NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, WARANGAL

TELANGANA 506004

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
A REPORT ON
“SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY”
MAIN SEMINAR

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr. ADEPU KUMAR VAIBHAV SINGHAL | 183515
PROFESSOR
(MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT)

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 ABSTRACT

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), famous class of smart materials with unique functional

and intelligence properties, have attracted much attention in recent decades. These

materials offer a potential solution for microstructure devices due to their high

mechanical performances, high power to weight ratio, large deformation,

biocompatibility, etc. Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) is the most applied SMAs. This article

reviews the current state-of-the-art in the applications of shape memory alloy (SMA)

wires into high performance fiber reinforced polymer composite materials (FRPs).

SMAs have been investigated to date to address four main areas of properties

improvement: (i) damping and vibrational response, where SMAs are integrated into

composites either in the plane of the neutral axis, or as transverse stitches; (ii) impact,

where SMAs are integrated in the neutral axis or as stitches; (iii) crack closure, where

SMAs are integrated transverse to the crack, as stitches and (iv) shape morphing, where

SMAs are integrated in plane into the composite, but in the non-neutral axis. This paper

reports laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of shape memory alloyed (SMA) structures

using three premixed compositions of TiNiCu over which various test were performed

to get the best composition out of them.

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 CONTENT
S.NO TITLE Page No

1 INTRODUCTION 4–5

2 WORKING 5-6

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

4 ADVANTAGES 7

5 SHAPE MEMORY MATERIAL 7-8

6 TERMINOLOGY 8-9

7 APPLICATION 9 - 11

8 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR SMA 10 - 11

9 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING OF SMA 11 - 13

10 RESULT 13 - 17

11 CONCLUSION 17 - 18

12 REFERENCES 18

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1. INTRODUCTION:

A shape-memory alloy is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-
deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It may also be called memory metal, memory
alloy, smart metal, smart alloy, or muscle wire. Parts made of shape-memory alloys can be lightweight,
solid-state alternatives to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based
systems. They can also be used to make hermetic joints in metal tubing.

The two most prevalent shape-memory alloys are copper-aluminum-nickel, and nickel-
titanium (NiTi) alloys but SMAs can also be created by alloying zinc, copper, gold and iron. Although
iron-based and copper-based SMAs, such as Fe-Mn-Si, Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni, are commercially
available and cheaper than NiTi, NiTi based SMAs are preferable for most applications due to their
stability, practicability and superior thermo-mechanic performance. SMAs can exist in two different
phases, with three different crystal structures (i.e. twinned martensite, detwinned martensite and
austenite) and six possible transformations.

NiTi alloys change from austenite to martensite upon cooling; Mf is the temperature at which
the transition to martensite completes upon cooling. Accordingly, during heating As and Af are the
temperatures at which the transformation from martensite to austenite starts and finishes. Repeated use
of the shape-memory effect may lead to a shift of the characteristic transformation temperatures (this
effect is known as functional fatigue, as it is closely related with a change of microstructural and
functional properties of the material). The maximum temperature at which SMAs can no longer be
stress induced is called Md, where the SMAs are permanently deformed.[8]

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 The transition from the martensite phase to the austenite phase is only dependent on temperature
and stress, not time, as most phase changes are, as there is no diffusion involved. Similarly, the austenite
structure receives its name from steel alloys of a similar structure. It is the reversible diffusion less
transition between these two phases that results in special properties. While martensite can be formed
from austenite by rapidly cooling carbon-steel, this process is not reversible, so steel does not have
shape-memory properties.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), famous class of smart materials with unique functional and
intelligence properties, have attracted much attention in recent decades. These materials offer a
potential solution for microstructure devices due to their high mechanical performances, high power to
weight ratio, large deformation, biocompatibility, etc. Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) is the most applied
SMAs thin film due to its high recoverable strain and massive forces. Therefore, these high-
performance materials are able to make micro actuators in Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS).
This paper investigates the recent development of material processing approaches for NiTi thin films
and introduces various types of MEMS applications such as micro valves, micro pumps, micro grippers,
micro sensors, etc.

2. WORKING:

The two unique properties described

above are made possible through a solid state
phase change that is a molecular
rearrangement, which occurs in the shape
memory alloy. Typically when one thinks of
a phase change a solid to liquid or liquid to
gas change is the first idea that comes to
mind. A solid state phase change is similar in
that a molecular rearrangement is occurring,
but the molecules remain closely packed so that the substance remains a solid. In most shape memory
alloys, a temperature change of only about 10OC is necessary to initiate this phase change. The two
phases, which occur in shape memory alloys, are Martensite, and Austenite.

Martensite, is the relatively soft and easily deformed phase of shape memory alloys, which
exists at lower temperatures. The molecular structure in this phase is twinned. Upon deformation this
phase takes on the second form. Austenite, the stronger phase of shape memory alloys, occurs at higher
temperatures. The shape of the Austenite structure is cubic. The un-deformed Martensite phase is the

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same size and shape as the cubic
Austenite phase on a macroscopic
scale, so that no change in size or
shape is visible in shape memory
alloys until the Martensite is
deformed.

The temperatures at which

each of these phases begin and
finish forming are represented by
the following variables: Ms, Mf,
As, Af. The amount of loading
placed on a piece of shape memory
alloy increases the values of these four variables. The initial values of these four variables are also
dramatically affected by the composition of the wire (i.e. what amounts of each element are present).

The shape memory effect is observed when the temperature of a piece of shape memory alloy
is cooled to below the temperature Mf. At this stage the alloy is completely composed of Martensite
which can be easily deformed. After distorting the SMA the original shape can be recovered simply by
heating the wire above the temperature Af. The heat transferred to the wire is the power driving the
molecular rearrangement of the alloy, similar to heat melting ice into water, but the alloy remains solid.
The deformed Martensite is now transformed to the cubic Austenite phase, which is configured in the
original shape of the wire.

The Shape memory effect is currently being implemented in:

 Coffeepots
 The space shuttle
 Thermostats
 Vascular Stents

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Reference [1]: It provide general information about SMA, working method and its advantages.
 Reference [2]: It deal with enhancing the properties of SMA and MMC, by the combination of the
both and hence proving shape morphing and two way shape memory like properties.
 Reference [3]: Comparing different compositions of SMA developed by Additive Manufacturing
using laser.

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4. ADVANTAGES:
 High mechanical performances
 High power to weight ratio
 Large deformation
 Large actuation force
 High damping capacity
 High frequency response
 High wear resistance
 High corrosion and chemical resistance
 Low operation voltage
 High specific strength
 Compactness and lightness

5. SHAPE MEMORY MATERIAL:

Ni-Ti alloys are primarily used as SMA as they have a large distortion in the lattice mechanizing
the shape memory effect (SME). Since SME creates a broader hysteresis during the functioning, it
sequentially reduces its life cycle. The research on SMA with the introduction of a third element (like
– Pt, Hf, Zr, Fe, Nb, Al, Au, Cu) to standard binary Ni-Ti alloy the following results were obtained.

 TiNiPt needed large number of training cycles to achieve the best results.
 TiNiHf was comparatively the cheapest among the options. But, even mild work hardening resulted
in premature dislocation in the material effecting stress induced martensite formation and led to
gradual diminish of the shape memory effect in no time.
 TiNiZr has similar effect as that of TiNiHf with the difference only in the working temperature,
(TiNiZr functioned at around high temperatures around 240◦C).
 TiNiFe system was capable of working in very low temperature.
 TiNiNb generated high hysteresis where it could be deployed for short time applications.
 TiNiAl was also a good composition with efficient results but, it required a number of post
processing (like– heat treatment) to achieve the SMA effect.

Out of all these materials, TiNiCu provide the best result due to following reasons as described below.

1. TiNiCu did not bring much sensitivity in the transformation temperature neither high nor low.
2. The hysteresis generated was far less among other options.
3. Only Cu could successfully bond with Ni-Ti without disturbing its efficiency and characters in
all aspects.

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 4. The mechanical properties, like yield strength etc. of Ni-Ti with Cu were found to be at par with
that of Ni-Ti.
5. Another aspect of cycling stability and fatigue were also found to be good on the inclusion of
Cu.
6. Cu resulted in high nucleation rate and grain growth ensuring two-way shape memory effect in
the fabricated material.
7. In thick and thin films, addition of Cu reduced the hysteresis and increased the recovery strain;
it was a welcoming factor to opt for TiNiCu.

6. TERMINOLOGY

SMAs are metallic alloys, which undergo a

diffusion less, thermoelastic solid-state martensitic
transformation of their crystal structure, involving a
coordinated shear of atomic layers over distances that
are on the order of the atomic layer. As a result, when
an SMA, under no load, is cooled down from the cubic
austenitic (parent) phase through its transition
temperature, monoclinic martensitic variants form
within the microstructure. As shear of the variants
takes place in all directions, no macroscopic shape
change is observed. The resulting structure is called
self-accommodated martensite (SAM).

The interfaces between these variants are

glissile therefore when external stress is applied,
the most favorably oriented variants grow at the
expense of those which are least favorably
oriented, thus forming a preferentially-oriented
martensite phase (POM), also known as
detwinned martensite.

The phase transformation can be analyzed

based on thermodynamics, as it is driven by a
decrease in the Gibbs free energy of the system.
Thus, the martensitic phase is present when its
Gibbs free energy GM is lower than that of the

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parent phase GA. Gibbs free energies GM and GA are in equilibrium at a given temperature T0. The
martensitic transformation starts however, below T0, at Ms (martensite start), as undercooling is
necessary initiate nucleation, and finishes at the lower temperature, Mf (martensite finish). While
heating, the reverse transformation proceeds starting from As (austenite start) and ending at Af
(austenite finish).

7. APPLICATIONS:

7.1. SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT:

If the material is deformed in the martensitic state, creating the POM phase. When the load is
released, the material, after some elastic recovery, remains in the deformed state, although this is not a
plastic deformation, but the result of the martensitic twins orientation. When reheated above the
transformation temperature range, the crystal structure tends to revert back to the original form, and the
strain is recovered, provided that there is no irreversible or plastic deformation (as would happen in
some steel compositions, which can undergo martensitic transformation but does not exhibit shape
memory effect). As a result, when heated, NiTi based materials can exhibit up to 8% recovery strains
when free. If the material is constrained, for example if a NiTi wire, that has been strained in the
martensitic state, is reheated but fixed at both ends, the material exerts large recovery stresses, up to

700 MPa. In intermediate cases, if a bias force prevents the wire from fully recovering its shape, a mix
of strain and recovery stress is obtained. This effect can be exploited in composite materials, either to
induce morphing of the part upon temperature change, or to exert a closing force when the material is
heated above its transformation temperature and fixed at its extremities in the structure. In some cases,
if the material is previously made to deform back and forth between two shapes (this operation is called

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training), the structure tends to recover its low temperature shape as well without any external bias.
This is known as a two-way shape memory effect; however, this is not much exploited in composite
applications, as the composite in general is stiff enough to act as the bias force in the cooling down
phase. However, as the SMA wires tend to change their behavior over the first activation cycles, to
reach a generally stable stress-strain-temperature behavior after a rather large number of cycles, it is
generally advised to prepare the wires, prior to embedment, even if only one-way SMA is needed.

7.2. SUPERELASTIC EFFECT:

A fully austenitic material can also undergo

a stress-induced phase change. The transformation
thus occurs in isothermal conditions, and reverts
back when the stress is released. As a result, a stress-
strain curve for a material just above the austenitic
phase transformation range, this behavior is called
superelastic. Since energy is dissipated (under the
form of heat) when the material is cycled in the
hysteretic stress-strain loop, materials in this state can also act as passive dampers.

7.3. DAMPING OF MARTENSITE PHASE:

As the martensite variants are very mobile, their movement and friction between the variant
interfaces dissipate a large amount of energy when elastic waves travel into the material. As a result,
the intrinsic damping capacity of the martensite phase (in particular in the transformation temperature
range) is high; this can be exploited to confer added passive damping to the composite material.

8. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES:
 Magnetron sputtering
 Melt Spin
 Mechanical Alloying
 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
 Vacuum Plasma Melting
 Flash Evaporation
 Powder Metallurgy

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 Additive Manufacturing

It is well established that LAM has ability to manufacture complex products without changing
the physical and chemical properties. From the literature survey also, it is clear that the manufacturing
of TiNiCu using LAM has not been reported in published literature. Hence, a systematic investigation
on the feasibility of LAM of TiNiCu has been under taken. Three compositions of premixed powders
were selected to fabricate the brick-like structure and thus-fabricated structures were examined for
surface morphology, microstructural analysis, micro-hardness measurement, mechanical property
evaluation and shape memory effect analysis. The properties of as-fabricated TiNiCu structures of these
different compositions were also compared and the best combination was identified for the fabrication
of SMA devices.

9. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING:

A 2 kW fiber laser based additive manufacturing system was deployed for LAM of TiNiCu.
The schematic diagram of the LAM system is presented. The system has a 5-axis workstation in a glove
box, a computerized numerical controller, a coaxial nozzle and a twin powder feeder. A titanium plate
of dimension 100 mm × 100 mm × 10 mm was used as substrate. The substrates were sand-blasted just
before the experiments to increase the laser absorption during the deposition of the first layer. The
experiments were carried out in controlled atmosphere of argon maintained at high purity level (O2 and
H20 < 25 ppm).

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Three compositions of TiNiCu were selected for present investigation:

Ti-50%Ni-45%Cu-5%

Ti-50%Ni-35%Cu-15%

Ti-50%Ni-25%Cu-25%

The pre-defined composition of the powders were uniformly mixed using inverse kinematics
based powder blender. In subsequent section, the powder ratios of TiNiCu Ti-50%Ni-45%Cu-5%,Ti-
50%Ni-35%Cu-15% and Ti-50%Ni-25%Cu-25% are designated asTiNiCu5, TiNiCu15, and
TiNiCu25, respectively. The track is the basic entity of the LAM and its shape, size and quality defines
the quality of the fabricated structure. A number of tracks at various combination of processing
parameters were laid and they were analyzed carefully.

First the surface topography of the tracks examined visually for continuity and uniformity of
the tracks were studied. Only tracks with uniform and continuous shape were screened-in for further
examination. Subsequently, the screened-in tracks were cut transversely to the direction of deposition
for examination of the cross-section. The tracks with aspect ratio (track width/track height) more than
five were exceptionally good with no defects. The laser beam used for the LAM was multi-mode with
a flattop beam profile. The (Ni, Ti and Cu) powders (Make: MEC, India) were procured for LAM. Ni
and Cu powders had powder particle size in the range of 45–106 𝜇m, whereas it was in the range of
75–150 𝜇m for Ti. These range of powder particles were selected as our preliminary experiments
showed that the powder having particle size smaller to this range tends to fly away in uncontrolled way
due to higher surface area to mass ratio. The powder with particle size bigger than the above specified
range resulted in semi-fused particles due to smaller absorbed laser energy per unit volume. The
spherical powder particles show good density with no porosity in comparison of irregular and flake
shaped powder particles.

Ti Cu

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 The micro structure analyses by optical
microscope.
 The scanning electron microscopy
attached with energy dispersive were used
for the surface morphological analyses.
 The micro-hardness compression test
were used to evaluate the mechanical
properties of the samples.
 Optical profilometer were used to find
the surface roughness measurements.
 The X-ray diffractor were used for crystal structure studies. Ni

 Differential scanning calorimetry was used for studying the shape memory effect.

10. RESULTS:
10.1. SURFACE MORPHOLOGY:

The SEM images of the uppermost (seventh) layer of all three samples showing the surface
morphology are presented. These samples were
deposited using LAM for the laser energy per unit
area and powder feed per unit area at 2.5 kJ/m and
35.2 g/respectively. The surface morphology of
TiNiCu5 is shown and it is smooth surface with a
few random peaks of buried particles and no pores.
The surface of TiNiCu15, which has an irregular
surface with many particles scattered with bonding.
Some pores are also visible presents the results of

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TiNiCu25 sample. It is a relatively smooth surface (as compared to TiNiCu15) with some scattered
particles. From the above it can be concluded that 25% Cu in the Ni-Ti matrix con-tributes to the
formation of uniform regular surface. The reason for the improvement might be impact of the equal
amount of Ni and Cu atoms bonded with.

The EDS results too showed some closeness in weight% between Ni and Cu in the Ti dominated
alloy. The results of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are presented. For the compositions an
increase in Ti composition as compared to fed composition was observed. It may be attributed to the
better catchment of Ti particles from the substrate during LAM. Generally, a little amount of atoms
with low atomic number (like– O, N, C, H etc.) are present on the surface of the sample, which is highly
inevitable. These are built-in residues in the powder from the time of their manufacture/mixing. The
effect of these elements with low atomic number is not seen much inTiNiCu5 and TiNiCu25, as the
percentage of materials obtained are closer to the targeted compositions. But in TiNiCu15, the impact
is more as we see large difference in the composition, presents the microstructure of the LAM samples
in different compositions. The images provided are the cross section of the sample. The etchant used
was HF, HNO3and H2O in the ratio 1:12:4. The samples were cold mounted and polished. Sub-sequent,
they were dipped into the etchant for a duration of 3 sand rinsed in running water. Subsequently, images
were taken using an optical microscope. It can be seen that the structure of the grains are different for
all the samples with different compositions. Even though all the samples were developed using the
same parameters, different TiNiCu shape memory alloys tend to have different microstructures due to
their compositional effects. As the composition varies the precipitate formation and their effects on the
sample’s properties also differ. Fig shows the microstructure for TiNiCu5, which is uniform and has a
dendritic microstructure. From the image it is clear that the grains are packed close and tight with no

TiNiCu5 TiNiCu15

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 pores. Fig shows the microstructure of TiNiCu15.
The grains are cellular in shape and highly non-
uniform in nature. The grain size of
TiNiCu15seems to be larger than the remaining
two samples.

This is further confirmed through the

AFM analysis and XRD analysis in the following
sections. For the same sample, the presence of
pores at isolated locations are also observed in the
SEM images. In this composition the grains are in
equiaxed structure, whose grain sizes are not as
TiNiCu25 big as NiTiCu15 as but slightly bigger than
NiTiCu5. Unlike NiTiCu15 the grain size and shape are comparatively homogeneous for
NiTiCu25.The AFM analyses were carried out to understand the grainsize and surface morphology in
more depth. The AFM images of all the three samples representsTiNiCu5, TiNiCu15 and TiNiCu25,
respectively. The magnifications of TiNiCu5 and TiNiCu15 were 1 𝜇m × 1 𝜇m and TiNiCu25 was500
nm × 500 nm. The detected grain size through AFM of TiNiCu5, TiNiCu15 and TiNiCu25 were found
to be 18.41 nm, 38.26 nm and 21.61 nm,
respectively. The lowest Cu weight% of
TiNiCu5 has smoother surface with larger
island. TiNiCu15 has islands in smaller size
accumulated close to each other. TiNiCu25 the
islands are in the form of clustered hillock
structures with pointed round tips. The surface
roughness was measured using a profilometer.

TiNiCu5

TiNiCu15 TiNiCu25

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10.2. SURFACE ROUGHNESS:

The surface roughness (Ra value) of TiNiCu5 was 4.93 𝜇m, TiNiCu15 was5.70 𝜇m and
TiNiCu25 was 6.36 𝜇m. From the surface morphology analyses involving SEM, microstructure, AFM
and profilometer, it can be concluded that TiNiCu5 is better than the remaining two samples.

10.3. MICRO-HARDNESS:

The TiNiCu samples fabricated by LAM technique were also examined for micro-hardness.
The measurement was carried out at a load of 5 N in a distance of 25 𝜇m between two indentations.
Ten readings at ten different spots were taken for each sample and their average micro-hardness and
standard deviations were calculated. Figure presents the average micro-hardness measurements and
respective standard deviation. The standard deviation is computed to evaluate the homogeneity in the
deposition of all three samples.

 Ti-NiCu5: 237 VHN, σ = 24 VHN

 Ti-NiCu15: 262 VHN, σ = 30 VHN
 Ti-NiCu25: 285 VHN, σ = 36 VHN

The micro-hardness in LAM samples increase with the increase of Cu concentration in the TiNiCu
alloy. The higher con-centration Cu causes the formation of precipitate, like Ti(NiCu)2 in TiNiCu
system and is the major attribute to the increment of micro-hardness due to internal stress. In case of a
binary Ni-Ti alloy the micro-hardness values should have been excessively high. But in the ternary
alloy with the inclusion of Cu, the problem could be overcome as the variation in hardness was not
much and it was uniform across the sample. This is a clear indication that a good alloying has been
obtained during LAM.

10.4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:

To evaluate the mechanical properties a compression test was carried out. The sample size was
as per ASTM 9 with dimensions of 5 mm diameter and 10 mm length. At least three samples were
tested for each set of parameters to ensure the reproducibility. The compressive strength and the
corresponding young’s modulus values summarized are in Table, presents the compression of the stress
strain curves of the formed three samples. It is clear that the elasticity of all the samples fabricated have
reasonably improved comparing to that of the binary Ni-Ti alloy using LAM. There is a uniform and
smooth growth of the curve initially for all the samples. Gradually for TiNiCu5 after reaching the yield
strength level the formation of plateau is seen. The presence of martensite orientation drives the
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transition curve to plateau formation in the sample. The residual stress generated by slip prevents the
stress strain curve from attaining the maximum ultimate strength to be attained. The remaining two
samples had very low ultimate strength, due to the defects of precipitates formed in them. As a result,
the effect of dislocations during the compression test is also expected to be high for TiNiCu15 and
TiNiCu25.

The fine grain has been observed in optical and AFM images of TiNiCu5 samples and it also
exhibited higher yield strength. Also the lowest percentage of Cu had the maximum elasticity and
ultimate strength. With increase in Cu weight% increases, the elasticity and ultimate strength had a
gradual dip. The higher the value of micro-hardness and corresponding stress-strain curve value
confirmed the brittle nature ofTiNiCu15 and TiNiCu25. If a dip in the ductile properties is in line with
earlier reports where, as the weight% of Cu exceeds 12.5% in ternary TiNiCu alloy. These observations
show that TiNiCu5 is the best combination among the three.

SAMPLE σY ( MPa) σU (MPa) ELASTIC

MODULUS (GPA)
TiNiCu5 320 ± 12 451 ± 15 28 ± 2
TiNiCu15 294 ± 10 412 ± 10 26 ± 3
TiNiCu25 262 ± 15 397 ± 12 25 ± 2

11.CONCLUSION:

Shape memory alloys in the form of thin wires have successfully been integrated in composite
structures to provide a variety of potential effects. If SMA wires are integrated in-plane in the neutral
axis of the laminates, these provide passive as well as active damping to the structure. Directly related
to damping, these materials found applications to enhance impact properties of the laminates, again
when integrated in the plane of the structure. With their high strength, these contribute in addition to

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reduce fiber breakage and puncture after an impact damage event. Furthermore, SMAs allow shape
morphing of active composites. Finally, with a tailored placement of the wires through the thickness of
the laminate, SMAs close cracks after a damage event and enhance the self-healing processes of these
bio-inspired materials. In spite of the promising laboratory scale results, these hybrid composites are
not yet found in commercial applications. The need to adapt the composite manufacturing process and
position the wires is a possible reason, although we believe that these can be overcome by a careful
selection of materials and processing routes.

In the present work, three different compositions of TiNiCu SMA Structures have been
investigated by LAM. The investigations con-firmed that LAM is a successful methodology for
manufacturing TiNiCu SMA. Inclusion of Cu along Ni-Ti improves the phase trans-formation property
of the alloy. TiNiCu5 was the best among the samples under investigations. SEM revealed information
on the material depositions without pores, cracks and other defects. Fine micro structures were also
observed. XRD shows the all the samples have their martensite and austenite peaks also the presence
of the intermediate orthorhombic phase were visible for TiNiCu15and TiNiCu25.DSC graphs shows
all TiNiCu samples have their corresponding phase transformations in positive temperatures and their
hysteresis was very less. It is proposed to investigate the methodology of annealing for TiNiCu15 and
TiNiCu25 to reduce the hardness.

12. REFERENCES

[1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311202728_MEMS_applications_of_NiTi_based_shape_memory_alloys_A_review by
Mehrshad Mehrpouya and Hossein Cheraghi Bidsorkhi

[2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542504818300101 by Ama€el Cohades, V_eronique Michaud

[3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924013616302291 by S.Shiva, I.A. Palania,, C.P. Paul, S.K.

Mishra, B. Singh

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