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1) An electric field strength of 10 µV/m is to be measured at an observation point
θ = π/2, 500 km from a λ/4 monopole antenna operating in air at 50 MHz.

(a) What is the length of the dipole?
(b) Calculate the current that must be fed to the antenna.
(c) Find the average power radiated by the antenna.
(d) If a transmission line with Zo = 75 Ω is connected to the antenna, determine the
standing wave ratio.
SOLUTION:
a) The wavelength λ = c / f =( 3 x 108) / (50 x 106) = 6 cm.
Length Of The Dipole (l) = λ/4 = 6 / 4 = 1.5 cm.

b)
c) Rrad = 73 Ω (For λ/2 (Half Wave) Dipole Antenna)
Rrad = 36.56 Ω (For λ/4 Monopole Antenna)

d) Standing Wave ratio (S)
ZL = 73 + j42.5 (For Half wave dipole Antenna)
ZL = 36.5 + j21.25 (For λ/4 Monopole Antenna)
2) Calculate the directivity of

a) The Hertzian monopole
b) The quarter-wave monopole
a) For the hertzian monopole
b) For the quarter-wave (λ/4) monopole
3) A certain antenna with an efficiency of 95% has maximum radiation intensity of

0.5 W/sr. Calculate its directivity when
(a) The input power is 0.4 W
(b) The radiated power is 0.3 W
SOLUTION:
a) Prad = ηr Pin = (0.95) (0.4) = 0.38
4) Evaluate the directivity of an antenna with normalized radiation intensity
SOLUTION:
5) Determine the maximum effective area of a Hertzian dipole of length 10 cm

operating at 10 MHz. If the antenna receives 3 µW of power, what is the
power density of the incident wave?
SOLUTION:
For the hertzian dipole,

Gd = 1.5 sin2 θ
By definition, Pr = Ae Pave
6) An antenna in air radiates a total power of 100 kW so that maximum radiated

electric field strength of 12 mV/m is measured 20 km from the antenna.
Find its:
(a) Directivity in dB
(b) Maximum power gain if ηr = 98%.
a)
G = 10 log 10 Gd = 10 log 10 (2.16) = 3.34 dB
b) G = ηr Gd = 0.98 x 2.16 = 2.117

7) A C-band radar with an antenna 1.8 m in radius transmits 60 kW at
a frequency of 6000 MHz. If the minimum detectable power is 0.26 mW, for a target
cross section of 5 m2, calculate the maximum range in nautical miles and the
signal power density at half this range. Assumeunity efficiency and that the
effective area of the antenna is 70% of the actual area.
8) The magnetic vector potential at point P(r, θ, φ) due to a small antenna located
at the origin is given by
where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2. Find E(r, θ, φ, t) and H(r, θ, φ, t) at the far field.

SOLUTION:
Using Vector transformation,
Ars = Axs sinθ cosφ
Aθs = Axs cosθ cosφ
Aφs = Axs sinφ

At far field only 1/r term remains. Hence
9) A Hertzian dipole at the origin in free space has dl = 20 cm and I = 10 cos2π10 7t

A, find |Eθs| at the distant point (100, 0, 0).
SOLUTION:
λ = c / f = ( 3 x 108 ) / (107) = 30 m
At (100, 0, 0), r = 100 m & θ = π / 2

10) A 2-A source operating at 300 MHz feeds a Hertzian dipole of length 5 mm
situated at the origin. Find Es and Hs at (10, 30°, 90°).
λ = c / f = (3 x 108) / (3 x 108) = 1m
β = 2π / λ = 2π
At r = 10, θ = 30o , φ = 90o
λ = 120π = 377 m
Eθs = η Hφs = 94.25 mV/m
11) An antenna can be modelled as an electric dipole of length 5 m at 3 MHz. Find

the radiation resistance of the antenna assuming a uniform current over its
length.
dl = 5 m
λ = c / f = (3 x 108) / (3 x 106) = 100 m
dl / λ = 5 / 100 = 1/20
Now since dl / λ = 1/20 < 1/10
Rrad = 80π2 (dl/λ)2
= 80π2 / 400 = 1.974Ω
12) A half-wave dipole fed by a 50 Ω transmission line, calculate the reflection

coefficient and the standing wave ratio.
For a half wave dipole antenna, Zin = 73 + j42.5
13) A 1-m-long car radio antenna operates in the AM frequency of 1.5 MHz. How
much current is required to transmit 4 W of power?
This is a monopole antenna
λ = c / f = (3 x 108) / (1.5 x 106) = 200 m
In this case, it’s pretty clear that l << λ
14) An antenna located on the surface of a flat earth transmits an average power
of 200 kW. Assuming that all the power is radiated uniformly over the surface of a
hemisphere with the antenna at the center, calculate
(a) The time-average Poynting vector at 50 km, and
(b) The maximum electric field at that location.
a) Prad = ∫ Prad . ∂s = Pave . 2πr2 (hemisphere)
Pave = Prad / 2πr2 = (200 x 103) / (2π 50 x 106)2
=12.73 µW / m2
Pave = 12.73 ar µW / m2
b) Pave = (Emax)2 / 2η
(Emax)2 = 240π x 12.73 x 10-6
Emax = 0.098 V/m
15) A 100-turn loop antenna of radius 20 cm operating at 10 MHz in air is to give a
50 mV/m field strength at a distance 3 m from the loop. Determine
(a) The current that must be fed to the antenna
(b) The average power radiated by the antenna
a) λ = c / f = (3 x 108) / (100 x 106) = 3 m
Prad = 1/2 (Io2 Rrad) = 0.25mW

16) Sketch the normalized E-field and H-field patterns for
a. A half-wave dipole b. A quarter-wave monopole.
a)
b) The same as for λ/2 dipole except that the fields are zero for θ > π/2 as shown:
17) In free space, an antenna has a far zone field given by
Determine the radiated power?

18) At the far field, the electric field produced by antenna is
Sketch the vertical pattern of the antenna. Your plot should include as many
points as possible.
f(θ) = | cosθ cosφ |
For the vertical pattern, φ = 0 which means,
f(θ) = | cosθ | which is sketched below
19) At the far field, an antenna produces
Calculate the directive gain and the directivity of the antenna?
SOLUTION:
20) For a thin dipole λ/16 long, find the
a) Directive gain b) Directivity c) Effective area d) Radiation resistance
SOLUTION:
a)
On substituting we get,
Gφ = 1.5 sin2θ
b) Directivity, D = Gφ, max = 1.5
c) Effective Area, Ae = (λ2 / 4π) Gφ = (1.5 λ2 sin2θ) / 4π
d) Radiation Resistance Rrad

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
TWO MARKS QUESTION & ANSWERS
SUBJECT: ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
CODE: EC 353
FACULTY NAME: T. SRAVAN KUMAR

UNIT-I (ANTENNA PARAMETERS)
1. Define an antenna.
Antenna is a transition device or a transducer between a guided wave and
a free space wave
or vice versa. Antenna is also said to be an impedance transforming
device.
2. What is meant by radiation pattern?
Radiation pattern is the relative distribution of radiated power as a
function of distance in space .It is a graph which shows the variation in
actual field strength of the EM wave at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna. The energy radiated in a particular direction
by an antenna is measured in terms of FIELD STRENGTH (E Volts/m).
3. Define Radiation intensity?
The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called
the radiation intensity U (watts per steradian or per square degree). The
radiation intensity is independent of distance.
4. Define Beam efficiency?
The total beam area (A) consists of the main beam area (M ) plus
the minor lobe area ( m) . Thus A = M+ m.
The ratio of the main beam area to the total beam area is called beam
efficiency.
Beam efficiency = M = M / A.
5. Define Directivity?
The directivity of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the maximum
power density P(,)max to its average value over a sphere as observed in
the far field of an antenna.
D = P (, ) max / P (, )av. Directivity from Pattern.
D = 4/ A. Directivity from beam area (A).
6. What are the different types of aperture?
i) Effective aperture.
ii). Scattering aperture.
iii) Loss aperture.
iv) Collecting aperture.
v). Physical aperture.
7. Define different types of aperture?
Effective aperture (Ae): It is the area over which the power is extracted
from the incident wave and delivered to the load is called effective
aperture.
Scattering aperture (As): It is the ratio of the reradiated power to the
power density of the incident wave.
Loss aperture (Ae): It is the area of the antenna which dissipates power
as heat.
Collecting aperture (Ae): It is the addition of above three apertures.
Physical aperture (Ap): This aperture is a measure of the physical size
of the antenna.
8. Define Aperture efficiency?
The ratio of the effective aperture to the physical aperture is the aperture
efficiency. i.e
Aperture efficiency =  = Ae / Ap
9. What is meant by effective height?
The effective height h of an antenna is the parameter related to the
aperture.It may be defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the
incident field.i.e H= V / E.
10. What are the field zones?
The fields around an antenna may be divided into two principal regions.
i. Near field zone (Fresnel zone)
ii. Far field zone (Fraunhofer zone)
11. What is meant by Polarization?

The polarization of the radio wave can be defined by direction in
which the electric vector E is aligned during the passage of atleast one full
cycle. Also polarization can also be defined the physical orientation of the
radiated electromagnetic waves in space.
The polarizations are three types. They are Elliptical polarization, circular
polarization and linear polarization.
12. What is meant by front to back ratio?
It is defined as the ratio of the power radiated in desired direction to
the power radiated in the opposite direction. i.e
FBR = Power radiated in desired direction / power radiated in the
opposite direction.
13. Define antenna efficiency?
The efficiency of an antenna is defined as the ratio of power
radiated to the total input power supplied to the antenna.
Antenna efficiency = Power radiated / Total input power
14. What is radiation resistance?
The antenna is a radiating device in which power is radiated into
space in the form of electromagnetic wave.
W’ = I2 R
Rr = W’/ I2
Where Rr is a fictitious resistance called called as radiation
resistance.
15 What is meant by antenna beam width?
Antenna beam width is a measure of directivity of an antenna.
Antenna beam width is an angular width in degrees, measured on the
radiation pattern (major lobe) between points where the radiated power
has fallen to half its maximum value .This is called as “beam width”
between half power points or half power beam width.(HPBW).
16. What is meant by reciprocity Theorem?
If an e.m.f is applied to the terminals of an antenna no.1 and the
current measured at the terminals of the another antenna no.2, then an
equal current both in amplitude and phase will be obtained at the terminal
of the antenna no.1 if the same emf is applied to the terminals of antenna
no.2.
17. What is meant by isotropic radiator?
A isotropic radiator is a fictitious radiator and is defined as a radiator
which radiates fields uniformly in all directions. It is also called as isotropic
source or Omni-directional radiator or simply unipole.
18. Define gain
The ratio of maximum radiation intensity in given direction to the
maximum radiation intensity from a reference antenna produced in the
same direction with same input power. i.e
Maximum radiation intensity from test antenna
Gain (G) = --------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
Maximum radiation intensity from the reference antenna with
same input power
19. Define self impedance
Self impedance of an antenna is defined as its input impedance with
all other antennas are completely removed i.e away from it.
20. Define mutual impedance
The presence of nearby antenna no.2 induces a current in the
antenna no.1 indicates that presence of antenna no.2 changes the
impedance of the antenna no.1.This effect is called mutual coupling and
results in mutual impedance.
21. What is meant by cross field?

Normally the electric field E is perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation. In some situation the electric field E is parallel to the wave
propagation that condition is called Cross field.
22. Define axial ratio
The ratio of the major to the minor axes of the polarization ellipse is
called the Axial Ratio. (AR).
23. What is meant by Beam Area?
The beam area or beam solid angle or A of an antenna is given by the
normalized power pattern over a sphere.
A = 4Pn (,) d
Where d= Sin d d
24. What is duality of antenna?
It is defined as an antenna is a circuit device with a resistance and
temperature on the one hand and the space device on the other with
radiation patterns, beam angle, directivity gain and aperture.
25. State Poynting theorem.
It states that the vector product of electric field intensity vector E
and the magnetic field intensity vector H at any point is a measure of the
rate of energy flow per unit area at that point. The direction of power flow
is perpendicular to both the electric field and magnetic field components.

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1) An electric field strength of 10 µV/m is to be measured at an observation point

θ = π/2, 500 km from a λ/4 monopole antenna operating in air at 50 MHz.

Length Of The Dipole (l) = λ/4 = 6 / 4 = 1.5 cm.

c) Rrad = 73 Ω (For λ/2 (Half Wave) Dipole Antenna)

Rrad = 36.56 Ω (For λ/4 Monopole Antenna)

ZL = 73 + j42.5 (For Half wave dipole Antenna)

ZL = 36.5 + j21.25 (For λ/4 Monopole Antenna)

2) Calculate the directivity of

3) A certain antenna with an efficiency of 95% has maximum radiation intensity of

5) Determine the maximum effective area of a Hertzian dipole of length 10 cm

For the hertzian dipole,

6) An antenna in air radiates a total power of 100 kW so that maximum radiated

G = 10 log 10 Gd = 10 log 10 (2.16) = 3.34 dB

b) G = ηr Gd = 0.98 x 2.16 = 2.117

where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2. Find E(r, θ, φ, t) and H(r, θ, φ, t) at the far field.

Ars = Axs sinθ cosφ

Aθs = Axs cosθ cosφ

Aφs = Axs sinφ

9) A Hertzian dipole at the origin in free space has dl = 20 cm and I = 10 cos2π10 7t

At (100, 0, 0), r = 100 m & θ = π / 2

Eθs = η Hφs = 94.25 mV/m

11) An antenna can be modelled as an electric dipole of length 5 m at 3 MHz. Find

Rrad = 80π2 (dl/λ)2

= 80π2 / 400 = 1.974Ω

12) A half-wave dipole fed by a 50 Ω transmission line, calculate the reflection

Prad = 1/2 (Io2 Rrad) = 0.25mW

17) In free space, an antenna has a far zone field given by

Determine the radiated power?

f(θ) = | cosθ cosφ |

For the vertical pattern, φ = 0 which means,

f(θ) = | cosθ | which is sketched below

19) At the far field, an antenna produces

Calculate the directive gain and the directivity of the antenna?

b) Directivity, D = Gφ, max = 1.5

c) Effective Area, Ae = (λ2 / 4π) Gφ = (1.5 λ2 sin2θ) / 4π

d) Radiation Resistance Rrad

TWO MARKS QUESTION & ANSWERS

SUBJECT: ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

FACULTY NAME: T. SRAVAN KUMAR

11. What is meant by Polarization?

21. What is meant by cross field?

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