ASSIGNMENT

Assigned to: Muzamil Ahmed

Assigned by: Dr. Zainab
Subject: Environmental Science
Topic: Report on Larkana and it’s Environmental
issues
Date:
 LARKANA AND IT’S ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Introduction:
 Larkana is a city in the north-west of the Sindh province of Pakistan, where
the historic Indus River flows in south of the city.
 It is home to the Indus Valley Civilization site Mohenjo-daro, which is larger in
size than Babylonia and Assyria.
 It is home district of two former Prime Ministers of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto and also the district of former Chief
Minister of Sindh, Mumtaz Ali Bhutto.
 The city is located within Larkana District. Formerly known as 'Chandka', Larkana
is located on the south bank of "Ghar canal", about 40 miles (64 km) south of the
town Shikarpur, and 36 miles (58 km) north east of Mehar.

History of Larkana:
 Chandka is the old name of Larkana.
 Larkana was renowned for its production of cloth in those days. Its product of
cloth was shifted from Mohen-Jo-Daro to the rest of countries via water ways, in
the mean time the same cloth was used for Mummification in Egypt. Thus credit
for unparalleled technological advancement of Mohen-Jo-Daro goes to its trade
of cloth.
 Aryans had come to Sindh in 2234 B.C. and settled in different part of Sindh,
and while crossing Larkana, reached Bhanbhoor. Jhokar-jo-Daro is proof of
Aryan visit.
 Different people came in Sindh but non could eliminate the tradition of Aryans till
teachings of Gotam Bodh spread in 480's B.C whose proof is found in Moen-jo-
Daro that was a center of worship for Buddhism.
 Sikandar (i-e Alexander) attacked Sindh in 330 B.C. His forces had crossed little
known village as Mahota. It was named by his forces as Maota in Greek.
 After Greeks Sindh was ruled by Gupta dynasty from 320 CE to 525 CE.
 Thus, Chandias were rewarded heavily for their contribution. It was in this period
that Larkana was named as Chandka.
 However, after demise of Jam Nizamuddin, Shah Beg Argon started ruling over
Sindh. Larkano city is purely result of Construction of Canal “Ghaar Wah”.
 In the late 16th century, Kalhora started their rule. In their rule, Shah Baharo was
a ruler of Larkano in Kalhora period Sindhi language rose to its peak, especially
in the period of Mian Sarfaraz Ahmed Khan Kalhoro Sahb. After end of Kalhora
rule, period of Talpur came and Nawab Wali Mohammad Khan was made
Governor of Larkano
 In 1843 the English occupied Sindh and divided Sindh in three parts namely
Karachi, Hyderabad and Shikarpur.
 Larkana was the part of Shikarpur and Dadu was part of Larkana.
  In 1930 Dadu was made a separate district and Larkana got its present shape
during Historic movement for Pakistan.
 Larkanians took active role in movement of Khilafat and Higrat so on the whole
Larkana is always been the centre of political activity in Sindh.

Historic background:
 Larkana is first mentioned in the "Tuhfatulakram", a book written in Kalhora
period. Even in this book, nothing is told about the origin of the city. Larkana is
discussed in later histories like "Tareekh Taza Navai Muarka", "Lab-Tareekh-e-
Sindh", and in travelogues of foreign travellers. In histories of pre-Kalhora period,
such as "Chach Nama", "Aeen-e-Akbari", "Tareekh-e-Masoomi", and "Tareekh-e-
Mazhar Shah Jahani", nothing is found about this city.
 This reveals that Larkana exerted its political, cultural, and economic importance
during the period of Kalhoras. This city possibly did not exist before this period
or, if existed, was a small village of no importance.
British Times (1843 to 1947):
 British after conquering Sindh started irrigation canals and Larkana got a lot of
importance.
 British made Larkana the headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka.
For some time Larkana and rest of Sindh was part of the Bombay Presidency of
British India.
 The city lay on the route of the North-Western Railway, and the population
according to the 1901 census of India was 14,543.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India reads:
 The country surrounding Lārkāna is fertile and populous, and perhaps the finest
tract in the whole of the province: The spacious walks, well laid-out gardens, and
luxuriant foliage, have gained for Lārkāna the title of the 'Eden of Sind.'
 It is one of the most important grain marts of Sind, and is famous for a variety of
rice called sugdāsi. There is a large local traffic in metals, cloth, and leather.
 The principal manufactures are cloth of mixed silk and cotton, coarse cotton
cloth, metal vessels, and leathern goods.
 The town contains a dispensary, an Anglo-vernacular school attended by 80
pupils, and a vernacular school with three branches, attended altogether by 379
pupils.
Geography:
 The district is bounded on the north by Balochistan Province, on the east by
Shikarpur and Khairpur districts and part of Nausheroferoz district, to the south,
is bounded by the Dadu District and to the west by the Kohistan area of the
Khirthar range, which separates it side, adjoining the Shikarpur, Khairpur and
Nausheroferoz district.

Geographically, the district is divided into three parts viz,

1. The Kohistan Tract,
2. Central Canal Irrigation Tract and
3. The Eastern Tract.
 The Western portion of the district comprising western parts of Shahdadkot,
Kamber and the Warah Talukas consists of the Kohistan area.
 A range of limestone hills and mountains referred to by the old writers as the
“Hallar”, but generally known as the Khirthar range, extends along the whole
western boundary of the district, with a breadth of 19 to 21 kilometers in a
straight line.
 The Khirthar range consists of an ascending series of ridges, running generally
north to south with broad, flat valleys in between.
 These ridges are locally distinguished by different names, for example, the first
line of hills is known as “Kakrio” (broken), the next as “Karo”(Black), and the third
as “Pinaro” (Saffron coloured).
 The highest ridge of the range at its northern extremity is about 1,500 meters
above the sea-level. The most elevated peak known as “Kute-ji-Kabar” (dog’s
tomb) is 2064 meters above the sea-level.
 The entire area of this district within the protective bounds (one on the western
side to prevent hill torrents in rainy season and the other on the eastern side of
the district to protect the canal irrigated area from rivers (floods) is irrigated by a
network of canals viz. the Rice Canal, Dadu Canal, Warah Canal, Khirthar Canal
and Saifullah Magsi Canal. The area irrigated by these canals is 870,127 acres
(3,521.28 km2).
 The total area under forests is about 25532 hectares.
 Some of the important forests are Salihani, Agani, Nauabad, Amrote, Keti
Chandka, Khuhra, Madeji, Khokhar, Tajudero, Visar, Adamji, Sharifpur, Dasu,
Behman, Hassan Wahan, Gajidero, Abrepota, Beli Gaji, Bagi, Shahbeg,
Gangherko and Tatri.
Location:
 Larkana city is the headquarters of Larkana District.
 Centrally located with respect to the district, Larkana lies on 27o33' 39.60" north
latitude and 68012'27.00" east longitude (coordinates of Lahori Regulator on
Rice Canal in Larkana). Lahori Regulator will be at exact centre of the map.
 Sukkur is at a distance of about 85 km in east.
 Other important towns in vicinity of Larkana are Miro Khan and Naudero. The
district shares its western boundaries with Baluchistan Province.

Climate:
 Larkana is a monsoon climatic region.
 Summer is extremely hot as temperature reaches at 53 °C and winter is a little
cool as temperature drops to −2 °C.
 On May 26, 2010 the mercury hit at record 53.4 °C becoming the hottest city in
the country's history.
 On May 31, 1998 the mercury hit the at 52.7 °C.
 On May 18, 2013 the temperature in the city remained at 50 degrees Celsius in
Larkana.
 This hot weather sometime cost human lives.
 In June 2007 couple of people died as a result of hot summer.
 Hot weather keeps many in the city to remain at home, several cases of fainting
are occasionally reported.
 Hot days continue from May till September, followed by Monsoon Rains,
sometime bringing floods in the nearby areas.
 Monsoon season starts from July and continues till September and brings
Torrential Rains.
 Pre-Monsoon also occurs occasionally in the month of June while post-monsoon
occurs rarely.
 On July 8, 2003 Larkana experienced a cloudburst of 209 mm in just 12 hours
due to a well marked low pressure which came from Bay of Bengal.
 Thunderstorms are very common, they often develop in all months.
 Most dangerous thunderstorm occurred on April 21, 2012, it was a supercell
thunderstorm which came from west side with heavy downpour due to strong
Western Disturbance which was developed in Gulf of Oman.
 Duststorms are also very common in summer and monsoon especially from
March to September.
 On March 27, 2013 a duststorm came with the damaging winds of 90 km/h due
to a severe thunderstorm and it brought some rainfall also.
  Hailstorms are unusual and occur mainly from February to April.
 Larkana experienced a powerful hailstorm in April 2006 and again on 14 March
2015 followed by heavy downpour.
 In 2012 Larkana received heavy downpours of 236 mm from 5–10 September
which flooded the whole city.
 Same as in August 2011 also, the city received intermittent heavy Rains from 25
to 31 August and again in September 2011 with time to time.
 In Monsoon of 1994 the city received 510 mm of rainfall as most powerful low
pressures hit Sindh which is the highest rainfall recorded in past 25 years.

Population:
 Population of Larkana is increasing rapidly, main reason of which is movement of
people from villages to the city.
 In 1891, population of Larkana was merely 12019 (6643 males and 5376
females).
 In 1941, population was 28084 (10760 Hindu males, 4411 Muslim males, 9507
Hindu females, and 3406 Muslim females).
 Area of Municipal Committee was 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) in 1941.
Year Population;
 (1891) 12019
 (1901) 14543
 (1911) 16097
 (1931) 24698
 (1941) 28084
 (1951) 32745
 (1961) 48231
 (1971) 71893
 (1981) 123410
(Larkana Sah Sebano, Page 519)
Year Population;
 (1951) 33414
 (1961) 48008
 (1972) 71893
 (1981) 123890
 (1990) 180000
 (2000) 254000*
 (2010) 345000*
Role of the city:
 Larkana is the most important settlement in the Western Upper Sindh.
 Being the hometown of many politicaians, it exercises a country-wide
influence.
 Being divisional headquarters, Larkana is also a major administrative center.
 Recently the city has been elevated to the status of division headquarters. On
this basis it is expected that its importance will further increase.
 Regarding Services, Larkana is characterised as a major center rendering a
variety of services to a rich agriculture hinterland.
 Information collected by PEPAC in 1985 indicated a ratio of about 33 inhabitants
per shop in Larkana, a figure which if compared to the national standards infers
that a considerable percentage of the customers come from outside the city.
 The catchment population of Larkana for commercial services is estimated today
at some 0.75 million people.
 In spite of its importance as an administrative and service center, Larkana never
managed to become up to now a center of 'export oriented ' industrial activities.
According to the 1981 census population figures, Larkana (with 123,000
inhabitants at that time), ranked 5th in the Sindh Province and 23rd in Pakistan.
 Larkana is performing high order functions in the health and education sectors.
The beneficiaries of these services originate not only from within the district but
from the entire Sindh province. Likewise in health, specialised services are
available with the Chandka Medical College and Sheikh Zaid Hospitals where
50% of the patients in 1985 were from places outside the Larkana environs.

Education:
 Several old and new schools, colleges, as well as university are functioning in the
city for both boys and girls.
 Many are private and public institutions.

Schools and Colleges:

 Some schools such as; Government Pilot Higher Secondary School (founded
in 1926 by the British colonists), Girls High School, Public school Larkana,
Deeni Madersa High School and Government Degree College. The technical
institutes like Polytechnic Institute and Teachers' Training College
University and Campuses:
 SZABIST opened its first ever campus in Larkana in the year 2004.
 It offers degrees in BBA (Day), BA (Day), MBA (Evening), EMBA.
 Few year later the SZABIST Trust established two school and college in the city;
Montessori to Class VII (Junior School) and Class VIII to XII (School and
College).
 Chandka Medical College (CMC) was established and inaugurated by the
former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on 20 April 1973.
 It was the fourth public medical college to be established in the province of
Sindh.
 Chandka Medical College is recognised by Pakistan Medical & Dental
Council (PMDC).
 The College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP) has also established
its regional center at the campus of CMC Larkana.
 CMC is recently upgraded to Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical
University.

 In 2009, Quaid-e-Awam University College of Engineering Science &

Technology (QUCEST), Larkano, was established in the outskirt of Larkana,
under the directives of Government of Sindh in collaboration with Quaid-e-Awam
University of Engineering Science & Technology (QUEST), Nawabshah,
Sindh.
 The campus offers the bachelor of engineering degrees in the technologies
of civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic
engineering and electrical engineering.

Transport:
 Larkana Railway Station is located in the center of the city.
 It connects Larkana to the rest of Sindh and Pakistan.
 Pakistan Railway also assists in the transportation of agricultural products
to provincial capital Karachi from Larkana.
 Moenjodaro Airport is located near Mohen-jo-daro, 28 km away to the south of
the city of Larkana, about 5 kilometres away from Dokri.
 The main users of the airport are Pakistan International Airlines, the country's
national flag-carrier.
 The outdated infrastructure of the airport prevents the use of large, advanced
aircraft, with the PIA largely using Fokker aeroplanes for flights
 Larkana is connected via land buses to most major cities in the country,
including Karachi, Islamabad, and Quetta.
Sport:
 Larkana was the birthplace of Sindh Games, it also hosted the 12th Sindh
Games in 2009 which included sports such as football, gymnastics, hockey,
judo, karate, squash, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, weightlifting, and
wushu.
 It also included traditional games such as Kodi Kodi, malakhara, shooting and
wanjh watti.
 Larkana is also home to Larkana Bulls.
 The Larkana Tennis Association, provides an only Tennis court in Larkana, and
coaches young boys coming from various other cities.

Communications:
 There is a network of metal led and katcha roads all over the district.
 All the taluka headquarters are connected with the district headquarters either by
road or by rail.
 The Pakistan Railways runs through the district from north to south.
 Larkana itself is a railway junction.

Festivals:
Four main festivals are held annually in Larkana district;
 one in the honour of Pirsher at Taluka Larkana,
 other in memory of Mian Ghulam Siddique at Shahdadkot,
 the 3rd at Mirokhan Taluka in the name of Hakimshah Pat Waro and
 4th fair is organized at Kambar Taluka in the memory of Mian Shahal
Muhammad Kalhoro.

Culture, Custom and Traditions:

 Majority of the population of the District is Muslim.
 The culture life of the Muslims is greatly influenced by the Islamic way of life.
 The pirs and murshids are held in high esteem and confidence amongst the
Muslim particularly bym the illiterate masses of the rural areas.
 Urs ceremonies of pirs are regularly held at their shrines.
 The Hindus also hold great confidence in Thakurs and Brahmans. The Brahmans
usually perform spiritual rites of Hindus on special occasions.
 The languages mostly spoken in this District are Sindhi, Brohi, Balochi, Siraiki
and Urdu.
 However, Urdu is understood by a great majority of the population.
 Tablas, Dholaks, sarangis, alogozas changs and mutes are the main musical
instruments and are played on the occasions of marriages, betrothal, Eids and
melas.
 Songs of different kinds are sung by men as well as women on such occasions.
 Gharas (pitcher) are also used to make musical-rhythm.
 Both men and women dance jhumar is a popular dance in this area.
 Women do not dance in public in front of a male audience.
Religious sites:
Important mosques;
 Eid Gah Jamia Masjid
 Lahori Jamia Masjid
 Qasmia Masjid
 Allah Wari Masjid (Baqrani Road)
 Jafri Imam Bargah is also an important religious place.
 Shia Madarsa is a big under-construction project. So many other mosques are
constructed by people of Larkana.tank chok & Pakistan chok also popular in
Larkana city
 Dargah Syed Jaral Shah Bukhari is markaz of shia community and also there
are masjid and the first ghusal e mayat khana of shia community in larkana,
 Leading ImamBargah of shia community in which more than 44 Imambargahs of
larkana are branches of Dargah Sayed Jaral Shah Bukhari Larkana.
 IMAM Baragh in Dodai ,Dodai mutawali Bibi nengar donate agriculture land and
built imam baragh Jamia Masjid AlMehdi uf Ratodero Road, Larkana
Churches;
 St Joseph Catholic Church
 Protestant Church

AGRICULTURE:
 Agriculture is the main source of employment for the rural population of the
district.
 In urban areas people are engaged in various economic activities like trade,
services, personal business, and government and private jobs. Larkana falls in
Rice Other Sindh Agro Climatic Zonex which is good for rice production with
sugarcane where irrigation allows. The Kharif crops produced in the district are
rice, cotton, sugarcane, bajra and jawar. The Rabi crops are wheat, Barley,
gram, pulses and fodderxi.
 Larkana is known for its quality production of guava and berry.

INDUSTRIES:
 Industrial estate in Larkana was established in 1964-65 with an aim to promote
small industries within the city. It is spread over 59 acres and the total plots are
313 with the size of plots being 1 to 2 canali. The existing manufacturing units in
Larkana include sugar, flour and rice mills, chilies and spices processing units,
ice factories, oil mills, plastic pipes, steel pots, clay pots, furniture and gold
ornaments.
SANITATION:
 The underground water in Larkana is sweet water and almost every house has
hand pumps or iron shallow lift pumps.
 No proper updated data was found on the current situation of Solid waste
management system at rural (Taluka) level in the district Larkana. There is one
main dumpsite, four secondary and one tertiary site outside the city
boundary.Four sanitary landfill facilities have been planned to cover the solid
waste collection in urban areas of the district.

POVERTY STATUS:
 According to the report by Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan 2014-15the
Multidimensional Poverty Index is 0.194 in Larkana. In another report by Naveed
and Nazimxvii (2012), the intensity of poverty 0.51, the head count ratio is 0.38,
poorest of the poor 0.16, most Vulnerable 0.18.

IRRIGATION:
 The old method of irrigation was to use the river channels. Now the area is
irrigated by network of canals. Rice canal, Dadu canal, Warah canal, Khirthar
canal and Saifullah Magsi Canal irrigate 870,127 acres of land .Rice and Dadu
canals are 76 km and 80 km long. The Katcha area of Larkana, Rato Dero and
Dokri talukas are cultivated during Rabi season, and this is termed as Sialabi
cultivation.

LIVESTOCK:
 Livestock contributes 51% to the value addition in agriculture sector of Pakistan
and also contributes 9% to the GDP of Pakistan.The most kept livestock in
Larkana are cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, horses, mules, donkeys and
Poultry.

ELECTORAL REPRESENTATION
 Registered Voters 583,942
 Registered Male Voters 308,392
 Registered Female Voters 275, 550
 National Assembly seats 4 (NA-204, NA-205,NA-206, NA-207)
 Provincial Assembly seats 5 (PS-35, PS-36, PS-37, PS-38, PS-39, PS-40,
PS-41)
Markets and shopping centers & shops
 Larkana Bakery
 City Bakery
 Dolphin bakery
 Macys center
 Asghar Plaza Mobile Market
 Shahi Bazaar
 Sonarki Bazaar
 Resham Gali
 Khatan (Pickle) Bazaar
 Seyoo Bazaar
 Machhi (Fish) Market
 Meat Market
 Sabzi (Vegetable) Market
 Sabzi Mandi
 John F. Kennedy Market
 Awami Markaz was constructed in Shaikh Zaid Colony area during Benazir
era, but the building is now used as a school.

Chairman MCL:
 Abdul Khalique Bhutto, Advocate, First Chairman Municipal Committee
Larkana-1979 to 1984. Mr. Khan Muhammad Sanghroo from Dokri (a Taluka in
Larkana District) was elected Chairman Municipal Committee Larkana in 2016
Local Government Elections.

Administration:
 Deputy Commissioner is the head of District Administrative system. Mr. Kashif
Ali tipu PAS is the Deputy Commissioner Larkana since Oct. 2016. The district
of Larkana is administratively subdivided into the following talukas;
 Dokri
 Bakrani
 Larkana
 Ratodero
Notable people:
 Benazir Bhutto – former Prime Minister of Pakistan

 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto – former President & Prime Minister of Pakistan

 Shah Nawaz Bhutto –Prime minister of State of Jhunagarah, prominent

landowner, Politician, initiator & mover of Sukkur Barrage, father of Z. A Bhutto

 Sirai Shah Muhammad Lahori - prominent landowner, Politician, Pioneer of

Larkana District in 1902 - Ex - Chairman of Larkana Municipal committee

 Nawab Haji Ameer Ali Lahori - prominent landowner, Politician, Ex- MPA Sindh
Assembly 1937 to 1945 & 1946 to 1947

 Muhammad Ayub Khuhro – former Chief Minister of Sindh and former Defense
Minister of Pakistan

 Murtaza Bhutto – founder of the PPP Shaheed Bhutto, son of Z. A Bhutto

 Bashir Ahmed Qureshi- Chairman of the Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM)

 Fatima Bhutto – novelist, journalist

 Abdul-Majid Bhurgri - developer of computing in the Sindhi

 Abida Parveen – Sufi singer

 Sobho Gianchandani – Eminent lawyer and scholar

 Mumtaz Ali Bhutto – former Governor, Chief Minister of Sindh & Federal
Minister

 Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah – former Chief Minister of Sindh & Federal Minister

 Rana Bhagwandas Prithiani – Ex-Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Pakistan

and Chairman of FPS

 Muhammad Sharif - Ex Faderal Secretary & Home Minister Sindh

 Rauf Lala – comedian

 Jan Mohammad Abbasi - Vice President of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan

 Abdul Ghafoor Bhurgri – Ex Minister of Revenue and Culture & Layer,

Politician, Writer.

 Faryal Talpur - MNA from Constituency NA-207

FLORA OF LARKANA, SINDH:
 The variation in climate between Upper and Lower Sindh is not reflected in any
difference in the flora of the two zones.
 The vegetation is characteristic of edaphic conditions of the region viz. arid
climate and sandy and calcareous soil, largely impregnated with salts
 .
 A notable feature is the predominance of plants and trees with small leaves, or
none at all, and the large proportion of thorny species.

 The apparent contrast between the verdure of the riverine and irrigated tracts on
the one hand, and the hilly and desert tracts on the other; is largely a matter of its
intensity and distribution.
 The dwarf palm, Kher (Acacia ruprstris), and Lohirro (Techoma undulata) are
typical of the western hill region as are Khip
(Periploca aphylla) and Phog (Calligonum polygonides) of the eastern sandy
desert.
 In the central valley, the Babbur (Acacia nilotica) tree is the most dominant and
occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Nim (Azadirachta inidica), Ber
(Ziziphus vulagaris) or Jujuba, Lai (Tamarix orientalis), Kirrir
(Capparis aphyla) and Kandi (Prosopis cineraria) are the more common trees.
 Mango, date palms, banana, guava, orange and chiku are the typical fruit
bearing trees.
 The coastal strips and the creeks abound in semiaquatic and aquatic plants, and
inshore deltaic islands have mangrove forests of Timmar
(Avicennia marina) and Chaunir (Ceriops tagal) trees. Water lilies grow in
abundance in the numerous lakes and ponds, particularly in the Lower Sindh
region.

Sr. Technical Name Local Name

1. Azadirachta indica Neem
2. Alternanthera sessilis Bengroo
3. Acacia nilotica Babul
4. Acacia jacquemontii Bhaori
5. Acacia Senegal Kumbat
6. Aerva javanica Bhooh
7. Asparagus officinalis Kootri
8. Achyranthes aspera Ubbat kandi/Charchitah
9. Aloe barbednsis Kunwaar Bhooti/Ghee kuwar
10. Albizia lebbeck Sireenhun
11. Alhagi maurorum Kandaira
12. Cressa cretica Unn
13. Capparis deciduas Kirer
14. Citrullus colocynthis Trooh
15. Corchorus depressus Mudairi
16. Cuscuta compestris Bay Paari
17. Cordia dichotoma Giddori/Lessori
18. Calotropis procera Akk
19. Cordia gharaf Liyaar
20. Citrus aurantifolia Lemun/Nimbu

FAUNA OF LARKANA, SINDH:

 Among the wild animals, the Sareh (Sindh ibex), Urial or Gadh (wild sheep), and
black bear are found in the western rocky range, where the leopard is now rare.

 The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert plains is also
disappearing. Deer live in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do
the Charakh (striped hyena), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose,
and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari (red lynx or caracal cat) is encountered in
some areas. Pharrho (hog deer) and wild boar occur particularly in the central
inundation belt.

 There is a variety of bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the

cobra, Lundi (viper), and the Peean, the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar
region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Crocodiles are
rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus and its eastern Nara channel.

 Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plurnbeous dolphin, the beaked
dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and a variety of skates frequent the seas along
the Sindh coast.
  The Pallo (sable fish), though a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from
February to April to spawn and returns to the sea in September.
The Bulhan (Indus dolphin) breeds in the Rohri-Sukkur section of the river.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The environment of Larkana city is constantly changing. A fact that cannot be denied,
as our environment changes, as does the need to become increasingly aware of the
problems that surround it. With a massive influx of natural disasters , warming and
cooling periods, different types of whether patterns and much more , people need to be
aware of what types of environmental problems our city Larkana is facing. Global
warming has become an undisputed fact about our current live hood; our city is warming
up and we are definitely part of the problem.

1.Failure of Drainage system:

 Drainage system of Larkana is a big failure due to poor planning, rampant
corruption and unbridled bad governance.
 Almost 70% sewerage water of Larkana city is drained out through pipes and
discharged into the Rice Canal which flows in the mid of the city.
 This contaminated water has caused health problems tothe residents as
underground water has become highly contaminated due to which deadly &
dreaded diseases are spreading fast including hepatitis apart from serious
environmental issues.
 The sewerage water is drained into the Rice Canal without obtaining NOC from
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which is essential.
 Sindh Government approved one scheme costing Rs:1400 million in 2012-13
under which disposals were to be reduced from 58 to 30 and throwing of
sewerage water into rice canal was to be stopped. This scheme was inaugurated
by PPP MNA Faryal Talpur in January 2014 but due to late & improper release of
allocated funds by Sindh Government this scheme has also been delayed as it
was to be completed in two years i-e January 2016.
 So far only five disposals have been claimed to have been completed located in
Police Line, Suhail Colony, Nazar Muhalla, Zulfiqar Bagh and Murad Wahan but
due to non-availability of electricity these are yet to be made operational, PPI
reports. So far Sindh Government has released Rs:70 crore to the Public Health
Engineering Department (PHED) due to which it is feared that it will not even be
completed after expiry of four years.
 As many as 22 billion rupees were spent on construction of roads and open
sewerage drains in the city carried out by NHA during the last federal PPP
 government which not only destroyed the entire old system but made sewerage
drains more complicated as they were constructed in zig-zag shape and that too
without connection with each other. The construction material was also not
removed from these drains built in 2012 due to which they soon became choked
& overflowing became common.
 Due to this reason Sindh Government prepared new scheme in 2012-13 for
improvement of sewerage system of Larkana city costing tax payer’s hard earned
money as the previously utilized amount seems to have been improperly utilized
or embezzled which is yet to be probed thoroughly. The laying of fresh sewerage
drain is in progress as the contractors have now demolished 8 ft. portion of VIP
road on one side to lay a new line which has caused traffic jams & flying dust is
faced by the citizens.

2.CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER:

 For the citizens of Larkana, the underground water is the only source of drinking,
and therefore, it is the responsibility of the Government to save it. But, the
Government in the past has never got the underground water analyzed to
determine the parameters set by “WHO”in respect of drinking water. And this fact
points out to the failure of Sindh Government to supply drinking water to the
people of Larkarna and/or to take measures to save underground water from
being polluted.
 About 20MGD municipal waste is generated in the city, which all goes into Rice
Canal and Dadu Canal from where people of Dadu, Johi etc, are taking water for
drinking. The four oxidation ponds namely Pir Sher Road, Akil Road, Phull Road
and Mahar Wada Road built in the year 1998 for treatment of waste water with
the designed life of more than 50 years are lying non-functional since 2007 due
to encroachments, but District Management has failed to take any action against
the encroachers and rehabilitate them. NSUSC is tasked here with the
responsibility of managing solid waste of about 300 tons being produced by the
city, and it has spent millions of rupees but has not been able to bring about
some tangible results in this regard. Mostly the streets were seen littered with the
solid waste and in some area the solid waste was seen being dumped on the
banks of Rice and Dadu Canals or being burnt openly. There is no dumping or
landfill site in the city for management of solid waste.
 Forested areas are declining, wetlands are being polluted due to waste water
disposal, grasslands and pastures are reducing and agricultural lands are
decaying due to increased water-logging; while birds and plants face extinction.
The fish stock in the wetlands is also depleting while communities that used to
depend on fishing are migrating to semi-urban settlements
3. Deforestation:
 Due to construction of new buildings, new housing colonies, wide roads and
bypasses toward city, people started deforestation and inhibited forestation.
 Some people had started their businesses on deforestation of trees, they did not
know trees have lives and their lives are very essential for Human more than
their Businesses. Due to deforestation and consumption of natural fuels the city
is become warm day by day and temperature of city increases.

4. Over Population And improper Management

 Migration of Villagers toward city is another environmental threat to Larkana ,due
to migration of people the management of district could not handle the city
environment in proper way and due to the lack district management city is being
polluted by various pollutions, like Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Noise Pollution,
and solid waste pollution.
 New housing Colonies offer various packages to villagers for their housing in
Larkana due to that thick population moving toward city and confusing district
management how to constraint city environment.

5. Pollution
 Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have
harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings.

 Pollution is a major and most dangerous threat to larkana city and there are a
lot of reasons behind causes of pollution that city is sufferering.

 Air pollution is rapidly growing environmental problem not only in Larkana but in
whole country. Highly inefficient energy use, accelerated growth in vehicle
population and vehicle kilometers traveled, increasing industrial activity without
adequate air emission treatment or control, open burning of solid waste including
plastic, and use of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) are some of the major
causes of deterioration of ambient air quality.

 Rapidly growing energy demand, fuel substitution such as high emitting coal and
oil, and high-energy intensity are the key factors contributing to air pollution.
Some factors contributing to high-energy intensity are transmission and
distribution losses in power generation, fuel prices subsidies on diesel and
ageing vehicles, which are primarily diesel powered.
 Generically, air pollution is caused by fuel combustion in various sectors:
domestic use, power generation, transport, and industry. The problem is
aggravated by meteorological conditions and a combination of population density
and urbanization.

 Air pollution results in several problems, such as health hazards, especially for
women and children, adverse effects on agriculture, livestock, building material
and structures, cultural and archaeological monuments.

 While air pollution is generally considered to be an urban phenomenon, it is

becoming a rural problem with the penetration of transport and expansion of
industry and the growth of brick kilns. Air pollution monitoring and control efforts
are both inadequate and tend to be urban-centered.

REFERENCES:
1.Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support
Programme (SUCCESS)
2. Department For International Development (DFID)
3.Sindh State of Environment and Development
4. Report Of commission Of Inquiry
5. Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)
6. Wikipedia