Transient Recovery Voltages (TRVs)

for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

Part 2

Denis Dufournet
Chair CIGRE WG A3.28 & IEEE WG C37.011
San Antonio (USA), 19/09/2013

GRID
Initial Transient Recovery Voltage
 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV)

• Due to travelling waves on the busbar and their reflections, a high-

frequency voltage appears on the supply side of a circuit breaker
after short-circuit current interruption.
Circuit
Breaker

A B

Fault to
ground

• This oscillation, which is called “Initial Transient Recovery Voltage

(ITRV)” is superimposed to the very beginning of the terminal fault
TRV.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 3
 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV)

• ITRV and terminal fault TRV

Voltage VA

TRV (VB)

Voltage VA at
current zero

VA - VB

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 4

 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV)

• Standard values of ITRV

Zb = 260 Ω in general,
but
325 Ω for Ur= 800 kV

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 5

 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV)

• Compared with the short-line fault TRV, the first voltage peak is much
lower, and the time to the first peak is shorter, within the first two
microseconds after current zero.
If a circuit breaker has a short-line fault rating and SLF tests are
performed with a line having a time delay less than 0.1µs, the ITRV
requirements are considered to be covered.

Equivalent circuit for SLF testing

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 6

 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV)

2,5

2
TRV (kV)

1,5

0,5

0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
T(µs)

Comparison of TRV for SLF with time delay and ITRV (solid line)
and SLF with time delay less than 0.1 µs (dotted line).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 7

 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV)

• ITRV is proportional to the busbar surge impedance and to the

current.

ITRV requirements can be neglected

- for circuit-breakers with a rated short-circuit breaking current less
than 25 kA,
- for circuit-breakers with a rated voltage below 100 kV,
- for circuit-breakers installed in metal enclosed gas insulated
switchgear (GIS), because of the low surge impedance,
- when the capacitance of the liaison to the bus is higher than
800pF (amendment IEC 62271-100 in 2012).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 8

Out-of-Phase
 Breaking in Out-of-Phase Condition

Some circuit-breakers may have to

interrupt faults that occur when
two systems are connected in out-
of-phase conditions.
At current interruption, the voltage
on each side of the circuit-breaker
meets the voltage of the supply.
In full out-of-phase condition, the
recovery voltage is two times the
phase-to-ground voltage.
The TRV peak is the highest
during short-circuit interruption.
Fault current is 25% of rated short-
circuit breaking current.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 10

 Voltages During Breaking in Out-of-Phase

U (p.u.)
3
TRV

2
Supply voltage

-1

Load voltage
-2

-3
0,005 0,007 0,009 0,011 0,013 0,015 0,017 0,019 0,021 0,023 0,025

Time (s)
In case of single-phase fault in full out-of-phase, the pole to clear factor
is 2.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 11
 Voltages during Breaking in Out-of-Phase

In standards the out-of-phase

factor for single-phase tests
is

2.0 for effectively grounded

systems ( 245kV)

2.5 for non-effectively

grounded systems (<245kV).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 12

 Out-of-Phase Angle

• The standard out-of-phase factor of

2.0 for effectively grounded systems and
2.5 for non-effectively earthed systems
cover respectively an out-of-phase angle of
105° for systems with effectively grounded neutral
115° for systems with non-effectively grounded neutral

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 13

Three-Phase (Long) Line Fault
 Three-Phase Line Faults

• With some three-phase long line faults conditions the TRV may not be
strictly covered by the standard TRV withstand capability defined for
terminal fault and short-line fault.
• Such situations can occur, depending on the actual short-circuit power
of the source, during interruption by the first-pole-to-clear of three-
phase line faults.
• Mutual coupling of lines between the first interrupted phase and the two
other phases can increase the line side contribution of TRV on the first
pole to clear.
• The matter has been studied extensively by CIGRE WG A3-19. Results
are given in CIGRE Technical Brochure 408 (2010-02).
• Studies were made also in Japan and USA (BPA).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 15

 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Examples of three-phase line faults TRV calculations are given in the

following slides.
• The TRV withstand capability demonstrated by terminal fault test duties
T10, T30 and out-of-phase test duty OP2 usually cover LLF TRVs.
• Some standard values of TRV have been revised (or will be revised) to
better cover long line faults
For rated voltages 245 kV and above, the amplitude factor for test
duty T10 in IEC standard was raised from 1.53 to 1.76 (kpp = 1.3).

• Requirements for short-line-faults are adequate and there is no need to

revise them.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 16

 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Mutual Coupling Between Phases

− The mutual inductance between two phases i and j can be evaluated
by the following equation:
µ0 D'
M ij  ln
2  Dij

where µ0 = air permeability = 4 x 10-7 H/m

Dij = center-to-center spacing between conductors (m)
D’ = distance to the image of the other conductor
If a three-phase line-fault and a circuit with isolated source is
considered to simplify the analysis, there is no 50 or 60 Hz short-
circuit current circulating in the ground path. Therefore only the
mutual inductances between phases must be considered to take into
account coupling.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 17

 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Mutual Coupling Between Phases (Cont’d)

− After current interruption by the first pole to clear (e.g. in phase B)
and during line TRV build-up, voltage is the induced voltage in
phase B.
− It is generated by the high short-circuit current still circulating
through the two other phases A and C.
dI a dI c
Vind  M ab  M cb
dt dt
− The induced voltage is superimposed on the line TRV of the
interrupted pole.
− The next slide shows that when the induced voltage is subtracted
from the actual line voltage in phase B (first cleared phase), then a
typical triangular wave is obtained with a peak factor less than 2.
− It shows clearly that during a 3-phase fault current interruption, the
increase of the voltage peak on the first pole to clear is due to
coupling between phases.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 18
 Three-Phase Line Faults
40
Ia
20
Ib
Isc (kA)

Currents 0

-20
Ic
-40
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

20
dIa/dt
DI/DT (A/us)

10

dI/dt 0

-10
dIc/dt
-20
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Actual line 100

voltage 50
d = 2.37
V (kV)

Induced -50

voltage -100
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

100
Actual line
Line TRV (kV)

voltage
50 d = 1.81
0
minus
-50
induced by M.Landry
-100
voltage 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 t (ms) 5

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 19

 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Mutual Coupling Between Phases

d3 2 X 1  X 0 Z first
− From IEEE C37.011-2011:  
d1 3 X1 Z last
d3 and d1 are the peak factors for 3-phase and single-phase faults.
Zfirst and Zlast: surge impedances for the first and last pole to clear

d 3 2 L1  L0 Z first
It follows that  
d1 3 L1 Z last

L0  L1 d3  Lm  Z first
then with Lm   1   
3 d1  L1  Z last

where Lm represents the part influenced by the other phase currents.

This equation gives a physical explanation for the relationship
between d3 and d1.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 20
Three-Phase Line Faults / Effective surge
impedances for the first and last clearing poles
 Three-Phase Line Faults / Effective surge
impedances for the first and last clearing poles

• The equivalent surge impedance for the last clearing pole can be
derived from the simple circuit in the middle:

2 Z1  Z 0
Z last 
3
• For the first clearing pole, the neutral impedance and two of the other
phases are in parallel, as shown in the bottom scheme.
Reducing the connection and adding Z1 results in the effective surge
impedance for the first pole:

3 Z 0  Z1
Z first 
Z1  2 Z 0
 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Typical values of surge impedance in IEEE C37.011-2011

Note: Zeff is the surge impedance for the last pole to clear (Zlast)

Ur = 145kV Zlast = 420 Ω and Zfirst = 400 Ω

 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Example 1: L30 and L10 in 735kV/40kA network

Vn= 735 kV, Rated Isc= 40 kA, kpp= 1.3, L30 Vn= 735 kV, Rated Isc= 40 kA, kpp= 1.3, L10
Source TRV parameters: Kaf= 1.40, RRRV= 2.0 kV/us Source TRV parameters: Kaf= 1.40, RRRV= 2.0 kV/us
1400 1400

Line & Source TRV

Pole-1 line TRV,TRV slope= 1.92 kV/us, d= 2.53 Line & Source TRV
1200 Pole-1 line TRV, TRV slope= 0.65 kV/us, d= 2.54
IEC Line TRV, L30, Zline= 450 ohms 1200
IEC 2-parameter TRV - T30 (1308 kV - 262 us) IEC Line TRV, L10, Zline= 450 ohms
IEC 2-parameter TRV - T10 (1299 kV - 186 us)

1000
1000

L30 L10
800
800
TRV (kV)

TRV (kV)
600
600

400
400

200
200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0
t (us) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
t (us)

Comparison of first (blue) and last (red) clearing pole TRVs for
three-phase L30 and L10, with total TRV for first pole (blue)
Note: the standard 2 parameter TRV with kpp=1.3 is shown in green. In
edition 2.0 of IEC 62271-100 and IEEE C37.06, kpp has been increased to 1.5
for test duty T10.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 24
 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Example 2: L30 and L10 in 420kV/63kA network with

100% short-circuit power source
TRV comparison for Long Line fault and IEC terminal fault and out of phase:
Calculations WG 3.19 with 100% of source short circuit power
IEC values for T30, T10, OP 3phL30_1st
3phL30_3rd
1000
3phL10_1st
900 3phL10_3rd
OP T30
800 T10 3phL10_1st T10
700 3phL30_1st OP
T30

600

500 3phL30_3rd
kV

3phL10_3rd

400

300

200

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
us

Comparison with TRV withstand capability demonstrated by T10, T30

and OP (out-of-phase)
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 25
 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Example 3: L30 and L10 in 420kV/63kA network with 80%

short-circuit power source
TRV comparison for Long Line fault and IEC terminal fault and out of phase:
Calculations WG 3.19 with 80% of source short circuit power
IEC values for T30, T10, OP 3phL30_1st_80%
3phL30_3rd_80%
1000
3phL10_1st_80%
900 3phL10_3rd_80%
OP T30
800 T10 3phL10_1st_80% T10
700 OP
T30 3phL30_1st_80%
600

500
kV

3phL30_3rd_80% 3phL10_3rd_80%
400

300

200

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
us

Comparison with TRV withstand capability demonstrated by T10, T30

and OP (out-of-phase)
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 26
 Three-Phase Line Faults

• Example 4: 3-phase SLF with 75% Isc (Isc= 40 kA) with

source having a short-circuit current of 40kA or 32 kA

For a given fault current, the TRV (blue curve) is strongly dependent
on the short-circuit power of the source.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 27

 Three-Phase Short-Line Faults

• SLF test duties prove the circuit-

breaker’s capability to interrupt a
high short-circuit current with a
steep rate-of-rise of recovery
voltage (RRRV or du/dt).

• The short-line fault breaking capability in IEC 62271-100 and IEEE is

demonstrated by single-phase tests performed with a line that has a
surge impedance (Z) of 450 Ω.
• Z = 450 Ω has been chosen to cover the RRRV in all cases of SLF.
• SLF requirements were first introduced in 1971. They were based on
a basic study by CIGRE SC3 in 1963. All types of SLF (1-phase and
3-phase) were already considered.
• The validity of the SLF requirements was confirmed afterwards by
almost 40 years of experience.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 28

 Three-Phase Short-Line Faults

• The first peak of TRV seen by the first-pole-to-clear during interruption

of a three-phase SLF (UL3), could exceed the standard value in some
cases. However the following needs to be considered:
• UL3 is associated with a lower RRRV than standardized and it is
recognized that RRRV is the most severe TRV parameter during SLF
interruption.
• The standard RRRV is based on an equivalent surge impedance of
450 Ω that is seldom obtained in practice.
• CIGRE Technical Brochure 408 shows that UL3 decreases significantly
when the short-circuit power of the source decreases.
• A UL3 that exceeds the standard value is only possible in the very low
probability of cases where a three-phase fault occurs at a critical
distance from the circuit-breaker and when the supply has its full short-
circuit power.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 29
 Three-Phase Short-Line Faults

• The following figure is based on data from CIGRE TB 408

• It shows that the dielectric phase of TRV seen by the first pole to
clear during a three-phase fault is covered by interpolating the
withstands demonstrated in the standard test duties (same range of
currents). UL (kV) Case Ur = 145kV Isc = 40kA f =50Hz
50
Test duty L75
45 30-31.6kA
40
1st pole 3-phase SLF
35 36kA

30
Test duty L90
25 36-36.8kA
20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (µs)

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 30

 Three-Phase Short-Line Faults

• All these considerations supported and still supports the choice made
by IEC and IEEE to require two mandatory SLF test duties L90 and
L75 performed single-phase with respectively 90% and 75% of rated
short-circuit current
(with an option in IEC to perform a test duty L60 when arcing times
during L75 are significantly longer than during L90).
• These test duties performed single-phase demonstrate an interrupting
window of arcing times of 180°-  , the largest possible for any type of
fault.
• Conclusion: there is no need to change the requirements for SLF
tests duties L90 and L75 in international standards.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 31

Shunt Reactor Switching
 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

• Interruption of shunt reactors currents

− Interruption of small inductive currents

− Current chopping
− Multiple reignitions
− Synchronized tripping
− Breaking tests

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 33

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

Interruption of small inductive currents

• Interruption of small inductive
s
currents is obtained during
switching of
− shunt reactance,
− no-load transformers,
− medium voltage motors.
• The figure give a representation of
a single-phase circuit for small
inductive current switching.
• The load is represented by its
inductance Lt and its capacitance
to ground Ct

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 34

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

Current chopping
When an arc of small intensity
is submitted to a powerful blast,
it can be unstable as it interacts
with the circuit connected at its
terminals.

Oscillations lead to a
premature current zero: current
is chopped

Current chopping produces an

overvoltage on the load side of
the circuit-breaker.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 35

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

Current chopping: Current-Voltage characteristic

Voltage (V)

Current oscillations
initiated by a disturbance
(arc voltage drop), are
- initially damped,
- later amplified when the
arc acts like a negative
impedance

Current (A)

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 36

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

• Chopped current is given by Io  Ko C

with
Ko chopping number
C equivalent capacitance of the circuit
• If arc voltage and damping are neglected, the overvoltage factor is
given by :
2
L t io
S  1 2
Eo C L

with Eo voltage at interruption time

Lt inductance of load circuit
C capacitance of load circuit

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 37

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

Multiple reignitions
When the natural frequency of
the TRV is high, reignitions
cannot be avoided as the
circuit breaker tries to interrupt
with short arcing times i.e.
with a small distance between
contacts.
Reignitions occur until the
contact distance is sufficient to
withstand the TRV.
Fast voltage changes can
endanger the insulation of
1 Current transformers in series with the
2 TRV circuit breaker.
3 Voltage withstand between contacts

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 38

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

Multiple reignitions

TRV during a test with multiple reignitions

Reignitions can produce overvoltages on the supply side and load side

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 39

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

• The maximum allowable level of overvoltage is less than 2 in high-

voltage networks, therefore several techniques were developed to
guarantee that the required level of overvoltage is not exceeded:
− use of varistors phase-to-ground and in parallel to circuit-
breakers,
− breaking with opening resistors (in air blast circuit breakers).
− synchronized opening of a circuit breaker, where the arcing
time is in a given range such that there won’t be reignitions or
high current chopping.

Today the best solution is synchronized opening.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 40

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

Synchronized opening

Optimal interval for

contacts separation

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 41

 Switching of Inductive Loads (Shunt Reactors)

Synchronized Opening
Primary
2
voltage
Voltage

3
CurrentCurrent 4

t_arc
5 ms
Order given 1
Open
command t_d CB Opening time
to RPH2
Order transmitted
Comman
d by
RPH2
Contacts separation
CB Main
contact

t_arc…arcing time
55 – 44 - 5= 6 ms t_d …RPH2 delay t0 = 44 ms

55 ms

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 42

 Switching of Inductive Loads / Standards

• Standard/Guide for inductive load switching

− IEC 62271-110 – Inductive load switching
− IEEE C37.015 – Guide for the Application of Shunt Reactor
Switching
• Technical Report on controlled switching
− IEC 62271-302 – Alternating current circuit-breakers with
intentionally non-simultaneous pole operation

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 43

Transformer Limited Faults
 Transformer Limited Faults / Content

Part 1
Introduction
Options for specification (IEEE C37.011-2011)

Part 2
TLF TRV for EHV & UHV Circuit Breakers

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 45

 TLF TRV / Introduction

Severe TRV (Transient Recovery Voltage) may occur when a short-

circuit current is fed or limited by a transformer without any appreciable
capacitance between the transformer and the circuit breaker.

These faults are called

Transformer Limited Faults
(TLF).

In such case, the rate-of-rise of recovery voltage (RRRV) exceeds the

values specified in the standards for terminal faults.

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 46

 TLF / Options for Specification

• As explained in IEEE C37.011-2011 (Guide for the Application of

TRV for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers), the user has several
basic possibilities
1. Specify a fast TRV for TLF with values taken from standards or
guides (e.g. ANSI C37.06.1),
2. Specify a TRV calculated for the actual application taking into
account
− the natural frequency of the transformer,
− and/or (depending on the knowledge of system parameters)
additional capacitances present in the substation, sum of stray
capacitance, busbar, CVT etc
3. Add a capacitor to reduce the RRRV

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 47

 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 1: Specify a fast TRV for TLF with values taken from
Guides (e.g. ANSI C37.06.1)
− ANSI Guide C37.06.1 is assumed to cover the large majority of all
cases for this switching duty.
− TLF TRVs are given for two fault currents: 7% and 30% of rated
short-circuit current.
− They are based on the assumption of a negligible capacitance
between the circuit breaker and the transformer.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 48

 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 1 (Cont’d): TRV values in ANSI C37.06.1

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 49

 TLF / Options for Specification

• Explanation on TRV value in ANSI C37.06.1

Case: Ur = 362 kV , Isc= 63 kA, ITLF = 7% Isc
Reactance Reactance
supply transformer
− Load voltage at the time of interruption
U S   X S  X L   0.07 I SC  X S  I SC Xs XL
0.93 Us
0.07 X L  0.93 X S XL  XS Uload
0.07
U load  X L  0.07 I SC  0.93 X S I SC  0.93 U S
− TRV peak (neglecting the contribution on the supply side)
Ur
U c  k af  2  U load  k af  2  0.93  k pp 
3
with kpp = 1.5 (assumed in ANSI C37.06.1) and kaf = 1.8
362
U c  1.8  2  0.93  1.5  742 kV
3
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 50
 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 1 (Cont’d): TRV values in ANSI C37.06.1

Calculation TLF TRV peak - Case 7% rated short-circuit current

Ur Ur sqrt(2/3) kp kaf kvd Calculated Uc ANSI C37.06.1

system peak voltage drop

rated voltage pole-to-clear factor amplitude factor TRV peak TRV peak
phase-ground voltage across transformer

kV kV pu pu pu kV kV

123 100,4 1,5 1,8 0,93 252,2 253

145 118,4 1,5 1,8 0,93 297,3 299

170 138,8 1,5 1,8 0,93 348,5 350

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 51

 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 1 (Cont’d)
− As indicated in ANSI/IEEE Std C37.016-2006, time t3 is given by the
following equation:
Ur C
t3  0.106
I TLF
where Ur is the rated voltage in kV, C is equal to the lumped equivalent
terminal capacitance to ground of the transformer in pF, and ITLF is
equal to the transformer-limited fault current in kA.
C = 1480 + 89 ITLF (pF) for rated voltages less than 123 kV
C = 1650 + 180 ITLF (pF) for rated voltages 123 kV and above
− For Ur ≥ 123 kV, time t3 can be also expressed as follows:

3.18  U r t3 decreases (and RRRV increases)

t3  0.21 when the fault current increases.
I TLF
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 52
 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 2a Check the actual TRV time to peak from the natural
frequency of the transformer(s)

1
T2 
2  f nat
where T2 is the time to TRV peak (= 1.15 t3)
fnat is the natural frequency of the transformer

− If T2 is longer than the value in ANSI C37.06.1 it may be cross-

checked with available test results.
− Determination of the transformer natural frequency can be done in
several ways as explained in part 3.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 53

 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 2b TRV calculation for a given application

− Calculate the TRV for the given application, taking into account
additional available capacitances or additional added
capacitances i.e. line to ground capacitors, CVT’s, grading
capacitors etc.
− The additional capacitance increases the time to TRV peak
(T2mod) and reduces the stress for the circuit breaker according
to the following equations

T2 mod   L  (Cnat  Cadd )

where

k pp
U r
3  I sc  Cnat  ( 2  T2 )2 /( 4 2  L)
L     1
2  f r  I sc  I 
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 54
 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 2b (Cont’d)
where
kpp is the first pole to clear factor
Ur is the rated maximum voltage
Isc is the rated short circuit current
I is the transformer limited fault current
fr is the power frequency
L is the equivalent inductance of the transformer
Cnat is the equivalent capacitance of the transformer (2/3 of the surge
capacitance in case of 3-phase ungrounded fault)
Cadd is the equivalent additional capacitance (2/3 of the capacitance
added phase to ground in case of 3-phase ungrounded fault)

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 55

 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 2b (Cont’d) : Example

− Rated maximum voltage : 362 kV
− Rated short circuit current : 63 kA
− Based on 30% of rated short circuit current, the required test
current is 18.9 kA.
− TRV parameters as defined in ANSI C37.06.1
• T2 = 37.1 µs uc = 720 kV
− The equivalent inductance and capacitance of the transformer
are derived using previous equations
• L = 30.7 mH Cnat = 4.54 nF
− Taking into account additional (equivalent) capacitances present
in the substation (sum of stray capacitance, busbar, CVT etc. )
of 3.5nF, the modified time to peak T2mod is equal to 49 µs. This
T2mod would be the shortest time to peak TRV that the breaker
has to withstand in service and during testing.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 56
 TLF / Options for Specification

• Option 3 Additional capacitor

− Test reports may be available for the circuit breaker showing a
certain T2 value which is higher than the T2 value given in ANSI
C37.06.1.
− Such a breaker could be used for this application by adding a
capacitor to ground which changes the actual T2 to a value where a
proof for the circuit breaker capability exists.
2

C add 
T 2 test

L  2 C nat
where T2 test value is the time to peak of tested TRV.
− If for example, a circuit breaker has been tested with a time T2 test of
70 µs, a current equal to 30 % of its rated short circuit current of
63kA and a rated maximum voltage of 362 kV, this would require
an additional capacitance of 11.6 nF in order to make the breaker
feasible for this application.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 57
 Transformer Limited Fault TRV
for EHV & UHV Circuit Breakers
Denis Dufournet (Alstom Grid)
Paper for ISH 2013 Conference, Seoul, August 2013

GRID

Paper co-authored by Joanne Hu (RBJ

Engineering) and Anton Janssen (Liander)
 TLF TRV for EHV & UHV Circuit Breakers

1. Introduction
2. TLF TRV Peak Calculation
3. TLF RRRV Calculation
4. Application to EHV Circuit Breakers (Standardization in IEEE)
5. Application to UHV Circuit breakers (Standardization in IEC)
6. Conclusion

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 59

 TLF TRV / Introduction

• Recent studies on TLF TRVs by

− CIGRE WG A3 22/28 for EHV and UHV circuit breakers
• Technical Brochures 362 (2008) and 456 (2011)
• New Technical Brochure to be published end of 2013

− IEC SC 17A for UHV circuit breakers

• Standard values in Edition 2.1 of IEC 62271-100 (2012)

− IEEE WG C37.011 “Application Guide for TRV for AC High-

Voltage Circuit Breakers” (2011)
• Different options available to evaluate if a circuit breaker is
suitable for an application with TLF condition.

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 60

 TLF TRV / Introduction

• TLF conditions for EHV and UHV circuit breakers

UHV EHV UHV EHV
UHV Circuit
Breaker in TSF TFF
UHV/EHV S/S

UHV EHV UHV EHV

EHV Circuit
Breaker in
TSF TFF
UHV/EHV S/S

EHV HV EHV HV
EHV Circuit
Breaker in
TSF TFF
EHV/HV S/S

TLF: Transformer secondary faults (TSF) and transformer fed faults (TFF)

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 61

 2 – TLF TRV Peak Calculation
Pole-to-clear factor, Amplitude Factor
& Voltage Drop Ratio
 TLF TRV Peak / Pole-to-clear factor

• The TRV peak is function of 3 factors as shown in the following

equation
Ur 2
U c  k p  k af  kvd 
3
kp = pole-to-clear factor, kaf = amplitude factor, kvd = voltage drop
across the transformer, Ur = rated voltage
• Pole-to-clear factor
− On the EHV or UHV side the transformer neutral is effectively
grounded. Since the transformer impedance is dominant, pole-
to-clear factors are between 1.0 and 1.15 at maximum.
− A conservative value of 1.2 was adopted by IEC for UHV.
− For EHV a conservative value of 1.3 covers the need.
TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 63
 TLF TRV Peak / TRV Amplitude Factor

• From the initial part of a FRA-measurement an equivalent

inductance can be determined.
• In the higher frequency region (some hundreds of kHz) the
equivalent capacitance can be approached.

Transformer 315 MVA, 400 kV

L = 0.2 H, C = 940 pF
R = 65 kΩ, F = 11.6 kHz
Z = 14.6 kΩ, R/Z = 4.45
kaf = 1.7

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 64

 TLF TRV Peak / TRV Amplitude Factor

• From L and C values both a TRV frequency can be determined

and an equivalent value Z.
• A representation by a simple single frequency model gives the
highest amplitude factor, as the multiple frequencies of a more
complicated model tend to decrease the overall amplitude factor.
• The ratio between the highest peak of the FRA-impedance
measurement and this value Z determines the amplitude factor.
• A ratio R/Z of 5, as found in the example studied by WG A3-28,
gives an amplitude factor of 1.73.
• IEC adopted 1.7 for UHV circuit breakers.
• A conservative value of value of 1.8 could be standardized for
EHV circuit breakers.

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 65

 TLF TRV Peak / Voltage Drop Ratio

• In IEC & IEEE standards, the voltage drop ratio is assumed to be 0.9
for terminal fault test duty T10.
• The voltage drop ratio is function of the ratio of TLF current and the
bus short-circuit current minus the contribution from the faulted
transformer (Ip-net)

Considering the circuit breaker Ip(net)

at the primary side, the voltage

Primary side
drop in case of a transformer Ip(TSF) → Is(TFF)
CB
secondary fault (TSF) is
Fault Is(TSF) → Ip(TFF)

I p TSF
V  1  Secondary side
I p  net Is(net)

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 66

 TLF TRV Peak / Voltage Drop Ratio

• Based on the previous equation, the voltage drop can be expressed

as function of the ratio TLF fault current divided by rated short-circuit
current (in percentage), assuming different possible values of the
bus short-circuit current

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 67

 TLF TRV Peak / Voltage Drop Ratio

• CIGRE WG A3.28 has done a survey of voltage drop values for EHV
and UHV. Results for 550kV in Japan (TEPCO) are given below. The
maximum value is 72%.
• First results for EHV show that for TLF currents in the range 25-30%
Isc, the voltage drop is close to 70% (or voltage factor = 0.7).

Voltage
drop in %

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 68

3 – TLF RRRV Calculation
 TLF RRRV Calculation

• The rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV) can be calculated from

the TRV peak uc and time t3

• Time t3 is derived from T2 = ½ FR, with FR = TRV frequency

• TRV frequency from measurement (e.g. FRA) and calculation
(additional capacitances)
TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 70
4 – Application to EHV Circuit Breakers
(Standardization in IEEE)
 TLF TRV for EHV Circuit Breakers

• TRV peak can be calculated as shown previously with:

− First pole to clear factor = 1.3
− Voltage drop ratio = 0.9 (10% Isc) and 0.7 (30% Isc)
− Amplitude factor = 1.8
• TRV time to peak and time t3
− In IEEE a “1-cos” waveshape is assumed for the TRV
− It follows that t3 is 0.88 T2
− In a first step in IEEE, TRV time to peak (T2) from ANSI C37.06.1
could be used
• Rate-of-rise-of-recovery-voltage (RRRV)
− RRRV is TRV peak (uc) divided by t3

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 72

 TLF TRV for EHV Circuit Breakers

• Application to standard values in IEEE

TRV peak and RRRV for ITLF = 18.9 kA (30% of 63 kA) and rated
voltages 245kV to 800kV

Ur ISC ITLF uc Time T2 Time t3 RRRV

kV kA kA kV μs μs kV/μs

245 63,0 18.9 327,7 30.3 27 12,1

362 63,0 18.9 484,1 37.1 33 14,7

550 63,0 18.9 735,6 44.7 39 18,9

800 63,0 18.9 1069,9 55.3 49 21,8

Note: and T2 is taken from ANSI C37.06.1

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 73

5 – Application to UHV Circuit Breakers
(Standardization in IEC)
 Standardization of TLF for UHV
in IEC 62271-100

• Transformer limited fault (TLF) is covered in Annex M.

• Clause M.4 is for rated voltages higher than 800kV
− The system TRV can be modified by a capacitance and then be
within the standard TRV capability envelope. As an alternative, the
user can choose to specify a rated transformer limited fault (TLF)
current breaking capability.
− The rated TLF breaking current is selected from the R10 series in
order to limit the number of testing values possible. Preferred
values are 10 kA and 12.5 kA.
− TRV parameters are calculated from the TLF current, the rated
voltage and a capacitance of the transformer and liaison of 9 nF.
− The first-pole-to clear-factor corresponding to this type of fault is 1.2.
− Pending further studies, conservative values are taken for the
amplitude factor and the voltage drop across the transformer. They
are respectively equal to 1.7 and 0.9.
TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 75
 Standardization of TLF for UHV
in IEC 62271-100

• TRV Table from IEC

See paper for detailed calculation of TRV parameters for the case 1100kV 12.5kA

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 76

6 - Conclusion
 TLF - Conclusion

• Transformer-limited-faults produce fast TRVs with a high RRRV if

there is a low capacitance between the transformer and the
circuit-breaker.
• Options for specification are described in IEEE C37.011-2011
• RRRV is function of the TRV peak and the time to peak (related
to the TRV frequency).
• TRV peak is function of several factors (pole-to-clear, amplitude
factor, voltage drop across transformer) that must be properly
chosen in standards.
• CIGRE WG A3-28 studied TLF TRVs and recommended
parameters for TRV peak calculation.
• They can be used for the standardization of TLF TRV for EHV
circuit breakers by IEC and IEEE.
• IEC has already standardized TLF TRV for UHV circuit breakers
in edition 2.1 of IEC 62271-100.

TLF TRV EHV-UHV Circuit Breakers - P 78

Series Reactor Limited Faults
 Series Reactor Limited Faults

• A current limiting reactor is used to reduce a fault current magnitude.

It is used also to limit inrush currents in capacitor bank applications.
• Due to the very small inherent capacitance of a number of current
limiting reactors, the natural frequency of transients involving these
reactors can be very high.
• A circuit-breaker installed immediately in series with such type of
reactor will face a high frequency TRV
− when clearing a terminal fault (reactor at supply side of circuit-
breaker) or
− clearing a fault behind the reactor (reactor at load side of circuit-
breaker).
The resulting TRV frequency generally exceeds by far the
standardized values.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 80

 Series Reactor Limited Faults

• Example of a 38 kV Circuit Breaker that clears a 3-phase fault with a

current limiting reactor (CLR) on the supply side

Equivalent single-phase circuit Calculated TRV: RRRV = 11.4 kV/µs

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 81

 Series Reactor Limited Faults

• If the system TRV exceeds a standard breaker capability, a capacitance

can be added in parallel to the reactor in order to reduce the TRV
frequency and have a system TRV curve within the standard capability
envelope.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 82

 Series Reactor Limited Faults

• The capacitor can also be mounted phase to ground, the effect is

similar.
• This mitigation measure is very effective and cost efficient.
• IEEE C37.011-2011 gives a method to calculate by hand the TRV
modified by an additional capacitor.
• In the case of a phase-to ground capacitor, assuming a rated voltage of 38kV,
a short-circuit current of the supply of 50 kA and a frequency of 60 Hz, the
short-circuit inductance of the source is
Ur 38
LS    1.164 mH
3  I sc  120  3  50  120 
• As the fault current of 12.5 kA is limited by the short-circuit inductance and the
CLR inductance in series:
38
LS  LCLR   4.658 mH
3  12.5  120 
• CLR inductance:
LCLR  4.658  1.164  3.494 mH

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 83

 Series Reactor Limited Faults

• Equivalent CLR inductance for 3-phase fault

1.5 LCLR  1.5  3.494  5.24 mH
• TRV frequency with addition of C = 12 nF
1 1 106
fTRV    Hz
2  1.5 LCLR  CPH  G 2  5.24  10  12  10
3 9
2  5.24  12

• Time to peak TRV

1  5.24  12
T2   6
s  24.9 µs
2 fTRV 10
• Time t3
T2 24.9
t3    21.7 µs
1.146 1.146
• CLR contribution to TRV peak
U CLR  1.5 LCLR  120   I  2  k af  5.24  10 3  120   12.5  2  1.9  66.3 kV

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 84

 Series Reactor Limited Faults

• Source-side RRRV (rated value is 1.21 kV/µs for 50kA)

12.5
1.21 
 0.3 kV / µs
50
• Source-side contribution to TRV
0.3  t3  0.3  21.7  6.5 kV
• Sum of CLR and source contributions
uc  66.3  6.5  72.8 kV
• RRRV 72.8
RRRV   3.35 kV / µs
21.7

The calculated values of uc and RRRV obtained in a simplified way compare

well with those obtained by ATP simulation of the complete system,
respectively 77.2 kV and 3.4 kV/µs.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 85

Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV
CIGRE WG A3-28 Study

GRID
 Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV

• CIGRE studies
− Current study by CIGRE WG A3-28

will be covered in a Technical Brochure

(TB) that will be published end of 2013.

− It is part of an extensive study on TRVs in EHV and UHV networks.

− Following slides are taken from the draft TB.
− Simulations were performed by Hiroki Ito (Chairman of CIGRE SC
A3) and Hiroki Kajino (both of Mitsubishi).
− Former study made by CIGRE WG A3.13*, reported in TB 336.

* Convenor is Anton Janssen (NL)

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 87
 Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV

• Case 1: TRV for a line circuit breaker in case of 3-phase line

fault with a series capacitor in the middle of the line in a 550kV
system.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 88

 Influence of Series Capacitor on TRV

• Case 1: Fault conditions & TRV with series capacitor by-passed

or not (40% compensation)

The TRV peak is increased due to the trapped charge in the series capacitor.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 89

 Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV

• Case 2: 3-phase line fault in 550 kV system with parallel circuit

having 40% compensation (Hydro-Quebec lines parameters)

2.1 Series-capacitor by-passed 2.2 Series-capacitor not by-passed

Case 2.2: TRV peak is slightly higher than the value for out-of-phase

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 90

 Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV

• Case 3: 1-phase & 3-phase line faults in 765 kV radial system

(Hydro-Quebec parameters) with 40% compensation

TRV peak for 3-phase faults exceed the values for T10 and T30

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 91

 Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV

• Case 3: Influence of the degree of series compensation

TRV peak increases

with the degree of
compensation

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 92

 Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV

• Case 3: Influence of the degree of series compensation

TRV peak increases with the degree of compensation

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 93

 Influence of Series Capacitors on TRV

TRV peak can be up to 4.8 p.u. (Turkey), compared to 2.5 p.u. for OP,
two approaches possible:

• Circuit breaker with higher TRV withstand capability (e.g. 550kV

circuit breaker for a 420kV application).
• TRV limitation
− Use of CBs with opening resistors rated at 400 to 600 Ω,
− Use of surge arresters connected phase-to-ground on the series
compensated lines.
− Use of metal-oxyde varistors connected in parallel with the main
contacts of CBs.
− Fast by-passing of series-capacitors of the faulty line by forced
triggering of the protection spark gap, or by closing the by-pass CB.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 94

 Annex: Series Capacitor Bank Equipment

By-pass varistor

Spark gap

Damping device

By-pass switch

When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the limiting value for the
capacitor design, a portion or all of the current is by-passed through the
capacitor by-pass system which may include, in addition to the series
capacitor, a by-pass varistor, a spark gap, and a by-pass switch with its
damping device, depending on the specification of the bank.
Annex from François Gallon tutorial on reactive power
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 95
 Annex: Series Capacitor Bank Equipment

Metal-oxide Resistor Capacitor

By-pass
Switch

Triggered Air-gap Composite Insulator

Damping Reactor

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 96

 Harmonization of
IEC and IEEE Standards
for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Harmonization of IEC & IEEE standards for HV circuit breakers

− Work done from 1995 to 2010.

− Aim: Common ratings & test requirements for making and

breaking capabilities.

− Done first for capacitive current switching, and later to harmonize

TRVs.

− Previously, common work was done on shunt reactor switching.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 98

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Introduction
− Proposals to harmonize IEC & ANSI/IEEE standards for high-
voltage circuit-breakers in the 1980’s
• C.L.Wagner and H.M. Smith “Analysis of TRV rating concepts”, IEEE
Transactions on PAS, Nov. 1984,
• S.Berneryd “Improvements possible in testing standards for HV circuit-
breakers, Harmonization of ANSI and IEC testing”, IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, Oct. 1988.
− Early contributions
• First harmonized document in IEEE C37.015 / IEC 61233 in 1993/94:
“Shunt reactor Switching” Project leaders: D.Peelo & S.S.Berneryd
• Other by R.Harner, E.Ruoss, A.Bosma & H.H.Schramm.
− The process gained momentum after a joint meeting of IEC SC17A
& 17C and the IEEE Switchgear Committee in 1995.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 99

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Introduction (Cont’d)
− Major advances have been made since 1995 towards the further
harmonization of IEC and ANSI/IEEE standards for high-voltage
circuit breakers, especially for capacitive current switching and
short-circuit breaking tests.
− A first round of harmonization was done in 1997-1999 when IEEE
C37.04 and C37.09 were revised to have
• Rated voltages 123 kV, 170kV & 245kV (IEC adopted 550kV & 800kV)
• RRRV= 2 kV/µs for circuit breakers with rated voltages ≥ 123kV
− Capacitive current ratings and tests were harmonized first.
− Harmonization of Transient Recovery Voltages (TRVs) for short-
circuit breaking tests was done in two projects:
• Harmonization of TRVs for breaking tests of circuit breakers < 100 kV
• Harmonization of TRVs for breaking tests of circuit breakers ≥ 100 kV

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 100

 Harmonization of
Capacitive Current Switching
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Capacitive current switching

− Revision prepared by a common IEC-IEEE Task Force in 1995.
− Introduction of class C1 (low probability of restrike) and class C2
(very low probability of restrike) and new test requirements.
− For class C2, the number of tests is doubled and tests are
performed after 3 interruptions with 60% of rated short circuit-
current.
− Implemented by IEC SC17A in the first edition of IEC 62271-100
(2001-05),
− Implemented by the IEEE Switchgear Committee in IEEE C37.04a
(2003-07) and C37.09a (2005-09)

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 102

 Harmonization of TRVs for
Circuit Breakers of Rated Voltages
Higher than 1 kV & Less than 100 kV
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Using the input from several Working groups of CIGRE SC A3, IEC
SC 17A started in 2002 the revision of TRV requirements for circuit-
breakers of rated voltages higher than 1 kV and less than 100 kV.
• Among the reasons for this revision, there was the need to cover
cases of application with TRV stresses that were not covered in
edition 1.1 of IEC 62271-100, for example
− Breaking terminal fault currents in systems with low capacitance
on the supply side of circuit-breakers;
− Breaking short-line fault currents in the case of direct connection
of the circuit breaker to an overhead line and with rated voltages
 15 kV and < 52 kV
− Breaking transformer-limited faults in the special cases of circuit-
breakers intended to be connected to a transformer with a
connection of small capacitance;

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 104

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Cable systems and line systems

In order to cover all types of networks (distribution, industrial and sub-
transmission) and for standardization purposes, two types of systems
are introduced:
− Cable systems
Cable systems have a TRV during breaking of terminal fault at
100% of short-circuit breaking current that does not exceed the
envelope derived from Table 24 in Edition 1.2 of IEC 62271-100.
TRV values are those defined in the former editions of IEC
standard for high-voltage circuit breakers.
− Line systems
Line systems have a TRV during breaking of terminal fault at 100%
of short-circuit breaking current defined by the envelope derived
from Table 25 in Edition 1.2 of IEC 62271-100. Standard values of
TRVs for line systems are those defined in ANSI/IEEE C37.06 for
outdoor circuit-breakers.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 105
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Comparison of TRVs for cable systems and line-systems

Envelope of Envelope of
Line system TRV Cable system TRV
Uc

t3

The rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV) for line

systems is approximately twice the value for cable systems

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 106

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Harmonization of TRVs between IEC and IEEE

IEC ANSI
kaf
TRV TRV
Table 1a t3 Outdoor c.b.
ANSI
TRV
Indoor c.b.

COMMON
TRV TRV
TRV Cable-systems Line-systems

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 107

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Classes of Circuit breakers

− Circuit-breaker class S1
circuit-breaker intended to be used in a cable system
− Circuit-breaker class S2
circuit-breaker intended to be used in a line-system, or in a cable-
system with direct connection (without cable) to overhead lines

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 108

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Classes of Circuit breakers

Circuit breaker Ur < 100 kV

ClassCS
Class S1 SLF ?
Cable-system No

Class
Class S2
LS Direct connection
Line-system to OH line Yes

Direct connection
Cable-system
to OH line Yes
Class S2
Class LS
Short-line fault breaking performance is required only for class S2

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 109

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Examples of TRVs
Table 1 – Standard values of transient recovery voltage for class S1 circuit-breakers –

Rated Type of test First-pole- Ampli- TRV Time Time RRRV a

voltage to-clear tude peak delay
factor factor value
u c /t 3
Ur k pp k af uc t3 td
kV/μs
kV p.u. p.u. kV μs μs
Terminal 1,5 1,4 20,6 61 9 0,34
fault
12
Out-of- 2,5 1,25 30,6 122 18 0,25
phase
Terminal 1,5 1,4 41,2 87 13 0,47
fault
24
Out-of- 2,5 1,25 61,2 174 26 0,35
phase
Terminal 1,5 1,4 61,7 109 16 0,57
fault
36
Out-of- 2,5 1,25 91,9 218 33 0,42
phase
Terminal 1,5 1,4 124 165 25 0,75
fault
72,5
Out-of- 2,5 1,25 185 330 50 0,56
phase

RRRV: Rate of rise of recovery voltage

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 110
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Examples of TRVs
Table 2 – Standard values of transient recovery voltage for class S2 circuit-breakers

Rated Type of test First-pole- Ampli- TRV Time Time RRRV a

voltage to-clear tude peak delay
factor factor value
Ur k pp k af uc t3 td u c /t 3

kV p.u. p.u. kV μs μs kV/μs

24 Terminal fault 1,5 1,54 45,3 43 2 1,05

Short-line 1 1,54 30,2 43 2 0,70
fault
Out-of-phase 2,5 1,25 61 86 13 0,71
36 Terminal fault 1,5 1,54 67,9 57 3 1,19
Short-line 1 1,54 45,3 57 3 0,79
fault
Out-of-phase 2,5 1,25 92 114 17 0,81
72,5 Terminal fault 1,5 1,54 137 93 5 1,47
Short-line 1 1,54 91,2 93 5 0,98
fault
Out-of-phase 2,5 1,25 185 186 28 0,99

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 111

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Amplitude factor of TRVs for cable systems and line systems

k af (p.u.)
1,9

1,8
Line systems
1,7

1,6

1,5
Cable systems
1,4

1,3

1,2

1,1

1
0 20 40 60 80 100
I
%
I sc
Amplitude factor (kaf) as function of the short-circuit current
(Isc is the rated short-circuit current)
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 112
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Short-line-fault requirements
− Short-line fault tests (SLF) are mandatory for circuit-breakers
with rated voltages of 15 kV and above, that are directly
connected to overhead lines
This requirement was limited in edition 1.1 of IEC 62271-100 to
rated voltages of 52 kV and above.
− For circuit-breakers rated 48,3 kV, 52 kV and 72,5 kV the tests
comprise a test duty L90 and a test duty L75 .
− In the voltage range of 15 kV up to and including 38 kV, the test
duty L90 has been deleted and the tolerances on the line length
for L75 have been adapted (71% to 79% SLF).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 113

 Harmonization of TRVs for
Circuit Breakers of Rated Voltages
Equal or Higher than 100 kV
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• The harmonization of TRVs for circuit-breakers of rated voltages

equal or higher than 100 kV was prepared by a common IEC-IEEE
Working Group.
• The most significant change proposed was the adoption by IEEE of
the two-parameter and four-parameter description of TRVs that is
used in IEC.
• Previously, for breaking tests with short-circuit current equal or
higher than 60% of the rated value, ANSI/IEEE specified a TRV with
a so-called “exponential-cosine” waveshape” i.e. the envelope of two
curves as shown on the next slide.
• It was also proposed that IEC changes some values of TRV
parameters and adopts a two-parameter TRV for test duty T30 (at
30% of rated short-circuit breaking current).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 115

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

Voltage 4-Parameter
U(kV)
250.0 Reference Line
uc & E2
200.0

E1
150.0

u1
100.0

Exponential - Cosine
50.0 Envelope

0 0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 t1 t2 T2 t(us)

Exponential-Cosine TRV envelope from ANSI/IEEE and the new

four-parameter TRV harmonized with IEC
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 116
 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• The revisions of IEEE standards C37.04 and C37.06 introduce the

four-parameter waveshape, as defined in IEC 62271-100, the first
segment (from O to u1-t1) is tangent to the “exponential” part of the
former waveshape and that third segment is tangent to the peak value
of TRV.
• The choice of parameters ensures that the TRV defined with four
parameters covers the old one defined by the exponential-cosine
waveshape.
• The first reference point (u1-t1) of the four-parameter envelope is
higher than the corresponding point of the exponential-cosine
envelope, this fact prompted the IEC-IEEE WG to recommend having
a compromise value, equal to
2
u1  0,75  k ppU r
3
where kpp is the first pole to clear factor and Ur is the rated voltage.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 117

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• The recommendations from the WG were approved by IEC and lead

to amendment 1 to IEC 62271-100 published in May 2002.
• The RRRV for test duty T10 (at 10% of rated short-circuit breaking
current) was set to 7 kV/µs, for all rated voltages.
• The TRV peak for test duty T10 is increased to better cover the cases
of long line faults (kaf = 1.76).
• IEEE has approved the same TRV values in
− IEEE C37.04b-2008 Amendment 2: To Change the Description of
Transient Recovery Voltage for Harmonization with IEC 62271-100
− IEEE C37.09b-2010 Amendment 2: To Change the Description of
Transient Recovery Voltage for Harmonization with IEC 62271-100
• In addition, IEEE has kept alternative values with a first-pole-to-clear
factor of 1.5 for all rated voltages (to cover three-phase ungrounded
faults).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 118

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Conclusion
− Major advances have been made during 15 years (1995-2010)
towards the harmonization of IEC and ANSI/IEEE standards for
high-voltage circuit breakers.
− It allows to perform common tests for capacitive current switching,
making and breaking short-circuit currents.
− Harmonization of TRVs is completed with harmonized values in
• amendment 1 to IEC 62271-100,
• amendments 2 to IEEE C37.04 and 09.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 119

 Harmonization of IEC & IEEE Standards

• Bibliography
− D. Dufournet - “Harmonization of IEC and IEEE Standards for
High-Voltage Circuit-Breakers and Guidance for Non-standard
Duties”, CIGRE International Technical Colloquium, September
12&13, 2007
− Wagner C.L., Dufournet D., Montillet G. - "Revision of the
Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-
Voltage Circuit-breakers of IEEE C37.011: A Working Group
Paper of the High Voltage Circuit-breaker Subcommittee", IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, January 2007, pp 161-166.
− Smith K., Dufournet D. - Harmonization of IEC and IEEE TRV
waveforms, Tutorial on Power Circuit-breakers presented at
IEEE PES General Meeting in Pittsburgh, 2008.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 120

Annexes
 Annex A
First-Pole-to-Clear Factor
(Symmetrical components)

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 122

 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

• Symmetrical Components
− C.L.Fortescue published a paper in 1918 in which he proposed a
method to resolve an unbalanced set of n phasors into a system of
n-1 balanced sequence components and one zero-sequence
component.
− The so-called symmetrical components thus created are commonly
used for the analysis of 3-phase electrical systems.
− A vector for three-phase voltages and corresponding symmetrical
components can be written as
U R  1 1 1  U 0  j 2 / 3 U 0 
1 1 1  U R 
U   1 a 2 a  U  a  e U   1 1 a a 2  U 
 S    1  1 3    S
U T  1 a a 2  U 2  U 2  1 a 2 a  U T 
 
where a is an operator that rotates any phasor quantity by 120°
− Subscripts 0, 1 and 2 refer respectively to the zero sequence,
positive sequence and negative sequence components.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 123

 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

• Symmetrical Components
Illustration of 3 unbalanced voltages Va, Vb and Vc that are each the
sum of balanced components (positive sequence, negative
sequence and zero sequence)

Positive Negative Zero

sequence sequence sequence
components components components

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 124

 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

E IR UR
• Three-phase circuit with a three-
phase terminal fault. IS US
Figure shows the situation just IT UT
after interruption by the first pole.

• Using symmetrical components

I R  0  I R  I 0  I1  I 2  0
U S  0  U S  U 0  a 2 U1  a U 2  0 (1)

U T  0  U T  U 0  a U1  a 2 U 2  0
U1  E  X 1  I1 avec a  e j 2 / 3
X1 = positive-sequence reactance
U2   X 2  I2
X2 = negative-sequence reactance
U 0   X 0  I0 X0 = zero-sequence reactance

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 125

 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

− Replacing U1, U2 and U0 in (1)

I1  I 2  I 0  0
 X 0  I 0  a 2 E  X 1  I1   a  X 2  I 2   0
 X 0  I 0  a E  X 1  I1   a 2  X 2  I 2   0
I1  I 2  I 0  0 (2)
a 2 X 1  I1  a X 2  I 2  X 0  I 0  a 2 E (3)
a X 1  I1  a 2 X 2  I 2  X 0  I 0  a E (4)

a (4) – (3): 1  a  X 2  I 2  a  1 X 0  I 0  0
 X 2  I2  X 0  I0 (5)

a (3) – (4): 1  a  X 1  I1  a  1 X 0  I 0  1  a  E
(6)
 X 1  I1  X 0  I 0  E
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 126
 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

X 0  I0
− From (5): I2  (7)
X2
X 0  I0 I1  X 2 (8)
− From (2) and (7): I1   I 0  0 and I 0  
X2 X2  X0
X  X2
− From (6): X 1  I1  0  I1  E
X2  X0
 X  X2 
I1  X 1  0   E
 X0  X2 
E
I1  (9)
X0  X2
X1 
X0  X2

− From (2) and (8): I1  X 0 (10)

I 2   I1  I 0  
X0  X2
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 127
 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

U R  U 0  U1  U 2
U R   X 0  I 0  E  X 1  I1  X 2  I 2
X0  X2 X  X2
UR   I1  E  X 1  I1  0  I1
X0  X2 X0  X2
 X0  X2  E
U R   2  X 1   E
 X0  X2 X
 X1  0  X 2
X0  X2

UR 
2 X 0  X 2  X 1  X 2  X 0  X 1   E  E
X 0  X 2  X1  X 2  X 0  X1
U R 2 X 0  X 2  X 1  X 2  X 0  X 1  3 X0  X2
 1 
E X 0  X 2  X1  X 2  X 0  X1 X 0  X 2  X1  X 2  X 0  X1

UR 3 X 0  X1 3 X0
X1  X 2 : k pp   2 
If E X1  2 X1  X 0 X1  2 X 0
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 128
 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

• Application of the basic formula k pp 

3 X0
X1  2 X 0
− Systems with non-effectively grounded neutral
3 X0
X0 is much larger than X1, then: k pp   1 .5
2 X0
− Systems with effectively grounded neutral
by definition, X0 is equal or lower than 3 X1, then the highest value of
kpp is:
3  3 .0 9 .0
k pp    1.286  1.3
1  2  3 .0 7 .0

In the case of UHV systems, the ratio X0 / X1 is close to 2, as the

system is radial and high power transformers have a great influence
on this ratio, it follows that kpp is in this case near 6 / 5 = 1.2.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 129

 First-Pole-to-Clear Factor Calculation

kpp
1,6

1,4
1,3
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

kpp X0 / X1
1,6

1,4

1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 130 X0 / X1

 Annex B
Second-Pole-to-Clear Factor
(Systems with effectively grounded neutral)

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 131

 Second-Pole-To-Clear Factor

• 3-Phase Terminal Fault IT UT

E
Calculation of the recovery US
IS
voltage of the 2nd pole to interrupt
(US), the 3rd pole (phase R) is IR UR
still conducting.
Using symmetrical components
I S  0 IT  0 U R  0 U S  U 0  a 2 U1  a U 2 (11)
I 0  I R  I S  I T  / 3  I R / 3 U1  E  X 1  I1
 
I1  I R  a I S  a 2 IT / 3  I R / 3 U2   X 2  I2
I2  I R  a2 IS  aI / 3
T  IR / 3 U 0   X 0  I0
I 0  I1  I 2 (12) X1 = positive-sequence reactance
X2 = negative-sequence reactance
avec a  e j 2 / 3 X0 = zero-sequence reactance

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 132

 Second-Pole-To-Clear Factor

• Calculation of US
U R  U 1  U 2  U 0  0  E  X 1  I 1  X 2  I1  X 0  I 1  0
E 3E
 I1  et IR 
X1  X 2  X 0 X1  X 2  X 0
from (11) and (12)
U S   X 0  I 0  a 2  E  X 1  I1   a X 2  I 2
U S   ( X 0  a X 1  a X 2 ) I1  a 2 E
    
U S  X 0  1  a2  X 2  a  a2 E / X 0  X1  X 2 

US  
 
0 .5 3  j 3 X 0  j 3 X 2  E
X 0  X1  X 2
US 3 X 0 / 2  j  X 2  X 0 / 2 (13)

E X 0  X1  X 2
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 133
 Second-Pole-To-Clear Factor

− The second-pole-to-clear factor (kpp2) is the modulus of (13)

k pp 2  3 
3 / 4 X 2
0  1/ 4 X  X 0  X 2  X
2
0 2
2 0.5

X 0  X1  X 2

with X1  X 2

k pp 2  3
 X 2
0  X 0  X1  X 1 
2 0.5

X 0  2 X1

This equation can be expressed as function of   X 0 / X1

k pp 2  3
 2
 1 0.5

2
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 134
 Second-Pole-To-Clear Factor

kpp2
1,4
1,27
1.25
1,2
1,15
1

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
X0 / X1

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 135

 Annex C
Complement on Line Faults

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 136

 Basis of short-line fault rating, single-phase fault

• In the present standard IEEE C37.04b and in IEC 62271-100, the

short-line fault rating is based on the last-pole-to-open for a three-
phase-to-ground fault or the single pole that clears a single phase-to-
ground fault.
• For a given magnitude of fault current, this results in the highest rate of
rise of recovery voltage (RRRV) since the surge impedance for the last
clearing pole is the highest as will be shown later.
• When the fault current is near full rating (90% or more), it is necessary
to test for the thermal breakdown in the arc (during the first micro-
seconds after current zero) and the RRRV is the primary factor.
• Also, the phase-to-ground fault is the most likely fault occurring on a
transmission system and it is therefore logical to choose this fault
condition to check the thermal breakdown regime.

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 137

 Basis of short-line fault rating, single-phase fault

• The line surge impedance taken in standards for last-pole-to-open

and for single-phase faults is 450 Ω. It is usually higher than in actual
system conditions and assumes that bundled conductors at the higher
system voltages have clashed, thus increasing the surge impedances.

• For lower fault currents, this clashing does not occur and therefore the
standard value of 450 Ω introduces some margin in the application as
this value is used for type testing.
• For the phase-to-ground fault case, the standards are based on a
source that has the same fault current magnitude as the breaker rating
Isc (assumed to be the same as the three phase fault current).
• This may not be the actual case in field conditions which have
significant contribution of fault current from lines, that generally show
the zero sequence power frequency reactance (X0) being 2 to 3 times
larger than the positive sequence power frequency reactance (X1),
while transformers may show a X0 less than X1.
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 138
 Basis of short-line fault rating, single-phase fault

• The fault current is determined by the phase-to-ground voltage Vph,

the source impedance Xs, and the line impedance X1line. The source
impedance is based on circuit-breaker rating (Isc): Xs = Vph / Isc.
• The line reactance per unit length for a phase to ground fault is based
on the positive (X1) and zero sequence (X0) power frequency
reactances per unit length.
• For a length of line l1, the line reactance is.
(2 X 1  X 0 )
X 1line   l1
3
• The short circuit current is the phase to ground voltage divided by the
sum of the source and line reactances using these expressions:
V ph
I 1SLF 
V ph (2 X 1  X 0 )
  l1
I Isc 3

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 139

 Basis of short-line fault rating, single-phase fault

• The calculation of the line side voltage is based on the effective surge
impedance for the last pole to interrupt Zlast, evaluated at the high TRV
frequency, and the rate of change of current at the current zero:
RRRVlast   2 I1SLF Z last
• The line side contribution to TRV is the product of RRRVlast by the time
to peak that is equal to 2 times the travel time to the fault at distance l1.
• Substituting for RRRVlast and using the speed of light c to calculate the
travel time across twice the distance l1, the line side contribution to TRV
for the last pole or the single pole is: V ph V ph

2 I1SLF I sc
eL1  RRRV  t L1   2  I1SLF  Z last  
c 2X 1X
1 0
3 3
the d-factor is then
2 1
d1    Z last  
c 2X 1X
1 0
3 3
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 140
 Annex D
Equivalent Circuit for
3-Phase to Ground Fault

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 141

 Circuit for 3-Phase to Ground Fault

• Single line diagram Three-phase diagram

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 142

 Circuit for 3-Phase to Ground Fault

• Calculation of the equivalent inductance for the first-pole-to-clear

L0  L1 L1
3 L1
L1

L1  L0  L1 
 
2  3  L L  L1  3 L1  L0
Leq  L1   L1  1 0 Leq 
L1  L0  L1  L1  2 L0 L1  2 L0
 
2  3 

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 143

 Annex E
Test Circuit for kpp = 1.3

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 144

 Test Circuit for kpp = 1.3

XSC
• The aim is to calculate the neutral ER UR
reactance (XN) in order to have the ES IS US
relevant recovery voltage on the first
XN
pole to clear (UR). In a second step,
IT UT
calculation is done for kpp= 1.3
ET
IN
− After interruption of phase R
ES  X SC  I S  X N  I N
ET  X SC  IT  X N  I N
ER  ES  ET  0
I S  IT  I N
ES  ET  ( I S  IT ) X SC  2 X N  I N   X SC  2 X N  I N   ER
 I N   ER /  X SC  2 X N 

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 145

 Test Circuit for kpp = 1.3

− Recovery voltage on the first pole to clear (pole R)


U R  ER  X N  I N  1 
XN  X  3 X N  E
 ER  SC
 X SC  2 X N   X SC  2 X N  R

− The recovery voltage must be equal to the value calculated with

sequential components 3 X0
U R  k pp  E R   ER
X1  2 X 0
with X SC  X 1 in order to have the required short-circuit current
it follows that: 3 X0 X1  3 X N

X1  2 X 0 X1  2 X N

X 0  X1 (1)
X 0  X1  3 X N and X N 
3

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 146

 Test Circuit for kpp = 1.3

− First-pole-to-clear factor: 3 X0
k pp  (2)
X1  2 X 0

− From (1) XN X 0 / X1  1 (3)


X1 3
X0 k pp
− From (2) 
X 1 3  2k pp
then X0 k pp 3 k pp  1 (4)
1 1
X1 3  2k pp 3  2 k pp
− From (3) and (4) XN k pp  1

X 1 3  2 k pp
− If kpp = 1.3 XN 0.3 0 .3
   0.75
X 1 3  2.6 0.4
TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 147
 Annex F
Bibliography

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 148

 Bibliography

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TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 149

 Bibliography

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TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 150

 Bibliography

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part of the transient recovery voltage. Electra N°46 (1976).
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grandes centrales modernes. CIGRE Session 1976, Rapport 13-03 (1976).

TRV HV Circuit Breakers P 151

 Bibliography

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Networks, Electra N°63 (1979-03)
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Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-102, N°19 (1983-9).
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(TRV) rating concepts. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
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 Thanks for your attention
Questions ?

At Hilton Palacio del Rio, San Antonio (Texas), September 19th 2013