Class 04b-Blended Cement

BLENDED CEMENTS
M. Sc Ing Cristian Sotomayor C. Lima, 2016

Outline
UNIT 1: Concrete Raw Materials

Class 04: Blended Cements in Concrete
1. Definition
2. Application
3. Production of Blended Cement
4. Specification of Blended Cements
5. Special Cements for Concrete
Blended Cements
• ACI 116, Cement and Concrete Terminology, defines blended

cements as hydraulic cements "consisting essentially of an intimate
and uniform blend" of a number of different constituent materials.
They are produced by "intergrinding portland cement clinker with
the other materials or by blending portland cement with the other
materials or a combination of intergrinding and blending."
Application of Blended Cements
 They are used in all aspects of concrete construction in the

same manner as portland cements.
 Blended cements are often designed to be used in combination

with local pozzolans and slags.
 If a blended cement or portland cement is used alone or in

combination with added pozzolans or slags, the concrete should
be tested for strength, durability, and other properties required
in project specifications
 In the US, they are relatively uncommon since mineral

admixtures are added at the concrete mixer, but in Europe they
only use blended cements
Production of Blended Cements
Blended hydraulic cements are produced by intimately and

uniformly intergrinding or blending two or more types of fine
materials. The primary materials are:
– Portland cement,
– Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (molten iron slag),
– Fly ash (residue after combustion),
– Silica fume (byproduct of silicon products),
– Calcined clay (byproduct of masonry),
– Other pozzolans,
– Hydrated lime,and
– Preblended combinations of these materials
Specifications of Blended Cements
 ASTM C 595 (AASHTO M 240), Specification for Blended

Hydraulic Cements
 ASTM C 1157, Performance Specification for Hydraulic

Cement
 ASTM C 595 recognizes five primary classes of blended

cements as follows:
• Type IS Portland blast-furnace slag cement
• Type IP and Type P Portland-pozzolan cement
• Type I(PM) Pozzolan-modified Portland cement
• Type S Slag cement
• Type I(SM) Slag-modified Portland cement
Type IS Portland Blast-Furnace Slag Cement
 Historical use of slag blended cements dates back to the

beginning of the 20th century in Europe, Japan, and North
America. Currently, it is used in general concrete construction.
 Slag is either interground with Portland cement clinker,

separately ground and blended with Portland cement, or
produced with a combination of intergrinding and blending,
 Proportion between 25% to 70% by mass.
 Subcategory types:
IS-A : Type IS air-entrained
IS-MS: Type IS moderate sulfate resistance
IS-MH: Type IS moderate heat of hydration
Type IP and Type P Portland Pozzolan Cement
 Type IP may be used for general construction and Type P is

used in construction not requiring high early strengths.
 Manufactured by intergrinding Portland cement clinker with a

suitable pozzolan, by blending Portland cement or Portland
blast-furnace slag cement and a pozzolan, or by a
combination of intergrinding and blending.
 Proportion between 15% and 40% by mass.
 Laboratory performance of concrete:

Sub-categories for IP: A, MS or MH (similar to IS)
Sub-categories for P: LH (low heat of hydration), MS or A
Type IPM Pozzolan Modified Portland Cement
 Used in general concrete construction.
 Manufactured by either:
(1) blending portland cement with a pozzolan
(2) blending portland blast-furnace slag cement with a pozzolan
(3) intergrinding portland cement clinker and a pozzolan, or
(4) a combination of intergrinding and blending.
 Proportion of less than 15% by mass of the finished cement.
 Sub-categories similar to previous cements

Type S Slag Portland Cement
 Used with Portland cement in making concrete or with lime in

making mortar, but is not used alone in structural concrete.
 Slag cement is manufactured by either

(1) blending ground granulated blast furnace slag and Portland
cement
(2) blending ground granulated blast-furnace slag and hydrated
lime, or
(3) blending a combination of ground granulated blast furnace
slag, Portland cement, and hydrated lime.
 The minimum slag content is 70% by mass of the slag cement.

Type I (SM) Slag-Modified Portland Cement
Used for general concrete construction.
Manufactured by either
(1) intergrinding portland cement clinker and granulated blast-furnace
slag,
(2) blending portland cement and finely ground granulated blast-furnace
slag, or
(3) a combination of intergrinding and blending.
Slag is less than 25% by mass of the finished cement.

Hydraulic Cements
All portland and blended cements are hydraulic cements.

“Hydraulic cement” is merely a broader term.
ASTM C 1157, Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cements.
Hydraulic cements include:
Portland cement
Modified Portland cement, and
Blended hydraulic cement.
ASTM C1157 provides for six types of hydraulic cement as follows:
Type GU General use
Type HE High early strength
Type MS Moderate sulfate resistance
Type HS High sulfate resistance
Type MH Moderate heat of hydration
Type LH Low heat of hydration
Hydraulic Cements
These cements can also have an Option R—Low Reactivity with

Alkali-Reactive Aggregates—specified to help control alkali-silica
reactivity.
For example, Type GU-R would be a general use hydraulic

cement with low reactivity with alkali-reactive aggregates.
ASTM C 1157 defines a blended cement as having more than

15% mineral additive and a modified Portland cement as
containing up to 15% mineral additive.
Hydraulic Cements
Type GU
General-purpose cement suitable for all uses where the
special properties of other types are not required. Used
wherever Type I Portland Cement is used
Type HE
Type HE cement provides higher strengths at an early age,
usually a week or less. Used exactly like Type III PC
Type MS
Used where precaution against moderate sulfate attack is
important, as in drainage structures where sulfate
concentrations in ground waters are higher than normal but
not unusually severe. Similar to Type II Portland Cement
Application of Blended Cements in Concrete
Special Cements
MASONRY AND MORTAR CEMENTS

They are hydraulic cements designed for use in mortar for
masonry construction
They consist of a mixture of Portland cement or blended

hydraulic cement and plasticizing materials (such as limestone or
hydrated or hydraulic lime), together with other materials
introduced to enhance one or more properties such as setting
time, workability, water retention and durability.
These components are proportioned and packed at a cement

plant under controlled conditions to assure uniformity of
performance.
Special Cements
MASONRY AND MORTAR CEMENTS

Meet the requirements of ASTM C91, which classifies masonry
cements as Type N, Type S, and Type M.
White masonry cement and colored masonry cements meeting

ASTM C91 are also available in some areas.
Mortar cements meet the requirements of ASTM C1329, which

also classifies mortar cements as Type N, Type S, and Type M.
Types N, S, and M generally have increasing levels of

Portland cement and higher strength, Type M having the
highest strength. Type N is used most commonly.
Special Cements
PLASTIC CEMENTS
It meets the requirements of ASTM C 1328.

It is used to make Portland cement based plaster or stucco
(ASTM C 926), usually in the southwest and west coast of the
United States.
ASTM C 1328 defines separate requirements for a Type M and a
Type S plastic cement with Type M having higher strength
requirements.
The term “plastic” in plastic cement does not refer to the
inclusion of any organic compounds in the cement; rather,
“plastic” refers to the ability of the cement to impart to the
plaster a high degree of plasticity or workability.
Plastic cement should not be used to make concrete.
Special Cements
FINELY-GROUND CEMENTS (ULTRAFINE CEMENTS)
 They are hydraulic cements that are ground very fine for use
in grouting into fine soil or thin rock fissures
 The cement particles are less than 10 micrometers in

diameter with 50% of particles less than 5 micrometers.
 Blaine fineness often exceeds 800 m2/kg.

Special Cements
EXPANSIVE CEMENTS
 One of the major disadvantages of PCC is the volume
contraction that takes places on drying (shrinkage) and its
susceptibility to tensile cracking if this contraction is wholly or
partially restrained
 Ordinary PC have very small expansion during moist curing,

however this can be modified to enhance early expansion,
which can then be used to control shrinkage
 Also known as shrinkage-compensating cements
 They comply with ASTM C 845, Type E-1

Expansive Cements
Drying shrinkage of concrete with …

Special Cements
EXPANSIVE CEMENTS
Drying shrinkage of concrete with …
Special Cements
REGULATED-SET CEMENTS
C3A is replaced by C11A7 . CaF2 or calcium fluoroaluminate
Cement can be produced in the kiln or added to Type I clinker
This new component is even more reactive than C3A, and hydrates
even quicker (will be seen later)
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (plaster) or sodium sulfate is needed
to avoid flash setting
The time of setting can be controlled from about 2 min to 40 min
using a soluble sulfate, thus the name.
1000 psi can be attained within 1 hr.
Good in low temps but has the problem of low sulfate resistance
Applications: lightweight insulation for roofs, pavement and bridge-

deck repair, precasting operations, shotcreting, and slipforms
Special Cements
• Oil-Well Cements: use for sealing oil wells, to be exposed to highly

corrosive conditions and high temperatures (260 C).
• Water-Repellent Cements
• Geopolymer Cements
• Gypsum Plaster
• Ettringite Cements
• Rapid Setting and Hardening Cements
• Calcium Aluminate Cements
• Magnesium Phosphate Cements
• Sulfur Cements
• Details of all these cements are given in textbook

Class 04b-Blended Cement

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BLENDED CEMENTS

M. Sc Ing Cristian Sotomayor C. Lima, 2016

UNIT 1: Concrete Raw Materials

• ACI 116, Cement and Concrete Terminology, defines blended

 They are used in all aspects of concrete construction in the

 Blended cements are often designed to be used in combination

 If a blended cement or portland cement is used alone or in

 In the US, they are relatively uncommon since mineral

Blended hydraulic cements are produced by intimately and

 ASTM C 595 (AASHTO M 240), Specification for Blended

 ASTM C 1157, Performance Specification for Hydraulic

 ASTM C 595 recognizes five primary classes of blended

 Historical use of slag blended cements dates back to the

 Slag is either interground with Portland cement clinker,

 Proportion between 25% to 70% by mass.

 Type IP may be used for general construction and Type P is

 Manufactured by intergrinding Portland cement clinker with a

 Proportion between 15% and 40% by mass.

 Laboratory performance of concrete:

 Used in general concrete construction.

 Proportion of less than 15% by mass of the finished cement.

 Sub-categories similar to previous cements

 Used with Portland cement in making concrete or with lime in

 Slag cement is manufactured by either

 The minimum slag content is 70% by mass of the slag cement.

Used for general concrete construction.

Slag is less than 25% by mass of the finished cement.

All portland and blended cements are hydraulic cements.

These cements can also have an Option R—Low Reactivity with

For example, Type GU-R would be a general use hydraulic

ASTM C 1157 defines a blended cement as having more than

MASONRY AND MORTAR CEMENTS

They consist of a mixture of Portland cement or blended

These components are proportioned and packed at a cement

MASONRY AND MORTAR CEMENTS

White masonry cement and colored masonry cements meeting

Mortar cements meet the requirements of ASTM C1329, which

Types N, S, and M generally have increasing levels of

It meets the requirements of ASTM C 1328.

FINELY-GROUND CEMENTS (ULTRAFINE CEMENTS)

 The cement particles are less than 10 micrometers in

 Blaine fineness often exceeds 800 m2/kg.

 Ordinary PC have very small expansion during moist curing,

 Also known as shrinkage-compensating cements

 They comply with ASTM C 845, Type E-1

Drying shrinkage of concrete with …

Applications: lightweight insulation for roofs, pavement and bridge-

• Oil-Well Cements: use for sealing oil wells, to be exposed to highly

• Details of all these cements are given in textbook

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