University of Mumbai

CASE STUDY ON DESIGN OF SOLAR STREET

LIGHT SYSTEM
Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of

Bachelors in Technology

By
TY ETRX B
GROUP NO.7
PRIYANKA NAYAK (1522033)
SHRADDHA TUPE (1522034)
ANKITA BHAWKE (1522041)

Prof. Milind Marathe

Department of Electronics Engineering

K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai - 77
Batch 2014 -2018

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 INDEX
SR NO. CONTENT PAGE
NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. BACKGROUND 4

3. COMPONENT DISCRIPTION 5

4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM 10

5. INSTALLATION OF SOLAR 14
STREET LIGHT SYSTEM

6. COST ESTIMATION OF SOLAR 15

SYSTEM

7. TYPES OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT 16

8. DIFFERENT MODELS OF SOLAR 17

STREET LIGHT

9. ADVATAGES 20

10. DISADVANTAGES 21

11. CONCLUSION 22

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 1. INTODUCTION

A Street light is a raised wellspring of light on the edge of a road or walkway,

which is used to give light when it is required. Street light assumes a critical
part in the safety and security of boulevards and open spots. Now-days, street
lighting must be smarter to act in accordance with new enactment, ecological
difficulties and need use of energy. Energy (power) is an imperative item for
developing India, therefore, essential is its proficient use. Currently India is
notice able among energy squandering nations for the absence of any energy
products such as street lighting, home lighting and industrial lighting. The
most noticeable wastage of energy (power) occurs in street lighting.
Because lighting frameworks, are still composed as per the old standards of
dependability. The primary extent of street lighting is the expansion of
human life quality of the dark period of the day. Street light can be controlled
by two methods, namely manual method and automated method. In manual
method, the street lights are controlled by the humans and the control switch
will be available in the each of the street lights. In automated method,
automation is intended to reduce the manpower. Automated street light
system considers some factor to provide the safety of road walkers such as
lighting.
The primary attention in the present field automation, power utilization and
cost effectiveness. Because of expanding crude material costs, furthermore
the expanding social affect ability to Co2 emanations are prompting create
new technologies which permit major cost saving and larger respect for the
environment. Through this literature review, discover three conceivable
answers for these issues. The First possible solution, is the utilization of LED
because it provides the best result due to long life and energy saving. LED
street lamp is compact and shock resistive with energy efficient. The second
possibility is the utilization of a remote management system based on an
intelligent lamp post that sends information to control terminal in order to
reduce maintenance issues and the third solution is to utilization.

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 2. ORIGIN OF THE PROBLEM
Street lighting systems, particularly within the public sector, are still
designed according to the old standards of reliability and they don’t exploit
the most recent technology. Electricity is the major requirements in the
developing countries like India, so the majority of the power is consumed by
the street lights.
Furthermore, there is wastage of power occurs controlling the street lights
manually. In early days there is no controlling technique to control the street
lights remotely, so power wastage is more. Through manual working system
the street lights cannot monitor dynamically and maintenance expenses will
be high.

BACKGROUND
A standalone solar photovoltaic street lighting system is an outdoor lighting
unit used for illuminating a street or an open area. Recent advances in LED
lighting have brought very promising opportunities for application in street
lighting. Combining LED’s low power, high illumination characteristics with
current photovoltaic (PV) technology, PV powered street light utilizing LED
has become a norm in many places. In today’s application, most of the
common High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps, often High Pressure Sodium
(HPS) lamps are being replaced by more low powered Light Emitting Diode
(LED) lamps.

OBJECTIVE
To Compensate the growing energy demand by using Renewable energy
source as solar .To light the streets of rural areas with transmission lines as
well as solar power where there is so many power cuts occurs. Low power
consumption, Longitivity, Reliability our product .Low maintenance.

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 3. COMPONENT OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT
DESIGN

1. Solar Panel or Photovoltaic Module

2. Lighting Fixture – LED lamp set
3. Rechargeable Deep Cycle Battery
4. Solar Charge Controller
5. Light Pole

The Solar Panel will provide electricity to charge the battery during day time.
The battery’s charging is controlled by a charge controller. The operation of
the LED bulb is controlled by a control circuit either by using sensors such
as Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or voltage or current sensor. All these
components will be fixed on a pole as shown in Figure 1 below. The solar
panel is mounted at the top of the pole to minimize the possibility of any
shading on the panels.

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COMPONENT DISCRIPTION

Solar panel

A Solar Panel is basically a module that converts light energy (photons) from
the sun to generate electricity in direct current (DC) form. There are two
types of solar panels, mainly crystalline and thin-film types.
There are two types of crystalline solar panels:
Poly-crystalline Solar Panel
Mono-crystalline Solar Panel

As for Thin-film types, there are:

Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)
Cadmium Teluride (Cd-Te)
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC)

Battery

Batteries are used to store the electricity generated by the solar panel. During
the day, electricity generated by the solar panels is supplied to the battery
and/or the load. When the load demand is higher than the energy received

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from the solar panels, these batteries will provide stable energy to the load.
Solar power applications typically use deep-cycle batteries because they can
persist repeated and deep discharges.

LED lamp

A LED lamp is a light-emitting diode (LED) product that is assembled into

a lamp (or light bulb) for use in lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan
and electrical efficiency that is several times better than incandescent lamps,
and significantly better than most fluorescent lamps, with LED able to emit
more than 100 lumens per watt. LED are the perfect combinations with solar
power as it operates under low voltage, low heat and low power requirement.
Like incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps (e.g. tubes and
CFL), LED lights come to full brightness without need for a warm-up time;
the life of fluorescent lighting is also reduced by frequent switching on and
off. Initial cost of LED is usually higher. LED chips need controlled direct
current (DC) electrical power; an appropriate power supply is needed. LEDs
are adversely affected by high temperature, so LED lamps typically include
heat dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins.

Charge controller

Charge controllers are used to control the charging of the batteries. Since the
output from solar panels are variable and needs adjustments, charge
controllers fetches the variable voltage/current from solar panels, condition
it to suit the safety of the batteries. The main functions of charge controllers
are to prevent over-charging of batteries from solar panels, over-discharging
of batteries to the load and to control the functionalities of the load.
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Charge controllers are basically DC-DC converters, where PWM or MPPT
technique is used to regulate the switches of the controller. There are three
general types of charge controller, mainly:
Simple ON/OFF Controller
Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Controller
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Controller

Most charge controllers operate at three stages to complete the charging cycle
of the batteries. These stages vary according to different times and battery
voltages. PWM can be employed to control the charging at the stages:
BULK stage
ABSORPTION stage
FLOAT stage

Poles

Strong Poles are necessary to all street lights, especially to solar street lights
as there are components mounted on the top of the pole: Fixtures, Panels and
sometime batteries. And wind resistance should also be taken into
consideration when choosing the pole.

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CIRCUIT DAIGRAM

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 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

(1) Calculate Distance between each Street Light Pole:

Example: Calculate Distance between each streetlight pole having following

Details,

 Road Details: The width of road is 11.5 Foot.

 Pole Details: The height of Pole is 26.5 Foot.
 Luminaire of each Pole: Wattage of Luminaries is 250 Watt, Lamp Out
Put (LL) is 33200 Lumen, Required Lux Level (Eh) is 5 Lux,
Coefficient of Utilization Factor (Cu) is 0.18, Lamp Lumen
Depreciation Factor (LLD) is 0.8, Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor
(LLD) is 0.9.
 Space Height Ratio should be less than 3.

Calculation:

 Spacing between each Pole=(LL*CU*LLD*LDD) / Eh*W

 Spacing between each Pole=(33200×0.18×0.8×0.9) / (5×11.5)
 Spacing between each Pole= 75 Foot.
 Space Height Ratio = Distance between Pole / Road width
 Space Height Ratio = 3. Which is less than define value.

Spacing between each Pole is 75 Foot.

(2) Calculate Street Light Luminaire Watt:

Example: Calculate Streetlight Watt of each Luminaire of Street Light Pole

having following Details,

 Road Details: The width of road is 7 Meter. Distance between each

Pole (D) is 50 Meter.
 Required Illumination Level for Street Light (L) is 6.46 Lux per Square
Meter. Luminous efficacy is 24 Lumen/Watt.

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  Maintenance Factor (mf) 0.29, Coefficient of Utilization Factor (Cu) is
0.9.

Calculation:

 Average Lumen of Lamp (Al) = 8663 Lumen.

 Average Lumen of Lamp (Al) =(LxWxD) / (mfxcu)
 Average Lumen of Lamp (Al)= (6.46x7x50) / (0.29×0.9)
 Average Lumen of Lamp (Al)=8663 Lumen.
 Watt of Each Street Light Luminar = Average Lumen of Lamp /
Luminous efficacy
 Watt of Each Street Light Laminar = 8663 / 24

Watt of Each Street Light Luminaire = 361 Watt

(3) Calculate Required Power for Street Light Area:

Example: Calculate Streetlight Watt of following Street Light Area,

 Required Illumination Level for Street Light (L) is 6 Lux per Square
Meter.
 Luminous efficacy (En) is 20 Lumen per Watt.
 Required Street Light Area to be illuminated (A) is 1 Square Meter.

Calculation:

 Required Streetlight Watt = (Lux per Sq.Meter X Surface Area of

Street Light) / Lumen per Watt.
 Required Streetlight Watt = (6 X 1) / 20.

Required Streetlight Watt = 0.3 watt per Square Meter.

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We have taken following specification for the design:-
 Solar panels and battery configuration for solar street light
solar panels and battery configuration formula:
First, calculate the current
For example: 24V battery system, 2 pcs lamps, and 30W each, total
for 60 watts.
Current = 60W ÷ 24V = 2.5 A
 Calculate the battery capacity needs
For example: needs street lighting for the total full load 8 hours (h)
per night; need to meet 5 rainy days continuous lighting. (5 days plus
the night before the rainy days, total 6 days)
Battery capacity= 2.5A × 8h × (5 +1) days = 2.5A × 48h = 120AH,

In order to prevent battery overcharge and over discharge, batteries are

typically charged to 90 percent; discharge remaining 20%. So in real
application we use only 70% of 120AH.
 Consider Inverter efficiency=90%
Input watt-hour requirement=480/0.9=533.33 WH/day
 Battery sizing:-
Consider 24V system voltage
Amp-hour requirement=533.33/24=22.22 AH/day
 As , DOD=70%
Battery capacity =22.22/0.7=31.74 Ah
 Assume battery of 12v,5A
No. of batteries in series= 24/12= 2
No. of batteries in parallel=31.74/5= 7

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  PV SIZING

Efficiency of battery=85%
MPPT efficiency =90%
Output of PV module=22.22/ (0.85*0.9) =29.045 AH/day

PV module Vmax=15V
Consider, 75Watt peak output, current capacity = 5A
Current requirement for 6 hours =29.045/6= 4.840 A

So, no. PV modules required are 2

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 5. SOLAR STREET LIGHT INSTALLATION
The configuration of solar street light system must be designed to be robust
and must be good enough to withstand the harsh environmental condition as
the system are installed in road where it is continuously exposed to sun, rain,
fog, pollution etc. The solar street lighting installation shall not damage
aesthetic of the existing city or street plan; rather it shall add beauty to the
existing roadway. The solar street lights can be installed in following two
ways:

In above figure, first configuration depicts the situation where the battery is
kept in the battery box on the pole whereas in second configuration the
battery is installed in underground. Either of the configurations can be
considered for installation of the system, and it has to be decided case wise
case depending upon the requirement of the project site. Nevertheless the
battery box mounted on the light pole is common practice in case of stand-
alone solar street lighting systems.

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 6. COST ESTIMATION OF A PV SYSTEM

(a) Cost of arrays = No. of PV modules ×

Cost/Module

= 2× 15000 (for a 75 WP panel @ Rs.200/WP) =

Rs.30000

(b) Cost of batteries = No. of Batteries ×

Cost/Module =1 × 7500= Rs.7500

(c) Cost of Inverter = No. of inverters ×

Cost/Inverter

= 1 × 5000 = 1 × 5000 = Rs.5000

Total cost of system = A + B + C = 30000 + 7500

+ 5000 = Rs.42500 [Additional cost of wiring may

be taken as 5% of total system cost]

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 7. TYPES OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT
SYSTEM

The packages have been defined based on the power consumption of

lamps. The package will be selected based on the nature and size of the
road for which the solar street light system is being designed.

Centralized Solar Street Lighting System:

For the roads that do not have enough shadow free areas, standalone
solar street lighting system is not recommended and only centralized
solar PV system is strongly recommended. To this type of street
lighting scheme, site specific detail technical survey and design has to
be carried out. The centralized system power output shall be of AC
power and therefore the selected LED lamp must be of AC type. In
centralized system, arrays of PV panels will be fixed at a convenient
location and the power output from the source is distributed to the lights
in a particular group via distribution cables. For this type of lighting
system, since the battery will be installed at one place as one battery
bank, use of flooded tubular deep cycle battery in addition to the
battery.

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8. DIFFERENT MODELS OF SOALR
STREET LIGHT

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 9. ADVANTAGES

1. Solar street lights are independent of the utility grid. Hence, the
operation costs are minimized.

2. Solar street lights require much less maintenance compared to

conventional street lights.

3. Since external wires are eliminated, risk of accidents is

minimized.

4. This is a non-polluting source of electricity.

5. Separate parts of solar system can be easily carried to the remote

areas.

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 10. DISADVANTAGES

1. Initial investment is higher compared to conventional street

lights.

2. Risk of theft is higher as equipment costs are comparatively

higher.

3. Snow or dust, combined with moisture can accumulate on

horizontal PV-panels and reduce or even stop energy production.

4. Rechargeable batteries will need to be replaced several times over

the lifetime of the fixtures adding to the total lifetime cost of the
light.

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 11. CONCULSION

The solar-powered street light was designed and constructed such that
the conventional need for inverter or utility power source is eliminated.
As known due to prior knowledge that the street light system needs a
charge controller to prevent the battery from damage and also a sensor
to help in the automatic switching, the equipment was fabricated along
with a switching circuit which activates and deactivate the system as
well as a charge controller unit that prevents the battery from
overcharging.
The system was also built to conserve energy with the use of a light
emitting diode lamp (LED lamp) to replace other lamps such as the
fluorescent lamp which might reduce the efficiency of the battery.
If LED lamps are used then the designing of inverters can be eliminated
and thus reducing the cost of the solar street light system.
This ‘SOLAR STREET LIGHTING’ is a cost effective, practical,
ecofriendly and the safest way to save energy. It clearly tackles the two
problems that world is facing today, saving of energy and also disposal
of incandescent lamps, very efficiently. According to statistical data we
can save more electrical energy that is now consumed by the highways.

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