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    Statistics and Probability Models: Manas Patra

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    vivek shukla
    The document discusses the connection between mathematical statistics and applied statistics. Mathematical statistics deals with abstract probability models, while applied statistics deals with observed data. Both branches use common statistical terms and metrics like mean, median, and standard deviation. These are sometimes calculated differently in each branch - referring to theoretical distributions in mathematical statistics versus observed data in applied statistics. However, there is a connection between the two approaches - frequency distributions can be viewed as probability distributions, allowing statistics to be calculated the same way in both cases. This provides a bridge between the abstract and applied views of statistics.

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    Statistics and Probability Models: Manas Patra

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    vivek shukla
    21 views8 pages
    The document discusses the connection between mathematical statistics and applied statistics. Mathematical statistics deals with abstract probability models, while applied statistics deals with observed data. Both branches use common statistical terms and metrics like mean, median, and standard deviation. These are sometimes calculated differently in each branch - referring to theoretical distributions in mathematical statistics versus observed data in applied statistics. However, there is a connection between the two approaches - frequency distributions can be viewed as probability distributions, allowing statistics to be calculated the same way in both cases. This provides a bridge between the abstract and applied views of statistics.

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    lecture notes

    Original Title

    Lect6c

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    The document discusses the connection between mathematical statistics and applied statistics. Mathematical statistics deals with abstract probability models, while applied statistics deals with observed data. Both branches use common statistical terms and metrics like mean, median, and standard deviation. These are sometimes calculated differently in each branch - referring to theoretical distributions in mathematical statistics versus observed data in applied statistics. However, there is a connection between the two approaches - frequency distributions can be viewed as probability distributions, allowing statistics to be calculated the same way in both cases. This provides a bridge between the abstract and applied views of statistics.

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    21 views8 pages

    Statistics and Probability Models: Manas Patra

    Uploaded by

    vivek shukla
    The document discusses the connection between mathematical statistics and applied statistics. Mathematical statistics deals with abstract probability models, while applied statistics deals with observed data. Both branches use common statistical terms and metrics like mean, median, and standard deviation. These are sometimes calculated differently in each branch - referring to theoretical distributions in mathematical statistics versus observed data in applied statistics. However, there is a connection between the two approaches - frequency distributions can be viewed as probability distributions, allowing statistics to be calculated the same way in both cases. This provides a bridge between the abstract and applied views of statistics.

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    You are on page 1of 8

    Statistics and probability models

    Manas Patra

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5


    Two faces of “statistics”

    Mathematical statistics deals with abstract probability


    models and their applications to make statistical
    inferences.
    Applied statistics deals with data, either obtained from a
    controlled experiment or observations. A common and
    useful way of representing data is by the frequency
    histogram.
    We used relative frequency or percentage representation
    which is just a matter of scaling.
    There are statistical terms or statistic(s) like mean,
    median, standard deviation used in both branches of
    statistics (meant as a discipline).

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5


    More confusion?

    We compute these statistics (again!) in seemingly


    different ways in the two cases.
    In mathematical statistics these quantities refer to a
    random variable and its accompanying distribution (or
    density) function.
    In applied statistics we calculate these from the observed
    data associated to a “plain” variable or its representation
    like the histogram.
    Are they two parallel branches of statistics or is there a
    connection? We explore these questions below.

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5


    Building bridges

    We deal with continuous variable case only. The categorical


    case is similar (and a bit simpler).
    For a random variable X we have a (cumulative) distribution
    function F (x ) = Pr(X ≤ x ) and (often) the density (or mass)
    function p(x ) such that
    Z x
    F (x ) = p(t)dt
    −∞

    The mean/average/expectation value of X is given by


    Z
    X= xp(x )dx

    And the median M is the number such that


    RM
    −∞ p(x )dx = 1/2.

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5


    Histogram and the statistics

    Recall: the range of variable x is divided by interval points


    x1 < x2 < · · · < xn } and xk+1 − xk = c for all k. And yk
    is the relative frequency of the observation lying in the
    interval [xk , xk+1 ].
    The mean: How do we calculate the mean. One possible
    way is to divide each interval [xk , xk+1 ) into large number
    of subintervals xk , xk + J1 , xk + J2 , . . . , xk + J−1
    J
    , assume
    r r +1
    that in the “little bin” [xk + J , xk + J all individuals
    have x -value at the initial point (there are fk /Jc
    individuals in the little bin (fk is the frequency in the kth
    bin) and calculate the average.
    We may even take lim J → ∞ to show rigor.

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5


    Histogram and the statistics
    Whether we do the simple way or the “rigorous” way we
    will get the same value. Why?
    Because we are dealing with a simple uniform distribution
    in each subinterval [xk , xk+1 ).
    The histogram picture suggests that!
    Histogram of x

    15
    10
    Frequency

    5
    0

    2 4 6 8 10

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5


    Mean and median

    The discussion in the previous slide suggests another


    approach. Identify, (relative) frequency with probability
    and cumulative relative frequency with cumulative
    distribution function.
    Thus, (cumulative) distribution function with
    F (xk ) = (y1 + y2 + · · · + yk )

    F (x
    k) + uyk /c if x = xk + u < xk+1
    F (x ) = 
    0 if x < x1 or x > xn

    The density function is given by

    p(x ) = yk /c if xk ≤ x < xk+1

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5


    The spread of distribution: variance

    We can now calculate the mean µ and the median M


    using the distribution or density function.
    X
    µ= yk (xk + xk+1 )/2
    For M we have to solve the equation F (M) = 1/2. Let
    [xm , xm+1 ) be the interval such that F (xm ) = r ≤ 1/2 and
    F (xm+1 ) > 1/2.
    1/2 − r
    M = xm +
    ym
    Show that in the symmetric unimodal case mean, mode
    and median values coincide.

    Manas Patra Statistical Methods (MBD 411) Lecture 5

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