Steps for Writing an A.P. U.S.

History Timed Essay

1. Carefully Read and Analyze the Question

 Highlight key terms (e.g. assess, explain).
 Identify and plan to answer all parts of the essay prompt.

2. Brainstorm Outside Information

 List every relevant issue, historical term, name, event, etc. from the time period that
could be incorporated into your response.
 Always complete before looking at the documents (for DBQs).

3. Read and Analyze the Documents (for Document Based Questions)

 Identify the main point of the document.
 Relate the document back to the essay prompt.
 Jot down any outside information the document brings to mind.
 Consider the APPARTS questions (but do not try to write it all out)
 Ignore any documents that you do not understand or know how to use.

4. Categorize and Outline

 Create categories (or use the categories given in the prompt) to organize your ideas.
 Place the outside information from your brainstorm and document reading into the
appropriate categories.
 Make sure that each main point/category includes analysis and multiple examples.

5. Create a Thesis
 Take a reasonable position that answers the question and can be supported.
 Write a well crafted thesis statement that directly answers the question and provides
a roadmap (categories) for your essay. Do not take too long on the exact wording.
 Consider creating a complex type of thesis statement by using a key word such as
“although,” however,” “despite” etc.
 Make sure that everything in your essay relates to your thesis and answers the
question.

6. Write the Essay (See Handout on the “Basic History Essay Structure”)
 Introduction: HOTT (Hook, Overview, Thesis, preview of Themes)
 Body: TEST (Topic sentence, Evidence & Analysis, Summary, Transition)
 Conclusion: STOP (Summarize, Restate thesis, Omit new info, add Perspective)

7. Proofread
 Use any extra time to reread your essay.
 Make corrections that are neat and understandable.
 If you remember new information write a new paragraph, circle it, and draw an
arrow to indicate where the new paragraph should be inserted into the essay.
 Basic History Essay Structure
Is your introductory paragraph HOTT?
Hook—This is the first sentence. It should interest the reader and is a chance to show off, but be
reasonable. Do not spend too much time on this.

Overview—Similar to the hook. This sentence sets the stage for your thesis. This can also be a
restatement of the question.

Thesis—The position you will argue and support. This is definitely the most important sentence in
your essay. It should be clear but not short. Well developed thesis statements often include key words
such as “although” and may stretch two or even three sentences in length.

Themes/Topics—This sentence or group of sentences introduces the reader to the main points that
will support your thesis and will be fully developed in your essay. It is best to keep these in the same
order throughout your essay.

Do the body paragraphs TEST what you know?

Topic Sentence—This is the theme that will be developed and supported in a paragraph.

Evidence and Analysis—Evidence is the specific information and factual details that will support
your theme. Analysis is the explanation of how and why your evidence (from the documents and
outside information) support your thesis. These two elements are the heart of any essay.

Summary Statement—This sentence will remind the reader of the relevant sub-points made in this
paragraph.

Transition—This sentence finishes off the paragraph and introduces the theme of the next paragraph.
Do you STOP in your conclusion?
Summarize the Themes/Main Points—This sentence or group of sentences should remind the
reader of the main points that were made. Do not include new information.

Thesis Restatement—This sentence should remind the reader of your answer to the question.
Restate the thesis in different words than before.

Omit Any New Information—The only exceptions would be to make a conceptual point that is
more general than your main points, or to mention the aftermath or result of something.

Perspective—Finish your essay with a sentence that unifies the essay and/or puts it in historical
perspective. Leave a good impression with the reader.
 A.P U.S. History Essay Tips
Things to Do:

 Adhere to the steps to writing a good essay and its basic structure (see other handouts).

 Deal honestly with counter evidence and arguments in either the appropriate body
paragraph or in a separate. Never create “straw man” arguments.

 Start off with an essay with your strongest argument/evidence. Bury the weakest point(s)
in the middle of the essay. Try to finish strong.

 Remain objective. Do not inject your personal opinion, but take a position on the prompt.

Using Primary Source Documents in an Essay:

 Identify the main point of each document and relate it to your thesis/argument.

 Use the documents to remind you of other outside information to incorporate in the essay.

 Do not paraphrase or summarize a document. Never allow the focus of a paragraph or an

essay to shift from the prompt and your thesis to the documents.

 Try to use the main ideas and outside information suggested by as many documents as
possible, however, never use a document you don’t understand or are unsure of.

 Refrain from quoting a document as it wastes precious time and most readers consider it
a sign of a desperate student.

 Do not explicitly refer to a document (e.g. “As it says in Document A…”)

Mistakes to Avoid:

 Generalizations and unsupported statements. Be precise and support your assertions.

 Equivocation. (Take a reasonable position, don’t try to argue both sides of a question)

 Use of the first or second person voice (e.g. “I,” “you,” “we,” “us,” “y’all,” etc.).

 Absolutes (e.g. “never,” “always,” “completely,” “perfectly,” etc.)

 Vague verbs (e.g. “felt,” “thought,” “said”, etc.).

 Contractions (e.g. “don’t,” “won’t,” couldn’t,” “should’ve, ” etc.).

 Slang, figures of speech, or colloquialisms (e.g. like, lost his shirt, spilt milk, etc.).
 Generic A.P. U.S. History Essay Rubric

The 8-9 Essay (Superior):

 Contains a strong, well developed thesis that demonstrates an understanding of the
complexity of the issue
 Supports the thesis with an effective analysis of all parts of the question, though some
imbalance is acceptable
 Effectively uses a substantial number of documents (DBQ)
 Supports the thesis with substantial and relevant outside information
 Is clearly organized and well-written
 May contain minor errors

The 5-7 Essay (Competent):

 Contains a clear thesis which addresses the question
 Has some limited analysis, more descriptive than analytical; may address only part of the
question in depth
 Uses some documents effectively (DBQ)
 Supports thesis with some relevant outside information
 Shows evidence of acceptable organization and writing; language errors do not interfere
with comprehension of the essay
 May contain errors that do not seriously detract from the quality of the essay

The 2-4 Essay (Flawed)

 Contains a limited, confused, and/or poorly developed thesis
 Deals with the question in a simplistic, superficial manner
 Merely paraphrases, quotes, or briefly cites the documents (DBQ)
 Contains little outside information, or information that is generally inaccurate or irrelevant
 May be poorly organized and/or written
 May contain major errors

The 0-1 Essay (Poor)

 Lacks a thesis, or simply restates the question
 Exhibits inadequate or incorrect understanding of the question
 Contains little or no understanding of the documents or ignores them completely (DBQ)
 Is so poorly organized or written that it inhibits understanding
 May contain substantial factual errors

The “—” Essay (Unacceptable)

 Blank or completely off task
 Key Essay Terms

Analyze: to break into parts and explain the Extent: how much, to what degree
parts
Fact: something that can be proven to be
Assess: to weigh the evidence and make a true
judgment
Identify: to name and explain
Categorize: Place items under headings that
are given to you or you create Illustrate: to give examples

Cause/Effect: the beginning; the result Infer: to draw a conclusion based on fact

Chronological: events put in the order they Interpret: to offer an explanation

happened
Justify: to give reasons and evidence to
Clarify: to make clear support your thinking

Compare: show how two things are alike Opinion: belief based on what a person
thinks or feels
Contrast: show how two things are
different Prove: use facts to show something is true

Describe: to tell how something looks or Question: to ask

how it happened; present a picture
Reflect: to think about
Discuss: to tell about the main points and
important details Relate: to show how things are alike or
connected
Define: to give the meaning
Sequence: to put in correct order
Diagram: to make a drawing of something
and label its parts State: to give the main points or reasons

Distinguish: to tell how something is Summarize: to briefly cover the main

different from others similar to it points

Enumerate: to make a list Synthesize: to combine parts or pieces of an

idea, situation or event
Evaluate: to give your opinion of what is
important; discuss its good and bad points; Trace: to tell about the progress or growth
discuss its strengths and weaknesses
Validity: how accurate something is
Explain: to give facts that make clear
 The Ten Types of History Essay Questions

1. Change Over Time

 “The period from 1783 to 1815 was a period of evolution to economic
maturity for the infant United States.” Assess the validity of this view.
 “Between 1790 and 1870 the economic growth of the United States was
significantly stimulated by governmental aid.” Assess the validity of this
statement.

2. Cause and Effect

 Why did the United States enter the First World War?
 What caused the Civil War?

3. Compare and Contrast

 Compare and contrast Jacksonian Democracy and Jeffersonian Democracy.
 Compare and contrast three colonies—Virginia, Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts

4. Define and Identify

 Discuss Jacksonian Democracy

5. Statement, React To It
 “Presidents are rarely successful in both foreign and domestic policy.”
Assess the validity of this statement.
 “Slavery was the sole cause of the Civil War.” Evaluate this statement.

6. Evaluation
 Pick any three of the following and evaluate their effectiveness as political
leaders.
o George Washington o Henry Clay
o John C. Calhoun o John Quincy Adams
o Thomas Jefferson o Daniel Webster
 Was colonial society democratic?
7. A Statement From a Particular Viewpoint
 Defend British policies during the period from 1763 to 1776.
 According to radical historians, what have been the foreign policy objectives
of the United States in the twentieth century?

8. Given Framework
 “The powers of the President grew because of war and foreign crises.”
Evaluate this statement.
 “The United States displayed all the typical characteristics of a new nation
during the early republic, 1789-1823.” Assess the validity of this view.

9. Problem-Solution
 “What causes of the Civil War were resolved by the Civil War and
Reconstruction?
 The Progressive movement solved problems that arose from
Industrialization.” Discuss this statement.

10. Answer and Include

 Analyze the relative importance of three of the following as contributing to
the Civil Rights movement.
o Aunnar Mydral, An American Dilemma
o The desegregation of the armed forces
o Brown v. Board of Education
o African American demographic shifts
 Identify and analyze the issues separating the United States and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War as illustrated by three of the following.
o NATO and the Warsaw Pact
o The Korean War
o The Berlin Wall
o The nuclear arms race
From Barron’s How To Prepare for the AP US History Exam
The Rules of Argument in Historical Writing

1. Always state your argument quickly and concisely, as early as

possible in your paper.

2. When you make an assertion essential to your case, provide some

examples as evidence.

3. Always give the fairest possible treatment to those against whom

you may be arguing.

4. Always admit weaknesses in your argument and acknowledge

those facts that opponents might raise against your position.

5. Stay on the subject throughout your essay so your argument is not

submerged in meaningless detail.

A Writer’s Checklist

 Is this subject worth arguing about?

 Have I gathered enough evidence to make an argument?
 Do I represent the views of my opponents in a way they would
consider fair?
 Have I developed my argument logically?
 Is my use of evidence accurate?
 Have I tried to prove too much?
From A Short Guide To Writing About History (Marius)