DR.

EUNIZA ANAK JUSLI

Email: euniza@ucts.edu.my
ROOM 15, AS1 EXT:470
 TOPIC OUTLINE
1.Introduction
2.Elements of transportation planning
3.Institutionalization of transportation
planning
4.Urban transportation planning
5.Forecasting travel
6.Tutorial
 TOPIC OUTCOMES
1. Understand the major elements of the
transportation planning process and how
the process influences decision making.
2. Explain the seven basic elements of the
transportation planning process.
3. Categorize the five relevant processes for
implementing transportation planning
recommendations.
4. Apply the elements of urban transportation
planning and travel forecasting.
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Transportation planning is a
preparation planning to move/transfer
human, animal or other item to some
place to another place. This planning
relate to the operation of the highway
system, geometry, and operation of
traffic facilities
FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

To identify highway
system component

To identify models of To define transportation

transportation planning

To recall the process and

purpose of construction
planning design
 IMPORTANCE OF
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
1. Efficiency – to achieve efficient management and
better management of existing resources
 Effective use of transportation system
 Uses of technology
 Land use and resource controlling
2. Quality
To reduce a negative impact to the traffic
that produce a pollution
3. Equity
to meet travel demand and response for all
communities
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD
Short Term (Action Plan)
Review matters that can be completed
within three years and involve high costs.

Example: A program to optimize the use

of existing transportation systems by
installing various traffic control devices such
as signs, traffic signals, Automated
Enforcement Systems (AES), etc.
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD

Long Term ( ≥ 5 years)

This type of planning is more structured
and complicated and it must be designed
better than short term planning

Urban transportation planning process

involves planning the next 20 to 25 year
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

The
transportation
traffic/travel
Relationship system can
determine the make/built a pattern is
study the between the influence the
transportation transportation clear, stable
profitability various modes development
needs formulas and can be
of transport. for that area
control
and ready to
serve it.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
PLANNING PROCESS
Studied/Research stage

research and analysis that shows the current demand and

the relationship of movement with the and environmental
demands

Forecast stage

formulating the plan, predict future travel demand and MONITORING AND
make a recommendation to fulfill traffic demand.
REVIEW
The evaluation stage

to assess whether the proposals made satisfactory demand

and provide maximum benefit to the community

IMPLEMENTATION
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS
1. SITUATION DEFINITION
2. PROBLEM DEFINITION
3. SEARCH FOR SOLUTION
4. ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
5. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE
6. CHOICE OF PROJECT
7. SPECIFICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
1. Situation definition Involve all of the activities required to understand the
situation that gave rise to the perceived need for a
transportation improvement.
Information about surrounding area, its people and their
travel habits may be obtained.

2. Problem definition To describe the problem in term of objectives to be

accomplished by the project.
Objectives are statements of purpose such as to reduce
traffic congestion, to improve safety etc.
3. Search for solution Consideration is given to variety of ideas, design,
location, and system configuration that might provide
solution to the problem.
4. Analysis of performance To estimate how each of the proposed alternatives would
perform under present and future conditions
5. Evaluation of alternative To determine how well each alternative will be achieve
the objectives of the project
6. Choice of project Made after considering all the factors involved.

7. Specification and Once the transportation project has been selected, the
construction project move into the detailed design phase which each
of the components of the facilities is specified
 Situation definition Inventory transportation facilities
Measure travel pattern
Review previous/prior studies

Problem definition
Define objective
~Reduce travel time

Consider options
Search for solution ~Location and type
~Toll charge

Analysis of performance For each option, determine

~Cost
~Traffic flow
~Impact
Evaluation of alternative For bridge project, determine
~Benefit vs. cost
~Profitability
~Cost-effectiveness

Consider factors involved

Choice of project
~Revenue cost forecast
~Site location
~Political judgement

Specification and Design the bridge

construction Contractor selection
Transfer of completed bridge to
authority for operation and
maintenance

Example 1: Basic elements in the transportation planning process applied to

consider the feasibility of a new bridge.
 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING INSTITUTION
• The transportation planning process is based on a systems
approach to problem solving and is quite general in its
structure.
• The process is not confined to highways but can be applied to
many other situations, such as intercity high-speed rail
feasibility studies, airport location, port and harbour
development, and urban transportation systems.
 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ORGANIZATION

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE CITIZENS’ ADVISORY

1. Composed of COMMITTEE
POLICY COMMITTEE
engineering and planning 1. Include representatives
1. Composed of elected or staffs from labour and business,
appointed officials, such as interested citizens, and METROPOLITAN
the director of public 2. Responsible to carry out
the work or evaluating the members of community PLANNING ORGANIZATION
works, who represent the interest group. (MPO)
governing bodies or technical aspects of the
agencies that will be project prepared by 2. Express community 1. Transportation policy-
affected by the results. consultant. goals and objectives, to making organization made
3. Assure necessary suggest alternatives, and up of representatives from
2. Makes the basic policy to react to proposed local government and
decisions for the study. evaluations and cost
comparisons for each alternatives. transportation authorities.
3. Committee will decide project alternative are 3. Open dialogue is
on management aspects, complete and supervise the facilitated among the policy
key issues of a financial or technical details of the makers, technical staff and
political nature. entire process. community.
 GENERAL POLICY OF TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
1. social aspects
improve the social aspects as can be done safely and comfortably
2. economic aspects
with the existence variety of travel pattern, activities such as employment,
population and household income will be increase.
3. physical aspects
create an efficient transportation system because there are various modes of
transportation introduced

To reduce traffic congestion in urban areas, the following elements are required:

capacity
widening access, traffic lights, sidewalks, traffic lights, parking (cars, motorcycles, bicycles)

priority
priority to bus routes, truck, space is limited (pedestrian), parking

restraint
access control, incentives to use public transport, car sharing, land-use policy.
 THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT POLICY

High quality urban transport impacts on the pattern of living,

including :

1. affect / improve the productivity and economic growth

2. provide increased accessibility and influence and
prices and land use
3. affect the standard of living
4. affect the environment in the city
 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
RECCOMENDATIONS

1. Transportation planning process – generation of plans for

various types of transportation facilities and programs
2. Transportation programming process – act of reconciling
recommended projects from the planning process with the
amount of funds available over an expected period of time (3 –
6 years)
3. Preliminary engineering and right-of-way process – variations
of alignment may be considered and environmental studies
may be conducted.
4. Construction process – advertising the project, soliciting bids,
and constructing the project as well as specifications,
construction inspection and acceptance by the owner.
 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
RECCOMENDATIONS

5. Operations and maintenance process

– ensure that the investment remain effective, such as pavement
management and signal retiming.
- Include monitoring of system performance, such as changes in
travel time, reliability, or use, that would influence transportation
planning process.
 TRANSPORTATION STUDIES IN PLANNING
PROCESS
Origin and • To show the pattern and nature of daily trips made by the residents
Destination • to plan the transportation in urban city especially the type of land use, road/traffic
study (O-D) network and public transportation system.
• To collect data on the number of vehicles / pedestrian that pass a point during a
Traffic specified time period
Volume
• To know whether the existing road can accommodate the vehicles that using a road.
Studies
• ensure the smooth movement of vehicles and traffic safety
• Conducted to estimate the distribution of speeds of vehicles in a stream of traffic at
Spot speed particular location.
studies • Carried out by recording the speed of a sample of vehicles at specific location
• Will be valid only for the traffic and environmental conditions that exist at the time of
study.
Travel • A travel time study determines the amount of time required to travel from one point to
time and another on a given route.
delay • Information may also collected on the location, duration, and causes of delays.
studies • data also aid the traffic engineer in identifying problems at the location.

Parking • The need of parking spaces is usually very great in the areas where land uses including business,
residential and commercial activities
studies
• Providing adequate parking space to meet the demand for parking in central parking district may
affect the level of service.
 TRAVEL FORECASTING PROCESS
1. INVENTORY 2. LAND USES
Include the establishment of required a detailed
the data for the evaluation assessment and
of the existing travel forecasting in terms of
demand and existing travel distribution of area,
capacity population,
employment, economic,
Involve 2 main task which is
social and land use
collecting and processing data
activities.
 3. TRIP GENERATION 4. TRIP DISTRIBUTION
The first model of travel The second model travel
demand used in demand used in
transportation planning transportation planning
process. process.
Used to predict which To get a travel/traffic
zone the traffic will flow. pattern (in/out) in a zone.
Shows the total traffic in
certain time, distance
and cost.
 5. MODE CHOICE 6. TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT
To estimate the number of trips by Intended to give a traffic direction to
different types of transport which road in road/transport
network.
Limited to public and private
transport only

7. ASSESSMENT
• contains the testing and evaluation of the alternatives selected
before.
• emphasis on the ability of the traffic and environmental impact of
each alternative strategy
• to choose and determine the best transportation system for future
needs
 TRAVEL DEMAND MODELS
Is the process of determining the number of trips that
will begin or end in each traffic analysis zone within a
TRIP study area.
To develop a relationship between trip end
GENERATION production or attraction and land use.
To use the relationship to estimate the number of trips
generated at some future date under a new set of land
use condition.

trip distribution is a process by which the trip

generated in one zone are allocated to another zones in
TRIP the study area.
These trips may within the study area (internal –
DISTRIBUTION internal) or between the study area and area outside
the study area (internal – external)
To get a travel/traffic pattern (in/out) in a zone
 TRAVEL DEMAND MODELS
Mode choice is that aspect of the demand
analysis process that determines the number (or
MODE percentages) of trips between zones.
CHOICE Depends on factors such as the traveler’s income
and the availability of transit service
limited to public and private vehicles only

The final step in the forecasting process

To determine the actual street and highway
TRAFFIC routes that will be used and the number of vehicles
that can be expected on each highway segment
ASSIGNMENT to give a traffic direction to which road in
road/transport network
 PURPOSE OF TRAVEL DEMAND
MODEL
This process is important to be in transportation
planning for:
provide new transportation system
improve the existing system
build highways, transit systems and other

To determine the number of trips that will use the

existing transportation system. trips taken in the form of
vehicle / non-transport and private vehicles and public
transport