UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS – TALAMBAN CAMPUS

NASIPIT, TALAMBAN, CEBU

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

A WRITTEN REPORT ON

FRICTION AND LUBRICATION

In partial fulfilment for the requirements of

ME 423 Internal Combustion Engines

Submitted by:

Bermoy, Nobel Engzen D.

ELEMENTS

1. This is a system using a full-flow filter and a bypass valve. - Shunt filtration
2. Oil - a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant.
3. Thermal efficiency = the efficiency of a heat engine measured by the ratio of the work done
by it to the heat supplied to it.
4. Splash Lubrication - oil is splashed up from the oil pan or oil trays in the lower part of the
crankcase
5. A piston has a compression ring and an oil ring.
6. Wet sump Lubrication – used in 4 stroke small engines.
7. Pour point is the temperature which the liquid loses its flow characteristics.
8. A piston is a cylindrical engine component that slides back and forth in the cylinder bore.
9. Stroke is the distance a piston travels up or down inside the cylinder.
10. Oil Degradation- One of the primary sources of acid in engine oil is usually the result of fuel
dilution.
11. Oil strainer- removes some of the larger pieces of debris from the oil.
12. Leakage of air-fuel mixture or of combustion gases between a piston and the cylinder wall into
the crankcase. A: Blow-by
13. Pressure Relief Valve- used to prevent damage to the engine due to too much oil pressure.
14. A percentage of the power generated within the engine cylinders is lost to friction.
15. Lubricating oil can also be used as a coolant for regions the liquid coolant cannot reach.
16. Turbochargers do not use the engine output as a source of power, instead the waste energy from
the exhaust is used.
17. A compression ring is to seal the combustion chamber from the crankcase and transfer heat
from the piston to the cylinder.
18. The effect of using a supercharger is called supercharged.
19. The oil from the sump is collected due to the suction created by the oil pump.
20. Leakage of air-fuel mixture or of combustion gases between a piston and the cylinder wall into
the crankcase. - Blow-by
21. Frictional resistance- is the net fore-and-aft forces upon the ship due to tangential fluid forces.
22. Throttle controls the air flow rate.
23. Supercharger or turbocharger is equipped in an engine to improve power and can cause the
intake gases to be at a high temperature.
24. WOT stands for wide open throttle.
25. Oil Filter - is a filter designed to remove contaminants from engine oil, transmission oil,
lubricating oil, or hydraulic oil.
26. Only part of the oil leaving the pump flows through the filter, the rest bypassing it without being
filtered. A: Bypass oil filtration
27. Lubricating oil holds two surfaces apart and one surface hydraulically floats on the other
surface.
28. A piston ring is a split ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in a
reciprocating engine.
29. Engine displacement is the swept volume of all the pistons inside the cylinders of a
reciprocating engine from TDC to BDC.
30. The viscosity of a lubricating oil is high at a low temperature.
31. A dynamometer is a device for measuring force, torque, or power.
32. The gross indicated work is equal to the sum of the net indicated work and the pump indicated
work.
33. An intake valve is larger than an exhaust valve.
34. Camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part.
35. An oil ring is a piston ring designed to secure proper distribution of lubricating oil over the
length of cylinder wall traversed by the piston.
36. Crankshaft is a part of the engine which transmits the reciprocating motion of the piston to the
driven unit in the form of rotary motion.
37. The base of an internal combustion engine, which serves as a reservoir of oil for the lubrication
system. A: Oil Sump
38. Dry Sump Lubrication- system uses two or more oil pumps and a separate oil reservoir.
39. Oil Level Indicator- was developed in response to the need of maintenance professionals to
gauge the oil level inside large tanks, gearboxes and reservoirs.
40. The oils with lower viscosity grades are less viscous and are used in cold weather operation.
41. A surface is the outside part or uppermost layer of something.
42. Oil sump - is a low space that collects often undesirable liquids such as water or chemicals.
43. Imep stands for indicated mean effective pressure.
44. Lubricating oil must resist being squeezed out from between the surfaces, even under the
extreme forces experienced in an engine between some components.
45. Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, involving the
production of heat and light.
46. Oil filter remove impurities from the engine oil.
47. Force Feed and Splash- oil is delivered to some parts by means of splash and to other parts
through oil passages, under pressure from a pump in the crankcase.
48. Mechanical efficiency is the measure of a machine’s effectiveness to transform input power into
output power.
49. These reduce the foaming that would result when the crankshaft and other components rotate at
high speed in the crankcase oil sump. A: Antifoam agents
50. Scavenge pumps - draw it away and transfer it to a (usually external) reservoir.
51. The only resistance to relative motion of a lubricated surface is the shearing of fluid layers
between the surfaces.
52. It should not require excessive force to shear liquid layers of a lubricating oil.
53. Fmep stands for friction mean effective pressure.
54. Detergent is a water-soluble cleansing agent that combines with impurities and dirt to make
them more soluble.
55. Oil pump- in an internal combustion engine circulates engine oil under pressure.
56. Macroscopic means visible to the naked eye.
57. Piston rings help prevent lubricating oil from entering the combustion chamber.
58. Anti-foam agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in
industrial process liquids.
59. Power is the rate of doing work.
60. The higher the viscosity value, the greater is the force needed to move adjacent surfaces or to
pump oil through a passage.
61. Work is the output of any heat engine.
62. Wet sump- is a lubricating oil management design for piston engines which uses the crankcase
as a built-in reservoir for oil.
63. Components that are added to create a lubricant that will allow maximum performance and life
span of the engine. A: Additives
64. SAE stands for Society of Automotive Engineering.
65. More output power will be generated by a larger engine.
66. High viscosity oil results in greater pump work and reduced brake work and power output of an
engine.
67. Pressure bypass valves serve to control pressure in a system by diverting a portion of the flow.
68. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile
stress.
69. Indicated power is the sum of both the friction power and brake power.
70. Mechanical efficiency the ratio between the brake work and the indicated work.
71. The engine lubrication system- designed to lubricate, cool the engine by carrying heat away.
72. Full Force feed- the main bearings, rod bearings, camshaft bearings, and the complete valve
mechanism are lubricated by oil under pressure.
73. Bearings squeezes out the oil film between two surfaces when not in motion.
74. Microscopic means too small to be seen by the unaided eye.
75. Bore represents the size, in terms of diameter, of a cylinder in which a piston travels.
76. Thrust means to push suddenly or violently in a specified direction.
77. Mean effective pressure is the ratio between the work and engine displacement.
78. The viscosity of a lubricating oil is low at a high temperature.
79. CI engine is a combustion ignition engine.
80. Oil flows through the piston rings to lubricate and form a thin film around the cylinder walls.
81. Lubricating oil reduces wear and friction resistance on engine parts.
82. An additive which allows oil to continue to flow at low temperature. A: Pour-point depressant
83. BDC stands for bottom dead center.
84. Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made.
85. Detergents help keep deposits and impurities in suspension and stop reactions that form varnish
and other surface deposits.
86. Oil film between surfaces needed for lubrication and wear reduction constitutes a large thermal
resistance and a poor conduction path.
87. Torque is defined as force acting at a moment distance.
88. TDC stands for top dead center.
89. Turbocharged is the effect of an internal combustion engine equipped with a turbocharger.
90. Mep stands for mean effective pressure.
91. Dry sump- used in 4 stoke engines.
92. Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces.
93. Lubricating oil must adhere to the solid surfaces.
94. Lubricating oils are generally rated using a viscosity scale established by the Society of
Automotive Engineering (SAE).
95. A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and
reduces friction between moving parts.
96. Oil pressure indicator- the light turns or gauge reads low when pressure drops.
97. SI engine is a spark-ignition engine.
98. The crankcase of many engines also serves as the oil reservoir, with the movement of the
crankshaft and connecting rods splash oil over all exposed surfaces.
99. Brake power is directly measured by connecting the crankshaft output to a dynamometer.
100. Mist Lubrication- used in 2 stroke engines.
 PROBLEMS

11-1. The connecting rod in Fig. 11-9 experiences a force of 1000 N in the position shown
during the power stroke of a four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle SI engine operating at 2000 RPM.
Crankshaft offset equals 3.0 cm and connecting rod length equals 9.10 cm.

Calculate:

(a) Side thrust force felt in the cylinder wall at this moment. [N]
(b) Distance the piston has traveled from TDC. [cm]
(c) Engine displacement if S = 0.94 B. [L]
(d) Side thrust force felt in the cylinder wall when the piston is at TDC. [N]

Solution:
3
(a) Tan ϕ = 9.10 = 0.3297

] ϕ = 18.246°

Ft = Ft sinϕ = (1000N) sin(18.246°)

Ft = 313N

(b) Using figure 11-9

Solve for stroke length, S ; given crank offset ,a = 3cm
 S = [a2 + r2]1/2 = [(3cm)2 + (9.10cm)2]1/2 = 9.5818 cm
x = a + r -s = 3 + 9.10 – 9.5818 = 2.52 cm

(c) Stroke and bore lengths

S = 2a = 2(3cm) = 6 cm

𝑆 6𝑐𝑚
B = 0.94 = = 6.38 cm
0.94

Vd = Nc (ᴨ/4)B2S =(4 cycle) (ᴨ/4)(6.38 cm)2 (6cm) = 767 cm3 = 0.767 L

(d) At TDC ϕ = 0°
Ft = Ft sin ϕ = Ft sin (0°) = 0

11-2. Why do cylinders in IC engines get out-of-round as the engine is operated for a long period
of time? Why is wear on the cylinder walls not the same along the length of the cylinder?
Theoretically, why is piston frictional force equal to zero at TDC and BDC? In actuality, why is
piston frictional force not equal to zero at TDC and BDC?

Cylinders get out-of-round because the side thrust force between the piston and cylinder
wall is not uniform around the circumference of the cylinder. It is greatest (with the greatest
wear) on the major thrust side, substantial on the minor thrust side, and less in other planes.

Wear is non-uniform along the length of the cylinder because of the changing force
magnitude and the changing angle between the connecting rod and the centerline of the cylinder,
and a resulting non-uniform wear pattern.

Friction force on the piston should be zero at TDC and BDC because in theory the piston
is stopped (no motion) at these points. In reality the piston assembly does not all stop at the same
instance because of the very high acceleration rates at these points. Deflections in the connecting
components and stretching or compression of the piston occur due to high mass inertia.
11-3. A six-cylinder IC engine has a 6.00-cm bore, a 5.78-cm stroke, and a connecting rod length
of 11.56 cm. In the power stroke of the cycle for one cylinder at a crank position of 90° aTDC,
the pressure in the cylinder is 4500 kPa and the sliding friction force on the piston is 0.85 kN.
Piston acceleration at this point can be considered zero.

Calculate:

(a) Force in the connecting rod at this point. [kN] Is it compressive or tensile?

(b) Side thrust force on the piston at this point. [kN] Is it on the major thrust side or the minor
thrust side?

(c) Side thrust force on the piston at this point if the wrist pin is offset 2 mm to reduce the side
thrust force. (Assume rod force and friction force are the same as above.) [kN]

Solution:

(a) Using figure 11-9

𝑆 5.78 𝑐𝑚
Crank offset, a = 2 = = 2.89 cm
2

Sinϕ = 2.89/11.56 = 0.250

Φ = 14.478°
 Using equation:
m(dUp/dt) = -Frcosϕ + P(ᴨ/4) B2 – Ft = 0
Ft = -Fr cos(14.478° + (4500 kN/m2) (ᴨ/4) (0.06m)2 = 0.85 Kn
Fr = 12.27 kN compressive

(b)
Ft = [-m(dUp/dt) + P(ᴨ/4) B2 – Ft] tan ϕ= [ 0 + (4500) (ᴨ/4) (0.06)2 – 0.85] tan (14.478°)
Ft = 3.06 kN on major thrust side
(c) With wrist pin offset 2mm
Sinϕ = 2.69/11.56 = 0.233
Φ = 13.456°
Ft =[ 0 + (4500) (ᴨ/4) (0.06)2 – 0.85] tan (13.456°) = 2.84 kN

11-4. A V6, two-stroke cycle SI automobile engine has a 3.1203-inch bore and 3.45-inch stroke.
The pistons have a height of 2.95 inches and diameter of 3.12 inches. At a certain point during
the compression stroke, piston speed in one cylinder is 30.78 ft/sec. The lubricating oil on the
cylinder walls has a dynamic viscosity of 0.00OO42Ibf-sec/ft2. Calculate the friction force on
the piston under this condition. [lbf]

Clearance between piston and wall

Δy = (3.1203 - 3.12)/2 = 0.00015 in. = 0.0000125 ft
τ = μ (Δu/ Δy) = (0.000042 lbf-sec/ft2) [(30.78 ft/sec)/(0.0000125 ft)] = 103.42 lbf/ft2
Force on piston with interface surface area A = (3.1415)(B)(height)
F = τA = (103.42 lbf/ft2) [(3.1415)(3.12/12 ft)(2.95f12 ft)] = 20.8 lbf

11-5. A four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, 2.8-liter, opposed-cylinder SI engine has brake mean
effective pressure and mechanical efficiency as follows:

at 1000 RPM bmep = 828 kPa TIm = 90%

2000 RPM bmep = 828 kPa TIm = 88%
3000 RPM bmep = 646 kPa TIm = 82%
Calculate:

(a) Brake power at 2000 RPM. [kW]

(b) Friction mean effective pressure at 2500 RPM. [kPa]
(c) Friction power lost at 2500 RPM. [kW]

(a)
Using Eq. (2-88)
828 = (1000)(Wb)(2)/(2.8) (2000/60)
Wb = 38.64 kW

(b)
using Eq. (2-37) at 1000 RPM
imep = bmep/ ηm = (828 kPa)/0.90 = 920 kPa
fmep = imep - bmep = 920 - 828 = 92 kPa

at 2000 RPM
imep = (828 kPa)/0.88 = 941 kPa
fmep = 941 - 828 = 113 kPa

at 3000 RPM
imep = (646 kPa)/0.82 = 788 kPa
fmep = 788 - 646 = 142 kPa

Eq. (11-12)
fmep=A + BN + CN2
92 = A + 1000 B + 1,000,000 C
113 = A + 2000 B + 4,000,000 C
142 = A + 3000 B + 9,000,000 C

A = 79 B = 0.009 C = 0.000004
at 2500 RPM
fmep = 79 + (0.009)(2500) + (0.000004)(2500)2 = 126.5 kPa

(c)
Eq. (2-88)
126.5 = (1000)(Wf)(2)/(2.8)(2500/60)
Wf = 7.38 kW

11-6. A 110-in.3-displacement, six-cylinder SI automobile engine operates on a two-stroke cycle

with crankcase compression and throttle body fuel injection. With AF = 17.8 and the engine
running at 1850 RPM, the automobile cruises at 65 mph and gets 21 miles per gallon of gasoline.
Oil is added to the inlet air at a rate such that input fuel-to-oil ratio is 40:1. Relative charge is
64% and the exhaust residual from the previous cycle is 6%. Combustion efficiency TIc = 100%
and the density of gasoline Pg = 46.8 Ibm/ft3.

Calculate:
(a) Rate of oil use. [gaI/hr]
(b) Trapping efficiency of the engine. [%]
(c) Rate of unburned oil added to the exhaust flow. [gaI/hr]

(a)
fuel rate
mf = (65 miles/hr)/(21 miles/gal) = 3.095 gal/hr = (3.095 gal/hr)(46.8 lbm/ft3)/(7.481 gal/ft3)
mf = 19.36 lbm/hr

oil use rate

moil = (3.095 gal/hr)/40 = 0.0774 gal/hr

(b) using time rate form of Eq. (5-26) for mixture trapped
λ = 0.64 = mtc / [Vd ρa (N/n)] = mtc / {[110/(12)3 ft3 /cycle](0.0739 lbm/ft3)(1850/60) cycle/sec)}
mtc trapped = 0.0928 lbm/sec
fuel trapped with 0.06 exhaust residual and AF = 17.8
mf = (0.0928 lbm/sec)(0.94)(1/18.8) = 0.00464 lbm/sec = 16.71 lbm/hr

fuel flow time rate form of Εq. (5-24)

λ = mtc / mf = 16.71/19.36 = 0.863 = 86.3%

(c)
(moil)ex = moil (1 – λ)
(0.0774 gal/hr)(1 - 0.863) = 0.0106 gal/hr

11-7. When a supercharger is installed on a four-stroke cycle SI engine with a compression ratio
Yc = 9.2:1, the indicated thermal efficiency at WOT is decreased by 6%. Mass of air in the
cylinders is increased by 22% when operating at the same speed of 2400 RPM. Engine
mechanical efficiency stays the same, except that 4% of the brake crankshaft output is needed to
run the supercharger.

Calculate:

(a) Indicated thermal efficiency without a supercharger. [%]

(b) Indicated thermal efficiency with a supercharger. [%]
(c) Percent increase of indicated power when a supercharger is installed.[%]
(d) Percent increase of brake power when a supercharger is installed. [%]

(a) Εq. (3-31)

ηt = 1 - (1/rc)k-1 = 1 - (1/9.2)0.35 = 0.540 = 54.0 %
(b) with supercharger
ηt = (54.0)(1 - 0.06) = 50.8%
(c) Qin will be proportional to air flow in ma
indicated power
(Wwith s.c.)/(Wwithout) = (ηt Qin)with / (ηt Qin)without = [(0.508)(1.22)]/[(0.540)(1.00)] = 1.148
14.8% increase with supercharger
(d) increase in brake power
(l.l48)(1 - 0.04 to drive s.c.) = 1.102 = 10.2% increase