ET-213: D.C. Machines and Batteries. Total Contact Hours

ET-213: D.C. MACHINES AND BATTERIES.
Total Contact Hours:

Theory: 64 T P C
Practical: 96 2 3 3
AIM To enable students understand basic principles, construction, working and control techniques of DC
machines. Also understand types, working and charging of secondary cells/batteries.
1. D.C. MACHINES FUNDAMENTALS 6 Hrs.

1.1 Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, Principle of Dynamically induced e.m.f.
1.2 Flemings right hand rule, Lenz's Law.
1.3 Force on a current carrying conductor.
1.4 Parts of D.C Machines, body, yoke, field, poles, armature, commutator, etc.
1.5 Armature winding, single layer, double layer, simplex, duplex, lap and wave.
2. D.C MACHINE AS D.C. GENERATOR 20 Hrs.

2.1 Principle of working of elementary D.C generator.
2.2 E.M.F equation of D.C generator and problem solving.
2.3 Types of Generator, separately exited, self exited, shunt, series and compound.
2.4 No load characteristics of separately and self exited shunt generator, critical resistance
solving problems.
2.5 On load, internal, external characteristics & problem solving of generators voltage
regulation, method of compounding, degree of compounding.
2.6 Armature reaction & commutation.
2.7 Interpoles or compoles.
2.8 Power stages, losses and efficiency, condition for maximum efficiency.
2.9 Parallel operation of shunt & compound generator, load sharing.
2.10 Safety while working on generators
3. D.C. MACHINES AS D.C. MOTOR 26 Hrs.

3.1 Principle & working of elementary D.C motor.
3.2 Back e.m.f and torque development in D.C motors, torque equation.
3.3 Electrical, Mechanical, V/Ia characteristics of series, shunt, compound (Differential)
motors.
3.4 Comparison of D.C motors, and their applications.
3.5 Power stages, losses, BHP and efficiency of D.C. motors.
3.6 Speed control of D.C motor by changing field flux, armature current and voltage.
3.7 Merits and demerits of different speed controlling methods.
3.8 Necessity and design of motor starters, 3 & 4 point starter.
3.9 Controllers, manual, automatic magnetic, semi-automatic.
3.10 Testing of D.C machines, Dynamometer, Hopkinson tests.
3.11 Safety while working on motors.
4. BATTERIES 12 Hrs.
4.1 Primary cells, types, construction, dry cell.
4.2 Secondary cells, storage cells.
4.3 Types of storage cells, Lead Acid, Nickel iron, Nickel Cadmium.
4.4 Chemical action during charging and discharging of Lead Acid battery.
4.5 Construction and working of Lead Acid battery.
4.6 Preparation of electrolytes of given specific gravity.
4.7 Variation in specific gravity during charging & discharging.
4.8 Effect of specific gravity on e.m.f.
4.9 Construction & working of Nickel iron cell.
4.10 Construction & working of Nickel-Cadmium Cell.
4.11 Safety in preparation of electrolytes and handling acids.
4.12 Safe disposal of chemicals
ET-213: D.C. MACHINES & BATTERIES
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
TIME SCHEDULE
S.NO. MAJOR TOPICS NO. OF PERIODS NO. OF
QUESTIONS IN Q.
PAPER.
1. D.C. Machine Fundamentals 6 1
2. D.C. Generator 20 2
3. D.C. Motor 26 2
4. Batteries 12 1
Total: 64 6
1. UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF D.C. MACHINES

1.1. State Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic induction
1.2 Derive e=di/dt equation
1.3 State flemings right hand rule.
1.4 State Lenz's Law.
1.5 Explain force developed on a current carrying conductor lying in magnetic field.
1.6 State parts of D.C. machine, body, yoke, field poles and winding, commutators,
armature
1.7 Draw Armature winding, lap, wave, single layer,double layer, simplex and duplex.
1.8 Calculate and develop given armature winding for lap & wave duplex winding.
2. UNDERSTAND THE WORKING OF D.C. MACHINES AS D.C. GENERATORS

2.1 Explain principle of single loop D.C. generator.
2.2 Derive EMF equation of a D.C. generator and solve related
problems.
2.3 List types of D.C. generator depending upon excitation (self and separately excited).
2.4 List types of D.C. generator showing their connections (Shunt, series, compound).
2.5 Draw no load characteristics of separately and self-excited shunt generators.
2.6 Evaluate critical resistance from O.C.C for a given machine.
2.7 Solve problems relating to o.c.c critical resistance, emf and speed.
2.8 Draw on-load internal, external characteristics for series,
shunt and compound generators.
2.9 Solve problems relating to load characteristics.
2.10 State levels of compounding of compound generator, as under & over compounding.
2.11 Explain armature reaction.
2.12 Define commutation.
2.13 Explain purpose of Inter-poles
2.14 Express power stages in D.C. generators and its efficiency.
2.15 Solve problems on power stages and efficiency of D.C. generator.
2.16 State conditions for maximum efficiency of a D.C. generator.
2.17 Solve problems on efficiency of D.C. generator.
2.18 Explain parallel operation of series shunt and compound generators.
3. UNDERSTAND CONSTRUCTION, TYPES AND USES OF D.C MOTORS
3.1 Explain working principle of an elementary D.C. motor.
3.2 State back e.m.f produced in motor armature.
3.3 Explain development of torque due to back e.m.f.
3.4 Derive motor torque equation.
3.5 Draw electrical,mechanical, N/Ia characteristics of series, shunt and compound
(Differential/commulative) motors.
3.6 Classify dc motors (Series, shunt, compound).
3.7 State application of motors depending upon their characteristics.
3.8 Explain power stages in D.C. motors, BHP, losses, efficiency.
3.9 Solve problems on power stages of DC motors.
3.10 Describe speed control of dc motors, by changing field flux, armature current and
voltage.
3.11 Compare different speed control methods
3.12 Design resistance type motors starter (3 points, 4 points.).
3.13 Explain controllers, manual, automatic and semi-automatic.
3.14 Describe importance of testing of dc machines.
3.15 Explain dynamometer, Hopkinson & Swinburn tests.
4. UNDERSTAND CONSTRUCTION, TYPES AND CHARGING OF BATTERIES

4.1 Define primary cell.
4.2 State type of cells
4.3 Describe working of primary cells.
4.4 State uses of Dry cell
4.5 Explain working of dry cell.
4.6 Explain the working of secondary cell and battery (Storage cell, accumulator, lead
acid, and alkaline).
4.7 Sketch construction of lead acid battery.
4.8 Discuss chemical process in lead acid battery on charging and discharging.
4.9 State method of preparation of electrolyte for a given specific gravity.
4.10 State the effects of charging and discharging on the specific gravity of the
electrolyte.
4.11 Draw sketch of Nickel iron cell
4.12 Describe working of Nickel iron battery.
4.13 Draw sketch of Nickel Cadmium battery.
ET-213: D.C. MACHINES AND BATTERIES
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
Note: Students should demonstrate concern for personal and equipment safety while working in
Lab.
1. Study of constructional features of D.C machine.

2. Identification of terminals, polarity, determination of resistance of field and armature
windings.
3. Developing Lap winding diagram for a given armature.
4. Develop wave winding diagram for a given armature.
5. Calculating winding factor, and develop winding diagram lap and wave for a given
armature.
6. Rewinding an armature, session I.
7. Rewinding armature, session II.
8. Rewinding armature, session III (last).
9. Connecting and operating D.C machine as separately exited generator and to plot its O.C.C.
10. Connecting and operating D.C machine as self excited shunt generator and to plot its O.C.C.
and to find critical resistance.
11. Operate a series generator and draw its external characteristics.
12. Operate a shunt generator and draw its external characteristics.
13. Plot external characteristics of compound generator for level, under and over compounding.
14. Parallel operation of two shunt generators.
15. Determination of copper, iron & friction losses by actual loading.
16. Study of starting and controlling equipment.
17. Connecting starter and controlling circuit with a shunt motor.
18. Connecting a machine as series motor (operation of fractional H.P series motor).
19. Determination of motor efficiency by direct loading.
20. Experimentally plot speed-torque characteristics of a shunt motor.
21. Plotting speed-current characteristics from data of a shunt motor.
22. Plotting Torque-current characteristics from experimental data of a shunt motor.
23. Plot torque-current characteristic of a series motor from experimental data.
24. Draw speed-torque characteristics of a series motor from experimental data.
25. Plot speed-current characteristic of compounded motor.
26. Draw Torque-current characteristics of compound motor.
27. Controlling speed of a shunt motor by changing field current & armature current.
28. Controlling speed of a series motor by armature and field diverter.
29. Determination of B.H.P of motor by brake test.
30. Determination of efficiency of motor by Swinburn test.
31. Determination of torque and efficiency by dynamo meter.
32. Regenerative or Hopkinsons test.
33. Study constructional features of lead acid battery.
34. Preparation of electrolyte (H2SO4) of a given specific gravity and charging lead acid battery.
** Students must prepare practical journal and get it checked weekly by the concerned
teacher. He should produce it to external examiner for sessional work/marking
check up at the time of final examination.
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
1. A Course in Electrical Engineering Vol.I By Dawes, L. Chester.

2. Audel's Electric motor guide.
3. A Text Book of Electrical Technology by B.L. Theraja.
4. D.C Machines by Audel's.
5. Electrical Generator By Kates-Stafford.
6. Direct Current Motors & Generators by M.C. Mongal-Keth-Rouson.

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ET-213: D.C. MACHINES AND BATTERIES.

Total Contact Hours:

1. D.C. MACHINES FUNDAMENTALS 6 Hrs.

2. D.C MACHINE AS D.C. GENERATOR 20 Hrs.

3. D.C. MACHINES AS D.C. MOTOR 26 Hrs.

1. UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF D.C. MACHINES

2. UNDERSTAND THE WORKING OF D.C. MACHINES AS D.C. GENERATORS

4. UNDERSTAND CONSTRUCTION, TYPES AND CHARGING OF BATTERIES

1. Study of constructional features of D.C machine.

1. A Course in Electrical Engineering Vol.I By Dawes, L. Chester.

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