IFA DIVINATION PROCESS

Bade Ajayi
University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

1. INTRODUCTION

Divination is universally concerned with practical problems and it seeks information from
which practical decisions may be made. The source of such information is not conceived
as mundane.

The divinatory arts are many and a broad understanding of them can only emerge from
a survey of actual practices in various cultural settings. Men all over the world practise
divination and device various methods of doing this.

The Assyro-Babylonians have their Bam (seer and diviner) who employs hapatoacopy-
divination by observing the liver of sheep which had been used for sacrifice. The
Buddhists in India practise astrology and they use lots and oracles as means of
divination. The Greeks had their oracular shrinks of Jupiter at Dodona and Apollo at
Delphi. The Romans used the Sortes and the Japanese use Ornoplatoscopy. In Rornan
society, auspices (auspicia) are the means by which the Romans seek to ascertain the
support of the gods.

Other forms of divination are palmistry, cream interpretation and astrology. Diviners of
similar kinds include the many types of media who may communicate with the dead
(necromancy process) as well as-crystal gazers, dream interpreters and diviners by
automatic writing.

Like the other peoples of the world, the Yoruba employ various system These systems
include erindinlogun which involves the casting of sixtecn cowries, which employs a set
of separate strings with four markers each and iyanrin tite (sand and cutting). Others
areobi dida (casting of kolanut), omi wiwo(water gazing), owo wiwo(paImistry), owo
wiwo(gazing on money), atipa or abokuusoro(necromancy) and wjwo oju (gazing on
the eyes). One of our informants, Awoyerai Elebu-ibon, emphasises that get (three
cowries),' eerin (four cowries) and eejo (eight cowries) were used for divination in the
distant past. Among others, Ogimbiyii (1952: 83-84) Awolalu (1.979: 121), Bascorn
((1969:11) and Qlatunji (1984: 109) have-described some of the processes and forms
dtdivination among the- Yoruba.
 Of all the methods of divination employed by the Yoruba, Ifa divination is considered
the most reliable, and the most popular means of divination (Bascom 1969:11 and
Awolalu 1979: 122). Till this day, the Ifa priests are located over the Yorubaland. As
this research reveal most of the various forms of divination among the Yoruba take
their.sources from Ifa divinatioin.

Ifa divination is both a body of knowledge and a system of social, emotional,

pathological control, employing relevant historical and mythological precedents
contained in the special divinatory verses to be recited, chanted or song by the
Babalawo.

lfa divination is the most complex system of divination both in its repertoire of verses
and in its range of applications.

To the Yoruba, divination or consultation with the supreme divinity (Orunmila) is of

crucial spiritual importance. The oral tradition emphasises the part played by Orunmila is
guiding the destiny of man and divinities.

One reason given for his intimate knowledge of matters affecting man's destiny is that
Orunmila is present when man is being created. Therefore he knows all the secrets of
human beings and thus he can reveal what one has destined and if the destiny is an
unfortunate one, Orunmila can prescribe remedies to avert the misfortune.

This is why Orunmila is being described as Elerii-ipin (the witness of destiny or lot),
'Obirikiti A-pa-ojo-iku-da' (the great one, who alters the date of death).

If a divination is operated by means of the configuration called Qdu. In the Ifa corpus
are as many as 256 possibilities (16 principal and 240 minor Odu) each containing
mythological stories which the Babalawo narrates in the process of divination.

The sixteen principal Qdu (plus the signs) in order of seniority are listed for easy
reference.
 I I II II II II I I
II II I I II II I I
II II II II II II I I
I I I I II II I I

4. Idi Meji 3. Iwori Meji 2. Oyeku Meji 1. Eji Ogbe

II II I I II II I I
II II II II II II I I
II II II II I I II II
I I II II I I II II
8. Okanran Meji 7. Obara Meji 6. Owonrin Meji 5. Irosun Meji

II II II II II II I I
II II I I I I I I
I I II II I I I I
II II II II I I II II
12. Oturupon Meji 11. Ika Meji 10. Osa Meji 9. Ogunda Meji

II II I I I I I I
I I II II I I II II
II II I I II II I I
I I II II I I I I
16. Ofun Meji 15. Ose Meji 14. Irete Meji 13. Otura Meji

Note: The numbering order (1-16) follows the system in which the Qdu signs are always
marked by the Babalawo.
 2 THE BABALAWO

The Babalawo are the trained dedicated Ifa priests and diviners in the Yoruba

community of Nigeria. In Yoruba tracdtional .society, a Babalawo is a 'doctor 1', a

'pharmacist', a herbalist and the most popular diviner who the people' consult for

advice, guidance and medical treatment. When a pregnant woman is under labour,

when a person is seriously sick or when there is a breakout of epidemic disease, the

Babalawo’s help is .sought personally or on behalf of the victim. It should however be

noted that the Babalawo's unique position in the Yoruba society is neither attained

through lineage or honour. The status of a Babalawo can only be acquired after many

years of rigorous training and experiences. The detail on training follows later.

At any point in. time, no practising Babalawo vines without using either the opele (the

divining chain) or the ikin (the sacred palmnut). The use of these instruments would

enable him, to know, the nature of his client's problem. The diviner relies on the dictate

of the gods. The diviner. thus serves as a link between two worlds: the ephemeral and

eternal, the material and the spiritual. Just as a medical doctor always takes with him a

stethoscope, a technician has .an avometer, a screwdriver and pliers ready with him for

an emergency work, a Babalawo pockets his portable opele when he is invited to a

nearby town or village for divine consultation.

There are .two major categories of Babalawo in Yorubaland: the- Awo Qlodu and the

Awo Elegan. The Awo Olodu (the devoted Ifa diviners) are the most recognised and the

most knowledgeable class of Babalawo in the Yoruba society of Nigeria. They are only

the diviners but also the worshippers of Orunmila, the god of divination and wisdom.

The Awo Elegan on the other hand, are those Babalawo who are not fully engaged in

Ifa divination. These consist of the Agbamole and Sawosesegun. The Agbamole are the

set of Babalawo who either inherited the divining chain or partially trained in the art of

Ifa divination but uninitiated into Ifa cult. When this class of Babalawo feel like doing
 so, they can divine for themselves or any member of their family, but never an

outsider.

The area of specialisation attached to Ifa literature include the Ifa divination art,

healing and chanting of Iyere (the ifa songs). A, Babalawo may specialise in one or two

of the areas. The Asawosesegun, the second sub-category of Awo Elegan mentioned

above, are those Babalawo with combined honours degree in Ifa literature.

They combine divination with healing of serious illnesses such as leprosy, epilepsy and

mental disorder. Usually, they are more popular as a healer than a diviner. Chief idowu

Obayomi (alias Afinju Babalawo) of Ijagba compound, Sagamu in Ogun Stale of Nigeria

and late Aladokun of Ikirun Oyo State of Nigeria are two examples of Asawosescgun

interviewed in the course of this study. To whichever category of Babalawo one may

belong, the code of conduct which binds them all must be preserved. A Babalawo is

always generous, faithful, Knowledgeable, and a good traditional counsellor to the

members of his community. A Babalawo in discharging his duty, always believes he has

an obligation to fulfil in respect of his client(s) and this he does willingly.

The Babalawo are highly respected, not only for their wisdom and intelligence but also

for their faithfulness and generosity to the members of the society. Under normal

circumstances, no one insults or fights them

Mo ru eewo Orisa. I say it is a taboo to the Orisa

Enikan o gbodo na Babalawo no one beats an Ifa priest

To ba gbofa yanranyanran lotu Ife Who is very versed in Ifa in the city of Ife.
Generally, every Babalawo knows his right and also keeps the law of the land. A

Babalawo by his training and practice, is prepared to advise and guide anybody who

consults him. He knows something about the life and teaching of Orunmila and when

he divines for his clients, he interpret only the message of Orunmila.

Whatever may be the problem or complaint of a client is no secret to Orunmila and any

trained and certificated Babalawo should be able to read the language of Orunmila

through the Odu signs. But if a Babalawo does not receive a proper training, he may

have some problems in interpreting Odu sign and thus deliver wrong message to the

client. In such a circumstance, the clients whose faith in Ifa divinity is not strong

enough may complain of its inability to foresee all things.

Ope-oseru, Ope (Orunniila) is not dishonest,

Qniki ni o gbofa, It is the chanter who is'not versed in Ifa,

Ohun a ba b’Ifa. Whatever we ask Ifa

Nifa i so. Is what Ifa reveals.

If this happens, it is the Babalawo who has misrepresented the divinity. Anyone who

has successfully passed through the rigours of Ifa training would be able to identify the

problem of his clients. The Babalawo should base his expertise on the training he has

acquired. Those who use charms to find out the hidden problems of their clients are not

true Babalawo and in fact, they are not fit to be one. This class of Babalawo (if any),

are being dishonest, and they pay dearly for it. In the later part of their life,

emphasised our informants, such Babalawo lose their sight permanently.

It is highly essential that one who' aspires to be an Ifa priest (Babalawo) receives

adequate training from a versed and experienced Babalawo that he may be able to

meet the responsibilities of the important positions in which he would later find himself

in the community. While in training, the would -be Babalawo would be taught the Odu

signs and commit to memory a great number of' ese Ifa (stories) associated with the
Qdu starting with Ejiogbe (the first. Odu in the corpus). After the.mastery of the

required stories in each of the sixteen principal Odu. the proceeds to the stories in he

minor Odu As emphasized by our informants, the study of ese Ifa require deep

concentration, otherwise the trainee will be wasting time in repeating the stories of an

Odu several times.

In his work, Abimbola (1976:18-24) describes the system of training and initiation of a

would-be Babalawo. Nevertheless there are some other facts worth knowing for,

understanding fully the process of training of a would-be Babalawo . Before an trainee

lays his hand on anything, divination has to be performed for him on order for him to

know the Odu which is destined for him. The Babalawo usual terms for the this notion

is

‘Odu to bi enikan’

the Odu which gives birth to someone (the trainee in the case).

It is this Odu which will guide the master Babalawo the way to treat the person in

training. The trainee begins his education with the identification of the signature of

each of the sixteen principal Odu and essentially the Opele is the major instructional

materials for the purpose. The Opele used for the training is made from pieces of calabash

(paaakara) which looks inferior to the usual Opele the Babalawo use for divination.

The process of studying the signs of Odu is referred to as Sisi Opele (the opening of

Opele). This term derives from the fact that the master-Babalawo uses his hand to

form the pattern of each Odu when teaching his students. It must be noted that it is

only the principal Odu that are learned this way. After a trainee has mastered the signs

of the sixteen Odu, he would be examined by his master and perhaps in the company

of a few fellow Babalawo. The performance of the trainee would determined whether or

not he would proceed to the minor Odu.

Assuming that the trainee has displayed mastery over the principal Odu he starts

learning the minor Odu (beginning from the first minor Odu-Ogbeyeku).

His master now uses the method casting the Opele to teach him. When the Opele, any

Odu can emerge and in this case the trainee does not only learn the minor Odu but also

revises the principal Odu. A trainee learns better by understanding his master as he (he

master) divines for various clients. The trainee learns the correct stories to each Odu

and the correct tone which distinguishes ese Ifa from all other poetic arts as esa and

Ijala among the Yoruba.

In addition, to his knowledge of Ifa and.the process of divination an aspiring Babalawo

rnust know the appropriate sacrifice for each Odu. He must also acquire a vast amount

of herbal and pharmaceutical lore with its accompanying repertoire of charms and

incantation. It therefore follows that those who ultimately qualify as full practising

Babalawo are men of some intellectual strength and judgement. Above all, the

Babalawo is not only an artist but the custodian of Yoruba cultural heritage.

In respect of the age of the trainee, both the young and old can decide to learn Ifa

According to Adebayo Kehinde of Elepe Onipele Compound, Oyo, a boy of ten to twelve

years would spend sixteen years (as against twelve years stated by Abimbola) before

he can be granted-freedom to practise on his own. It is then the young Babalawo is

said to be fairly mature to shoulder the responsibility of a Babalawo. Nevertheless, the

young Babalawo is still under thirty at his graduation and thus his age and- experiences

might prevent him from speaking with full authority especially when he is in the midst

of the old master- Babalawo.

We should realise that Ifa training is the most complex of all the systems of divination

among the Yoruba. For example, the training of Erindinlogun, Agbigba, Osanyin and

some other forms of divination does not involve too long time and skill.
Within a short time, an Erindinlogun trainee starts divining for some clients. It is

difficult (if not impossible) for one to become a responsible Babalawo without an

adequate knowledge and thorough understanding of the Qdu and the ese of Ifa. This is

why Idowu (1962:137-138) describes the Ifa divination system as an intricate art

which is painfully and laboriously learned before it can be mastered to an appreciable

degree.

One has to learn and commit to memory the 256 Odu with the endless stories

connected with them and the practical application of the stories. He should also learn to

prescribe appropriate sacrifice and medicinal preparation. All these are the skills which

take much time, patience and energy. Furthermore, a would-be Babalawo or diviner

does not stop studying once his apprenticeship is complete and he has begun to

practise on his own. Fie continues to learn new verses and medicine from his teacher

and other Babalawo or diviners. In effect, the period of studying ese Ifa never ends. A

diviner keeps on learning until he dies.

There is no doubt, the Babalawo rare very intelligent but they do not claim to know

everything. Bascom (1969) describes the Babalawo as the best,,organised and most

knowledgeable, magico-religious secf of the country. When a Babalawo is in search of

knowledge, he could consult any other

Babalawo, old or young. Even when Orunmila was alive, he once sought knowledge

from one of his children.

Agba to moyi ko.moyi,

A diafun Qnmmila,

Ti yoo si tun kdfa lodo Amosun re.

The elder who knows one thing may not know the other,

Performed Ifa divination for Orunmila

Who would still learn Ifa from Amosun, one of his followers
The excerpt above shows how humble and ambitious the Babalawo are. No true

Babalawo pretends to know everything. He is always prepared to learn more anywhere

and from anybody. It is a common attitude of the Babalawo that they are always

prepared to teach Ifa to anyone at any time.

When one wants to acquire some knowledge on Ifa corpus, he approaches a Babalawo

and tells him his mission. He will readily impart the knowledge.

If a group of Babalawo assembles for a meeting, a festival or certain ceremony where

there is a need to chant ese lfa, each member (beginning from the youngest Babalawo)

chants, recites or sings ese Ifa which is appropriate to the situation or an Odu which

emerged.

But if a Babalawo who is called upon does not know certain portion of Ifa he would

corne .out frankly that he has forgotten or that he has no idea of that particular aspect

(for Ifa mythology stories are so numerous that no single person can claim to know

ail). This is why the Babalawo say aboruboye, o ya ju iro lo’ (confession of one's

ignorance is better and more honourable than pretence).

3 THE CLIENT

The term client, in this study, refers to the person who consults a Babalawo for advice

and guidance by means of divination. Before a client consults a Babalawo, he should

share the belief in the institution of traditional, divination because the factor of faith

plays an important role in a positive outcome of the practice. Whatever his social

status, religious inclination, age or educational attainment, a client must submit himself

to the authority and direction of the Babalawo . This is because the Babalawo is

believed to be endowed with the knowledge to solve the client's problem. And as the

most trusted diviner, the Babalawo too does his best to fulfil the obligation.
To the Yoruba, consultation with the supreme divinity ( Orunmila )is of crucial spiritual

importance when one is about to choose a wife, when a. child is born, when one

intends to build a house or when one plans a journey or undertakes any project with

chances of profit or loss. He "believes that by following the set rules of the system, he

can achieve a direct contact with Orunmila the wisest divinity and the most trusted

member of the pantheon.

It is interesting to find in the existing works and fresh data collected on Ifa literary

corpus that Orunmila himself, the Odu, the divinities as well as animals and inanimate

objects had once been clients. They consulted Ifa oracle for various reasons, lack of

money, children, wives, or for victory over enemies. For example, Orunmila consulted

other Babalawo when he had no money, to buy food for his visitors as shown in the

excerpt below:

Oda-owo, awokoro, Qda-owo, Ifa priest of koro,

Aabo, obinrin re, Aabo, his wife,

Omo won oke Ijerot Their child in the city of ljero,

Bi oda owo ti n dami, Just as.lack money,

Bee ni aabo mi n bo mi, I also have security,

A dia fun Orunmila, Performed Ifa divination for Orunmila,

Nijo ti aalejo meta, On the day three strangers,

O wo sile baba, Were to lodge in the father's house,

Ifa o si nii ni ookan, And Ifa did not have any cowry (money),

A a yoo na Which he could spend.

 Another event is when the Babalawo divined for Eji-Obara, one of the 16 principal Odu.

Poverty was the cause of his consultation. Here is the ese lfa:

Ise o sohun amusere; Poverty is not a thing to play with;

Lya o sohun.amusawada; Suffering is not a thing to jest with;

A.dia fun Eji-Obara; Divined for Eji-Obara

Ti n hagbon ola, Who is weaving baskets to be wealthy,

Ti gbogbo aye n tin And everybody is laughing at him.

In the data below, inanimate objects (some drinks) appear as the clients.

Iwo lo se e It is you who offends,

Mee ba o wi That l blame you

Oran isiin won o toja, Matters of nowadays should not cause a quarrel

Ija naa lo de lorin dowe, It is the quarrel which makes a song sound proverbial,

A dia fo ti Performed Ifa divination for Oti (wine)

Qmoo won lode Ilare Who is their offspring at bode

Iwo lo se e It is you who offends,

Mee ba o wi, That I blame you,

Oran isiin won o toja Matters of nowadays should not cause a quarrel,

Ija naa lo de lorin dowe It is the quarrel which makes a song sounds proverbial

dia fun Ogoro, Performed If a divination for Ogoro (date palm-wine)

Tii somoo won lode lode, Who is their offspring at Bode

Iwo lo se, It is you who offends,

Ti mee ba o wi That I blame you,

Oran isiin won o toja, Matters of nowadays should not cause a quarrel,

Ija naalo de lorin dowe, It is the quarrel which makes a song sound proverbial,

Difa fun omi tutu, Performed Ifa divination for omitutu (cold water),

Omoo won ode Otun Moba Their offspring at Otun 'Moba

(Irosungbemi) (a minor odu)

There is need to discuss further the relationship between the diviner and the client. In

most cases, the diviner is an authority and the most active participant in the course of

Ifa divination. He (the Babalawo) casts the divining chain or operates the sacred

palrnnuts and when an Odu emerges, he interprets and narrates the relevant stories

and prescribes sacrifices. All along the client remains passive and listens attentively to

the divine message. However, he may briefly react to the general findings of the

diviner, whether what he (the clients) has in mind has been touched or not. After the

performance of any prescribed sacrifice, the client has emotional relief and

psychological ; satisfaction.

4. THE IFA DIVINATION PRACTICE

4.1 Some Instruments Used in the Practice of Ifa Divination

Prominent among the Ifa instruments used for divination the the Ikin (the sixteen

sacred palmnutof divination), the Opele (the divining chain) and the various objects

which form the ibo (instruments for casting lots). Others are the Iyerosun (divination

powder), Opon Ifa (the divining tray), Osun (ornamental Ifa metal staff), Iroke (the

carved ivory rattle) and apo Ifa (bags for keeping Ifa divination instruments). We are

aware that Abimbola (1975,1976, 1977) and Bascom (1969) describe these items but

we are going to re-examine and describe in detail, the ikin, the and the ibo which are

very crucial for a better understanding of Ifa divination process among the Yoruba.

(a) The Ikin (the sixteen sacred palmnuts)

These are the sacred palmnuts with which Orunmila replaced himself when he was

returning to heaven. Every Babalawo regards Ikin as the most original and the most

sacred instrument for Ifa divination. Divining with ikini.is a very tedious and laborious

operation. For a single question put to Orunmila up to thirty draws of palmnuts may be
made. In addition to the trouble entertained in obtaining the main response, several

steps are Liken to find out what sacrifice will be accepted or the manner and place in

which the sacrifice is to be made.

The ikin are obtained from a special .kind of palm tree the Babalawo call Opele Ifa Such

palm tree looks slightly different from all the other palm trees. Compared to the normal

palm tree, Ope Ifa fronds are often folded and short. Awo falade Alabi and Fasola Areo

from Ogbornoso in Oyo State of Nigeria confirm that out of several bunches of

palmnuts on a palm tree, a single one may bear ikin. In such a bunch, at least one of

the nuts must have four eyelets, which each normal ikin has. When a Babalawo collects

the whole bunch of palmnuts, he concencrates them after which he selects one out of

the sets of sixteen palmnuts. Each set is called ‘owo kan’ or 'owo Ifa' (literally, hand of

Ifa), A Babalawo may have at least two sets of ikin, all put in a single Ifa plate (awo

Ifa). One set is buried with the Babalawo when he dies and the other is inherited by

one of his sons (if he has one who decides to be a Babalawo), otherwise, the other set

l(s) will be hung somewhere in his house.

(b) The Qpele (The Divining Chain)

The Opele is the second most commonly used instrument of instruction in the process

of Ifa divination. Like the ikin, the Opele is handed over by Orunmila to his children and

adherents. The Opele which is regarded as the original is made from the fruit of Opele

tree (Schrebera golungensis). Besides that, some Opele are made from a light, white

metal or brass (ide) and the chain may be made of silver (fadaka), lead (oje), iron

(irin) or beads (ileke) strung together with strong cords. Every type of Qpele has

concave and convex surfaces, but, the outer surface of metallic Opele are decorated

with simple geometric patterns. Such type is rarely used for divination but when

employed for important divination, the sacrifice so prescribed always costs much

money. There is another type of Opele made from pieces of calabash and used by

apprentices where they are studying divination process.

 Apart from, the Qpele made of pieces of calabash which may be made as many as the

number of the would-be Babalawo in training; a Babalawo may have two or more types

of Qpele. The lightweight metallic Opele is-often taken along whenever the Babalawo

goes, just as a practising Muslim puts a rosary in his pocket.

It is important to note that divination with Opele is simpler, quicker and permits the

asking of questions through alternatives. This probably accounts for the common

statement that the divining chain talks more than the sacred palmnuts. Nevertheless,

the two methods of ikin and Qpele yield the same set of Oda with the same names,

rank, order and the same stories,

(c) The lbo (Instrument for Casting Lots)

In the process of Ifa divination, the Qdu signs are obtained by means of either ikin or

Opele but the ibo form and indispensable object for the interpretation of Orunmila’s

message.The oracular interpretation of the message as contained in ese Ifa is usually

very broad and of general application. In order to make the interpretation relevant to a

particular person or situation, one needs further clarification from the divinity himself

through the use of ibo Bascom (1969) and Oyesanya (1986:4) describe ibo as

'determinant'. Qpeola (1985) instruments' and Abimbola (1977) describes them as 'the

instruments for casting lots'. But Abimbola's description of ibo seems to be more

appropriate because it is based on the use for which the objects are put.

Some of the objects which form the ibo include the cowry shells, pieces of bones, stone

and broken plates each symbolising different things or notions. For example, a-pair of

cowries tied back .to back symbolises money, goodness, well-being and it denotes

affirmative (Yes) but a piece of bone symbolises death. It simply denotes negative

(No), A stone symbolises immortality, long life, whereas, apiece of broken plate

signifies defeat of enemies (victory).

However, the black seed of ake-apple fruit symbolises Orunmila himself, who is

believed to be a very black person. A small shell stands for marriage or sickness. It

must be noted that any two of these objects can be used by the diviner to find out

mere details about the general message Orunmila sends to the client(s).

The divine message to the client or the diviner himself, which is contained in Ifa

stories, may be clarified and supplemented by asking a number of specific questions

phrased in terms of two or more mutually exclusive alternative proposition; thus

Orunmila may be presented with the choice between several specific courses of action

or may be asked questions which must be answered either ‘Yes' or 'No'. These

questions are posed in terms of two statement; the first, affirmative and the second,

negative. For example, if it has been revealed that the client consults Ifa for his

intention to travel, the first statement will be ‘This person could travel today' and the

second statement is to be ‘This person should not travel today'. These questions,

although not marked by question mark, are posed following the initial throws before its

verses are recited or chanted. Such questions are most frequently asked when the

divining .chain is employed.

It is true that either ikin or the opele may be used for divination, but because of its

simplicity and quick result, most Babalawo uses the Opele to divine. Before casting the

Opele he must touch the divining chain with the cowry shells denoting 'Yes' and place it

on his right side. Again, he touches the with another object of ibo, usually, a piece of

bone indicating 'No', and places it on his left side. When the diviner casts the Opele,

the rank of the Odu which emerge during the first and second casting will determine

the response of Orunmila either affirmative or negative.

This is why it is highly essential to master not only the names and the signs of all the

Odu but also the position of each 0du §specially the principal ones which form the basis

for the minor Odu. As a matter of fact, this is one of the most technical aspects of Ifa
divination process. Normally when, divining, the Opele is cast twice and the status of

the Odu which appears will determine the jbo which one will pick whether u is the one

on the left side or the one on the right. But if the Eji-Ogbe or the Ofun Meji is cast first

or either of them is second in the casting, no other casting follows. It is mythologically

believed that Ofun is the eldest of the Odu and the Eji-Ogbe is the father and the

leader of all the Odu in the corpus. Once any of the Odu emerges as the divination

progresses, there is no more casting but the interpretation immediately precedes the

narration of the relevant stories.

As mentioned above, it is important to master the position of each Odu in the

hierarchical order of the principal Odu, otherwise the choice of the ibo will be affected.

lt is on the choice of ibo that the interpretation and the message of Orunmila which the

diviner seeks rests.

If, for example, Ogunda Meji (9th Odu) is revealed, the diviner has to cast the Opele

once more and if Irosun Meji (5th Odu) is revealed in the second casting, the left hand

side of the diviner is picked.

In other words, the. piece of bone on the left side of the diviner denoting "No" is select

Here, Qgunda Meji which is junior to Jrosun Meji is revealed first and when this

happen, the determinant on the left is picked. But where a senior Odu is revealed

before a junior one, the ibo on the right side of the diviner is picked.

Similarly, if any of the 16 principal Odu (except Eji Qgbe and Ofun Meji) is revealed

before any of the minor Odu, the ibo on the right hand side is picked and vice versa.
When the minor Odu are revealed at the first and second casting, what the diviner

considers most is the positions of the Odu which falls to the right. For instance, if

Ogbebara

I I

II I

II I

II I

is revealed at the second casting, the diviner has to consider the position of Ogbe and

Obara in the list of the major Odu. Since Qgbe is senior to Obara, the right hand side

is picked.

In another instance, if Qtua-Ogbe

I I

I II

I I

I I

is revealed first and Otua- Ofun

II I

I II

II I

I I

is then revealed, the-right hand side is picked since the first of both minor Odu is the

same (Otua). We may keep on multiplying the examples above. Thus, the process of

finding out details with the use of the Ibo especially when a Babalawo or a diviner

divines all by himself, placing the ibo in the open is as described above.

The second type of ibo technique may be compared to a secret ballot in an election.

When a Babalawo is to divine for his client, he asks the client or his trainee to conceal
the pair of ibo objects, one in each of his or her palms. lt is worthy of note that as the

client or trainee sits facing the diviner directly, his or her right hand normally faces the

left of the diviner. Then, therefore, the diviner or the Babalawo casts the Opele as he

often does, such that he would have picked the ibo on the right. He would then ask the

person holding the object to drop the Ibo on his left hand first. Hence, the Babalawo

often says

otun awo losi adibo

the right hand of the diviner is, the left of the person who concealed the ibo.

What this means is that the right hand of the diviner is directly opposite the left hand

of the client or anybody who holds the ibo and vice versa (Oyesanya 1986:6).

Before a Babalawo starts casting, he hands over two out of a set of the ibo objects to

the client or someone else to be kept in each palm. The Babalawo could not know

which object is concealed in the right palm and which is in the left whether it is a pair

of cowries or a pair of bones. When the Babalawo casts the opele, he considers the

position of the Odu that appears, as he has done for the technique of ibo. If a senior

Odu is revealed before a junior one, to him the ibo on the right hand side is the answer

to the question put to Orunmila, but the Babalawo will ask the person holding the ibo

objects to drop the item in his or her left palm first.

The reason for this practice is as stated above, that the Babalawo’s right faces the left

of client. Except the person holding the ibo objects, no other person would be sure of

the object to be dropped first when the Babalawo says

owo otun tabi owo osi?

right or left hand?

The object may be the one depicting fortune or misfortune, do or don't, yes or no. If

the response of the divinity through the ibo is 'no', the process of casting will be
 repealed several times and with different alternative till an affirmative response is

received from Orunmila.

4. 2 The Structure of Ifa Divination Process

The Ifa divination process has a structural pattern which distinguishes it from any other

forms of divination among the Yoruba. In this stud, Ifa divination process has been

divided into three broad structural parts, namely, prologue, narrative and epilogue

(Akinnaso 1983).

The threefold division adopted here covers what happens from the moment the client

enters the Babalawo’s house until he departs. The internal structure of the divination is

as follows:

i. The Prologue

{a) The preliminary exchange of greetings

{b) The client's intention expressed.

(c) The Babalawo paying homage

(d) The Babalawo divines for an Odu to emerge

ii. The Narrative

(e) The interpretation of the 0du sign

(f) The narration of related stones

(g) The explication of the message contained in ese Ifa

iii. The Epilogue

(h) The client's view of the revelation

(i) The detailed findings with the use of ibo

(j) The prescription of sacrifice

(k) The performance of sacrifice

 4.3 The Divination Practice

Several Odu emerged during the series of Ifa divination processes watched and

undertaken during our research on this work. The following excerpt is one of the cases

when Eji-Ogbe emerged. This process would enable us to get the true picture of the

three structural parts.

Ibere Prologue
Onibeere: Ago onile o/Aboruboye o! Client: salute the owner of this house!

Babalawo: Ago o ya o/Agbo, ato o! Babalawo: I salute you also!

Onibeere: E jowo, mo fe se ibeere ni/Mo fe ba Client: Please. I want to inquire something from Ifa
Ifa soro

Babalawo: (Awo gbe opele jade) E daniyan/E Client: (The priest brings out the divining chain).
mu aniyan wa (Onibeere daniyan jeeje. Awo di Make your intention known (the client whispers his
opele mu laarin, o na an siwaju re) problems. The priest holds the divining chain in the
middle and stretches it forward)

Orunmila o gbo o, Akin-oosa Orunmila you heard, Akin-oosa

Balogun lode orun, Qlumoran Iode Owo The officer in heaven, the knower in the town of Owo

Arihin- in rohijn-un, One who does everything,

O gbo ohun to wi o, You heard what he said,

Iwo lawo, emi logberi, You are he who knows what is secret, I am ignorant

Ohun to wi, iwo 1o gbo, emi o gbo What he said, you heard it, I did not hear it.

Bo ba ti ri ni o wi o, Tell exactly what you heard,

Ma fire pebi, ma fibi pere. Don’t call a good thing a bad one nor a bad one good

Iwaju opon, o gbo o, the front of the divining tray, you heard (what we
said

Arihin- in rohijn-un, One who does everything,

O gbo ohun to wi o, You heard what he said,
Iwo lawo, emi logberi, You are he who knows what is secret,
I am ignorant
Ohun to wi, iwo 1o gbo, emi o gbo What he said, you heard it, I did not hear it.
Bo ba ti ri ni o wi o, Tell exactly what you heard,
Ma fire pebi, ma fibi pere. Don’t call a good thing a bad one nor a bad
 One, a good one.
Iwaju opon, o gbo o, the front of the divining tray, you heard (what
we said),
Eyin opon, o gbo o , The back of the divining tray, you heard (what
we said),
Olumu lotun-un, Olukanran losi. Olumu on the right, Olukanran on the left.
Aarin opon, o gbo, ita orun. The middle of the divining tray, you heard
(what we said), open air in heaven.
Ile, o gbo Agbalagude The ground (praised) Agbalagude, you my
heard
Atiwaye ojo, atiwo oorun The dawn and the sunset
Aje, iwo naa gbo. The divinity of money, you also heard,
O gbo ohun ti olowo yii wi o. You heard what the owner of this money
said.
Ire! (Babalawo da Opele); Goodness! (the Babalawo throws the
divination chain)
Eji-Ogbe, baba Ifa (odu to hu) Eji-Ogbe is the odu that emerged
Ire ni lfa loun ri. Ifa said he sees blessing.
Ire owo, aya, omo (awo gbe opele sanle) Is it blessing of money, wife and children?
(the Babalawo casts the opele)
'Bee ko', ni awo yii? (o gbe opele sanle This broken plate signifies ‘No’ (he casts the
Opele a second time)
Owo otun (Owo eyo to duro fun 'bee ni'
ni the right hand (the concealer dropped cowry
 adibo/ onibeere koko ju sile) shells indicating ;Yes’ to the question).
Itan Ifa Narrative
Babalawo: (Awo bere sii so ohun ti Ifa wi. O Babalawo: (The priest interprets and
n Ki Ifa) Eni to da Eji-Ogbe, Ifa ni ki narrate Ifa message) The person for
oniyen rubo. Ifa loun o nii je o te, Ifa whom Eji-
loun o nii joju o ti i. Ifa Pe gbogbo Ogbe is cast, Ifa requested him to offer
ohun a sacrifice. Ifa said he would not
ti eleeni ba dawo le ni o maa yori si daadaa. let the person be disgraced. Ifa
said

40 Research in Yoruba Language and Literature 8

(1996)
Essays in Honour of Professor Wande Abimbola

Ifa pe ki oniyen o rubo aje, korubo obinrin, whatever that person lay his hand on
ko
rubo omo, pe ire to tori re dafa si, pe ire would be successful. Ifa instructed the
naa
o sun un bo. person to perform sacrifice in respect
of money, wife, children, that he would
have all required blessing in
abundance.
Edudu o wule du, The blackness was not merely blackened,
Okunkun o wule kun, Darkness was not merely darkened,
Jalagba lawo agbara jalagba was the priest of erosion,
A difa fun Atenilara awo osa Performed Ifa divination for Atenilara,
the priest of the lagoon.
Edudu o wule du, The blackness was-not merely
blackened,
Okunkun o wule kun Darkness was not merely darkened.
Jalagba lawo agbara jalagba was the priest of erosion,
A difa
Atenilara awo okun loruko a a pe aje. Atenilara the priest of ocean is the name of
money.
Ifa ni ki eleeni o rubo aje. Ifa said the person should offer a sacrifice
because of money.
Atenilara awo osa loruko a a pe obinrin Atenilara the priest of lagoon is the name
of women.
Atenilara awo atan omi loruko a a pe omo Atenilara the priest of large water is the name
of
children,
Ifa pe ki oniyen o rubo obinrin, Ifa instructed the person to offer a sacrifice
because of children.
Orunmila lowo lowo, o lobinrin, o si bimo, Orunmila had money, he had wives, and he
ni inu re wa dun ni n pe had children, he felt happy and began to sing:

Ori mi apere, My head is a good one,

Aya mi afobi kan My chest that is touched with Kolanut
Orisa-agbo ko ma ma je ki Atenilara o te mi Orisa-agbo, do not permit Atenilara to
o. disgrace me.

Ifa loun o ni je ki eleeni o te. Ifa pe oun o Ifa said that he would not let that person
O je ire o to oniyen lowo. Agbebo adie, oke be disgrace. Ifa said that the person would
mef a, eku ati e-ja ni ebo re. be blessed. A hen, three naira, rat and
fish were then sacrifice to offer.
Ipari (Ikadii) Epilogue
Onibeere: E seun awo, Gbogbo ohun ti mo Client: Thank you the priest. You have

41 Research in Yoruba Language and Literature 8 (1996)

Essays in Honour of Professor Wande Abimbola
daniyan ni e ja, nigba ti e n kifa. Mo touched all things that I had in mind
setan lari ru ebo ti e ka sile fun mi. (Oni- I am now prepared to perform the
beere rubo. Babalawo si gbe ebo naa siwaju). prescribed sacrifice. (The client offers
the sacrifice and the Babalawo places
the offering in his front)
Babalawo: Nigba ti a da Ifa fun Ajibade, Eji- Babalawo: ( directing his attention to the divinity)
Ogbe lo jade. O ni ire. Ire kin ni? O ni ire When we divined Ifa for Ajibade, Eji-
Aje, ire aya , ire omo. Kin la o se? O ni ebo Ogbe emerged. It said blessing of what?
Ni ki a ru. Ni igbona gbooru'lo ni ebo ti a It said blessings of money wives and
ka sile fun un. Ebo naa ni yii o, Ifa Je ko children. What shall we do? It said we
fin. Je ko da. Je lo to de ode orun. Je ki ebo were to offer a sacrifice. Instantly, he
re to owo Eledaa (Awo kifa lo bi ile bi eni) performed the prescribed sacrifice. This
Eji-Qgbe dakun ba ni se e. Fiye denu, Fiye is the Offer, Ifa please, let the sacrifice
dekun. Fiye de gbogbo ara. Olalekun, be accepted in heaven and let it reach the
Ominikun, Atatabiakun .... Creator (the priest narrated many related
stories). Eji-Ogbe, please, help assist us
and whole-heartedly support us in this
offer. Olalekun, Ominikun, Atatabiakun
…
Oyeku Meji wa a ba ni se e.... Oyeku Meji, please come and bless this
offer…
Ko o fiye denu, ko o fiye dekun, ko o fiye Please, pardon us, whole heartedly,
de gbogbo ara. support us.
Eji Iwori wa a ba wa se e... Eji Iwori come and support us…
Ogundabede waa ba wa se e... Ogundabede come and join us…
Oyekulogbe waa ba wa se e, Oyekulogbe come and join us…
Osetua waa ba wa se e… Osetua come join us…
Qkanransa waa gbebo naa Okanransa come and accept the sacrifice
Qkanransa awo oko lo difa foko Okanransa the priest of ground divined
for farm
Okanransa awo ile 1o difa funle Okanransa the priest of ground divined
for ground
Okanransa awo aso 1o difa faso Okanransa the priest of cloth divined
for cothes
Won la won meteeta o wa rubo. Oko rubo, The three of them were instructed to
Ile rubo, aso naa rubo. Won o ku, wo o run, offer sacrifice. He performed a
won n se: sacrifice. They neither died nor fell
sick, they started saying:
A i i gboku oko No one hears the death of a hoe
Ai i gboku aso No one hears the death of a cloth
Ai i gboku ile No one hears the death of the ground
Afi bo gbo It can only get old.
Je ki Ajibade o gbo kange, je ki o fapa jo, Let Ajibade grow very old, let him
je o ferigi jobi ... Okanran o niyo, o m boun dance with his arms (when he can no
o niyo, oun o gbonra sebo ( Babalawo gbon longer stand to dance), let him eat
opele si ebo, o gbe ebole onibeere lowo). Kolanut when he is toothless …
Gbogbo ohun to ba n fowo gba mu, ma je o Okanran has no salt, but it would shake
baje. (Awo gbe ebo si ori ile). To ba kan ile its body over the sacrifice (the Ifa priest
tan, orun elebo nii lo (won gbe e lo idi esu). shakes opele on the sacrifice and places
the offering on the palms of the client)
whatever he handles, may it not be spoilt

42 Research in Yoruba Language and Literature 8 (1996)

Essays in Honour of Professor Wande Abimbola
(the priest places the offering on the
ground).Once it touches the ground, it
goes to the world beyond (the offering is
taken to the shrine of Esu outside the
priest’s house).
.
Adimula: (Babalawo ni ki onibeere dawo Adimula: (The Babalawo asks the client to
mejeeji bo opele o bere si wure): cover the opele with .his palms, while he prays
O gbo Ifa Adimula thus): You hear, Ifa, Adimula
Biku ba n bo, bo o. When death is coming, cover him up.
Barun ba n bo, bo o. When disease is coming, cover him up.
Bese ba n bo, bo o. When a mischief is coming, cover him up.
Be gba ban bo, bo o. If paralysis is coming, cover him up. But when
Bire aje, ire aya, ire omo, ire aiku pari iwa the blessings of money, when children and long
ba n bo, ko o si i sile (Onibeere si owo re life are coming, un- cover him. (The client
mejeeji to da de opele ) Eledaa o gbaajo o removes the divining chain). May God accept
(adura ti Babalawo gba ni ipari). the offering (the prayer the Babalawo said to
end the divination).

5 The Sacrifice
Offering of sacrifice is a very important aspect in Ifa divination practice. Whether the
message of Ifa is good or sad, the inquirer must have to offer a sacrifice, for the Yoruba believe that a
sacrifice will help the inquirer to maintain the goodness and dispel the evil. In most cases, the clients
perform any prescribed sacrifice so that they may have the support and approval of the deities in their
undertakings. When divining for a client, the Babalawo, in the course of narration comments on the
client's compliance as .follows;
O gbo riru ebo He was asked to perform a sacrifice
O ru He performed it
O gbo eru atukesu He was asked to make a sacrifice to Esu
O tu He did so
O gbo ikarara ebo ha fun un His sacrifice was readily accepted
(Abimbola 1968:21.39).

The above excerpt is the specific register expressing the hope that the present client would
learn from the past occurrence and thus perform the prescribed sacrifice. The blessings and the good
reward received by the past client after offering the prescribed sacrifice will surely encourage the
present client, to offer similar sacrifice. The offering .of sacrifice has to be emphasised because it is
on it the Babalawo depends for his living, and parts' of the items of sacrifice would be given to other
divinities such as Ogun (the god of iron), Esu (the bailiff) and obatala (the god of creation), and if
need be, the people in the community.
When, on the other hand, the client refused to perform the prescribed sacrifice, the
appropriate expression on his (inquirer) attitude is often at the finger tips of the Babalawo.
O pawo lekee He took his Ifa priest to.be liars
O pesu lole He took Esu for a thief
O worun yan yan yan He looks scornfully towards heaven
Bi eni ti o nii ku mo laye As if he would never die
O wa koti ogbon-in sebo He turned a deaf ear to his Ifa priest instruction about
sacrifice.
(A common chant)
As mentioned before, Ifa tdivination is the most popular and most reliable system of finding facts
about the unknown People with shaky belief in this respect have themselves to blame. This is why

43 Research in Yoruba Language and Literature 8 (1996)

Essays in Honour of Professor Wande Abimbola
the Babalawo keeps on warning the clients, emphasising the moral of his story and the great
importance of sacrifice.
Riru ebo nii gbe ni Sacrificing brings blessings
Airu kii gbeeyan. The neglect of it pays no man.
E wa ba ni ni wowo omo Come and join me where there are plenty of children.
Towards the end of a complete Ifa story, the Babalawo describes the reaction of the client.
Here, the client is often reported to have expressed his joy for success after the performance of
sacrifice.
Ijo ni n jo He started to dance
Ayo ni n yo He started to rejoice
O n yin awon awo o re He started to praise his Ifa priests
Awon awo re n yin ’Fa While his lfa priests praised Ifa
O yanu koto As he opened his mouth
Orin awo 1o bo si i lenu The song of Ifa priests was what he uttered forth
Ese ti o na As he stretched his legs
Ijo faa Dance caught them
Agogo ni Iporo Gongs were beaten in iporo town
Aran ni lkija Aran drum was beaten at Ikija town
Opa kugukugu lojude Iserimogbe .. Drumsticks were used making melody at
Iserimogbe town.
The expression of joy and jubilation may hot be as full as given above. The usual pattern may simply
be lines-l-2, 3 -4 or 5-6 forming different type of the same aspect. The instruction of the Babalawo to
his client for sacrifice can, however, be said to be memorizable. It may be structured.
Won ni o rubo nitori aje/omo/aya They asked him to perform sacrifice because of
money/children/wife
or Won ni o kaaki mole ebo ni o se They asked him to prepare to perform a sacrifice.
At times, the items of a sacrifice may be listed, as in:
Won ni o reku meji oluwere, He was asked to offer two fast-moving rats,
Ko reja meji abiwegbada, Two fish that swim with grace,
Obi die meji abedo lukeluke, Two hens with big livers,
Ewure meji abamu rederede. Two goats heavy with foetus.
(Abimbola 1968:22-23).
The patterns of instructing for sacrifice may vary: the variations are expressing the same idea. These
latter examples support the claim of Parry (1930) in the existence of series of formula that express
similar idea.
To the Yoruba, certain things are greatly valued. These are money, children, wife and all other
blessings of life. A client may be asked to offer a sacrifice for any one or all of these essential things.
Won ni o rubo nitori aje They instructed him to offer sacrifice because of money Won
ni o rubo nitori omo They instructed him to offer sacrifice because of children
Won ni o nibo nitori aya They instructed him to offer sacrifice because of wives
Won ni o rubo nitori ire They instructed him to offer sacrifice because of all
gbogbo. blessings.
it is Ifa that recommends the sacrifices and pass them to the gods or spirits that require them most
often through Esu, the Yoruba trickster god (of Abimbola 1976). The offering of sacrifices is intended
to have magical effect or the client and the outcome of this is psychological healing achieved via the
sacrificial objects.

Just as it occurs in all spheres of Yoruba life, prayer may be offered to gods to grant good
health and blessings to a client. Supplications may be made to Ifa, Esu or some other divinities as
spirits in accompaniment of sacrifice offered by and on behalf of a client.
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44 Research in Yoruba Language and Literature 8 (1996)

Essays in Honour of Professor Wande Abimbola
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