
Micro-scheduling 29 axial, radial, vibration
MIKRO-PULV sensor loop descriptions 17, 18, 19, 20
Mills (M) 8 Motor control center
Milestones 29 electrical plant bulks 15
Mill building Mouse 30
steel plant bulks 13 Moving averages 30
MILL-BLDG MPS 30
steel plant bulks 13 MULCH
Mills (M) 14 landscaping - site development 12
ATTRITION 7 MULLER EXT
attrition mill 7 Mixers (MX) 29
AUTOGENOUS 8 MULT-CYCLO
autogenous mill 8 Dust Collectors (DC) 10
BALL MILL 8 MULTI WALL
ball mill 8 Horizontal Tanks (HT) 5
MIKRO-PULV 8 Vertical Tanks (VT) 15
rod charger 8 Multifunction controllers
ROD MILL 8 instrumentation plant bulks 6
rod mill 8 MULTI-P+F
ROD-CHARGR 8 Heat Exchanger (HE) 27
ROLLER 8 Multiple workforces 41
roller mill 8 Multi-project analysis 30
Mineral wool
insulation materials 5 N
Minimum market value 29 Near-atmospheric liquid storage
Miscellaneous Vertical Tanks (VT) 25
construction overhead 62 Negative float 30
Miscellaneous equipment Negatively correlated projects 30
construciton equipment 12 NEMA 30
Miscellaneous expenses 57 Neoprene rubber
Miscellaneous indirect costs 29 lined steel pipe 58
MISC-STEEL Neoprene sheet lining 54
steel plant bulks 17 Net cash flows 30
MIXER Net present value (NPV) 31
Agitated Tanks (AT) 8, 9 Net working capital (NWC) 31
Mixers (MX) 8 Net working capital turnover 31
EXTRUDER 29 Net worth 31
FIXED PROP 29 Net worth turnover 31
Index (G6) 17
Network 31 OPN-STL-ST
Network analysis 31 steel plant bulks 2
Network diagram 31 Opportunity cost 32
NEWCOA Relation 1, 10 Option menu 32
Nickel Order of magnitude
casting materials 56 -30 to +50 percent estimate 32
plate materials Organizational goal 32
BS 21 Organized exchange 33
JIS 33 Origin 33
tube materials OSHA 33
ASME 14 OSLO
BS 26 Crystallizers (CRY) 3
DIN 51 OT 33
JIS 38 OTHER
NON-COND Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) 9
Turbines (TUR) 9 Overhead 33
Non-condensing turbine 9
Non-reversible hammermill P
Crushers (CR) 6 P&ID 33
Norman-type mixer PAC's 33
Mixers (MX) 32 PACKAGED
Nozzles Cooling Towers (CTW) 3
towers 5 PACKED
Number of walkways Double Diameter Towers (DDT) 8
AIR COOLER 3 Single Diameter Towers (TW) 16
PACKING
O Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) 7
OFF-MACH Packing
Agitated Tanks (AT) 17, 18 activated aluminas 4
Offsites 31 activated carbon 4
OH 32 berl saddle 4
OIL C BRKR 14 Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) 11
OIL-WATER ACID BRICK 8
Separation Equipment (SE) 25 activated aluminas 4
ONE DECK activated carbon 4
Screens (VS) 28 Berl saddle 4
ONE SCREW Intalox saddle 3
Heat Exchangers (HE) 24 OTHER 9
OPEN PACKING 7
Electrical Motors (MOT) 2 Pall ring 3
OPEN BELT Raschig rings 3
Conveyors (CO) 2 ring type packing 2
Open excavations Saddle type 2
drainage - site development 5 Packings
Open structure tower internals 4
steel plant bulks 2 Paid-in capital 33
OPEN TOP Paid-in surplus 34
Agitated Tanks (AT) 11 Paint
Open top tank (storage) code of accounts 17
Vertical Tanks (VT) 26 grades 2
Open-end mortgage bond 32 Pall rings 57
Operating lease 32 introduction 3
Operating leverage 32 packing materials 4
Operational unit area 32 PAN
Operator center Dryers (D) 9
instrumentation plant bulks 6 Mixers (MX) 29
Operator centers 14, 15, 18 Panel
defining 21, 22 instrumentation plant bulks 3
major cost items 18 solar, electrical plant bulks 12
18 Index (G6)
PANEL BRD 12 DUCT RD 20
Par value 34 DUCT SQ 21, 22
Parallel activities 34 ductwork 20
PASSENGER fluid heat tracing 24
Elevators, Lifts (EL) 13 hot tap 34
Path 34 launders 34
PAVING paint 2
site development 15 PIPE TRACE 24
Payback method (PM) 34 Pipeline 36
Payroll burdens 58 process ductwork 20
PC 34 tracing existing piping run 5
Percent-of-sales method for forecasting 34 transfer lines 3
Permits UTIL PIPE 18, 19
code of accounts 7, 15 utility headers 18
Perpetual bond 34 Victaulic Company of America 9, 11
Perpetual warrants 34 well head 36
PF-CORRECT YARD PIPE 3
Power factor connection capacitor 16 yard pipe runs 3
PFD 34 PIPTYP 12
Phase 0 35 Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps
Phase I 35 (P) 11
Phase II 35 DIAPHRAGM 20
Piles, site development DUPLEX 19
piling 16 HD STOCK 22
PILING ROTARY 21
piling - site development 17 SIMPLEX 19
PIPE SLURRY 20
piling - site development 16 TRIPLEX 19
Pipe PKG-TRANSF
supports, steel plant bulks 11, 12 electrical plant bulks 16
Pipe envelope Plant bulk 35
area specifications 7 PLANTING
Pipe rack landscaping - site development 12
steel plant bulks 7 PLAST TANK
pipe routing type 13 Vertical Tanks (VT) 29
Pipe runs Plastic storage tank
piping plant bulks 3 Vertical Tanks (VT) 29
Pipe strainer, sanitary Plastic-lined carbon steel valves
Filters (F) 22 DOW Plastic-Lined Piping Products 5
PIPE TRACE PLAT+FRAM
piping plant bulks 24 Heat Exchangers (HE) 26
Pipe Type 12 Plate
PIPEDATA.SET file 13 and frame filters (F) 12
Pipeline reactors and frame heat exchanger 26
jackedted pipe heat exchanger (HE) 22, 23 and frame heat exchanger, sanitary 27
PIPE-RACK spiral heat exchanger 25
steel plant bulks 7 steel plant bulks 17
PIPE-SUPPT towers, tray towers 20
steel plant bulks 11, 12 PLATE+FRAM
PIPE-TRACE Filters (F) 12
electrical plant bulks 5 PLATFORM
Piping steel plant bulks 14
above-grade 3, 6 PLC 27, 35
buried 3 PLC control centers 27
buried concrete 19 Plot plan 35
coat and wrap 34 Plunger pump, reciprocating
construction equipment 10 Piston, Other Positive Displacment Pumps
control valve size 6 (P) 21
drainage - site development 5 PM/PE 35
Index (G6) 19
PNEUMATIC Preferred stock 36
Conveyors (CO) 7 Preprocessor 36
Pneumatic portable tool Present value 37
construction equipment 13 PRESSURE
PNU-TUBING Screens (VS) 29
instrumentation plant bulks 3 Pressure
PO 35 drum
POLE LINE 14 Horizontal Tanks (HT) 2
POLE-LINE vessel
electrical plant bulks 5, 16 Vertical Tanks (VT) 11
Polypropylene Price 37
lined steel pipe 58 Primary KV 37
packing materials 57 Primary market 37
POND Prime contractor
earthwork - site development 7 engineering 53, 58
Porcelain Prime rate 37
packing materials 57, 58 Privilege level 37
PORTABLE Pro forma financial statements 37
Electrical Generators (EG) 7 Process control
Portfolio effect 36 area types 3
Portfolio risk 36 considerations 16
PORT-PROP control centers 14, 17, 18, 23, 25
Agitators (AG) 3 default 14
Mixers (MX) 29 example 19, 20, 21
Positive float 36 introduction 15
Potential measurement test station operator centers 14, 18, 21, 22
electrical plant bulks 11 overview 14
POT-TEST project control data 20
electrcial plant bulks 11 reporting 21
Pounds Sterling volumetric models 16
currency base 38 Process ductwork
POURED piping 20
piling - site development 16 piping plant bulks 20, 21
Power distribution Process engineering 37
country base location differences 30 Process equipment 37
default 36 code of accounts 9
main substation 32 item symbols 6
primary feeders 32 symbols 6
reporting 37 Process fluid 37
transmission lines 32 Process interface units
unit substations 32 high enery level 9
unreferenced area requiring power 36 low enery level 9
usage instructions 35 Procurement 56
Power factor 36 disciplines and wage rates
Power factor connection capacitor 16 JP 8
Power function UK 4
Agitated Tanks (AT) 21 US 3
Power number Product extension 38
Agitated Tanks (AT) 21 Productivity 38
PRECAST other variables 48
piling - site development 16 reporting 44
Precast concrete piles workforce 41, 43
piling - site development 16 Profit margin 38
Precautionary motive 36 Profitability ratios 38
Precedence notation 36 Program evaluation and review technique
Predecessor 36 (PERT) 38
PRE-ENGR PROJDATA Relation 1
Heat Exchangers (HE) 20, 21 PROJDATA Relations 10
Preface iii Project 38
20 Index (G6)
Project database 38 jacketed horizontal vessel, JACKETED
Project definition (HT) 7
country base 38 jacketed vertical vessel, JACKETED
currency base 38 (VT) 18
reporting 40 OPEN TOP
units of measure 40 AgitatedTanks (AT) 11
Project estimate 38 packed towers 8, 16
Project manager 39 tray towers 12, 20
Project run 39 Reboilers (RB) 10
Project schedule KETTLE 30
barcharts 10, 12 KETTLE - continued 31, 32, 33
impacting 13 THERMOSIPH 33
introduction 10 U-TUBE 34, 35
Promissory note 39 Receivers
PROPELLER CYLINDER, Vertical Tanks (VT) 11
Fans, Blowers (FN) 11 HORIZ-DRUM, Horizontal Tanks (HT) 2
Proxy 39 Recession 40
PULP STOCK RECIP-CONV
Agitators (AG) 4 Centrifuges (CT) 4
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 12 RECIP-GAS
Separation Equipment (SE) 23, 24 Air Compressors (AC) 3
PULSE SHKR Gas Compressors (GC) 9
Dust Collectors (DC) 8 RECIP-MOTR
Pulse type units Air Compressors (AC) 4
Dust Collectors (DC) 6 Gas Compressors (GC) 8
PULVERIZER Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps
Crushers (CR) 6 (P) 22
Pumps Reciprocating
casting materials 56 Air Compressors (AC) 3
construction equipment 13 Gas Compressors (GC) 8, 9
oil-sealed 7 RECL-REEL
water-sealed 7 Filters (F) 17
PVC Rectangular chests
packing materials 58 Vertical Tanks (VT) 35
PYROLYSIS RECTIFIER
Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) 37, 38 electrical plant bulks 11
Rectifier
Q electrical plant bulks 11
QA/QC 39 Recuperative thermal oxidizer
Questimate 39 Flares (FLR) 9
Queue 39 Recuperative thermal oxydizer
Quick ratio 39 John Zink Company 8
Quit 39 Red herring 40
Redundancy
R introduction 33
Radial network simple radial system 33
power distribution 33 spot network system 33
RAILROADS REFINER
railroads - site development 18 Stock Treatment (ST) 9
Rapid growth stocks 40 Refiners
Raschig rings 57 Stock Treatment (ST) 9
introduction 3 Refit 40
RAYMOND REFORMER
piling - site development 16 Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) 38
RCON PIPE Refrigeration Units (RU) 20
piping plant bulks 19 CENT-COMPR 6
Reactors centrifugal compression 6
CYLINDER, Vertical Tanks (VT) 11 MECHANICAL 6
HORIZ-DRUM, Horizontal Tanks (HT) 2 mechanical compression 6
Index (G6) 21
Registered bond 40 Rights offering 42
Regression analysis 40 Ring granulator
Regulators Crushers (CR) 7
Fisher Control International, Inc. 6 Rings
Relations 6 Inert 2
Relationship of Database 6 Intalox saddle 3
Relief introduction 2
standard equations for pipe diameter 46 Pall, packing materials 3
REMARKS Relation 1, 9 Raschig, packing materials 3
Remote shop Saddle type 2
materials 40 RIP-ROCK
REMOVAL earthwork - site development 9
demolition - site development 3 Risk averter 42
Reorganization 40 Risk neutral 42
REPGRP Relation 1, 13 Risk-adjusted discount rate 42
Report groups 8 Risk-free interest rate 42
Reporting Risk-seeker 42
engineering 58 Rock excavation
power distribution 37 earthwork - site development 9
project definition 40 Rod charger
project schedule Mills (M) 8
barcharts 12 Rod crushers
workforce 44 Crushers (CR) 8
Rescheduling 41 ROD MILL
Residual assets 41 Mills (M) 8
Residual theory of dividends 41 Rod mill
Resins Mills (M) 8
demineralizer 8 ROD-CHARGR
packing materials 58 Mills (M) 8
Resistance temperature detector ROG 42
instrumentation plant bulks 7 ROLL RING
Resource 41 Crushers (CR) 7
Resource based duration 41 ROLLER
Resource leveling 41 Conveyors (CO) 8
Resurfacing Mills (M) 8
site development 15 Roller conveyor
RETAIN Conveyors (CO) 9
earthwork - site development 7 Roller mill
Retaining wall Mills (M) 8
earthwork - site development 7 Roofing
Retrofit 41 steel plant bulks 18
Return on net working capital 41 ROTARY
Return on net worth 41 Blenders (BL) 25
Return on total assets 42 Crushers (CR) 4
Revamp 42 Feeders (FE) 14
Reverse osmosis systems Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps
HORIZ-DRUM, Horizontal Tanks (VT) 2 (P) 21
Reversible hammermill piston, other positive displacement pumps
Crushers (CR) 6 (P) 21
REV-HAMR Rotary breaker
Crushers (CR) 5 Crushers (CR) 6
Revolving credit 42 Rotary double-cone
Reynolds number Blenders (BL) 25
Agitated Tanks (AT) 21 Rotary drum
Ribbon blenders Blenders (BL) 25
SPIRAL RIB Rotary drum cooker-cooler
Mixers (MX) 30 Drum Dryers (DD) 11
Rietz single screw Rotary Dryers (RD) 16
ONE SCREW (HE) 24 Conical rotary vacuum 13
22 Index (G6)
DIRECT 13 Heat Exchangers (HE) 29
INDIRECT 13 Sanitary dumper
Jacketed rotary vacuum 14 Feeders (FE) 15
JAC-VACUUM 13 Sanitary filter press
VACUUM 13 Filters (F) 19
Rotary vane feeder Sanitary fixed propeller/turbine mixer
Feeders (FE) 14 Agitators (AG) 6
ROTARYBOWL Sanitary floor scale
Blenders (BL) 26 Scales (S) 21
ROT-BLOWER Sanitary flow diversion panel
Fans, Blowers (FN) 12 piping plant bulks 41
ROTY-DISK Sanitary fluming pump
Filters (F) 12 Centrifigal Pumps (CP) 15
ROTY-DRUM Sanitary fluming reclaim reel
Filters (F) 13 RECL-REEL 17
RTABLE 1 Sanitary highshear homogenizing agitator
RTABLE Relation 14 Agitators (AG) 5
RTD 9 Sanitary horizontal conveyor
resistance temperature detector 7 Conveyors (CO) 10
Rubber Sanitary incline conveyor
linings 6, 9 Conveyors (CO) 11
Packing, Linings (PAK, LIN) 9 Sanitary in-line metal trap
Run 42 Filters (F) 17
Runs of pipe Sanitary kettle blender
piping plant bulks 3 Blenders (BL) 25
Sanitary multi-zone plate+frame exchanger
S Heat Exchanger (HE) 27
S BELTCONV Sanitary pipe filter
Conveyors (CO) 10 Filters (F)
S INCLINE SAN-PIPE 18
Conveyors (CO) 11 Sanitary pipe strainer
S VERTICAL Filters (F) 22
Conveyors (CO) 10 Sanitary piston-type homogenizer
S VIBRATRY Mixers (MX) 34
Conveyors (CO) 11 Sanitary portable propeller
Saddle Agitatators (AG) 7
Berl 4 Sanitary process equipment
Intalox 3, 4 Agitators (AG)
packing 2 COUNT-ROT 5
Safety stock 43 HIGH SHEAR 5
Sale and leaseback 43 SAN-FIXED 6
Sale of assets 43 SAN-PORT 7
Sales force composite method for Blenders (BL)
forecasting 43 KETTLE 25
Sales forecast 43 MSHELSTAG 27
Salvage value 43 ROTARYBOWL 26
Sand Centrifugal Pumps (CP)
packing materials 58 FLUME PUMP 15
SAN-FIXED SAN-PUMP 13
Agitators (AG) 6 Conveyors (CO)
Sanitary bulk bag unloader S BELTCONV 10
Feeders (FE) 16 S INCLINE 11
Sanitary centrifugal pump S VERTICAL 10
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 13 S VIBRATRY 11
Sanitary corrugated double pipe exchanger Drum Dryers (DD)
Heat Exchangers (HE) 26 S-COOKCOOL 11
Sanitary counter-rotating agitator Feeders (FE)
Agitators (AG) 5 DUMPER 15
Sanitary direct steam heat module SACK-DUMP 16
Index (G6) 23
SAN-BELT 17 SC 43
SAN-SCREW 16 SCAFFOLD
Filters (F) civil plant bulks 5
METAL TRAP 17 Scaffolding
RECL-REEL 17 civil labor 5
SAN-PIPE 18 construction overhead 63
SAN-PRESS 19 Scales (S) 17
SAN-STRAIN 22 BEAM SCALE 19
Heat Exchangers (HE) BELT 19
CORRUGATED 26 BENCH 19
HOT WATER 27 FULL-FRAME 19
MULTI-P+F 27 SEMI-FRAME 19
STM-HE-MOD 29 TANK SCALE 20
Horizontal Tanks (HT) TRACK 20
SAN-TANK 9 TRUCK 20
Mixers (MX) Scan 43
HIGH SPEED 32 Scheduling 43
PISTON HOM 34 S-COOKCOOL
RIBBON 32, 33, 34 Drum Dryers (DD) 11
SHEAR HOM 35 Scope 44
Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps Scraped surface crystallizer
(P) Crystallizers (CRY) 2
AIR DIAPH 24 SCRAPER LR
ROTARYLOBE 23 piping plant bulks 35
Scales (S) Screen bowl
SAN-FLOOR 21 Centrifuges (CT) 5
Vertical Tanks (VT) SCREEN-BWL
SAN-TANK 40 Centrifuges (CT) 5
Sanitary ribbon blender Screens (VS) 19
Mixers (MX) 32, 33, 34 BAR 29
Sanitary rotary bowl blender HUMMER 28
Blenders (BL) 26 LD STOCK 29
Sanitary screw feeder ONE DECK 28
SAN-SCREW 16 PRESSURE 29
Sanitary shear pump homogenizer SIFTER-1 28
SHEAR HOM 35 SIFTER-2 28
Sanitary vertical conveyor SIFTER-3 28
Conveyors (CO) 10 THREE DECK 28
Sanitary vertical cylindrical vessel TWO DECK 28
Vertical Tanks (VT) 40 SCREW
Sanitary vibratory conveyor Conveyors (CO) 8
Conveyors (CO) 11 Screw heater
Sanitary, multi-shell, staggered blender one screw thermascrew 24
Blenders (BL) 27 two screw thermascrew 24
SAN-PIPE SCROLL
Filters (F) 18 Filters (F) 14
SAN-PRESS Scroll conveyor
Filters (F) 19 Centrifuges (CT) 4
SAN-PUMP Scroll discharge centrifugal filter
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 13 Filters (F) 14, 16
SAN-SCREW SCROLL-CON
Feeders (FE) 16 Centrifuges (CT) 4
SAN-TANK SEALCOAT
Horizontal Tanks (VT) 9 site development 15
Vertical Tanks (VT) 40 Seasonal dating 44
Saran Secondary markets 44
lined steel pipe 58 Security 44
SAWTOOTH SEEDING
Crushers (CR) 5 landscaping - site development 12
24 Index (G6)
Seismic data 15 HORIZ-DRUM, Horizontal Tanks (HT) 2
Select 44 Silica gel
SELF-SUPP packing materials 58
Flares (FLR) 3, 7 S-IMPACT
SEMI-FRAME Crushers (CR) 6
Scales (S) 19 Simple radial, redundancy 33
Semivariable costs 44 SIMPLEX
Sensitivity analysis in cash budgeting 44 Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps
Sensor loop descriptions (P) 19
pressure 10 SINGLE 1-S
Separation Equipment (SE) 19 Air Compressors (AC) 4
OIL-WATER 25 SINGLE 2-S
PULP STOCK 23, 24 Air Compressors (AC) 4
WATER-CYCL 24 SINGLE ATM
Septic tank Drum Dryers (DD) 11
drainage - site development 5 Single Diameter Towers (TW) 12
SEPTIC-TNK DC HE TW 23
drainage - site development 5 PACKED 16
Sequence 44 TRAY STACK 23
SEWAGE TRAYED 20
Filters (F) 14 TS ADSORB 26
Sewage filter Single roll crushers
Filters (F) 14 Crushers (CR) 4
Shaker type filters SINGLE STG
Dust Collectors (DC) 6 Ejectors (EJ) 3
SHEAR HOM SINGLE VAC
Mixers (MX) 35 Drum Dryers (DD) 11
Shell and head design Sinking fund 45
towers 6 Site development 45
SHELL+TUBE Site/office equipment
Heat Exchangers (HE) 24 construction equipment 14
SHORING SITE-EXCVN
earthwork - site development 9 earthwork - site development 9
SIDEWALKS Skirts
site development 15 towers 5
SIDING Slippage 45
railroads - site development 18 SLURRY
steel plant bulks 18 Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps
Siding and roofing (P) 20
steel plant bulks 18 Slurry
SIDING-HVY standard equations for pipe diameters 45
railroads - site development 18 Small tools
Sieve construction overhead 62
molecular, packing materials 58 Smart-transmitters
Sieve trays 3 Honeywell Inc. 7
SIFTER-1 Snubbers
Screens (VS) 28 CYLINDER, Vertical Tanks (VT) 11
SIFTER-2 SODDING
Screens (VS) 28 landscaping - site development 12
SIFTER-3 Softeners
Screens (VS) 28 demineralizers 8
SIGMA packed towers 8, 16
Mixers (MX) 30 water softening systems 8
SIGNAL SOFTENING
railroads - site development 18 Water Treatment Systems (WTS) 8
Signal wire Softening treatment system
instrumentation plant bulks 3 Water Treatment Systems (WTS) 8
Silencers Soil
CYLINDER, Vertical Tanks (VT) 11, 40 site development
Index (G6) 25
stabilization 7 casting materials 56
sterilization 12 clad plate materials
Solar panel BS 22
electrical plant bulks 12 DIN 47
SOLAR-PANL packing materials 58
electrical plant bulks 12 STAIR
SOLID BOWL steel plant bulks 16
Centrifuges (CT) 4 Stairs
Solvent extraction towers 3 steel plant bulks 16
Source of funds 45 Standard basis 46
Sources and use of funds statement 45 Standard horizontal tube evaporator
SPAN* 61 Evaporators (E) 6
SPARKLER STAND-HOR
Filters (F) 15 Evaporators (E) 6
Spary Standpipe
chambers, washers (DC) 10 SPHOS 40
Special reports 45 STAND-VERT
Speculative motive for holding cash 45 Evaporators (E) 5
SPHERE Start float 46
Vertical Tanks (VT) 21 Starting activity 46
SPHEROID Start-to-start lag 46
Vertical Tanks (VT) 23 Start-up 57
Spheroids disciplines and wage rates
hemispheriod 23 JP 9
hortonspheriod 23 US 3
SPHOS 40, 41 STATIC
SPIRAL PLT Mixers (MX) 30
Heat Exchangers (HE) 25 Station
SPIRAL RIB potential measurement test
Mixers (MX) 30 electrical plant bulks 11
Spiral ribbon mixer STATIONARY
SPIRAL RIB Kneaders (K) 28
Mixers (MX) 30 Statutory consolidation 46
Spot network Statutory merger 46
power distribution 33 Steam
SPRAY plant, Water Treatment Systems (WTS) 8
Dryers (D) 10 standard equations for piping
Sprinkler system diameters 45
SPRNK 2, 36 Steam Boilers (STB) 20
SQL 45 BOILER 4
S-ROLL-HVY field erected 4
Crushers (CR) 5 packaged boiler 4
S-ROLL-LT STM BOILER 4
Crushers (CR) 4, 5 Steam turbine 9
S-ROLL-MED Steel
Crushers (CR) 5 boxes 17
SRSC 5 casting materials 55
SRST 5 chutes 17
SS 45 columns, beams, bracing 2, 17
STABILIZE elevated access platforms 14
earthwork - site development 7 fabricated plate items 17
Stable dollar dividend policy 46 fireproofing for existing stuctural steel 3
STACK gallery structure 15
Stacks (STK) 10 grate 16
Stacks (STK) 21 ladders 16
height calculation 2 mill building 13
STACK 10 open structure 2
thickness 4 pipe rack 7
Stainless steel siding and roofing 18
26 Index (G6)
stairs 16 Heat Exchangers (HE) 25
transfer tower 16 Summary funds statement 48
STEEL-H Summary reports
piling - site development 17 code of accounts 5
STERILIZE Sump pit
landscaping - site development 12 drainage - site development 5
Stirred vessels SUMP-PIT
agitated open tanks drainage - site development 5
Agitated Tanks (AT) 12 Super-critical activity 48
STM BOILER Support personnel 57
Steam Boilers (STB) 4 SURF-ANODE
Stock dividend 46 electrical plant bulks 11
Stock markets 47 SW 48
Stock pumps Swing jaw crusher
high density 22 Crushers (CR) 4
low consistency 12 SWING-HAMR
Stock right 47 Crushers (CR) 6
Stock split 47 Switch board 16
Stock Treatment (ST) 14 Symbol
DEFLAKE-CN 10 process equipment 6
DEFLAKE-DK 9 SYNCHRON
REFINER 9 Electrical Motors (MOT) 3
Stockholders_quity 47 Synchronous motors 3
Stone System base indices, cost reporting 40
packing materials 57
Stoneware T
packing materials 57 Take-off 48
STOPS Tank containment
railraods - site development 18 civil 5
STORAGE TANK SCALE
Flares (FLR) 10 Scales (S) 20
Vertical Tanks (VT) 25 TAR-CHIP
Stripping towers 3 site development 15
STRIP-SOIL Target finish ©roject 49
earthwork - site development 10 Target finish šctivity 48
STRUC-EXC Target start šctivity 49
earthwork - site development 10 Taxes and permits
Structure code of accounts 7, 15
open, steel plant bulks 2 TC 7, 9
Structures TC16 5
civil plant bulks 3 TDC 3000 system equipment and services
Sub-critical activity 47 Honeywell Inc. 7
SUBDRAIN TEFC 49
drainage - site development 5 TEFC (totally-enclosed fan-cooled)
Subordinated debenture 48 Electrical Motors (MOT) 3
SUBPAVING Teflon
site development 15 lined steel pipe 58
Subproject 48 Teflon sheet lining 54
Subscription price 48 Telescoping gas holder
Substations Vertical Tanks (VT) 30
power distribution Tellerettes H.D. 58
main 32 TEMA 49
unit 32 TEMA-EXCH
SUBSTN STL 14 Heat Exchangers (HE) 14
SUBTYPE Temperature swing adsorbtion unit 26
database relation attributes 32, 33, 34, 35, Temporary construction 49
36 Tender offer 49
Successor 48 Terminal warehouse receipt 49
SUC-HEATER Test borings
Index (G6) 27
earthwork - site development 7 appurtenances 6
Test station convey transfer, steel plant bulks 16
electrical plant bulks 11 description of 5
TEWAC 49 desorption 3
TEWAC (totally enclosed water cooled) distillation 2
Electrical Motors (MOT) 4 ellipsoidal 5
generated for API 610 pump 5 elliptical 5
Text string 49 extraction 3
THCPL-WIRE fractionator 3
instrumentation plant bulks 4 functions 5
Thermascrew (Rietz) singel screw (HE) 24 hemispherical 5
Thermocouple internals 3
instrumentation plant bulks 7 manholes 5
Thermocouple wire materials of construction 6
instrumentation plant bulks 4 nozzles 5
THERMOSIPH packings 4
Reboilers (RB) 33 shell and head design 6
Thermosiphon reboilers sieve trays 4
Reboilers (RB) 33 skirt 5
THICKENER solvent extraction 3
Thickeners (T) 26 stripping 3
Thickeners (T) 19 torispherical 5
THICKENER 26 trays 3
THIN FILM TRACE CNTR 13
Wiped Film Evaporators (WFE) 7 TRACE PANL 12
This 5, 1 Tracing
THREE DECK existing equipment 4
Screens (VS) 28 existing piping run 5
THRM-OX LC piping plant bulks 23
Flares (FLR) 9 TRACK
Tile Chests Scales (S) 20
Vertical Tanks (VT) 35 Track scale
TILTING Scales (S) 20
Kneaders (K) 28 Track yard siding
Time value of money 50 railroads - site development 18
Times interest earned 50 Trade acceptance 50
Titanium Trailer
plate materials construction equipment 5
BS 21 Transaction loans 50
DIN 46 Transactional motive for holding cash 50
tube materials Transfer lines
ASME 14 piping plant bulks 3
DIN 51 Transfer tower
JIS 38 steel plant bulks 16
Tools, small TRANSFORM 14
construction overhead 62 Transformer/rectifier
TOP UNLOAD electrical plant bulks 11
Centrifuges (CT) 3 Transmission line
TOPSOIL overhead - electrical plant bulks 5, 16
landscaping - site development 12 Transmission lines
Torispherical towers 5 power distribution 32
Total assets turnover 50 Travelling bridge crane
Total debt to total assets ratio 50 Cranes (CE) 13
Total float 50 Tray
Total stockholders_quity 50 cable, electrical plant bulks 4
Towers Tray Drying Systems (TDS) 16
absorption 3 ATM-SYSTEM 14
adsorption 3 batch tray 14
applications 2 TURBO 14
28 Index (G6)
turbo drying system 14 TURBO-GEN
VAC-SYSTEM 14 Electrical Generators (EG) 7
VACUUM 14 TURNOUT
TRAY STACK railroads - site development 18
Single Diameter Towers (TW) 23 TWO DECK
TRAYED Screens (VS) 28
Double Diameter Towers (DDT) 12 TWO SCREW
Single Diameter Towers (TW) 20 Heat Exchangers (HE) 24
Trays TWO STAGE
tower internals 3 Ejectors (EJ) 3
Treasury stock 51 TWO-ROLL
Tree diagram 51 Mixers (MX) 32
TRENCH
civil plant bulks 5 U
TRENCH-EXC UBC Zone
earthwork - site development 10 seismic data 15
Trenching UK country base
civil 5 units of measure 40
Trend projection 51 Underground cable duct 12
TRIPLEX Underwriting syndicate 51
Piston, Other Positive Displacment Pumps Unit cost database 51
(P) 19 Unit cost library 2
TRNS-TOWER Unit substation 51
steel plant bulks 16 Unit substations
TRUCK power distribution 32
Scales (S) 20 Units of measure
Truck project definition 40
construction equipment 2 Unsecured loan 52
Truck scale UPS
Scales (S) 20 electrical plant bulks 16
Trust receipt 51 US country base
Trustee 51 units of measure 40
TS ADSORB Uses of funds 52
Single Diameter Towers (TW) 26 UTIL PIPE
T-T 48 Piping plant bulks 18
Tube materials Utility headers
DIN piping 18, 50
non-ferrous 51 U-TUBE
TUBING 42 Heat Exchangers (HE) 11, 12, 13
TUBULAR Reboilers (RB) 34, 35
Centrifuges (CT) 5 Reboilers (RB) - continued. 34, 35
Filters (F) 15
Tubular V
exchangers (HE) 4 VAC-SYSTEM
Tubular fabric filters Tray Drying Systems (TDS) 14
Filters (F) 15 VAC-TILTNG
TURBINE Kneaders (K) 28
Centrifugal Pumps (CP) 12 VAC-TRAY
Turbines (TUR) 9 Dryers (D) 9
CONDENSING 9 VACUUM
GAS 10 Rotary Dryers (RD) 13
NON-COND 9 Tray Drying Systems (TDS) 14
non-condensing 9 Vacuum Pumps (VP) 13
steam turbine 9 MECHANICAL 7
TURBO MECH-BOOST 7
Tray Drying Systems (TDS) 14 WATER-SEAL 7
Turbo drying system Vacuum tray batch dryer
Tray Drying Systems (TDS) 14 Dryers (D) 9
TURBOEXPANDER 10 Value 52
Index (G6) 29
Value engineering 52 Agitated Tanks (AT) 11
Valve trays 3 demineralizers (WTS) 8
Valves pressure
Fisher Control International, Inc. 6 Agitated Tanks (AT) 8
VANEAXIAL sphere, Vertical Tanks (VT) 21
Fans, Blowers (FN) 12 spheroid, Vertical Tanks (VT) 23
Vaneaxial fan tray or packed towers 8, 12, 16, 20
Fans, Blowers (FN) 12 vacuum
Vapor control flare Agitated Tanks (AT) 8
Flares (FLR) 10 VIBRATING
Variable cash budget 52 Conveyors (CO) 8
Variable costs 52 Feeders (FE) 15
Variable payment sinking fund 52 Vibrating conveyor
VARY-SPEED Conveyors (CO) 8
Electrical Motors (MOT) 5 Vibrating feeder
Vendor representatives 52 Feeders (FE) 15
construction overhead 63 VIBRATORY
Vendors Centrifuges (CT) 5
Victaulic Company of America 9, 11 Volumetric belt feeder
VERTICAL Feeders (FE) 14
Furnaces, Process Heaters (FU) 38 Volumetric models 16
Vertical merger 52
Vertical Tanks (VT) 13 W
CHEST-CYL 37 Wage rates
CHEST-MTL 39 reporting 44
CHEST-REC 35 workforces 41, 43
cone bottom 31 Walkways, gallery 16
CONE BTM 31 Wall, free standing
cone roof (storage) 26 fencing - site development 11
CRYOGENIC 28 WASHERS
CYLINDER 11 Dust Collectors (DC) 10
flat roof (storage) 25 WASTE HEAT
floating roof (storage) 25 Heat Exchangers (HE) 25
GAS HOLDER 30 Water heater
high pressure gas/liquid storage 21 Heat Exchangers (HE) 27
JACKETED 18 Water supply well, cased
lifter roof (storage) 26 drainage - site development 5
LIVE BTM 33, 34 Water Treatment Systems (WTS) 20
MULTI WALL 15 AERATOR 8
near-atmospheric liquid storage 25 DEMINERAL 8
open top (storage) 26 SOFTENING 8
PLAST TANK 29 WATER-CYCL
plastic storage 29 Separation Equipment (SE) 24
pressure/vacuum service 11 Water-only cyclones
SAN-TANK 40 Separation Equipment (SE) 22, 25
SPHERE 21 WATER-SEAL
SPHEROID 23 Vacuum Pumps (VP) 7
STORAGE 25 Water-sealed vacuum pump 7
telescoping gas holder 30 WATER-WELL
tile chests 35 drainage - site development 5
WOOD TANK 30 Weight belt
wooden (storage) 30 sanitary 17
Vessel base Weighted cost of capital 53
design code Welding equipment
ASME 10 construction equipment 9, 10
BS 22 WELL HEAD
JIS 34 piping plant bulks 36, 38, 40, 41
Vessels WELLPOINTS
agitated open tanks drainage - site development 6
30 Index (G6)
WELLS
drainage - site development 6
WFE-SYSTEM
Wiped Film Evaporators (WFE) 7
White water filter
Filters (F) 15
WHITEWATER
Filters (F) 15
Windows NT workstation 53
Wiped Film Evaporators (WFE) 15
agitated thin film evaporator 7
THIN FILM 7
WFE-SYSTEM 7
Wire mesh fencing
fencing - site development 11
WOOD
piling - site development 17
WOOD TANK
Vertical Tanks (VT) 30
Work breakdown structure (WBS) 53
Work items
concept 50
Work load 53
Work unit 53
Work week adjustments
workforce 52
Workforce
craft names 44
craft productivity 51
craft wage rates 43
crew mix modifications 43
multiple workforces 41
productivity 41
productivity concepts 44
reporting 44
wage rates 41, 43
work items 50
work week adjustments 52
Working capital 53
Working capital management 53
WSHWR 40, 41
WT-LOSS
Feeders (FE) 15
Y
YARD PIPE
piping plant bulks 3
Yen
currency base 38
Yield to maturity 54
Z
Zero float 54
Zero growth stocks 54
Zero-base budgeting 54
Zinc
coating - lining 54
linings 6
Index (G6) 31
32 Index (G6)

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Aspen Icarus

Icarus Evaluation Engine

Copyright (c) 2001-2007 by Aspen Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aspen Technology, Inc.

The Technology Behind

How to Use This Document

A Note to Icarus System Users

Phone and E-mail

Contents (G11) iii

Contents (G11) vii

viii Contents (G11)

This chapter contains information on the following topics:

1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-5

Process Equipment Categories

1-6 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

List of Process Equipment

Agitated Tanks (AT)

1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-7

Air Compressors (AC)

1-8 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

Fans, Blowers (FN)

Electrical Motors (MOT)

Chapter 5: Heat Transfer

Heat Exchangers (HE)

1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-9

Furnaces, Project Heaters (FU)

Chapter 6: Packing, Linings

1-10 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

Centrifugal Pumps (CP)

Gear Pumps (GP)

Piston, Other Positive Displacement Pumps (P)

1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-11

Chapter 8: Towers, Columns

Double Diameter Towers (DDT)

Single Diameter Towers (TW)

Chapter 9: Vacuum Systems

1-12 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

Chapter 10: Vessels

Horizontal Tanks (HT)

Vertical Tanks (VT)

Chapter 11: Crushers, Mills and Stock

1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-13

Stock Treatment (ST)

Chapter 12: Drying Systems

1-14 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

Wiped Film Evaporators (WFE)

Air Dryers (AD)

Drum Dryers (DD)

1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-15

Tray Drying Systems (TDS)

Chapter 13: Solids Conveying

Elevators, Lifts (EL)

1-16 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

Chapter 14: Separation Equipment

1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6) 1-17

Dust Collectors (DC)

1-18 1 Introduction to Process Equipment (G6)

Separation Equipment (SE)

Chapter 15: Utility Service Systems

Jacket Material: Default: CS

Material: SS304, SS316