Procedure

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SUBJECT: Radiographic Examination

SCOPE: The purpose of this procedure is to define the technical information and methodology to perform
radiographic examination using industrial radiographic film.

1.0 GENERAL: The method defined in this procedure is to be used for volumetric examination of steel castings.

2.0 REFERENCES:

2.1 ASTM E94 - 04 (2010) Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing.

2.2 ASTM E1742-11 Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination.
2.3 ASTM E1030-05 (2011) Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic
Castings.
2.4 ASTM E186 – 10 Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2” to 4½”) Steel Castings.
2.5 ASTM E 280 – 10 Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4½” to 12”) Steel Castings.
2.6 ASTM E446 – 98 Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2” in Thickness.
2.7 SNT-TC-1A – 2011 Recommended Practice for NDT Personnel
2.8 ANSI B16.34 - 2009 APPENDIX I, Radiography Examination Acceptance Standards.

3.0 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS: - Personnel performing inspections to this procedure shall be qualified in
accordance with the requirements of SNT-TC-1A and the employer’s written practice.

4.0 EQUIPMENT:
4.1 Source of Radiation - Either x-ray or gamma radiation may be used.
4.2 Cassettes
4.2.1 Film holders and cassettes shall be light tight, constructed of materials that do not interfere
with the quality or sensitivity of radiographs, and shall be handled properly to reduce
damage.
4.3 Film - Radiographic film shall be either type 1 or type 2.
4.4 Intensifying Screens - Intensifying lead foil screens in accordance with ASTM E 94 shall be used.
4.5 Penetrameters - Penetrameters shall be made of radiographically similar material to that of the
object being radiographed. Hole or wire type may be used. The image quality indicator sensitivity
shall be 2% or better.

Revision: 5 Edited: August 1, 2018 Checker: Ken Sundberg

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5.0 APPLICATION:

5.1 Surface preparation - Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable material
specifications, with additional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to a degree that
surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with discontinuities.

5.2 Radiographic technique - A single-wall exposure technique should be used whenever practical.
When it is not practical a double-wall technique shall be used.

5.3 Direction of radiation - The direction of the central beam of radiation shall be centered on the area of
interest whenever practical.

5.4 Geometric unsharpness - Geometric unsharpness of the radiographs shall be determined in

accordance with: Ug = Fd/D
where
Ug = geometric unsharpness
F = source size: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or
effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or
object being radiographed, in.
D = distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed, in.
d = distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film, in.

5.5 Location markers

5.5.1 The image of the location markers for the coordination of the part with the film shall appear
on the film, without interfering with the interpretation, with such an arrangement that it is
evident that complete coverage was obtained.

5.5.2 Marker positions shall be marked on the part and the position of the markers shall be
maintained on the part during radiograph

5.5.3 Location markers shall be of lead or other high atomic number material and shall be placed
on the part, not on the film or cassette.

5.5.4 Sufficient markers shall be used to assure that adequate required coverage has been
obtained and that overlap is evident.

5.6 Backscatter monitoring

5.6.1 A characteristic symbol, (a 1/8 in. (3.2-mm) thick letter B) shall be attached to the back of the
cassette or film holder to verify that the test object image has not been obscured by the
backscatter radiation.
Revision: 5 Edited: August 1, 2018 Checker: Ken Sundberg
Status: APPROVED Responsible:Ken Sundberg Approver: Ken Sundberg
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 Procedure
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5.7 Penetrameters
5.7.1 Shall conform to the requirements of para. 4.5, and shall be utilized to determine the quality
level of all radiographic testing.
5.7.2 Shall be placed on the source side of the section being examined and shall be placed so
that the plane of the penetrameter is normal to the radiation beam. If this is not practical,
placement of the penetrameter on a block is acceptable provided the block is of
radiographically similar material, the same thickness as the part being radiographed, and is
placed as close as possible to the area of interest of the material being examined.
5.7.3 When performing double wall radiography the penetrameter shall be placed where practical
on the outside surface nearest the source of radiation.
5.7.4 In the examination of irregular objects, the penetrameter shall be placed on the part of the
object farthest from the film.
5.7.5 If one penetrameter shows an acceptable sensitivity at the most dense portion of the
radiograph, and the second penetrameter placed at the least dense portion of the
radiograph shows an acceptable sensitivity, these two penetrameters shall serve to qualify
the radiograph within the density requirements.
5.8 Film
5.8.1 The number and type of films per radiographic shot shall be detailed in the Radiographic
Standard Shooting Sketch (RSS).
5.8.2 Each film shall be placed on the surface to be radiographed in a secure manner so that
there is a minimum gap between the surface of interest and the film.
5.8.3 The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the appropriate
penetrameter and the area of interest shall be a min of 1.8 for radiographs with x-ray
sources and a min of 2.0 when using gamma sources, and a max of 4.0 with both methods.
5.8.4 Viewing of film shall be with high intensity type viewers with a variable intensity control
capable of producing sufficient illumination to view the maximum densities required.

5.9 RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING SKETCH (RSS)

5.9.1 The RSS shall consists of an instruction sheet and sketch(es) of the casting: the instruction
sheet specifies the radiographic equipment, materials, and technique-acceptance
parameters for each location; the sketch(es) illustrate(s) the location, orientation, and the
source and film arrangement for each location. The RSS shall provide the essential
information specified in ASTM E 1030-05 (2011) Appendix X1. Radiographic RSS exposure
documents shall be approved by an NDT Level III. The NDT Level III may be an employee of
the testing laboratory or a subcontracted outside agency.

Revision: 5 Edited: August 1, 2018 Checker: Ken Sundberg

Status: APPROVED Responsible:Ken Sundberg Approver: Ken Sundberg
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 Procedure
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5.10 Test Results - As a minimum the following shall be reported:

5.10.1 Part number and description
5.10.2 Metso manufacturing lot number (if applicable)
5.10.3 Purchase Order Number
5.10.4 Vendor Job Number
5.10.5 Heat Number(s) and running numbers
5.10.6 Acceptance Criteria
5.10.7 Type and thickness of material
5.10.8 Type of radiation source, effective focal spot or source size, x-ray equipment, voltage
rating and manufacturer
5.10.9 Film type and thickness of intensifying screens
5.10.10 Source to film distance
5.10.11 Voltage, milliampere-minutes and geometric arrangements for the radiographs
5.10.12 Examination results
5.10.13 Date, name, and qualification level of examiner
5.10.14 Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketch(s)
5.11 Control and reporting of Rejected Items:
5.11.1 Items which do not meet the acceptance criteria shall be considered rejected. Rejected
items must be marked for identification, segregated from the accepted items, and reported
on a separate test report from accepted items. Markings should be durable but not
permanent such as paint marker, paper tag, etc.

6.0 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS: Evaluation of Indications for acceptance per ASME B 16.34 MADANTORY
APPENDIX I, paragraph I-2. (This Appendix is an integral part of ASME/ANSI B16.34-2009 and the Tables
are included herein for convenience. See next page.)

Revision: 5 Edited: August 1, 2018 Checker: Ken Sundberg

Status: APPROVED Responsible:Ken Sundberg Approver: Ken Sundberg
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 Procedure
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Information from Mandatory Appendix I of ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 2009

Wall Thickness Less Than 2”

Discontinuity Type Category ASTM E 446
Gas A A2
Sand B B3
Shrink, Type 1 C CA2
Shrink, Type 2 C CB3
Shrink, Type 3 C CC3
Shrink, Type 4 C CD3
Hot Tears and Cracks D&E None
Inserts (chills, chaplets) F None

Wall Thickness 2” TO 4.5”

Discontinuity Type Category ASTM E 186
Gas porosity A A3
Sand and slag inclusions B B3
Shrink, Type 1 C CA3
Shrink, Type 2 C CB3
Shrink, Type 3 C CC3
Crack D None
Hot tear E None
Insert F None

Wall Thickness 4.5” TO 12”

Discontinuity Type Category ASTM E 280
Gas porosity A A3
Sand and slag inclusions B B3
Shrink, Type 1 C CA3
Shrink, Type 2 C CB3
Shrink, Type 3 C CC3
Crack D None
Hot tear E None
Insert F None

Revision: 5 Edited: August 1, 2018 Checker: Ken Sundberg

Status: APPROVED Responsible:Ken Sundberg Approver: Ken Sundberg
Printed copies are considered uncontrolled unless otherwise identified.
Electronic copies are only valid if they are opened from ShareDoc Sharepoint site Published documents library.
 Procedure
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CHANGE LOG
Date Revision Editor Paragraphs changed Description of changes
21 JAN 98 0 G. Menard Original date issued.
22 MAR 13 2 GS Updated references, cassette and RSS requirements
11 SEP 13 3 DRE To improve control of rejected items
18 JAN 16 4 WS Updated for quality control purposes.
12 JUN 18 5 D. Baczewski Transferred to ShareDoc. Format changed and added
ShareDoc doc. number. No content changes.baczed

Changes are highlighted with yellow and marked with side bar.

Revision: 5 Edited: August 1, 2018 Checker: Ken Sundberg

Status: APPROVED Responsible:Ken Sundberg Approver: Ken Sundberg
Printed copies are considered uncontrolled unless otherwise identified.
Electronic copies are only valid if they are opened from ShareDoc Sharepoint site Published documents library.